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R E D SA X O N Y
OTHER T ITLES BY TH E SAME AUTHO R
JAMES RETALLACK
1
3
Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, OX2 6DP,
United Kingdom
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© James Retallack 2017
The moral rights of the author have been asserted
First Edition published in 2017
Impression: 1
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a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the
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rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the
above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the
address above
You must not circulate this work in any other form
and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer
Published in the United States of America by Oxford University Press
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for information only. Oxford disclaims any responsibility for the materials
contained in any third party website referenced in this work.
For Helen
A thousand ships,
not a thousand pages
OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 25/3/2017, SPi
Contents
List of Figures ix
List of Maps xi
List of Tables xv
List of Abbreviations xvii
Note on Sources xxiii
Introduction 1
Election Battles and Democratization 3
Socialists and Others 8
Saxony and the Reich 12
Acknowledgments 631
List of Archives and Libraries 635
Works Cited 639
Index 681
OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 25/3/2017, SPi
List of Figures
COLOR PLATES
GR EYS CAL E
2. Population Density in Saxony, 1910. This map was based on the census of 1 December
1910. At that time, Saxony’s population stood at 4,802,485 and its territory covered
14,993 square kilometers, yielding a density of 320 persons per square kilometer. As the
last line notes, this map depicts the approximate distribution of industrial districts in
Saxony. For translation of the text, see this book’s Online Supplement: http://
redsaxony.utoronto.ca/.
Source: Bruno Krause, ed., Sächsischer Vaterlands-Atlas, 2nd rev. ed. (Dresden, n.d. [c. 1912]).
3. Reichstag Voting in Leipzig-County, 1887. This map was drawn as part of a protested
Reichstag election. The National Liberal candidate was Ferdinand Goetz, a popular
physician in Leipzig. His rival was a Social Democratic newspaper editor, Louis
Viereck. Social Democratic support (in red) over-spilled the city limits of Leipzig—
which constituted a separate constituency—but yielded to National Liberal strength in
the countryside (shown in blue and green). The red circle shows a distance of five
kilometers from Leipzig’s old market square. Legend (at left): Election Map of the
Constituency of Leipzig-County, 1887. Dr. Goetz, 20,039 votes. Viereck, 19,327
votes. At right (top to bottom): Explanation of Colors. Dr. Goetz, unanimous. Ditto,
almost unanimous. Ditto, large majority. Ditto, small majority. Viereck, small
majority. Ditto, large majority.
Source : Das Wahl-Comité der vereinigten Ordnungs-Parteien für Leipzig-Land, Wahl des Herrn
Dr. med. Ferdinand Goetz für den 13. sächsischen Wahlkreis (Leipzig-Land) betr. (Leipzig, n.d.
[May 1887]), back matter.
4. Landtag Constituencies in Saxony, 1868–1909 (rural). This overview shows the
distribution of forty-five rural constituencies in Saxony. All constituencies were
contested in 1869. Thereafter, in any given constituency, elections were held every
six years, according to a rhythm shown in the legend.
Source: Atlas zur Geschichte und Landeskunde von Sachsen, Karte D IV 3 (Dresden, 2002) (adapted
by the author).
5. Landtag Constituencies in Saxony, 1868–1909 (urban). This overview shows the
distribution of urban constituencies in Saxony. Eleven “large city” constituencies
were awarded to Dresden (5), Leipzig (3), Chemnitz (2), and Zwickau (1). Twenty-
four “other urban” constituencies connected voters in smaller cities and towns. All
constituencies were contested in 1869. Thereafter, in any given constituency, elections
were held every six years, according to a rhythm shown in the legend.
Source: Atlas zur Geschichte und Landeskunde von Sachsen, Karte D IV 3 (Dresden, 2002) (adapted
by the author).
12. Gustav Freytag’s Reichstag Election Map of the German Reich, 1903. The bloc of twenty-
two Social Democratic seats in “red Saxony” can be seen in central Germany. See also
the Online Supplement: http://redsaxony.utoronto.ca/.
Source: Reichstags-Wahlkarte des Deutschen Reiches. Nach den Ergebnis der Wahlen vom 16. Juni
OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 25/3/2017, SPi
GRA YSCALE
ONLINE SUPPLEMENT
The following maps are available on the University of Toronto website dedicated to this
book: http://redsaxony.utoronto.ca.
