Nonlinear Analysis: Problems,

Applications and Computational

Methods Zakia Hammouch
Visit to download the full and correct content document:
https://textbookfull.com/product/nonlinear-analysis-problems-applications-and-comput
ational-methods-zakia-hammouch/
More products digital (pdf, epub, mobi) instant
download maybe you interests ...

Computational EEG Analysis Methods and Applications

Chang-Hwan Im

https://textbookfull.com/product/computational-eeg-analysis-
methods-and-applications-chang-hwan-im/

Nonlinear Differential Problems with Smooth and

Nonsmooth Constraints Mathematical Analysis and its
Applications 1st Edition Dumitru Motreanu

https://textbookfull.com/product/nonlinear-differential-problems-
with-smooth-and-nonsmooth-constraints-mathematical-analysis-and-
its-applications-1st-edition-dumitru-motreanu/

Nonlinear Systems Vol 1 Mathematical Theory and

Computational Methods Victoriano Carmona

https://textbookfull.com/product/nonlinear-systems-
vol-1-mathematical-theory-and-computational-methods-victoriano-
carmona/

Nonlinear Filtering: Methods and Applications Kumar

Pakki Bharani Chandra

https://textbookfull.com/product/nonlinear-filtering-methods-and-
applications-kumar-pakki-bharani-chandra/
Biota Grow 2C gather 2C cook Loucas

https://textbookfull.com/product/biota-grow-2c-gather-2c-cook-
loucas/

Nonlinear Approaches in Engineering Applications:

Automotive Applications of Engineering Problems Reza N.
Jazar

https://textbookfull.com/product/nonlinear-approaches-in-
engineering-applications-automotive-applications-of-engineering-
problems-reza-n-jazar/

Computational Reality Solving Nonlinear and Coupled

Problems in Continuum Mechanics 1st Edition Bilen Emek
Abali (Auth.)

https://textbookfull.com/product/computational-reality-solving-
nonlinear-and-coupled-problems-in-continuum-mechanics-1st-
edition-bilen-emek-abali-auth/

Advances in Computational Techniques for Biomedical

Image Analysis: Methods and Applications 1st Edition
Deepika Koundal

https://textbookfull.com/product/advances-in-computational-
techniques-for-biomedical-image-analysis-methods-and-
applications-1st-edition-deepika-koundal/

Relaxation in Optimization Theory and Variational

Calculus De Gruyter Nonlinear Analysis and Applications
De Gruyter Series in Nonlinear Analysis and
Applications 4 2nd Edition Roubíek
https://textbookfull.com/product/relaxation-in-optimization-
theory-and-variational-calculus-de-gruyter-nonlinear-analysis-
and-applications-de-gruyter-series-in-nonlinear-analysis-and-
Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems 168

Zakia Hammouch
Hemen Dutta
Said Melliani
Michael Ruzhansky Editors

Nonlinear Analysis:
Problems,
Applications and
Computational
Methods
Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems

Volume 168

Series Editor
Janusz Kacprzyk, Systems Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences,
Warsaw, Poland

Advisory Editors
Fernando Gomide, Department of Computer Engineering and Automation—DCA,
School of Electrical and Computer Engineering—FEEC, University of Campinas—
UNICAMP, São Paulo, Brazil
Okyay Kaynak, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering,
Bogazici University, Istanbul, Turkey
Derong Liu, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University
of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, USA; Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy
of Sciences, Beijing, China
Witold Pedrycz, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,
University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada; Systems Research Institute,
Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
Marios M. Polycarpou, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,
KIOS Research Center for Intelligent Systems and Networks, University of Cyprus,
Nicosia, Cyprus
Imre J. Rudas, Óbuda University, Budapest, Hungary
Jun Wang, Department of Computer Science, City University of Hong Kong,
Kowloon, Hong Kong
The series “Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems” publishes the latest
developments in Networks and Systems—quickly, informally and with high quality.
Original research reported in proceedings and post-proceedings represents the core
of LNNS.
Volumes published in LNNS embrace all aspects and subfields of, as well as new
challenges in, Networks and Systems.
The series contains proceedings and edited volumes in systems and networks,
spanning the areas of Cyber-Physical Systems, Autonomous Systems, Sensor
Networks, Control Systems, Energy Systems, Automotive Systems, Biological
Systems, Vehicular Networking and Connected Vehicles, Aerospace Systems,
Automation, Manufacturing, Smart Grids, Nonlinear Systems, Power Systems,
Robotics, Social Systems, Economic Systems and other. Of particular value to both
the contributors and the readership are the short publication timeframe and the
world-wide distribution and exposure which enable both a wide and rapid
dissemination of research output.
The series covers the theory, applications, and perspectives on the state of the art
and future developments relevant to systems and networks, decision making, control,
complex processes and related areas, as embedded in the fields of interdisciplinary
and applied sciences, engineering, computer science, physics, economics, social, and
life sciences, as well as the paradigms and methodologies behind them.
Indexed by SCOPUS, INSPEC, WTI Frankfurt eG, zbMATH, SCImago.
All books published in the series are submitted for consideration in Web of
Science.

More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/15179

Zakia Hammouch Hemen Dutta
• •

Said Melliani Michael Ruzhansky

•

Editors

Nonlinear Analysis:
Problems, Applications
and Computational Methods

123
Editors
Zakia Hammouch Hemen Dutta
FSTE Department of Mathematics
Moulay Ismail University Gauhati University
Meknes, Morocco Guwahati, Assam, India

Said Melliani Michael Ruzhansky

Department of Mathematics Department of Mathematics
Sultan Moulay Slimane University Ghent University
Beni Mellal, Morocco Gent, Belgium

ISSN 2367-3370 ISSN 2367-3389 (electronic)

Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems
ISBN 978-3-030-62298-5 ISBN 978-3-030-62299-2 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-62299-2
© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part
of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations,
recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission
or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar
methodology now known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this
publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from
the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this
book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the
authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained
herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard
to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
Contents

Existence Results for Impulsive Partial Functional Fractional

Differential Equation with State Dependent Delay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Nadjet Abada, Helima Chahdane, and Hadda Hammouche
A Novel Method for Solving Nonlinear
Jerk Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Ali Akgül and Esra Karatas Akgül
Solving a New Type of Fractional Differential Equation
by Reproducing Kernel Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Ali Akgül and Esra Karatas Akgül
An Efficient Approach for the Model of Thrombin Receptor
Activation Mechanism with Mittag-Leffler Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
P. Veeresha, D. G. Prakasha, and Zakia Hammouch
Stability Analysis of Bifurcated Limit Cycles in a Labor Force
Evolution Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Sanaa ElFadily, Najib Khalid, and Abdelilah Kaddar
Existence and Uniqueness Results of Fractional Differential
Equations with Fuzzy Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
Atimad Harir, Said Melliani, and Lalla Saadia Chadli
Approximate Efficient Solutions of Nonsmooth Vector Optimization
Problems via Approximate Vector Variational Inequalities . . . . . . . . . . 91
Mohsine Jennane and El Mostafa Kalmoun
Existence of Entropy Solutions for Anisotropic Elliptic Nonlinear
Problem in Weighted Sobolev Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
Adil Abbassi, Chakir Allalou, and Abderrazak Kassidi
Well-Posedness and Stability for the Viscous Primitive Equations
of Geophysics in Critical Fourier-Besov-Morrey Spaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
A. Abbassi, C. Allalou, and Y. Oulha

v
vi Contents

Regional Controllability of a Class of Time-Fractional Systems . . . . . . . 141

Asmae Tajani, Fatima-Zahrae El Alaoui, and Ali Boutoulout
Quadratic Optimal Control for Bilinear Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
Soufiane Yahyaoui and Mohamed Ouzahra
Regional Observability of Linear Fractional Systems Involving
Riemann-Liouville Fractional Derivative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
Khalid Zguaid, Fatima Zahrae El Alaoui, and Ali Boutoulout
Stability Analysis of Fractional Differential Systems Involving
Riemann–Liouville Derivative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
Hanaa Zitane, Fatima Zahrae El Alaoui, and Ali Boutoulout
Deformed Joint Free Distributions of Semicircular Elements
Induced by Multi Orthogonal Projections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
Ilwoo Cho
Several Explicit and Recurrent Formulas for Determinants
of Tridiagonal Matrices via Generalized Continued Fractions . . . . . . . . 233
Feng Qi, Wen Wang, Bai-Ni Guo, and Dongkyu Lim

Author Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249

 Existence Results for Impulsive Partial
Functional Fractional Differential Equation
with State Dependent Delay

Nadjet Abada1(B) , Helima Chahdane1 , and Hadda Hammouche2

1 Laboratoire MAD, Ecole Normale Superieure Assia Djebar,
Universite constantine 3, El Khroub, Algerie
n65abada@yahoo.fr, helimachahdane@yahoo.com
2 Laboratoire LMSA, Universite Ghardaia, Bounoura, Algerie
h.hammouche@yahoo.fr

Abstract. In this paper, we study the existence of mild solutions of impulsive

fractional semilinear differential equation with state dependent delay of order
0 < α < 1. We shall rely on fixed point theorem for the sum of completely con-
tinuous and contraction operators due to Burton and Kirk. An example is given
to illustrate the theory.

1 Introduction
Fractional calculus is a generalization of classical differentiation and integration to an
arbitrary real order. Fractional calculus is the most well known and valuable branch
of mathematics which gives a good framework for biological and physical phenom-
ena, mathematical modeling of engineering, etc. Numerous writings have showed that
fractional-order differential equation could provide more methods to deal with complex
problem in statistical physics and environmental issues; see the monographs of Abbas
et al. [ABN12, ABN15], A. Kilbas et al. [KST06], Podlubny [P93] and Zhou [Z14] and
the references therein. On the other hand, the theory of impulsive differential equations
has undergone rapid development over the years and played a very important role in
modern applied mathematical models of real processes rising in phenomena studied in
physics, chemistry, engineering, etc.
Recently, the study of fractional differential equations with impulses has been stud-
ied by many authors ( see [BHN06, HAM10, LCX12, WFZ11]).
Modivated by work [HGBA13], in this paper, we study the existence of mild solu-
tions for fractional semilinear differential equation of the equation of the form
c
Dtαk y(t) − Ay(t) = f (t, yρ (t,yt ) ),t ∈ Jk := (tk ,tk+1 ], k = 0, 1, ..m, (1)

Δ y |y=yk = Ik (ytk ) k = 1, ...., m, (2)

y(t) = φ (t), t ∈ (−∞, 0]. (3)
where c Dtαk is caputo fractional derivative of order 0 < α < 1, A : D(A) ⊂ E → E is the
bounded linear operator of an α - resolvent family Sα (t) : t ≥ 0 defined on a Banach
c Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021
Z. Hammouch et al. (Eds.): SM2A 2019, LNNS 168, pp. 1–22, 2021.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-62299-2_1
2 N. Abada et al.

space E, f : J × D → E is a given function, D = {ψ : (−∞, 0] → E, ψ is continuous

every where except for a finite number of points s at which ψ (s− ) , ψ (s+ ) exist and
ψ (s− ) = ψ (s)}, φ ∈ D,(0 < r < ∞), Ik : E → E , (k = 0, 1, ...., m + 1), 0 = t0 < t1 <
..... < tm < tm+1 = b , Δ y|y=yk = y(tk+ ) − y(tk− ), where y(tk+ ) = limh→0+ y(tk + h) and
y(tk− ) = limh→0+ y(tk − h) represent the right and left limits of y(t) at t = tk , respectively.
We denote by yt the element of D defined by yt (θ ) = y(t + θ ), θ ∈ (−∞, 0]. Here yt
represents the history up to the present time t of the state y(.). We assume that the
histories yt belongs to some abstract phase D, to specified later, and φ ∈ D. This paper
is organized as follow, in Sect. 2 we introduce some preliminaries that will be used
in the sequel, in Sect. 3 we give definition to the mild solution of problem 1–3 result
inspired by works [HGBA13, HL20], also the proof of our main results is given. Finally,
an example is included in Sect. 4.

