II PUC PHYSICS

Magnetism and Matter

1. What is a magnet?
Ans: It is an object which attracts small pieces of iron, nickel, etc., and it also possess
a property of directionality.

2. What is a magnetic dipole?

Ans: Magnetic dipole is an analogue of electric dipole. A current loop acts like a
magnetic dipole.

3. Define magnetic dipole moment of a bar magnet.

Ans: Magnetic moment of the magnetic dipole is defined as the moment of the couple
acting on it when it is placed at right angles to a uniform magnetic field of unit
strength. (OR) It is defined as the product of pole strength (m) and the distance
between the two poles (2l). ie, M = m×2l

4. What is the direction of dipole moment of a bar magnet?

Ans: The dipole of a bar magnet is from South Pole to North Pole of a bar magnet.

5. What are the magnetic field lines?

Ans: Magnetic field lines are a visual tool used to represent magnetic fields.

6. Mention the properties of magnetic field lines?

Ans: (i) Magnetic field lines are representation of magnetic field.
(ii) Magnetic field lines form closed loop.
(iii) Magnetic field lines do not intersect
(iv) More the number of field lines, more strong is the magnetic field.
(v) The direction of the magnetic field line at any point is represented by
drawing a tangent at that point.

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7. Show that a solenoid behave like a bar magnet.

Ans: Let ′𝑎′ be radius of solenoid of length 2𝑙.
To calculate magnetic field at a point on axis of solenoid, consider a small
element of thickness ′𝑑𝑥′ of solenoid at a distance ′𝑥′ from 'O'.
Number of turns in this element N = 𝑛𝑑𝑥
If current ′𝑖′ flows through the element ′𝑛𝑑𝑥′ the magnitude of magnetic field at
P due to this element is
𝜇0 2𝜋(𝑛𝑑𝑥)𝑖𝑎2
𝑑𝐵 =
4𝜋 [(𝑟−𝑥)2 + 𝑎2 ]3⁄2
If point ‘p’ is at large distance from ‘O’ i.e., 𝑟 >> 𝑙 and 𝑟 >> 𝑎 then
[(𝑟 − 𝑥)2 + 𝑎2 ] = 𝑟 2
𝜇0 2𝜋(𝑛𝑑𝑥)𝑖𝑎2 𝜇0 2𝜋(𝑛𝑑𝑥)𝑖𝑎2
𝑑𝐵 = [𝑟 2 ]3⁄2
= [𝑟]3
4𝜋 4𝜋
The total magnetic field at ‘p’ due to the current ‘i’ in solenoid is
𝑙 𝑙 𝜇 2𝜋𝑛𝑖 𝑎2 𝑑𝑥 𝜇0 2𝜋𝑛𝑖𝑎2
𝐵 = ∫−𝑙 𝑑𝐵 = ∫−𝑙 0 = [𝑥]𝑙−𝑙
4𝜋 [𝑟]3 4𝜋 [𝑟]3
𝜇0 2𝜋𝑛𝑖𝑎2 𝜇0 2𝑖𝑛𝜋𝑎2 ∙2𝑙
𝐵= [𝑙 + 𝑙] = where 𝐴 = 𝜋𝑎2
4𝜋 [𝑟]3 4𝜋 [𝑟]3
𝜇0 2𝑖𝑛𝐴∙2𝑙 𝜇0 2(𝑛∙2𝑙)𝑖𝐴
𝐵= =
4𝜋 [𝑟]3 4𝜋 [𝑟]3
𝜇0 2𝑁𝑖𝐴
𝐵=
4𝜋 [𝑟]3
(N = number of turns of solenoid = 𝑛 × 2𝑙)
𝜇 2𝑀
𝐵 = 0 ∙ 3 when 𝑀 = 𝑁𝑖𝐴 →magnetic moment.
4𝜋 𝑟

The above equation is similar to the magnetic field produced by the bar magnet
in terms of magnetic dipole moment. Thus solenoid behaves, like a bar magnet.

8. Derive an expression for torque experienced by a magnetic dipole when placed

in an external magnetic field.
Ans: Torque = Force × perpendicular distance
𝜏 =mB × BC

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𝐵𝐶 𝐵𝐶
In triangle ABC, sin𝜃 = =
𝐴𝐵 2𝑙
BC = 2𝑙𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝜏 = 𝑚𝐵 × 2𝑙𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
𝜏 = 𝑚(2𝑙) × 𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
𝜏 = 𝑀𝐵 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
[𝑚(2𝑙) = 𝑀] where 𝑀 is magnetic dipole moment