Introduction
The German Empire, 1871–1918
1. On the Threshold of a New Age
Geographic Regions of Saxony, 1910
Administrative Regions of Saxony, 1910
Population Density in Saxony, 1910
Principal Industries in Saxony, 1910
Schulkarte von Sachsen, 1889
Deutsches Reich. Verteilung der Bevölkerung in Stadt und Land, 1900
List of Maps xiii
2. The Possibilities of Liberal Reform
Reichstag Elections in Saxony, February 1867
Reichstag Elections in Saxony, August 1867
Reichstag Elections in Saxony (legend), 1871–1918
Reichstag Constituencies in Saxony (overview 1), 1871–1918
Reichstag Constituencies in Saxony (overview 2), 1871–1918
Landtag Elections in Saxony (legend), 1869–1895/96
Landtag Constituencies in Saxony (rural), 1868–1909
Landtag Constituencies in Saxony (urban), 1868–1909
Landtag Elections in Saxony, 1869
3. Enemies of the Reich
Reichstag Elections in Saxony, 1871
Party Bastions in Saxon Reichstag Elections, 1871
Reichstag Elections in Saxony, 1874
Party Bastions in Saxon Reichstag Elections, 1874
Reichstag Elections in Saxony, 1877
Party Bastions in Saxon Reichstag Elections, 1877
Landtag Elections in Saxony, 1871, 1873, 1875
Karte der Wahlen zum Deutschen Reichstag am 10. Januar 1877
4. The Struggle Against Revolution
Landtag Elections in Saxony, 1877, 1879, 1881
Landtag Elections in Saxony, 1883, 1885, 1887
Reichstag Elections in Saxony, 1878
Party Bastions in Saxon Reichstag Elections, 1878
Reichstag Elections in Saxony, 1881
Party Bastions in Saxon Reichstag Elections, 1881
Reichstag Elections in Saxony, 1884
Party Bastions in Saxon Reichstag Elections, 1884
Reichstagswahlen von 1884
5. Against Liberalism and the Jews
Reichstag Elections in Saxony, 1887
Party Bastions in Saxon Reichstag Elections, 1887
6. Authoritarianism Under Siege
Reichstag Elections in Saxony, 1890
Party Bastions in Saxon Reichstag Elections, 1890
Reichstag Elections in Saxony, 1893
Party Bastions in Saxon Reichstag Elections, 1893
Landtag Elections in Saxony, 1889, 1891, 1893
Reichstagswahlen von 1890
Die Reichstagswahlen von 1893
7. Suffrage Reform as Coup d’État
Landtag Elections in Saxony, 1895
Reichstag Elections in Saxony, 1898
xiv List of Maps
Party Bastions in Saxon Reichstag Elections, 1898
Die Reichstagswahlen von 1898
8. “Red Saxony! ”
Reichstag Elections in Saxony, 1903
Party Bastions in Saxon Reichstag Elections, 1903
Gustav Freytag’s Reichstags-Wahlkarte des Deutschen Reiches, 1903
10. Crisis and Retrenchment
Reichstag Elections in Saxony, 1907
Party Bastions in Saxon Reichstag Elections, 1907
Deutsches Reich. Reichstagswahlen vom 25. Januar 1907
11. Dance
Landtag Constituencies in Saxony, 1909
Grasers Karte von Sachsen mit Angabe der Landtags- und Reichstagswahlkreise, c. 1911
12. Politics in a New Key
Saxon Landtag Constituencies (rural), 1909
Saxon Landtag Constituencies (urban), 1909
Landtag Elections in Saxony (rural), 1909
Landtag Elections in Saxony (urban), 1909
Landtag Elections in Saxony, 1909: Dresden I–VII
Landtag Elections in Saxony, 1909: Leipzig I–VII
Landtag Elections in Saxony, 1909: Chemnitz I–IV
13. Adrift
Reichstag Elections in Saxony, 1912
Party Bastions in Saxon Reichstag Elections, 1912
Die Vertretung der Wahlkreise bei Schluß des Reichstags 1911
List of Tables
2.1. Party Caucuses in the Constituent North German Reichstag, April 1867 57
2.2. Party Caucuses in the North German Reichstag, February and August 1867 64
2.3. Saxon Landtag Elections, 4 June 1869 84
3.1. Socialist Workers’ Party of Germany, Membership in Saxony and
the Reich, 1875 94
3.2. Saxon Landtag Elections, 1871, 1873, 1875 108
3.3. Socialist Votes in Reichstag Elections, Saxony and the Reich, 1871
and 1874 112
3.4. Reichstag Elections in Saxony and the Reich, 1871 and 1874 113