2 Preliminaries
In this Section, we state some notations, definitions and properties which be used
throughout this paper.
Let E be a Banach space endowed with the norm ., and L(E) represents the
Banach space of all bounded linear operators from E into E and the corresponding
norm .L(E) .
C(J, E) is the Banach space of all continuous functions from J to E with the norm

uC(J,E) = sup{|u(t)| : t ∈ J},

L1 [J, E] is the Banach space of measurable functions u : J −→ E which are Bochner

integrable normed by
 b
uL1 = |u(t)|dt.
0

Definition 1. A familly (Sα (t))t>0 ⊂ l(E) of bounded linear operators in E is called an

α - resolvent operator function generating by A if the following conditions hold:
a) (Sα (t))t>0 is strong continuous on R+ and Sα (0) = I;
b) Sα (t)D(A) ⊂ D(A) and ASα (t)x = Sα (t)Ax for all x ∈ D(A) and t > 0;
c) For all x ∈ E, Itα Sα (t)x ∈ D(A) and

Sα (t)x = x + AItα Sα (t)x, t > 0;

d) x ∈ D(A) and Ax = y if and only if

Sα (t)x = x + AItα Sα (t)x, t > 0;

 Existence Results for Impulsive Partial Functional 3

e) A is closed and densely defined

The generator A of (Sα (t))t>0 is defined by:
Sα (t)x − x
D(A) := {x ∈ E : lim exists},
t→0+ ψα +1 (t)
and
Sα (t)x − x
Ax = lim , x ∈ D(A),
t→0+ ψα +1 (t)
α −1
where ψα (t) = Γt (α ) for t > 0 and ψα (t) = 0 for t ≤ 0 and ψα (t) −→ δ (t) as α −→ 0,
where the function delta is defined by:
δa : D(Ω ) −→ R; φ → φ (a),
and
D(Ω ) = {φ ∈ C∞ (Ω ) : suppφ ⊂ Ω is compact}.

Definition 2. An α -ROF (Sα (t))t≥0 is called analytic, if the function Sα () : R+ −→

l(X) admits analytic extension to a sector Σ (0, θ0 ) for some 0 < θ0 ≤ π2 . An analytic
α -ROF (Sα ) is said to be of analyticity type (ω0 , θ0 ) if for each θ < θ0 and ω > ω0
there exists M1 = M1 (ω , θ ) such that ||Sα (z)|| ≤ M1 eω Rez for z ∈ Σ (0, θ ) where Rez
denotes the real part of z and Σ (ω , θ ) := {λ ∈ C : |arg(λ − ω )| < θ , ω , θ ∈ R}
Definition 3. An α -ROF(Sα (t))t≥0 is called compact for t > 0 if for every t > 0, Sα (t)
is a compact operator.
Theorem 1. Let A generate a compact analytic semigroup T (t)t≥0 then for any α it
also generates a compact analytic resolvent family (Sα (t))t≥0 .
Lemma 1. Assume that α -ROF(Sα (t))t≥0 is compact for t > 0 and analytic of type
(ω0 , θ0 ). Then the following assertions hold:
1. limh−→0 Sα (t + h) − Sα (t) = 0, for t > 0.
2. limh−→0+ Sα (t + h) − Sα (h)Sα (t) = 0, for t > 0.
Definition 4. An α -ROF(Sα (t))t≥0 is said to be exponentially bounded if there exist
constants M ≥ 1, ω ≥ 0 such that
Sα (t) ≤ Meω t f or t ≥ 0.
in this case we write A ∈ Cα (M, ω ).
Definition 5. The fractional integral operator I α of order α > 0 of a continuous func-
tion f (t) is defined by
 t
1
Itα f (t) := (t − s)α −1 f (s)ds,
Γ (α ) 0

t α −1
Observe that Itα f (t) = f (t) ∗ ψα (t), where ψα (t) = Γ (α ) for t > 0 and ψα (t) = 0 for
t ≤ 0 and ψα (t) −→ δ (t) as α −→ 0.
4 N. Abada et al.

Definition 6. The α -Riemann-Liouville fractional-order derivative of the function f , is

defined by 
α 1 dn t
Da f (t) = (t − s)n−α −1 f (s)ds.
Γ (n − α ) dt n a
where n = [α ] + 1 and [α ] denotes the integer part of α .
Definition 7 [P93]. For a function f defined on the interval [a, b], the Caputo fractional
order derivative of order α of f , is defined by
 t
1
(ca+ Dtα f )(t) = (t − s)n−α −1 f (n) (s)ds,
Γ (n − α ) 0
Where n = [α ] + 1.
Therefore, for 0 < α < 1, n = [α ] + 1 = 1 and for a = 0, the Caputo’s fractional
derivative for t ∈ [0, b] is given by
 t
1
(c0 Dtα f )(t) = (t − s)−α f (s)ds.
Γ (1 − α ) 0

In this paper, we will employ an axiomatic definition for the phase space D which is
similar to those introduced by Hale and Kato [HK78]. Specifically, D will be a lin-
ear space of functions mapping ] − ∞, b] into E endowed with a semi-norm .D , and
satisfies the following axioms:
(A1) There exist a positive constant H and functions K(·), M(·) : R+ → R+ with K
continuous and M locally bounded, such that for any b > 0, if x : (−∞, b] → E,
x ∈ D, and x(·) is continuous on [0, b], then for every t ∈ [0, b] the following
conditions hold:
(i) xt is in D;
(ii) |x(t)| ≤ Hxt D ;
(iii) xt D ≤ K(t) sup{|x(s)| : 0 ≤ s ≤ t} + M(t)x0 D , and H, K and M are inde-
pendent of x(·).
Denote
Kb = sup{K(t) : t ∈ J} and Mb = sup{M(t) : t ∈ J}.
(A2 ) The space D is complete.
Example 1. Let h(.) : (−∞, −r] → R be a positive Lebesgue integrable function and
D := PCr ×L2 (h; E), r ≥ 0, be the space formed of all classes of functions ϕ : (−∞, 0] →
E such that ϕ |[−r,0] ∈ PC([−r, 0], E), ϕ (.) is Lebesgue-measurable on (−∞, −r] and
h|ϕ | p is Lebesgue integrable on (−∞, −r]. the semi-norm in .D is defined by
 −r 1/p
ϕ D = sup ϕ (θ ) + h(θ )ϕ (θ ) p d θ , (4)
θ ∈[−r,0] −∞

Assume that h(.) satisfies conditions (g–6) and (g–7) in the terminology of
[HMN91]. proceeding as in the proof of [[HMN91]. Theorem 1.3.8] it follows that D
is a phase space which verifies the axioms (A1)–(A2) and (A3). Moreover, when r = 0
this space coincides with C0 × L2 (h, E) and the parameters H = 1; M(t) = γ (−t)1/2 and
 1/2
0
K(t) = 1 + −r h(ξ )d ξ , for t ≥ 0 (see [HMN91]).
 Existence Results for Impulsive Partial Functional 5

Definition 8. A map f : [0, b] × D → E is said to be carathéodory if

1. the function t → f (t, y) is measurable for each y ∈ D;

2. the function t → f (t, y) is continuous for almost all t ∈ Jk := (tk ,tk+1 ], k = 0, 1, ..m.

In order to define the mild solution 1–3, we consider the following space

PC(J, E) = {y : [0, b] −→ E : y is continous at t = tk , y(tk− ) = y(tk ),

and y(tk+ ) exists, f or all k = 1, ..., m}

which is a Banach space with the norm

y = max{yk ∞ ; k = 1, 2, .., m},

and
Db = {y :] − ∞, b] −→ E : y|]−∞,0] ∈ D and y|J ∈ PC(J, E)}.
Let .b be the semi norm in Db defined by

yb = y0 Db + sup{|y(s)| : 0 ≤ s ≤ b}, y ∈ Db .

Let us introduce the definition of Caputo’s derivative in each interval (tk ,tk+1 ], k =
0, ..., m,  t
c α 1
( Dtk f )(t) = (t − s)−α f (s)ds.
Γ (1 − α ) tk

3 Main Result
Before starting and proving our main result, we give the meaning of mild solution of
our problem 1–3.

Definition 9. A function y ∈ PC((−∞, b], E) is said to be mild solution of our problem

if y(t) = φ (t), for all t ∈ (−∞, 0], Δ y|y=yk = Ik (yti ), k = 1, 2, ..., m and such that y satisfies
the following integral equation:

⎧ t
⎪ Sα (t)φ (0) + 0 Sα (t − s) f (s, yρ (s,ys ) )ds; i f t ∈ [0,t1 ],
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎨ Sα (t − tk ) ∏i=1 Sα (ti − ti−1 )φ (0)
k
ti
y(t) = + ∑i=1 ti−1 Sα (t − tk ) ∏ j=i Sα (t j+1 − t j )Sα (ti − s) f (s, yρ (s,ys ) )
k k−1
⎪
⎪ t
⎪ + tk Sα (t − s) f (s, yρ (s,ys ) )ds
⎪
⎪
⎩ + k S (t − t ) k−1 S (t − t )I (y ); i f t ∈ (t ,t ] .
∑i=1 α k ∏ j=i α j+1 j i ti k k+1

Set
R(ρ − ) = {ρ (s, ϕ ) : (s, ϕ ) ∈ J × D, ρ (s, ϕ ) ≤ 0}.
We always assume that ρ : J × D → (−∞, b] is continuous. Additionally, we introduce
the following hypothesis:
6 N. Abada et al.

• (Hϕ ) The function t → ϕt is continuous from R(ρ − ) into D and there exists a
continuous and bounded function Lφ : R(ρ − ) → (0, ∞) such that

φt D ≤ Lφ (t)φ D , for every t ∈ R(ρ − ).

Lemma 2 ([HPL06]). If y :] − ∞, b] −→ E is a function such that y0 = φ , then

yt D ≤ (Mb + Lφ )φ D + Kb sup{|y(s)|; s ∈ [0, max{0,t}]},

where Mb = supt∈J M(t) , Kb = supt∈J K(t) and Lφ = supt∈R (ρ − ) Lφ (t).

Our main result in this section is based upon the following fixed point theorem due
to Burton and Kirk [BK98].

Theorem 2 ([BK98]). Let X be a Banach space and A, B : X −→ X be two operators

satisfying:
1. A is a contraction,
2. B is completely continuous,
Then, either;
1. the operator equation y = Ay + By has a solution, or
2. the set ϒ = {u ∈ X : λ A( λu ) + λ B(u) = u, λ ∈ (0, 1)} is unbounded.

We introduce the following hypotheses:

(H1 ) A generate a compact and analytic α -ROF (Sα (t))t≥0 which is exponentially
bounded i.e there exist constants M ≥ 1, ω ≥ 0 such that

Sα (t) ≤ Meω t ; t ≥ 0.

(H2 ) The functions Ik : E −→ E are Lipschitz. Let Mk , for k = 1, 2, 3, ...m, be such that

Ik (y) − Ik (x) ≤ Mk y − x; f or each y, x ∈ E.

(H3 ) the function f : J × D −→ E is Caratheodory.

(H4 ) There exists a function p ∈ L1 (J, R+ ) and a continuous nondeceasing function
ψ : [0, +∞[−→ [0, +∞[ such that

| f (t, y)| ≤ p(t)ψ (y)D ,

a.e, t ∈ J, for all y ∈ D, with

 ∞
du
= ∞,
C0 ψ (u)
and  ∞
du
= ∞,
C3 ψ (u)
 Existence Results for Impulsive Partial Functional 7

where
C0 = C, C3 = min(C1 ,C2 ),
C = (Mb + Lφ + Kb Meω b )φ D 0 ,
b

 
Kb M k+1 eω b |φ (0)| + ∑ki=1 M k−i+1 eω (b−ti ) (|Ii (0)| +C)
C1 =
1 − Kb ∑ki=1 M k−i+1 eω (b−ti ) Mi
 ti
Kb ∑ki=1 M k−i+2 eω (b−tk−1 ) ti−1 e
−ω s p(s)ψ ( μ (s))ds
+ +C ,
1 − Kb ∑ki=1 M k−i+1 eω (b−ti ) Mi

Kb Meω b
C2 = .
(1 − Kb ∑i=1 M k−i+1 eω (b−ti ) Mi )
k

Theorem 3. Assume that Hypotheses (Hϕ ), (A1 ), (A2 ), (H1 ), (H4 ) are satisfied with
k
Kb ∑ M k−i+1 eω (b−ti ) Mi < 1,
i=1

then the problem (1.1)–(1.3) has at least one mild solution on ] − ∞, b].
Proof. Transform the problem (1.1)–(1.3) into a fixed point problem. Consider the oper-
ator N : Db → Db defined by
⎧
⎪
⎪ 
φ (t); t ∈ (−∞, 0],
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ Sα (t)φ (0) + 0t Sα (t − s) f (s, yρ (s,ys ) )ds; t ∈ [0,t1 ],
⎪
⎨ Sα (t − tk ) ∏ki=1 Sα (ti − ti−1 )φ (0)
N(y)(t) =  i
⎪
⎪ + ∑ki=1 tti−1 Sα (t − tk ) ∏k−1
j=i Sα (t j+1 − t j )Sα (ti − s) f (s, yρ (s,ys ) )
⎪
⎪ 
⎪
⎪ + ttk Sα (t − s) f (s, yρ (s,ys ) )ds
⎪
⎩
+ ∑ki=1 Sα (t − tk ) ∏k−1j=i Sα (t j+1 − t j )Ii (yti ); t ∈ (tk ,tk+1 ] .

Let x(.) :] − ∞, b] −→ E, be the function defined by

⎧
⎨ φ (t), i f t ∈] − ∞, 0],
x(t) = Sα (t)φ (0), i f t ∈ [0,t1 ],
⎩
0, i f t ∈ (tk ,tk+1 ] .
Then x0 = φ . For each z ∈ Db with z(0) = 0, we denote by z the function defined by
⎧
⎪
⎪ 0, i f t ∈] − ∞, 0],
⎪t
⎪
⎪
⎪ S α (t − s) f (s, xρ (s,x +z ) + zρ (s,x +z )) + zρ (s,xs +zs ))ds, i f t ∈ [0,t1 ],
⎪ 0 s
⎨ S (t − t ) ∏k S (t − t )φ (0)
s s s

α k α i i−1
k  ti S (t − t ) k−1 S (t
i=1
z(t) = (5)
⎪ +∑
⎪
⎪  i=1 ti−1 α k ∏ j=i α j+1 − t j )Sα (ti − s) f (s, xρ (s,xs +zs ) + zρ (s,xs +zs ))ds
⎪
⎪ + ttk Sα (t − s) f (s, yρ (s,ys ) )ds
⎪
⎪
⎩
+ ∑ki=1 Sα (t − tk ) ∏k−1 j=i Sα (t j+1 − t j )Ii (xti + zti ), i f t ∈ (tk ,tk+1 ] .
8 N. Abada et al.

If y(.) satisfies (3), we can decompose it as y(t) = x(t) + z(t), 0 ≤ t ≤ b, which

implies yt = zt + xt for every 0 ≤ t ≤ b and the function z(.) satisfies

0, i f t ∈] − ∞, 0],
z∗ (t) =
z(t), i f t ∈ [0, b].
where
⎧t
⎪
⎪
⎪ 0 Sα (t − s) f (s, xρ (s,xs +zs ) + zρ (s,xs +zs ))ds, i f t ∈ [0,t1 ],
⎪
⎪
⎨ Sα (t − tk ) ∏i=1 Sα (ti − ti−1 )φ (0)
k
ti
z(t) = + ∑i=1 ti−1 Sα (t − tk ) ∏k−1 j=i Sα (t j+1 − t j )Sα (ti − s) f (s, xρ (s,xs +zs ) + zρ (s,xs +zs ))
k
⎪
⎪ t
⎪
⎪ + t α S (t − s) f (s, xρ (s,xs +zs ) + zρ (s,xs +zs ))ds
⎪
⎩ + kk S (t − t ) k−1 S (t − t )I (x + z ), i f t ∈ (t ,t ] .
∑i=1 α k ∏ j=i α j+1 j i ti ti k k+1

Set
Db0 := {z ∈ Db : z0 = 0}.
and let .b be the seminorm in Db0 defined by

zb = z0 + sup{|z(t)| : 0 ≤ t ≤ b}

= sup{|z(t)| : 0 ≤ t ≤ b}.

Db0 is Banach space with the norm .b .

Transform the problem 1–3 into a fixed point problem. Consider the two operators

A , B : Db0 −→ Db0 ,

defined by
⎧
⎨ 0, i f t ∈ [0,t1 ],
A z(t) = Sα (t − t ) k
k ∏i=1 α i
S (t − t i−1 )φ (0)
⎩
+ ∑ki=1 Sα (t − tk ) ∏k−1
j=i Sα (t j+1 − t j )Ii (xti + zti ), i f t ∈ (tk ,tk+1 ] .

and
⎧t
⎨ 0 Sα (t − s) f (s, xρ (s,xs +zs ) + zρ (s,xs +zs ))ds, i f t ∈ [0,t1 ],
ti
B z(t) = ∑ki=1 ti−1 Sα (t − tk ) ∏k−1 Sα (t j+1 − t j )Sα (ti − s) f (s, xρ (s,xs +zns ) + zρ (s,xs +zns ))
⎩ t j=i
+ tk Sα (t − s) f (s, xρ (s,xs +zs ) + zρ (s,xs +zs ))ds, i f t ∈ (tk ,tk+1 ] .

Then the problem of finding the solution of the problem 1–3 is reduced to finding
the solution of operator equation A z(t) + Bz(t) = z(t), t ∈ (−∞, b], we shall that the
operators A and B satisfy all the conditions of theorem 3.
We give the proof into a sequence of steps.
Step 1: B is continuous.

Let (zn )n≥0 be a sequence such that zn −→ z in Db0 . Since f satisfies (H3), we get

f (s, xs + zns ) → f (s, xs + zs ) as n → ∞.

 Existence Results for Impulsive Partial Functional 9

Then

1. For t ∈ [0,t1 ], we have

|B(zn )(t) − B(z)(t)|

t
=| 0 Sα (t − s)[ f (s, xρ (s,xs +zns ) + zρ (s,xs +zns ) ) −
n f (s, xρ (s,xs +zs ) + zρ (s,xs +zs ) )]ds
t
≤ 0 Sα (t − s)| f (s, xρ (s,xs +zns ) + zρ (s,xs +zn )) − f (s, xρ (s,xs +zs ) + zρ (s,xs +zs ))|ds
n
s
 t −ω s
≤ Meω t 0e | f (s, x ρ (s,xs +zns ) + zρ (s,xs +zns ) ) −
n f (s, xρ (s,xs +zs ) + zρ (s,xs +zs ))|ds −→ 0.

2. For t ∈ (tk ,tk+1 ] ,

|B(zn )(t) − B(z)(t)|
 ti
= | ∑ki=1 ti−1 Sα (t − tk ) ∏k−1
j=i Sα (t j+1 − t j )Sα (ti − s)[ f (s, xρ (s,xs +zns ) + zρ (s,xs +zn ) )
n
s
t
− f (s, xρ (s,xs +zs ) + zρ (s,xs +zs ) )]ds + tk Sα (t − s)[ f (s, xρ (s,xs +zns ) + znρ (s,xs +zn ) ) − f (s, xρ (s,xs +zs ) + zρ (s,xs +zs ) )]|
s
 ti
≤ ∑ki=1 ti−1 Sα (t − tk ) ∏k−1
j=i Sα (t j+1 − t j )Sα (ti − s) × |[ f (s, xρ (s,xs +zns ) + zρ (s,xs +zn ) )
n
s
t
− f (s, xρ (s,xs +zs ) + zρ (s,xs +zs ) )]ds + tk Sα (t − s)|[ f (s, xρ (s,xs +zns ) + zρ (s,xs +zn ) )
n
s

− f (s, xρ (s,xs +zs ) + zρ (s,xs +zs ) )]|ds

 ti ω (t j+1 −t j )
≤ ∑ki=1 ti−1 Meω (t−tk ) ∏k−1
j=i Me Meω (ti −s) |[ f (s, xρ (s,xs +zns ) + znρ (s,xs +zn ) )
s
t
− f (s, xρ (s,xs +zs ) + zρ (s,xs +zs ) )]|ds + tk Meω (t−s) |[ f (s, xρ (s,xs +zns ) + znρ (s,xs +zn ) ) −
s

f (s, xρ (s,xs +zs ) + zρ (s,xs +zs ) )]|ds

 ti
≤ ∑ki=1 ti−1 Meω (t−tk ) [Meω (ti+1 −ti ) × Meω (ti+2 −ti+1 ) × Meω (ti+3 −ti+2 )
×... × Meω (tk −tk−1 ) ]Meω (ti −ts ) |[ f (s, xρ (s,xs +zns ) + znρ (s,xs +zn ) )
s

− f (s, xρ (s,xs +zs ) + zρ (s,xs +zs ) )]|ds

t
+ tk Meω (t−s) |[ f (s, xρ (s,xs +zns ) + znρ (s,xs +zn ) )
s

− f (s, xρ (s,xs +zs ) + zρ (s,xs +zs ) )]|ds

 ti
≤ ∑ki=1 ti−1 Meω t [M k−1−i+1 ]Me−ω s |[ f (s, xρ (s,xs +zns ) + znρ (s,xs +zn ) ) − f (s, xρ (s,xs +zs ) + zρ (s,xs +zs ) )]|ds
s
 t −ω s
+Meω t tke |[ f (s, x ρ (s,xs +zns ) + zρ (s,xs +zns ) )
n

− f (s, xρ (s,xs +zs ) + zρ (s,xs +zs ) )]|ds

 ti
≤ ∑ki=1 M k−i+2 eω t ti−1 e
−ω s |[ f (s, x
ρ (s,xs +zns ) + zρ (s,xs +zn ) ) − f (s, xρ (s,xs +zs ) + zρ (s,xs +zs ) )]|ds
n
s
 t −ω s
+Meω t tke |[ f (s, x ρ (s,xs +zns ) + zρ (s,xs +zns ) ) −
n f (s, xρ (s,xs +zs ) + zρ (s,xs +zs ) )]|ds −→ 0.

We get
B(zn )(t) − B(z)(t)D 0 −→ 0.
b

as n −→ +∞.
This means that B is continuous.
Step 2: B maps bounded sets into bounded sets in Db0 .

A linear operator B : Db0 −→ Db0 is bounded if only it maps bounded sets into
bounded sets; i.e it is enough to show that for any q > 0, there exists a positive constant
lk ; k = 1, 2, ..., m such that for each z ∈ Bq = {z ∈ Db0 : z ≤ q}, we have B(z) ≤ lk .
10 N. Abada et al.

Let z ∈ Bq . Then,
⎧t
⎪
⎪ S (t − s)| f (s, xρ (s,xs +zs ) + zρ (s,xs +zs ) )|ds, i f t ∈ [0,t1 ],
⎪ 0k α ti
⎨ ∑i=1 ti−1 α S (t − t k )
|Bz(t)| ≤
⎪ × ∏
⎪  j=i
k−1
Sα (t j+1 − t j )|Sα (ti − s)| f (s, xρ (s,xs +zs ) + zρ (s,xs +zs ) )|ds
⎪
⎩ + t S (t − s)| f (s, x
tk α ρ (s,xs +zs ) + zρ (s,xs +zs ) )|ds, i f t ∈ (tk ,tk+1 ] .
⎧t
⎪
⎪
⎪ 0 Sα (t − s)p(s)ψ (xρ (s,xs +zs ) + zρ (s,xs +zs ) )ds, i f t ∈ [0,t1 ],
⎨ ∑k  ti S (t − t )
i=1 i−1t α k
|Bz(t)| ≤
⎪
⎪ ×∏ j=i Sα (t j+1 − t j )|Sα (ti − s)|p(s)ψ (xρ (s,xs +zs ) + zρ (s,xs +zs ) )ds
k−1
⎪
⎩ +  t S (t − s)p(s)ψ (x
tk α ρ (s,xs +zs ) + zρ (s,xs +zs ) )ds, i f t ∈ (tk ,tk+1 ] .