3.5. Reichstag Elections in Saxony and the Reich, 1874 and 1877 126
4.1. Social Democracy in Reichstag Elections: Saxony and the Reich, 1878–90 136
4.2. Saxon Landtag Elections, 1877, 1879, 1881 146
4.3. Saxon Landtag Elections, 1883, 1885, 1887 147
4.4. Saxon Landtag Party Caucuses, 1869–87 148
4.5. Social Democratic Deputies in the Saxon Landtag, 1877–87 149
4.6. Reichstag Elections in Saxony and the Reich, 1878 and 1881 154
4.7. Reichstag Elections in Saxony and the Reich, 1884 and 1887 155
5.1. Jewish Populations in Saxony and Germany, 1849–90 202
5.2. German Population Increase, by Confession and State, 1871–85 202
6.1. Reichstag Elections in Saxony and the Reich, 1887 and 1890 235
6.2. Reichstag Elections in Saxony and the Reich, 1890 and 1893 265
7.1. Leipzig Municipal Elections, 1889–93 287
7.2. Party Caucuses in the Saxon Landtag, 1889–1907 306
7.3. Reichstag Elections in Saxony and the Reich, 1893 and 1898 313
8.1. Saxon SPD Membership, by Constituency Organization, 1901–04 324
8.2. Reichstag Elections in Saxony and the Reich, 1898 and 1903 330
8.3. Reichstag Elections by Size of Community, Saxony and the
Reich, 1898 and 1903 331
8.4. Social Democratic Party Strength in Saxony, by Constituency, 1903 332
10.1. Reichstag Elections in Saxony and the Reich, 1903 and 1907 428
11.1. Enfranchised Electors in Saxony: Landtag and Reichstag
Elections, 1869–1912 464
11.2. Enfranchised Population by Constituency Type: Saxon Landtag, 1909 465
11.3. Expected Support for Social Democracy, by Occupation,
Property, Income, Age, 1908 470
12.1. Saxon SPD Membership, by Reichstag Constituency, 1901–14 489
xvi List of Tables
12.2. The SPD Press in Saxony and the Reich, Circulation, 1890s–1914 490
12.3. Male and Female Membership in the SPD, Saxony and the Reich, 1908–14 492
12.4. Party Rivalries, Saxon Landtag Elections, 1909 511
12.5. Plural Voting, by Party and Number of Ballots, 1: Zittau, 1909 513
12.6. Annual Earnings of Heads of Family in Germany, by Occupational
Category, 1907–08 517
12.7. Annual Earnings of Heads of Family in Germany, by Occupation,
1907–08 518
12.8. Working-Class Voters, SPD Voters, and SPD Ballots Cast, by
Constituency Type, 1909 520
12.9. Ballots Cast for SPD and Non-SPD Candidates, Saxony 1909:
Estimated and Actual 522
12.10. Landtag Voters and Ballots Cast, by Constituency Type and
Party, Saxony 1909 526
13.1. Reichstag Election in 23: Plauen, January 1912 570
13.2. Reichstag Elections, Seats Won on Main and Run-off Ballots,
1907 and 1912 572
13.3. Reichstag Elections in Saxony and the Reich, 1907 and 1912 574
13.4. Reichstag Elections in Saxony, by Constituency and Party, 1912 575
14.1. Members of the Constitutional Committee, Saxon Landtag, 1917–18 604
List of Abbreviations
SAXONY
REICH
AZJ Allgemeine Zeitung des Judenthums (Jewish)
BTbl Berliner Tageblatt (LL)
CC Conservative Correspondenz (Cons)
DSBl Deutsch-Soziale Blätter (AS)
DTZ Deutsche Tageszeitung (BdL)
DW Deutsche Wacht (AS)
FZ Frankfurter Zeitung (LL)
KZ Neue Preußische Zeitung (Kreuz-Zeitung) (Cons)
KdBdL Korrespondez des Bundes der Landwirte (BdL)
NAZ Norddeutsche Allgemeine Zeitung (gov’t)
NatZ Nationalzeitung
NLVBl Nationalliberales Vereinsblatt (NL)
NZ Die Neue Zeit (SPD)
PrJbb Preußische Jahrbücher (moderate Cons)
Rb Der Reichsbote (Cons)
SD Der Sozialdemokrat (SPD)
SM Sozialistische Monatshefte (SPD)
VkZ Volks-Zeitung (LL)
Vw Vorwärts (SPD)
VossZ Vossische Zeitung (LL)
List of Abbreviations xxi
(For renamed archives and libraries, also for further abbreviations, see the list of Archives
and Libraries at the end of this book and the list of Archival and Library Sources in the
Online Supplement: http://redsaxony.utoronto.ca.)