Using Lemma 3.1, we get

xρ (s,xs +zs ) + zρ (s,xs +zs ) D 0 ≤ Kb Meω t1 |φ (0)| + (Mb + Lφ )φ D 0 + Kb |z(s)|.
b b

Then

xρ (s,xs +zs ) + zρ (s,xs +zs ) D 0 ≤ (Mb + Lφ + Kb Meω b )φ D 0 + Kb q = q∗ .

b b

Set C = (Mb + Lφ + Kb Meω b )φ D 0 . Then we obtain

b

xρ (s,xs +zs ) + zρ (s,xs +zs ) D 0 ≤ Kb |z(s)| +C.

b

⎧ ω t1 
⎪ Me ψ (q∗1 ) 0t e−ω s p(s)ds, i f t ∈ [0,t1 ],
⎪
⎨ k Meω (t−tk ) [Meω (ti−1 −ti ) Meω (ti+2 −ti+1 ) ...Meω (tk−1 −tk−2 )
∑i=1  ti
|Bz(t)| ≤
⎪ ×Meω (tk −tk−1 ) ]Meω ti × ψ (q∗ ) ti−1
⎪ p(s)e−ω s ds
⎩ ω ∗
 t −ω
+Me ψ (q ) tk p(s)e ds,
t s i f t ∈ (tk ,tk+1 ] .

Then
⎧ ω t1 ∗  t −ω s p(s)ds,
⎨ Me ψ (q )) 0 e i f t ∈ [0,t1 ],
|Bz(t)| ≤ ∑ki=1 M k−i+2 eω (t−tk )+ti−1 −ti +ti+2 −ti+1 ...+tk−1 −tk−2 +tk −tk−1 +ti )
⎩  i 
×ψ (q∗ ) tti−1 p(s)e−ω s ds + Meω t ψ (q∗ ) ttk p(s)e−ω s ds, i f t ∈ (tk ,tk+1 ] .

Using characteristic of the exponential function, we get

⎧ ω t1 ∗
 t −ω s
⎨ Me ψ (q1 ) 0 e p(s)ds,
 ti
i f t ∈ [0,t1 ],
|Bz(t)| ≤ ∑ki=1 M k−i+2 eω (t−tk−1 × ψ (q∗2 ) ti−1 p(s)e−ω s ds
⎩ 
+Meω t ψ (q∗2 ) ttk p(s)e−ω s ds, i f t ∈ (tk ,tk+1 ] .
 Existence Results for Impulsive Partial Functional 11

Finally, we obtain
⎧ ω t1 ∗
 t −ω s
⎨ Me ψ (q1 ) 0 e p(s)ds = l1 ,
 ti
i f t ∈ [0,t1 ],
|Bz(t)| ≤ ∑ki=1 M k−i+2 eω (tk+1 −tk−1 ) × ψ (q∗2 ) ti−1 p(s)e−ω s ds
⎩ 
+Meω tk+1 ψ (q∗2 ) ttk p(s)e−ω s ds = lk , k = 2, 3, ..., m, i f t ∈ (tk ,tk+1 ] .

⎧ ω t1 ∗
 t −ω s
⎨ Me ψ (q ) 0 e p(s)ds = l1 ,

i f t ∈ [0,t1 ],
k k−i+2 eω (tk+1 −tk−1 ) × ψ (q∗ ) ti p(s)e−ω s ds
|Bz(t)| ≤ ∑i=1 M
⎩  ti−1
+Meω tk+1 ψ (q∗ ) ttk p(s)e−ω s ds = lk , k = 2, 3, ..., m, i f t ∈ (tk ,tk+1 ] .

Step 3: B maps bounded sets into equicontinuous sets of Db0 .

Let τ1 , τ2 ∈ J\{t1 ,t2 , ...,tm } with τ1 < τ2 , let Bq be a bounded set in Db0 , and let
z ∈ Bq .
• If τ1 , τ2 ∈ [0,t1 ], we have

|Bz(τ2 ) − Bz(τ1 )|

 τ2  τ1
=| Sα (τ2 − s) f (s, xρ (s,xs +zs ) + zρ (s,xs +zs ) )ds − Sα (τ1 − s) f (s, xρ (s,xs +zs ) + zρ (s,xs +zs ) )ds|.
0 0

Using the linearity of integral operator and hypotheses H4 , we get

|Bz(τ2 ) − Bz(τ1 )|
 τ1  τ2
=| Sα (τ2 − s) f (s, xρ (s,xs +zs ) + zρ (s,xs +zs ) )ds + Sα (τ2 − s) f (s, xρ (s,xs +zs ) + zρ (s,xs +zs ) )ds
0 τ1
 τ1
− Sα (τ1 − s) f (s, xρ (s,xs +zs ) + zρ (s,xs +zs ) )ds|
0
 τ  τ
1 2
=| (Sα (τ2 − s) − Sα (τ1 − s)) f (s, zt (s) + xt (s))ds + Sα (τ2 − s) f (s, xρ (s,xs +zs ) + zρ (s,xs +zs ) )ds|
0 τ1

 τ1
≤ 0 Sα (τ2 − s) − Sα (τ1 − s)| f (s, xρ (s,xs +zs ) + zρ (s,xs +zs ) )|ds
 τ2
+ Sα (τ2 − s)| f (s, xρ (s,xs +zs ) + zρ (s,xs +zs ) )|ds
τ1
 τ1  τ2
≤ ψ (q∗1 ) Sα (τ2 − s) − Sα (τ1 − s)p(s)ds + Meωτ2 ψ (q∗ ) e−ω s p(s)ds.
0 τ1

If τ1 = 0, the right-hand side of previous inequality tends to zero as τ2 −→ 0 uni-

formly for z ∈ Db0 .
If 0 < τ1 < τ2 , for ε > 0 whit ε < τ1 < τ2 , we have
 τ 1 −ε
|B(z(τ2 )) − B(z(τ1 ))| ≤ Sα (τ2 − s) − Sα (τ1 − s)| f (s, xρ (s,xs +zs ) + zρ (s,xs +zs ) )|ds
0
12 N. Abada et al.
 τ1
+ Sα (τ2 − s) − Sα (τ1 − s)| f (s, xρ (s,xs +zs ) + zρ (s,xs +zs ) )|ds
τ1 −ε
 τ2
+ Sα (τ2 − s)| f (s, xρ (s,xs +zs ) + zρ (s,xs +zs ) )|ds
τ1
 τ1 −ε
≤ ψ (q∗1 ) Sα (τ2 − s) − Sα (τ1 − s)p(s)ds
0
 τ1
+ψ (q∗1 ) Sα (τ2 − s) − Sα (τ1 − s)p(s)ds
τ1 −ε
 τ2
+Meωτ2 ψ (q∗ ) e−ω s p(s)ds.
τ1

From lemma 1, the operator Sα (t) is a uniformly continuous operator for t ∈ [ε ,t1 ].
Combining this and the arbitrariness of ε with the above estimation on |B(z(τ2 )) −
B(z(τ1 ))|, we can conclude that

lim[τ1 ,τ2 ]−→0 |B(z(τ2 )) − B(z(τ1 ))| = 0.

Thus the operator B is equicontinous on [0,t1 ].

• If τ1 , τ2 ∈ (tk ,tk+1 ],

|B(z(τ2 )) − B(z(τ1 ))|

k  ti k−1
=∑ Sα (τ2 − tk ) ∏ Sα (t j+1 − t j )Sα (ti − s) f (s, xρ (s,xs +zs ) + zρ (s,xs +zs ) )ds
i=1 ti−1] j=i

k  ti k−1
−∑ Sα (τ1 − tk ) ∏ Sα (t j+1 − t j )Sα (ti − s) f (s, xρ (s,xs +zs ) + zρ (s,xs +zs ) )ds
i=1 ti−1] j=i
 τ2  τ1
+ Sα (τ2 − s) f (s, xρ (s,xs +zs ) + zρ (s,xs +zs ) )ds − Sα (τ1 − s) f (s, xρ (s,xs +zs ) + zρ (s,xs +zs ) )ds.
tk tk

Then
|Bz(τ2 ) − Bz(τ1 )|
k  ti k−1
≤∑ Sα (τ2 − tk ) − Sα (τ1 − tk ) ∏ Sα (t j+1 − t j )
i=1 ti−1 j=i
 τ1
×Sα (ti − s)| f (s, xρ (s,xs +zs ) + zρ (s,xs +zs ) )|ds +  Sα (τ2 − s) f (s, xρ (s,xs +zs ) + zρ (s,xs +zs ) )ds
tk

 τ2  τ1
+ Sα (τ2 − s) f (s, xρ (s,xs +zs ) + zρ (s,xs +zs ) )ds − Sα (τ1 − s) f (s, xρ (s,xs +zs ) + zρ (s,xs +zs ) )ds.
τ1 tk

Which gives
k  ti k−1
|Bz(τ2 ) − Bz(τ1 )| ≤ ∑ Sα (τ2 − tk ) − Sα (τ1 − tk ) ∏ Sα (t j+1 − t j )
i=1 ti−1 j=i
 Existence Results for Impulsive Partial Functional 13

×Sα (ti − s)| f (s, xρ (s,xs +zs ) + zρ (s,xs +zs ) )|ds

 τ1
+ Sα (τ2 − s) − Sα (τ1 − s)| f (s, xρ (s,xs +zs ) + zρ (s,xs +zs ) )|ds
tk
 τ2
+ Sα (τ2 − s)| f (s, xρ (s,xs +zs ) + zρ (s,xs +zs ) )|ds.
τ1
Under the hypothesis H4 , and lemma, we obtain
 ti
|Bz(τ2 ) − Bz(τ1 )| ≤ ∑ki=1 ψ (q∗2 ) ti−1 Sα (τ2 − tk ) − Sα (τ1 − tk )

∏ j=i Sα (t j+1 − t j ) × Sα (ti − s)|p(s)ds

k−1

+ψ (q∗ ) tτk 1 −ε Sα (τ2 − s) − Sα (τ1 − s)p(s)ds

+ψ (q∗ ) ττ11−ε Sα (τ2 − s) − Sα (τ1 − s)p(s)ds

+M ψ (q∗ )eωτ2 ττ12 e−ω s p(s)ds.

As τ1 −→ τ2 and ε becomes sufficiently small, the right-hand side of the above inequal-
ity tends to zero, since Sα is analytic operator and the compactness of Sα (t) for t > 0
implies the continuity in the uniform operator topology. This proves the equicontinuity
for the case where t = ti , i = 1, ..., m + 1.
Now, it remains to examine equicontinuity at t = tl . We have for z ∈ Bq , for each
t ∈ J.
First, we prove equicontinuity at t = tl− .
Fix δ1 > 0 such that {tk , k = l} ∩ [tl − δ1 ,tl − δ1 ] = 0.
/
For 0 < h < δ1 , we have
• if l = 1 i.e t1 − h,t1 ∈ [0,t1 ],
 t1 −h
|B(z(t1 − h)) − B(z(t1 ))| ≤ ψ (q∗1 ) 0 Sα (t1 − s) − Sα (t1 − h − s)p(s)ds

+Me t1 ψ (q∗ ) tt11−h e−ω s p(s).ds
ω

Which tends to zero as h −→ 0 since Sα (t) is uinformly continuous operator for

t ∈ [0,t1 ] thus the operator B is equicontinuous at t = t1− .

• if tl − h,tl ∈ [tk ,tk+1 ].

Then:
 ti
|B(z)(tl − h) − B(z)(tl )| ≤ ∑ki=1 ψ (q∗ ) ti−1 Sα (tl − tk ) − Sα (tl − h − tk )

× ∏ j=i Sα (t j+1 − t j )Sα (ti − s)p(s)ds

k−1

+ψ (q∗ ) ttkl −h Sα (tl − s) − Sα (tl − h − s)p(s)ds
t
+M ψ (q∗ )eω tl tll−h e−ω s p(s)ds.

The right-hand side of the previous inequality tends to zero as h −→ 0.

So the operator B is equicontinuous at tl− .
Now, define
B0 (z)(t) = B(z)(t), i f t ∈ [0,t1 ],
14 N. Abada et al.

and
B(z)(t), i f t ∈ (ti ,ti+1 ),
Bi (z)(t) =
B(z)(ti+ ), i f t = ti .

Next, we prove equicontinuity at t = ti+ .

Fix δ2 > 0 such that {tk , k = i} ∩ [ti − δ2 ,ti + δ2 ] = 0.
/
First, we study the equicontinuity at t = 0+ .
If t ∈ [0,t1 ], we have

Bz(t), i f t ∈ [0,t1 ],
B0 (z)(t) =
0, i f t = 0.

For 0 < h < δ2 , we have

|B0 (z)(h) − B0 (z)(0)| = |B(z)(h)|

h
= 0 Sα (h − s) f (s, xρ (s,xs +zs ) + zρ (s,xs +zs ) )ds
h
≤ 0 Sα (h − s)| f (s, xρ (s,xs +zs ) + zρ (s,xs +zs ) )|ds
 h −ω s
≤ ψ (q∗ )eω h e 0 p(s)ds.

The right-hand side tends to zero as h −→ 0.

Now, we study the equicontinuity at t1+ ,t2+ , ...,tm+ (tl+ , 1 ≤ l ≤ m).
For 0 < h < δ2 , we have
 ti
|B(z)(tl + h) − B(z)(tl )| ≤ ∑ki=1 ψ (q∗ )
ti −1 Sα (h) − Sα (0)
× ∏ j=i Sα (t j+1 − t j )Sα (ti − s)p(s)ds
k−1


+M ψ (q∗ )eω (tl +h) ttll +h e−ω s p(s)ds.

It is clear that the right-hand side tends to zero as h −→ 0.

Then B is equicontinuous at tl+ , (1 ≤ l ≤ m). The equicontinuity for the cases τ1 <
τ2 ≤ 0 and τ1 ≤ 0 ≤ τ2 follows from the uniform continuity of φ on the interval ] − ∞, 0].
As a consequence of steps 1 and 3 toghether with Arzel-Ascoli Theorem it suffices to
show that Bz maps Bq into a precompact set in E i.e.: we show that the set {Bz(t), z ∈
Bq } is precompact in E for every t ∈ [0, b].
Now, let x ∈ Bq and let ε be a positive real number satisfying 0 < ε < t ≤ b.
For z ∈ Bq and t ∈ [0,t1 ].
we have if t = 0 the set {Bz(0); z ∈ Bq } = {0} which is precompact as a finite set.
For 0 < ε < t ≤ t1 , we have
t
B(z)(t) = 0 Sα (t − s) f (s, xρ (s,xs +zs ) + zρ (s,xs +zs ) )ds
 t−ε t
= 0 Sα (t − s) f (s, xρ (s,xs +zs ) + zρ (s,xs +zs ) )ds + t−ε Sα (t − s) f (s, xρ (s,xs +zs ) + zρ (s,xs +zs ) )ds.

Set F0 := {Sα (t − θ ) f (θ , xρ (θ ,xθ +zθ ) + zρ (θ ,xθ +zθ ) ); θ ∈ [0,t − ε ], z ∈ Bq }, from the

mean value Theorem for the Bochner integral, we have
 t−ε
Sα (t − s) f (s, zt (s) + xt (s))ds ∈ (t − ε )Conv(F0 ). (6)
0
 Existence Results for Impulsive Partial Functional 15

On the other hand, using hypotheses (H1 ) and (H4 ), we obtain

 t  t
|Sα (t − s) f (s, zt (s) + xt (s))|ds ≤ Meω t ψ (q∗ ) e−ω s p(s)ds.
t−ε t−ε

Let Cε0 the circle who’s diameter dε0 is such that

 t
dε0 ≤ Meω t ψ (q∗1 ) e−ω s p(s)ds. (7)
t−ε

As a consequence of (6) and (7), we conclude that

Bz(t) ∈ (t − ε )Conv(F0 ) +Cε0 , ∀0 < ε < t ≤ t1 . (8)

For tk < ε < t < tk+1 and z ∈ B, we have

k  ti k−1
Bz(t) = ∑ Sα (t − tk ) ∏ Sα (t j+1 − t j )Sα (ti − s) f (s, zt (s) + xt (s))ds. (9)
i=1 ti−1 j=i

 t−ε  t
+ Sα (t − s) f (s, zt (s) + xt (s))ds + Sα (t − s) f (s, zt (s) + xt (s))ds.
tk t−ε

Set Fk := {Sα (t − θ ) f (θ , zt (θ ) + xt (θ )); θ ∈ (tk ,tk+1 ), z ∈ Bq }, from the mean value

theorem for the Bochner integral, we have
 t−ε
Sα (t − s) f (s, xρ (s,xs +zs ) + zρ (s,xs +zs ) )ds ∈ (t − tk − ε )Conv(Fk ). (10)
tk

From (H1 ), (H4 ) we obtain

 ti
ti−1 Sα (t − tk ) ∏ j=i Sα (t j+1 − t j )Sα (ti − s) f (s, xρ (s,xs +zs ) + zρ (s,xs +zs ) )ds
k−1
∑ki=1
 ε
+ tt− k
Sα (t − s) f (s, zt (s) + xt (s))ds
ω
 
∗
≤ ψ (q ) ∑i=1 M
k k−i+2 e (t−t k−1 ti e−ω s p(s)ds + M ψ (q∗ )eω t t −ω s p(s)ds.
ti−1 t−ε e

Let Cεk the circle who’s diameter dεk is such that

k  ti  t
dεk ≤ ψ (q∗ ) ∑ M k−i+2 eω (t−tk−1 e−ω s p(s)ds + M ψ (q∗ )eω t e−ω s p(s)ds. (11)
i=1 ti−1 t−ε

From (9) and (11), it follows that

Bz(t) ∈ (t − tk − ε )Conv(Fk ) +Cεk , ∀tk < ε < t < tk+1 . (12)

From 8 and 12, we conclude that Bz(t) is precompact in E. From Step1– Step 3, we
deduce that B is completey continuous.
16 N. Abada et al.

Step 4: A is a contraction.

For t ∈] − ∞,t1 ], we have

|A z1 (t) − A z2 (t)| = 0.
which implies that A is contraction for all t ∈] − ∞,t1 ]. It remains to prove that A is a
contraction operator for t ∈ [tk ,tk+1 ], k ≥ 1
|A z1 (t) − A z2 (t)| = | ∑ki=1 Sα (t − tk ) ∏k−1
j=i Sα (t j+1 − t j )
×[(Ii (xti + zt1i ) − Ii (xti + zt2i )|
≤ ∑ki=1 Sα (t − tk ) ∏k−1
j=i Sα (t j+1 − t j )|[Ii (zti ) − Ii (zti )|
1 2

ω (t j+1 −t j )
≤ ∑ki=1 Meω (t−tk ) ∏k−1
j=i Me |[Ii (zt1i ) − Ii (zt2i )|
≤ ∑ki=1 Meω (t−tk ) [Meω (ti+1 −ti ) Meω (ti+2 −ti+1 ) ...Meω (tk−1 −tk−2 )
×Meω (tk −tk−1 ) ] × |[Ii (zt1i ) − Ii (zt2i )|
≤ ∑ki=1 M k−i+1 eω (t−ti ) |[Ii (zt1i ) − Ii (zt2i )|.
Since t ∈ J := [0, b] and the functions Ik ; k = 1, 2, ..., m. Lipschitz; Then
k
|A z1 (t) − A z2 (t)| ≤ ∑ M k−i+1 eω (b−ti ) Mi zt1i − zt2i D .
i=1

It fallows that
k
A z1 − A z2  ≤ Kb ∑ M k−i+1 eω (b−ti ) Mi z1 − z2 D .
i=1

Thus the operator A is a contraction, since

k
Kb ∑ M k−i+1 eω (b−ti ) Mi < 1.
i=1

Step 5: A priori bounds.

Now it remains to show that the set

z
ϒ = {z ∈ PC(] − ∞, b], E) : z = λ B(z) + λ A ( ), for some 0 < λ < 1}.
λ
is bounded.
Let z ∈ ϒ be any element, then z = λ B(z) + λ A ( λz ),
for some 0 < λ < 1.
First, for each t ∈ [0,t1 ],
t
|z(t)| = |λ0 Sα (t − s) f (s, xρ (s,xs +zs ) + zρ (s,xs +zs ) )ds|

≤ Me t 0t e−ω s | f (s, xρ (s,xs +zs ) + zρ (s,xs +zs ) )|ds
ω

≤ Meω t1 0t1 e−ω s p(s)ψ (xρ (s,xs +zs ) + zρ (s,xs +zs ) )ds

≤ Meω t1 0t1 e−ω s p(s)ψ (Kb |z(s)| + (Mb + MKb eω t1 + Lφ )φ )ds.
 Existence Results for Impulsive Partial Functional 17

On the other hand, for each t ∈ (tk ,tk+1 ], we have

  i
|z(t)| = λ ∑ki=1 tti−1 Sα (t − tk ) ∏k−1 j=i Sα (t j+1 − t j )Sα (ti − s) f (s, xρ (s,xs +zs ) + zρ (s,xs +zs ) )ds
  
+ ttk Sα (t − s) f (s, xρ (s,xs +zs ) + zρ (s,xs +zs ) + λ Sα (t − tk ) ∏ki=1 Sα (ti − ti−1 )φ (0)
zti

+ ∑ki=1 Sα (t − tk ) ∏k−1 j=i Sα (t j+1 − t j )Ii ( λ + xti ) .

From (H1 ) , (H2 ) and since λ < 1, we obtain

|z(t)| ≤ M k+1 eω t |φ (0)| + ∑ki=1 M k−i+1 eω (t−ti ) |Ii (0)|

 ti
+ ∑ki=1 M k−i+2 eω (t−tk−1 ) ti−1 e
−ω s p(s)ψ (K |z(s)| +C)ds
b

+Meω t ttk e−ω s p(s)ψ (Kb |z(s)| +C)ds
z
+ ∑ki=1 M k−i+1 eω (t−ti ) |Ii ( λti + xti ) − Ii (0)|.

Since Ii are Lipschitz, then

|z(t)| ≤ M k+1 eω t |φ (0)| + ∑ki=1 M k−i+1 eω (t−ti ) |Ii (0)|

 i −ω s
+ ∑ki=1 M k−i+2 eω (t−tk−1 ) tti−1 e p(s)ψ (Kb |z(s)| +C)ds
 t −ω s
+Meω t tk e p(s)ψ (Kb |z(s)| +C)ds
+ ∑ki=1 M k−i+1 eω (t−ti ) Mi z(ti− )
≤ M k+1 eω t |φ (0)| + ∑ki=1 M k−i+1 eω (t−ti ) |Ii (0)|
 ti
+ ∑ki=1 M k−i+2 eω (t−tk−1 ) ti−1 e
−ω s p(s)ψ (K |z(s)| +C)ds
b
 t −ω s
+Meω t tk e p(s)ψ (Kb |z(s)| +C)ds
+ ∑ki=1 M k−i+1 eω (t−ti ) Mi (Kb |z(t)| +C).

Therefore
k
[1 − Kb ∑ M k−i+1 eω (b−ti ) Mi ]|z(t)| ≤ M k+1 eω t φ (0) + ∑ki=1 M k−i+1 eω (b−ti ) |Ii (0)|
i=1
 ti
+ ∑ki=1 M k−i+2 eω (t−tk−1 ) ti−1 e−ω s p(s)ψ (Kb |z(s)| +C)ds

+Meω b tt e−ω s p(s)ψ (Kb |z(s)| +C)ds +C ∑ki=1 M k−i+1 eω (b−ti ) Mi .
k

Thus we have

|z(t)| ≤ M k+1 eω b |φ (0)| + ∑ki=1 M k−i+1 eω (b−ti ) (|Ii (0)| +C)
 i −ω s  
+ ∑ki=1 M k−i+2 eω (b−tk−1 ) tti−1 e p(s)ψ (Kb |z(s)| +C)ds 1 − Kb ∑ki=1 M k−i+1 eω (b−ti ) Mi
Meω b  t −ω s
+ e p(s)ψ (Kb |z(s)| +C)ds).
(1−Kb ∑ki=1 M k−i+1 eω (b−ti ) Mi ) tk

We consider the function μ (t) defined by

μ (t) = sup{Kb |z(s)| +C; 0 ≤ s ≤ t}, 0 ≤ t ≤ b.