BAK Bundesarchiv, Abteilungen Koblenz
BAP Bundesarchiv, Abteilungen Potsdam
BHStAM Bayerisches Hauptstaatsarchiv, Munich
BLHAP Brandenburgisches Landeshauptarchiv, Potsdam
GLAK Generallandesarchiv, Karlsruhe
GStAB Geheimes Staatsarchiv Preussischer Kulturbesitz, Berlin
GStAM Geheimes Staatsarchiv Preussischer Kulturbesitz, Merseburg (FRG)
HHStAV Haus-, Hof- und Staatsarchiv (Österreichisches Staatsarchiv), Vienna,
Austria
NARA National Archives and Records Administration, College Park,
Maryland, USA
PAAAB Politisches Archiv des Auswärtigen Amtes, Bonn
PRO Public Record Office, Kew, Great Britain
SBB Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin Preussischer Kulturbesitz
SHStAD Sächsisches Hauptstaatsarchiv, Dresden
SKAD Sächsisches Kriegsarchiv, Dresden
SLUB Sächsische Landesbibliothek. Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek, Dresden
SStAL Sächsisches Staatsarchiv, Leipzig
StadtAD Stadtarchiv Dresden
StadtAL Stadtarchiv Leipzig
ZStAM Zentrales Staatsarchiv II, Merseburg (GDR)
ZStAP Zentrales Staatsarchiv I, Potsdam (GDR)
Note on Sources
I use a number of standard conventions to make this book’s scholarly apparatus as concise as
possible.
All dates are listed in European format as dd.mm.yy. Thus 3.7.66 refers to 3 July 1866.
I use SPD even before it became the official name of the Social Democratic Party of
Germany in 1890 (see Chapter 2 and the List of Abbreviations).
The reports of foreign diplomats stationed in the capital cities of Germany’s federal states
were sent, variously, to the foreign minister, the foreign office, or even the monarch of the
state that employed the envoy (a generic term used for chargés d’affaires, ministers resident,
and Gesandten; ambassadors and consuls are designated separately). The abbreviation FO is
used for the foreign office of all states. A typical report could have been cited in long form as
follows: Charles A. Murray, British chargés d’affaires, Dresden, report no. 40, to the Earl of
Clarenden, British Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, London, 2 July 1866, Public Record
Office (PRO), Kew, FO 68, Nr. 142, f. 137–9v. Instead I have assumed the reader will know
that all diplomatic reports found in the PRO—now The National Archives—were sent to the
British FO; all found in the Haus-, Hof- und Staatsarchiv Vienna were sent to the Austrian
FO; all found in the Politisches Archiv des Auswärtigen Amts Bonn (now Berlin) were sent to
the Prussian FO; all found in the Bayerisches Hauptstaatsarchiv Munich were sent to the
Bavarian FO; and so on. The cited report by Charles A. Murray would appear in this book’s
notes simply as Murray, 2.7.66, PRO, FO 68/142. Such reports are almost always filed
chronologically, so for these reports—and for other archival citations—I have omitted folio
numbers, using fuller citations as needed. I would be happy to provide interested readers with
more precise details.
For reports from British envoys to Germany I have modernized spelling, grammar,
punctuation, and occasionally even word choice to make the text more readable and
comprehensible (for example, “Mayence” has been replaced by Mainz for the German
city of that name).
The complete stenographic reports of debates in the German Reichstag (SBDR) and both
chambers of the Saxon Landtag (LTMitt, I.K., II.K.) are now available online. I have
therefore dispensed with unnecessary information about legislative periods, sessions, etc.,
where the date, volume, and page number suffice. The Saxon Landtag Supplements
(Anlagen) are not online, so my references to those are fuller. I use GHDI to refer to
primary sources available in both German and English in the digital history anthology
German History in Documents and Images; volumes 4 and 5 cover the periods 1866–90 and
1890–1918, respectively.
I forgo providing biographical information about my subjects except where necessary.