18 N. Abada et al.

Let t ∗ ∈ [0,t] be such that μ (t) = Kb |z(t ∗ )| +C. If t ∗ ∈ J, by the previous inequality, we
have for t ∈ J.
• if t ∈ [0,t1 ],
 t
μ (t) ≤ Kb Meω b e−ω s p(s)ψ (μ (s))ds +C.
0

• if t ∈ (tk ,tk+1 ] ,

|μ (t)| ≤ Kb M k+1 eω b |φ (0)| + ∑ki=1 M k−i+1 eω (b−ti ) (|Ii (0)| +C)
 i −ω s  
+ ∑ki=1 M k−i+2 eω (b−tk−1 ) tti−1 e p(s)ψ (|μ (s)|)ds 1 − Kb ∑ki=1 M k−i+1 eω (b−ti ) Mi
Kb Meω b  t −ω s
+ e p(s)ψ (|μ (s)|)ds) +C.
(1−Kb ∑ki=1 M k−i+1 eω (b−ti ) Mi ) tk

Then  t
μ (t) ≤ C1 +C2 e−ω s p(s)ψ (μ (s)ds.
tk
Where
 
Kb M k+1 eω b |φ (0)| + ∑ki=1 M k−i+1 eω (b−ti ) (|Ii (0)| +C)
C1 =
1 − Kb ∑ki=1 M k−i+1 eω (b−ti ) Mi
 ti
Kb ∑ki=1 M k−i+2 eω (b−tk−1 ) ti−1 e
−ω s p(s)ψ ( μ (s))ds
+ +C.
1 − Kb ∑ki=1 M k−i+1 eω (b−ti ) Mi
Kb Meω b
C2 = .
(1 − Kb ∑ki=1 M k−i+1 eω (b−ti ) Mi )
It follows that

ω b t e−ω s p(s)ψ ( μ (s))ds,
C + Kb Me
 t −ω0s
i f t ∈ [0,t1 ]
μ (t) ≤
C1 +C2 tk e p(s)ψ (μ (s))ds, i f t ∈ (tk ,tk+1 ).

Let us take the right-hand side of the above inequality as ϑ (t),

μ (t) ≤ ϑ (t).
and

ω b t e−ω s p(s)ψ ( μ (s))ds,
C + Kb Me
 t −ω0s
i f t ∈ [0,t1 ]
ϑ (t) :=
C1 +C2 tk e p(s)ψ (μ (s))ds, i f t ∈ (tk ,tk+1 ).

ϑ (0) = C,
ϑ (tk ) = C1 , k = 1, 2, ..., m.
And differentiating both sides of the above equality, we obtain

Kb Meω (b−t) p(t)ψ (μ (t)), i f t ∈ [0,t1 ],

ϑ (t) :=
C2 e−ω t p(t)ψ (μ (t)), i f t ∈ (tk ,tk+1 ] .
 Existence Results for Impulsive Partial Functional 19

Using the non decreasing character of function ψ , i.e

μ (t) ≤ ϑ (t) ⇒ ψ (μ (t)) ≤ ψ (ϑ (t))
We have
Kb Meω (b−t) p(t)ψ (ϑ (t)), i f t ∈ [0,t1 ],
ϑ (t) ≤
C2 e−ω t p(t)ψ (ϑ (t)), i f t ∈ (tk ,tk+1 ] .
It gives
ϑ (t) Kb Meω (b−t) p(t), i f t ∈ [0,t1 ],
≤
ψ (ϑ (t)) C2 e−ω t p(t), i f t ∈ (tk ,tk+1 ).
• Integrating from 0 to t, if t ∈ [0,t1 ], we get
 t  t
ϑ (s)
ds ≤ Kb Meω b e−ω s p(s)ds.
0 ψ (ϑ (s)) 0

By change of variable (ϑ (s) = u)(s : 0 −→ t, u : C −→ ϑ (t)):

 v(t)  t  ∞
du du
≤ Meω b e−ω s p(s)ds ≤ .
C ψ (u) C 0 ψ (u)
Hence, there exists a constant η1 such that
μ (t) ≤ ϑ (t) ≤ η1 .
• Now, integrating from tk to t if t ∈ (tk ,tk+1 ], we get
 t  t
ϑ (s)
ds ≤ C2 e−ω s p(s)ds.
tk ψ (ϑ (s)) tk

By change of variable (ϑ (s) = u)(s : tk −→ t, u : C1 −→ ϑ (t)):

 v(t)  t  v(t)
du du
≤ C2 e−ω s p(s)ds ≤ .
0 ψ (u) tk C3 ψ (u)
Where C3 = min(C,C2 ). Henc, there existe a constant η2 such that
μ (t) ≤ ϑ (t) ≤ η2 , t ∈ (tk ,tk+1 )
In conclusion, there exists η = min(η1 , η2 ) such that
μ (t) ≤ ϑ (t) ≤ η , f or all t ∈ J.
Now from the definition of μ it follows that, there exist η ∗ > 0 such that
zD 0 ≤ η ∗ , ∀z ∈ ϒ .
b

This shows that the set ϒ is bounded.

As a consequence of theorem, we deduce that A + B has a fixed point z∗ . Then
y (t) = z∗ (t) + x(t),t ∈ (−∞, b] is a fixed point of the operator N and hence the problem
∗

have a mild solution on interval (−∞, b] . This completes the proof.

20 N. Abada et al.

4 Application
We consider the following impulsive fractional differential equation of the form:
 t
∂tq ∂2
v(t, x) = 2 v(t, x)+ a1 (s−t)v(s− ρ1 (t)ρ2 (|v(t)|, ξ )ds, x ∈ [0, π ], t ∈ [0, b]\{t1 , ...,tm },
∂t q ∂x −∞
(13)
 t
Δ v(ti )(x) = di (ti − s)v(s, x)ds, x ∈ [0, π ], i = 1, ..., m, (14)
−∞

v(t, 0) = v(t, π ) = 0,t ∈ [0, b], (15)

v(t, x) = v0 (θ , x), θ ∈] − ∞, 0], x ∈ [0, π ]. (16)
where 0 < q < 1, di : R → R, i = 1, 2, ..., m, and a1 : (−∞, 0] → R, ρi : [0, +∞) →
[0, +∞), i = 1, 2 are continuous functions.
Set E = L2 ([0, π ]) and let D(A) ⊂ E → E be the operator Au = u with the domaine

D(A) = {u ∈ H01 (0, π ) ∩ H 2 (0, π )}.

The operator A is the infinitesimal generator of analytic semi-group S(t).

Set γ > 0. For the phase space, we choose D to defined by:

D = PCγ = {Φ ∈ PC((−∞, 0], E) : lim exp(γ θ )Φ (θ ) exists in E}.

θ ∈(−∞,0]

with norm
φ γ = sup exp(γ θ )|φ (θ )|, φ ∈ PCγ .
θ ∈(−∞,0]

For this space, axioms (A1), (A2) are satisfied. the problem (4.1)–(4.4) takes the abstract
form (1.1)–(1.3) by making the following change of variables.

y(t)(x) = v(t, x), x ∈ [0, π ],t ∈ J = [0, 1].

φ (θ )(x) = v0 (θ , x), x ∈ [0, π ], θ ≤ 0.

 t
f (t, ϕ )(x) = a1 ϕ (s, x)ds.
−∞

ρ (t, ϕ ) = s − ρ1 (t)ρ2 (|ϕ (0)|).

 0
Ii (ϕ )(x) = di (−θ )ϕ (θ )(x)d θ
−∞

Theorem 4. Let ϕ ∈ B such that Hϕ holds, the problem (4.1)–(4.4) has at least one
mild solution.
 Existence Results for Impulsive Partial Functional 21

5 Conclusion
In this work, we provided the existence of mild solutions and with sufficient conditions
for some differential fractional equations. The main tool of this paper is the fixed point
theory combined with resolvent famillies. To our knowlege, there are few works using
this technique. The obtained results have a contribution to the related literature and
extend the results in [HL20, HGBA13].

References
[AABH08] Abada, N., Agarwal, R.P., Benchora, M., Hammouche, H.: Existence results for
nondensely defined impulsive semilinear functional differential equations with state-
dependent delay. (Asian Eur. J. Math. 1(4), 449–468 (2008)
[ABN10] Agarwal, R.P., Benchohra, M., Hamani, S.: A survey on existence results for bound-
ary value problems of nonlinear fractional differential equations and inclusions. Acta
Applicandae Mathematicae 109(3), 973–1033 (2010)
[ABN12] Abbas, S., Benchohra, M.: N’guérékata. Topics in fractional differential equations.
Springer-Verlag, New York, G.M. (2012)
[ABN15] Abbas, S., Benchohra, M.: N’guérékata. Advanced fractional differential and integral
equations. Nova Science Publishers, New York, G.M. (2015)
[ABN] Abbas, S., Benchohra, M., N’guérékata, G.M.: Topics in Fractional Differential
Equations. Springer Science & Business Media, New York (2012)
[BHN06] Benchohra, M., Henderson, J., Ntouyas, S.: Impulsive Differential Equations and
Inclusions Contemporary Mathematics and Its Applications. Hindawi Publishing
Corporation, New York (2006)
[BK98] Burton, T.A., Kirk, C.: A fixed point theorem of Krasnoselskii-Schaefer type. Math.
Nachr 189, 23–31 (1998)
[F14] Fan, Z.: Characterization of compactness for resolvents and applications. Appl.
Math. Comput. 231, 60–67 (2014)
[FM13] Fan, Z., Mophou, G.: Nonlocal problems for fractional differential equations via
resolvent operators. Int. J. Difference Equ. (2013)
[HAM10] Hernandez, E., Anguraj, A., Mallika Arjunan, M.: Existence results for an impulsive
second order differential equation with state-dependent delay. Dyn. Contin. Discrete
Impuls. Syst. Ser. A Math. Anal. 17, 287–301 (2010)
[HGBA13] Hammouche, H., Guerbati, K., Benchohra, M., Abada, N.: Existence Results for
Impulsive semilinear Fractional Differential inclusions with delay in Banach spaces.
Differential Incl. Control opt. 33, 149–170 (2013)
[HK78] Hale, J., Kato, J.: Phase space for retarded equations with infinite delay. Funkcial.
Ekvac 21, 11–41 (1978)
[HL20] Hammouche, H., Lemkeddem, M., Guerbati, K., Ezzinbi, K.: Existence results for
some impulsive partial functional fractional differential equations. Asian Eur. J.
Math. 13(1), 2050074 (2020)
[HMN91] Hino, Y., Murakami, S., Naito, T.: Funtional Differential Equations with Unbounded
Delay. Springer-Verlag, Berlin (1991)
[HPL06] Hernandez, E., Prokopczyk, A., Ladeira, L.: A note on partial functional Differen-
tial equations with stade-dependent delay in Banach spaces. Nolinear Anal. RWA 7,
510–519 (2006)
22 N. Abada et al.

[KST06] Kilbas, A.A., Srivastava, H.M., Trujillo, J.J.: Theory and Applications of Fractional
Differential Equations. North-Holland Mathematics Studies. Elsevier Science, Ams-
terdam (2006)
[LCX12] Li, X., Chen, F.: Generalized anti-periodic boundary value problems of impulsive
fractional differ- ential equations. Commun. Nonlinear Sci. Numer. Simul. 18, 28–
41 (2013)
[P83] Pazy, A.: Semigroups of linear Operators and Applications to Partial Differential
Equations. Springer Verlag, New York (1983)
[P93] Podlubny, I.: Fractional Differential Equations. Acadmic press, New York, USA
(1993)
[WFZ11] Wang, J., Feckan, M., Zhou, Y.: On the new concept of solutions and existence results
for impulsive fractional evolution equations. Dyn. Partial Differ. Equ. 8, 345–361
(2011)
[Z14] Zhou, Y.: Theory of fractional differential equations. World Scientific, Singapore
(1983)
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
With smoke of sighs sometyme I might beholde,
The place all dimde, like to the morning mist:
And strait agayne the teares how they downrold
Alongst his cheekes, as if the riuers hyst:
Whose flowing streames ne where no soner whist,
But to the stars such dreadfull shouts hee sent,
As if the throne of mighty Ioue should rent.