Internet resources for biographical research are vast. The older ADB and NDB are now
available online as the Deutsche Biographie. For Conservative, Liberal, and Social Democratic
members of the Reichstag, older handbooks and reference works are largely superseded by
two volumes by Bernd Haunfelder (also one for the Prussian Landtag) and the volume on
SPD deputies by Wilhelm Schröder. For Saxony, see the online Sächsische Biographie. An
indispensable biographical resource on Saxon civil servants and state ministers is Thomas
Klein, ed., Sachsen. On Saxon Landtag deputies (and much more), the key work is Elvira
Döscher and Wolfgang Schröder, Sächsische Parlamentarier 1869–1918 (SParl ). Besides the
xxiv Note on Sources
latter, many primary sources and most secondary sources on Reichstag and Landtag
elections in Saxony are listed in the bibliographies to Simone Lässig, Reichstagswahlen
(LRTW), and Wolfgang Schröder, Landtagswahlen (SLTW).
Selected figures, maps, tables, and illustrations that require large format or reproduction
in color are found on a website for Online Supplements: http://redsaxony.utoronto.ca. See
the List of Figures, List of Maps, and List of Tables, and consult the Online Supplement, to
determine what appears in the printed book and what appears only online. The printed list
of Works Cited includes sources actually cited in the footnotes of this book. The Online
Supplement: Bibliography offers a more comprehensive list of printed sources relevant
to the topic. I have cited titles alphabetically according to the first substantive noun in
the title.
The printed list of Archives and Libraries cites only the principal source collections that
underpin this book. The Online Supplement: Archival and Library Sources offers more
detail about sub-collections, files names, dates, and call numbers. I have cited archives and
libraries according to their name at the time I used them. The same is true for collection
names and call numbers.
All translations are my own unless otherwise noted. I was assisted by Dr. Erwin Fink, of
TransMEDIA in Freiberg i.Br., who deserves sincere thanks. If I have failed to reach any
copyright holders for the illustrations and maps in this book or among its Online Supple-
ments, I encourage them to contact me by email at james.retallack@utoronto.ca. For
updates, see my academic homepage at http://retallack.faculty.history.utoronto.ca.
Weblinks Cited
http://www.reichstagsprotokolle.de/index.html
http://landtagsprotokolle.sachsendigital.de/protokolle/zeitraum-1831-1918/
http://germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org/home.cfm
https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/
http://saebi.isgv.de/
http://redsaxony.utoronto.ca
http://retallack.faculty.history.utoronto.ca
Plate 1. “Election Outcome.” The caption reads: “[King:] There’s the red monster again,
crawling out of the voting urn; things will only improve when I name the parliamentary
deputies myself.”
Source: Thomas Theodor Heine, “Wahlergebnis,” Simplicissimus 8 (1903–04), Nr. 53, Extra-Nummer, Reichs-
tagswahl, 1. Simplicissimus Online: Herzogin Anna Amalia Bibliothek Weimar.
Plate 2. Population Density in Saxony, 1910.
Plate 3. Reichstag Voting in Leipzig-County, 1887.
Rural Constituencies
Rural Constituencies
21 1 Zittau 24 Leipzig II
24
23 20 2 Ebersbach 25 Borna
22 19 8 3 Ostritz 26 Döbeln
4 Löbau 27 Hainichen
22 5
26 18 5 Bautzen 28 Geringswalde
9 7
25 4 6 Schirgiswalde 29 Rochlitz
10 6 7 Bischofswerda
27 30 Chemnitz
17
28 11 8 Kamenz 31 Limbach
16 2
29 3 9 Radeberg
15 32 Augustusburg
12 1 10 Dresden 33 Zschopau
31 32 13 11 Sebnitz
38 34 Annaberg
39 30 12 Pirna
35 Scheibenberg
13 Dippoldiswalde
36 33 14 36 Stollberg
40 37 14 Brand
37 Hartenstein
34 15 Freiberg
41 38 Glauchau
35 16 Tharandt
35 17 Nossen 39 Werdau
44
43 42 18 Meißen 40 Zwickau
19 Großenhain 41 Reichenbach
45 20 Oschatz 42 Eibenstock
Elections 1871, 1877, 1883, 1889,1895
21 Grimma 43 Auerbach
Elections 1873, 1879, 1885, 1891 22 Taucha 44 Plauen
Elections 1875, 1881, 1887, 1893 23 Leipzig I 45 Oelsnitz