87.

And I the while with sprits[1638] welny bereft,

Beheld the plight and pangs that did him strayne,
And how the bloud his deadly colour left,
And straight retournde with flaming red againe:
When sodaynly amid his raging payne
Hee gaue a sigh, and with that sigh hee sayed:
“Oh Banastaire:” and strait agayne hee stayed.

88.

Dead lay his corps, as dead as any stone,

Till swelling sighes storming within his brest,
Upraysde his head, that downeward fell anone,
With lookes vpcast, and sighes that neuer ceast:
Forth stremde the teares records of his vnrest,
When hee with shrikes thus groveling on the ground,
Ybrayed these words with shrill and dolefull sounde.

89.

“Heauen and earth, and ye eternall lamps

That, in the heauens wrapt, wyll vs to rest,
Thou bright Phœbe, that clearest the night’s damps,
Witnes the playnts that in these pangs opprest,
I, wofull wretch, vnlade out of my brest,
And let mee yeelde my last words, ere I parte,
You, you, I call to record of my smarte.
 90.

And thou, Alecto, feede mee with thy foode,

Let fall thy serpents from thy snaky heare,
For such releife well fits mee in this moode,
To feede my playnt with horrour and with feare,
While rage afresh thy venomde worme areare:
And thou Sibilla, when thou seest mee faynte,
Addresse thy selfe the guide of my complaynt.

91.

And thou, O Ioue, that with the[1639] deepe fordoome

Dost rule the earth, and raygne aboue the skies,
That wreakest wrongs, and geu’st[1640] the dreadfull
doome
Agaynst the wretch that doth thy name despise,[1641]
Receiue these words, and wreake them in such wise,
As heauen and earth may wytnesse and beholde,
Thy heapes of wrath vpon this wretch vnfolde.

92.

Thou Banastaire, gainst thee I clepe and call

Unto the gods, that they iust vengeaunce take
On thee, thy bloud, thy stayned stocke and all:
O Ioue, to thee aboue the rest I make
My humble playnt, guide mee, that what I speake,
May be thy will vpon this wretch to fall,
On thee, Banastaire, wretch of wretches all.

93.

O would to God, the[1642] cruell dismall day,

That gaue mee light fyrst to behold thy face,
With foule eclipse had reft my sight away:
Th’vnhappy[1643] hower, the tyme, and eke the place,
[1644]
The sunne and moone, the stars, and all that was
In theire aspects helping in ought to thee,
The earth and ayre, and all, accursed bee.

94.

And thou caytyfe, that like a monster swarued

From kinde and kindnes, hast thy maister lorne,
Whom neyther trueth, nor trust wherein thou serued,
Ne his deserts could moue, nor thy fayth sworne,
How shall I curse, but wish that thou vnborne
Had beene, or that the earth had rent in tway,
And swallowed thee in cradle as thou laye.

95.

To this did I, euen from thy tender youth,

Witsaue[1645] to bring thee vp? did I herefore
Beleue the oth of thy vndoubted troth?
Aduaunce thee vp, and trust thee euermore?
By trusting thee that I should dye therefore?
O wretch, and worse then wretch, what shall I say?
But clepe and curse gaynst thee and thine for aye.

96.

Hated be thou, disdaynde of euery wight,

And poynted at where euer that thou goe:
A trayterous wretch, vnworthy of the light
Bee thou esteemde; and to encrease thy woe,
The sounde be hatefull of thy name also:
And in this sort with shame and sharp reproche,
Lead thou thy life, tyll greater griefe approche.

97.
Dole and despayre, let those be thy delight,
Wrapped in woes that cannot bee vnfolde,
To wayle the day, and weepe the weary night,
With rayny eyne and sighes cannot be tolde,
And let no wight thy woe seeke to withholde:
But count thee worthy (wretch) of sorrowe’s store,
That suffering much, oughtst still to suffer more.

98.

Deserue thou death, yea bee thou deemde to dye

A shamefull death, to end thy shamefull life:
A sight longed for, ioyfull to euery eye,
When thou shalt bee arraigned as a theefe,
Standing at bar, and pleading for thy life,
With trembling tongue in dread and dolour’s rage,
Lade with white lockes, and fourscore yeares of age.

99.

Yet shall not death deliuer thee so soone

Out of thy woes, so happy shalt not[1646] bee:
But to th’eternall[1647] Ioue this is my boone,
That thou mayst[1648] liue thine eldest sonne to see
Reft of his wits, and in a foule bore’s stye
To end his dayes, in rage and death distrest,
A worthy tombe where one of thine should rest.

100.

Yet[1649] after this, yet pray I more, thou may

Thy second sonne see drowned in a dyke,
And in such sort to close his later day,
As heard or seene erst hath not been the like:
Ystrangled in a puddle, not halfe[1650] so deepe
As halfe a foote, that such hard losse of life,
So cruelly chaunst, may bee the[1651] greater griefe.
 101.

And not yet shall thy hugie[1652] sorrowes ceasse,

Ioue shall not so witholde his wrath, from thee,
But that thy plagues may more and more encrease,
Thou shalt still liue, that thou thy selfe maist see
Thy deare daughter stroken with leprosye:[1653]
That shee, that erst was all thy whole delight,
Thou now mayst loth to haue her come in sight.

102.

And after that, let shame and sorrowes griefe

Feede forth thy yeares continually in woe,
That thou maist lieue in death, and dye in life,
And in this sort forwaylde and weried so,
At last thy ghost to part thy body fro:
This pray I, Ioue, and with this later breath,
Vengaunce I aske vpon my cruell death.”

103.

This sayde, he flong his retchlesse armes abroade,

And, groueling, flat vpon the grounde he laye,
Which with his teeth hee all to gnasht and gnawde,
Deepe groanes hee fet, as hee that would awaye:
But, loe, in vayne hee did the death assay:
Although I thinke was neuer man that knewe
Such deadly paynes, where death did not ensue.

104.

So stroue hee thus a while as with the death,

Now pale as leade, and cold as any stone,
Now still as calme, now storming forth a breath
Of smoky sighes, as breath and all were gone:
But euery thing hath end: so hee anone
Came to himselfe, when, with a sigh outbrayed,
 With woefull chere, these woefull words hee sayed:

105.

“Ah, where am I, what thing, or whence is this?

Who reft my wits? or how doe I thus lye?
My lyms do quake, my thought agasted is,
Why sigh I so? or whereunto do I
Thus grovle[1654] on the grounde?” and by and by
Upraysde hee stoode, and with a sigh hath stayde,
When to himselfe retourned thus hee sayde:

106.

“Suffiseth now this playnt and this regrete,

Whereof my heart his bottom hath vnfraught:
And of my death let peeres and princes wete
The world’s vntrust, that they thereby be taught:
And in her wealth, sith that such chaunge is wrought,
Hope not too much, but in the mids of all
Thinke on my death, and what may them befall.

107.

So long as fortune would permit the same,

I liu’d[1655] in rule and ryches with the best:
And past my time in honour and in fame,
That of mishap no feare was in my brest:
But false fortune, whom[1656] I suspected least,
Did tourne the wheele, and with a dolefull fall
Hath mee bereft of honour, life, and all.

108.

Loe, what avayles in riches, flouds that flowes?

Though she so smylde, as all the world were his,
Euen kings and kesars, byden[1657] fortune’s throwes,
And simple sort, must beare it as it is:
Take heede by mee that blithde in balefull blisse,
My rule, my riches, royall bloud and all,
When fortune frounde the feller made my fall.

109.

For hard mishaps, that happens vnto such

Whose wretched state erst neuer fell no chaunge,
Agreeue them not in any part so much
As theyr distresse: to whom it is so straunge
That all theyr liues, nay passed pleasures raunge,
Theyr sodayne woe, that aye wielde welth at will,
Algates theyr hearts more pearcingly must thrill.

110.

For of my byrth, my bloud was of the best,

First borne an earle, then duke by due discent,
To swinge the sway in court among the rest,
Dame fortune mee her rule most largely lent,
And, kinde with courage, so my corps had blent,
That, loe, on whom but mee did shee most smyle?
And whom but mee, loe, did shee most begyle?

111.

Now hast thou heard the whole of my vnhap,[1658]

My chaunce, my chaunge, the cause of all my care:
In welth and woe, how fortune did mee wrap,
With world at will, to win mee to her snare:
Bid kings, bid kesars, bid[1659] all states beware,
And tell them this from me that tryde it true:
Who reckles rules, right soone may hap to rue.”

T. S.[1660]
 [“How like you this my maisters?” quoth[1661] I. “Very well,” sayd
one: “the tragedy excelleth: the inuention also of the induction, and
the descriptions are notable. But wheras hee fayneth to talke with
the princes in hell, that I am sure will bee mislyked, because it is
most certayne, that some of theyr soules be in heauen. And although
hee herein doe follow allowed poets, in their description of hell, yet it
sauoureth so much of purgatory, which the papistes haue digged
thereout, that the ignorant may thereby bee deceiued.” “Not a whit I
warrant you,” sayd I,[1662] “for hee meaneth not by his hell the place
eyther of damned soules, or of such as lye for their fees, but rather
the graue, wherein the dead bodyes of all sorts of people doe rest till
time of the resurrection. And in this sence is hell taken often in the
scriptures, and in the writings of learned christians. And so, as hee
himselfe hath told mee, hee meaneth, and so would haue it taken.”
“Tush,” quoth[1663] another, “what stand we here vpon? it is a poesy,
and no diuinity: and it is lawfull for poets to faine what they list, so it
bee appertinent to the matter: and therefore let it passe euen in such
sort as you haue read it.” “With a good will,” quoth[1664] I. “But
whereas you say a poet may faine what he list: in deede me
thinke[1665] it should bee so, and ought to be well taken of the
hearers: but it hath not at all times beene so allowed.” “Yee say
troth,” quoth[1666] the reader: “for here followeth in the story, that
after the death of this duke, one called Collingbourne was cruelly put
to death for making of a rime.” “I haue his tragedy here,” sayd[1667] I.
For the better perceiuing whereof, you must imagine that you see
him a maruailous well fauoured man, holding in his hand his owne
heart, newely ripped out of his breast, and smoaking forth the liuely
spirite: and with his hand,[1668] beckening to and fro, as it were to
warne vs to auoide: and with his faint tongue and voice, saying as
couragiously as bee may, these words that followe.]
 How Collingbourne was cruelly
executed for making a foolish ryme.
1.

Beware, take heede, take heede, beware, beware[1669]

You poets, you, that purpose to rehearce
By any art what tyraunt’s doings are:
Erynnis rage is growne so fell and fearce,
That vicious acts may not be toucht in verse:
The muse’s[1670] freedome, graunted them of elde,
Is barde, slye reasons treasons hye are helde.

2.

Be rough in ryme, and then they say you rayle,

As Iuuenal was, but that[1671] makes[1672] no matter:
With Ieremy you shall bee had to iayle,
Or forc’d with Martial, Cæsar’s faultes to flatter:
Clarkes must bee taught to claw, and not to clatter:
Free Helicon and franke Parnassus’ hylls,
Are helly haunts, and ranke pernicious ylls.

3.

Touch couertly in terms, and then you taunt,

Though praysed poets alway did the like,
Controll vs not, els traytour vile auaunt,
What passe wee what the learned doe mislike?
Our sinnes wee see, wherein to swarme wee seeke:
Wee passe not what the people say or thinke:
 Their shittle hate makes[1673] none but cowards
shrinke.

4.

Wee knowe, say they, the course of fortune’s wheele,

How constantly it whirleth still about,
Arrearing now, while elder headlong reele,
How all the riders alway hang in doubt:
But what for that? we count him but a loute
That sticks to mount, and basely like a beast
Liues temperatly, for feare of Blockam feast.

5.

In deede wee would of all be deemed gods

What euer[1674] wee do: and therefore partly hate
Rude preachers, that dare threaten [vs] plagues and
rods,
And blase the blots whereby wee stayne our state:
But nought wee passe what any such do prate:
Of course and office they must say theyr pleasure,
And we of course must heare and mend at leasure.

6.

But when these pelting poets in theyr rymes

Shall taunt, or iest, or paynt our wicked workes,
And cause the people know and curse our crymes,
This ougly fault no tyraunt liues but vrkes:
Wherefore wee loth such taunters[1675] worse then
Turkes,
Whose meaning is to[1676] make vs know our misse,
And so to mend:[1677] but they but doate in this.

7.
Wee know our faults as well as any other,
Wee also doubt the daungers from them due:
Yet still wee trust so right to rule[1678] the rother,
That scape we shall the sourges that ensue:
We thinke we know more[1679] shifts than other knew:
In vayne therefore for vs are counsailes writ:
Wee know our faults, and will not mend a whit.

8.

These are the feats of the vnhappy sort,[1680]

That preace for honours, wealth, and pleasure vayne:
Ceasse therefore, Baldwine, ceasse I thee exhort,
Withdrawe thy pen, for nothing shalt thou gayne
Saue hate, with losse of paper, ynke, and payne:
Fewe hate theyr faults, all hate of them to heare,
And faultiest, from fault would seeme most cleare.[1681]

9.

Thy intent[1682] I know is honest,[1683] playne, and good,

To warne the wise, to fray the fond fro[1684] ill,
But wicked worldlings are so witles wood,
That to the worst they althinges construe still:
With rigour oft they recompence good will:
They racke the wordes till time theyr sinowes burst,
In dolefull[1685] sences strayning still the worst.

10.

A paynfull proofe taught mee the truth of this,

Through tyraunt’s rage, and fortune’s cruell tourne:
They murdred mee, for meetring things amisse:
For wotst thou what? I am that Collingbourne
Which made the ryme, whereof I may well[1686] mourne:
[1687]
 “The cat, the rat, and Louell our dog,
Doe rule all England, vnder a hog.”

11.

Whereof the meaning was so playne and true,

That euery foole perceiued it at furst:
Most liked it, for most that most things knewe,
In hugger mugger, muttred what they durst:
The tyraunt prince of[1688] most was held accurst,
Both for his owne, and for his counsayl’s faults,[1689]
Of whom were[1690] three, the naughtyest of all
naughts.

12.

Catesby was one, whom[1691] I called[1692] a cat,

A crafty lawyer, catching all hee could:
The second Ratcliffe, whom I namde a rat,
A cruell beast to gnawe on whom hee should:
Lord Louell barkt and bit whom Richard would,
Whom I therefore did rightly tearme our dog,
Wherewith to ryme I calde the king a hog.

13.

Tyll he the crowne had caught, hee[1693] gaue the bore,

In which estate would God hee had deceased,
Than had the realme not ruined so sore,
His nephue’s raigne should not so soone haue ceased,
The noble bloud had not beene so decreased:
His rat, his cat, and bloudhound had not noyed,
Such liegemen true, as after they destroyed.[1694]

14.

Theyr lawles actes good subiects did[1695] lament.

And so did I, and therefore made the rymes
To shew my wit, how well I could inuent,
To warne withall the carelesse of theyr crymes:
I thought the freedom of the auncient tymes
Stoode still in force: Ridentem dicere verum
Quis vetat? nay, nay. Veritas est pessuma[1696] rerum.
[1697]

15.

Belike no tyraunts were in Horace’ dayes,

And therefore poets freely blamed vice,
Witnesse theyr satyrs[1698] sharp, and traguike playes,
With chiefest princes chiefly had in price:
They name no man, they mixe theyr gall with spice,
No more doe I, I name no man outright,
But riddle wise, I meane them as I might.

16.

When bruite had brought this to theyr gylty eares,

Whose right surnames were[1699] noted in the ryme,
They all conspired, like most greedy beares,
To charge me straight with this most greeuous cryme:
[1700]
And damned mee the gallow tree to clyme,
And then strangled, in[1701] quarters to bee cut,
Which should on high ouer[1702] London gates be put.

17.

This iudgement giuen so vehement and sore,[1703]

Made me exclame agaynst[1704] theyr tyranny:
Wherewith encenst, to make my payne the more,
They practised a shamefull vilany:
They cut mee downe aliue, and cruelly
 Ript vp my paunch and bulke, to make me smart,
And lingred long ere they tooke out my hart.

18.

Here tyraunt Richard playde the eager hog,

His grashing tuskes my tender gristles shore:
His bloodhound Louell playde the hungry dog,[1705]
His woluish teeth my giltles carkasse tore:
His rat, and cat, did what they might, and more
Cat Catesby clawed my guts to make me smart,
The rat Ratcliffe[1706] gnawed mee to the hart.

19.

If Iewes had kilde the iustest king aliue,

If Turkes had burnt vp churches, gods, and all,
What greater payne could cruell hearts contriue,
Than that I suffred for this trespasse small?
I was no prince, nor peere, but yet my fall
Is worthy to be thought vpon for this,
To see how cankard tyrant’s malice is.

20.

To teach also all subiects to take heede

They medle not with magistrates affayres,
But pray to God to mend them if it neede:
To warne also all poets that be strayers,
To keepe them close in compasse of theyr chayers,
And when they touch that they would wish[1707]
amended,
To sauce them so, that fewe neede bee offended.

21.

And so to mixe theyr sharpe rebukes with mirth,

That they may pearce, not causing any payne,
Saue such as followeth euery kindely byrth,
Requited strayt, with gladnes of the gayne:
A poet must be pleasaunt, not too playne,
Faults to controll, ne yet to flatter vice,[1708]
But sound and sweete, in all things ware and wise.

22.

The Greekes do paynt a poet’s office whole

In Pegasus, theyr fayned horse with wings,
Whome shaped so Medusae’s bloud did foale,
Who with his feete strake out the muses’ springs,
Fro[1709] flinty rockes to Hellicon that clings:
And then flewe vp into[1710] the starry skie,
And[1711] there abides among the gods on hye.[1712]

23.

For hee that shall a perfect poet bee,

Must first bee bred out of Medusae’s bloud,
He must be chast and vertuous, as was shee
Who to her powre the Ocean god withstoode:
To th’ende also his doome be iust and good,
Hee must, as shee, looke rightly with one eye
Truth to regarde, and write nothing awrye.[1713]

24.

In courage eke he must be like a horse,

He may not feare to register the right:
What though some frowne? thereof he may not force,
[1714]
No bit, nor reyne, his tender iawes may twight:
He must be armde with strength of wit and sprite,
To dash the rocks, darke causes and obscure,
Till hee attayne the springs of truth most pure.
 25.

His hooues also must[1715] plyant bee and strong,

To riue the rocks of lust and errours blinde,
In braynlesse heads, that alway wander wrong:
These must hee brise[1716] with reasons playne and
kinde,
Till springs of grace doe gush out of the minde:
For till affections from the fond be driuen,
In vayne is truth tolde, or good counsayle giuen.

26.

Like Pegasus a poet must haue wings,

To flye to heauen, or where him liketh best:[1717]
He must haue knowledge of eternall things,
Almighty Ioue must harbour in his brest:
With worldly cares he may not be opprest,
The wings of wit and skill[1718] must heaue him hyer,
With great delight to satisfie desier.[1719]

27.

He must also be lusty,[1720] free, and swift

To trauayle far, to vewe the trades of men,
Great knowledge oft is gotten by this[1721] shift:
Things that import hee[1722] must bee quicke to pen,
Reprouing vices sharply now and then:
He must be swift when touched tyraunts chafe,
To gallop thence, to keepe his carkas safe.

28.

If I had well these qualityes considered,[1723]

Especially that which I touched last,
With speedy flight my feete should haue deliuered
My feeble body from [a] most boystrous blast,[1724]
They should haue caught mee, ere I had be cast:[1725]
But too much trusting to a tyraunt’s[1726] grace,
I neuer shronke, nor chaunged port or place.

29.

I thought the poet’s auncient libertyes

For pleas had beene allowed at the bar:[1727]
I had forgot how newe found tyrannyes
With truth[1728] and freedom were at open war,
That lust was lawe, that might did make and marre,
That among tyraunts this is[1729] and euer was,[1730]
Sic volo, sic iubeo, stet pro ratione voluntas.

30.

Where lust is[1731] lawe it booteth not to pleade,

No priuelege nor[1732] libertyes avayle:
But with the learnde, whome lawe and wisdome leade,
Although through rashnes poets hap to rayle,
A plea of dotage may all quarels quayle:
Theyr olde licence[1733] theyr writings to expounde,
Doth quit them cleare from faults by Momus founde.

31.

This freedom old ought[1734] not to be debard

From any wight that speaketh ought, or writeth:
The author’s meaning should of right be heard,
He knoweth best to what end he enditeth:
Wordes somtime beare more then the heart behiteth:
Admit therefore the author’s exposition,
If playne, for trueth: if forc’d, for his submission.

32.
In case of slaunder, [the] lawes[1735] requyre no more,
Saue to amend that seemed not well sayde:[1736]
Or to vnsay the slaunder’s sayde afore,
And aske forgiuenes for the hasty brayde:
To heretikes no greater payne is layde,
Then to recant theyr errours, or retract:
And worse then these can be no writer’s acte.

33.

“Yes,” quoth the Cat, “thy rayling words be treason,

And treason is far worse then heresy:”
Then must it follow by this awkewarde[1737] reason,
That kings be more then God in maiesty,
And soules be lesse then bodyes in degree:
For heretikes both soules and God offend,
Traytors but seeke to bring man’s life to end.

34.

I speake not this t’abace[1738] the haynous fault,

Of trayterous actes abhorde by God[1739] and man,
But to make playne theyr iudgement to be naught,
That heresy for lesser sin doe ban:
I curse them both as deepe as any can,
And alway did: yet through my foolish ryme,
They stayned mee with that most hatefull cryme.[1740]

35.

I neuer meant the king or counsayl harme,

Unles to wish them safty were offence:
Agaynst theyr powre I neuer lifted arme,
Nor pen, nor tongue, for any ill pretence:
The ryme I made, though rude, was sound in sence,
For they therein, whom I so fondly named,
So ruled all that they were foule defamed.
 36.

This was no treason, but the very troth,

They ruled all, none could deny the same:
What was the cause then why they were so wroth?
What, is it treason in a ryming frame
To clip, to stretch, to adde, or chaunge a name?
And this reserued, there is no ryme nor reason,
That any craft can clout to seeme a treason.

37.

For where I meant the king by name of hog,

I only alluded to his badge the bore:
To Louel’s name I added more our dog,
Because most dogs haue borne that name of yore:
These metaphors I vsde[1741] with other more,
As cat, and rat, the halfe names of the rest,
To hide the sence that they so wrongly wrest.

38.

I pray you now what treason finde you heare?

Enough, you rubd the gilty on the gaule,
Both sence and names doe note them very neare:
I graunt that was the chiefe cause of my faule,
Yet can you finde therein no treason at all:
There is no worde against the prince, or state,
No harme to them whom all the realme did hate.

39.

But sith the gilty alwayes are suspicious,

And dread the ruin that must sue by reason,
They cannot choose but count theyr counsayle vicious
That note theyr faults, and therefore call it treason:
All grace and goodnes with the lewde is geason:
This is the cause why they good thinges doe wrest,
 Whereas the good take ill things to the best.

40.

And therefore, Baldwine, boldly to the good

Rebuke their fault, so[1742] shalt thou purchase thankes:
As for the bad, thou shalt but moue their[1743] moode,
Though pleasauntly thou touch their naughty prankes:
[1744]

Warne poets all, no wise to[1745] passe the bankes

Of Hellicon, but keepe within the bound:[1746]
So shall their freedome to[1747] no harme redound.
[1748][1749]