9. Derive an expression for potential energy of a bar magnet when placed in the
external magnetic field.
Ans: Potential energy is the energy stored in the magnet when placed in an external
magnetic field. When the magnet is placed in magnetic field it experiences
torque and hence gets displaced by doing some amount of work.
Work done = Torque x displacement
𝑑𝑊 = 𝑀𝐵 sin 𝜃 × 𝑑𝜃
Integrating ∫ 𝑑𝑊 = ∫ 𝑀𝐵 sin 𝜃 . 𝑑𝜃
𝜃
𝑊 = 𝑀𝐵 ∫𝜃 2 sin 𝜃 . 𝑑𝜃
1
𝜃
𝑊 = 𝑀𝐵[−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃]𝜃21
𝑊 = 𝑀𝐵[−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃2 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃1 ]
𝑊 = 𝑀𝐵[𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃2 ]
𝜃1 = 90°, 𝜃2 = 0
𝑊 = 𝑀𝐵[𝑐𝑜𝑠90° − 𝑐𝑜𝑠0°]
𝑊 = −𝑀𝐵
Work done = Energy stored
𝑊 = 𝑈 is potential energy
𝑈 = −𝑀𝐵

10. When does magnetic dipole in a magnetic field possess minimum magnetic
energy, maximum energy and zero energy?
Ans: (a) when 𝜃 = 0°, U= −MB cos 0° → position of stable equilibrium (dipole is
aligned along magnetic field) U=−MB is minimum
(b) When 𝜃 = 180°, U = + MB is maximum → position of unstable equilibrium
(c) When 𝜃 = 90°, U=−MB cos 90°, U = 0 →when dipole is perpendicular to
magnetic field.

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Magnetism and Gauss’s Law

11. State and explain Gauss’s law in magnetism.

Ans : Statement: The net magnetic flux through any closed surface is always zero.
Σ𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 0
⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑠
⃗.
Consider a Gaussian surface enclosed in a magnetic field 𝐵

The total magnetic field flux entering the Gaussian surface is equal to total flux
leaving the surface. Hence total magnetic flux is through the Gaussian surface is
always zero.

12. What are the consequences of Gauss’s law in magnetism?

Ans: (a) An isolated magnetic pole do not exists.
(b) Always magnetic dipole exists.
(c) Numbers of magnetic field line entering a surface is equal to number of field
lines leaving the closed surface.

Magnetisation and Magnetic Intensity

13. Define Intensity of magnetization (I)?
Ans: It is defined as pole strength per unit area of cross section of the material.
OR
It is defined as the net magnetic moment developed per unit volume.
𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑀𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑠𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 =
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗ = 𝑚
I (Or) 𝑀
𝑉
SI unit is Am-1

14. Define magnetic intensity OR Magnetising field OR Intensity of magnetising

Field (H). Give its S.I unit.
Ans: Magnetic intensity is defined as the ratio of magnetic field to the permeability of
free space. S.I. unit is ampere per meter.

15. Define magnetic susceptibility of a magnetic material.

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Ans: It is ratio of magnetization developed in the material to the applied magnetic

intensity 𝑀 ∝ 𝐻
⃗⃗
𝑀
𝑀⃗⃗ = 𝜒𝐻 ⃗ ∴ χ= ⃗
𝐻

16. Mention the significance of magnetic susceptibility of a magnetic material.

Ans: The magnetic susceptibility of a substance is the measure with which the
substance can be magnetized.

17. Mention the significance of magnetic permeability.

Ans: It is the ability of a material to permit magnetic field lines through it.

18. Define magnetic permeability.

Ans: Magnetic permeability of a substance is defined as the ratio of the magnetic
Induction(B) to the magnetic intensity(H).

19. Derive the relation between relative permeability and magnetic susceptibility.
Ans: Consider a solenoid carrying current having core material of relative
permeability 𝜇𝑟 , then magnetic field as the solenoid is given by
𝐵 = 𝐵0 + 𝐵𝑀
𝐵0 = 𝜇0 𝐻 magnetic field due to current in coil

𝐵𝑀 = 𝜇0 𝑀, magnetic field due to the magnetization of the material.

∴ 𝐵 = 𝜇0 𝐻 + 𝜇0 𝑀
𝐵 = 𝜇0 𝜇𝑟 𝐻
𝑀
𝜇0 𝜇𝑟 𝐻 = 𝜇0 𝐻 (1 + )
𝐻
𝑀
𝜇𝑟 = 1 + 𝜒 (∵ = 𝜒)
𝐻

Magnetic Properties of Materials

20. What is diamagnetic substance? Give example.
Ans: The substance which is weakly magnetized in a direction opposite to that of
the applied external magnetic field are called diamagnetic substance. OR
Diamagnetic substances are the ones in which resultant magnetic moment in an
atom is zero.
Examples: Gold, diamond, copper, silver, lead, mercury, bismuth etc.

21. Mention the properties of diamagnetic materials.

Ans: (i) Diamagnetic materials are those substances which move from a region
of strong magnetic field to a region of weak magnetic field.

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(ii) The permeability of a diamagnetic substance is always less than one.

(iii) The susceptibility of a diamagnetic substance is always small and negative.
(iv) The magnetic properties do not change with respect to temperature.
Example: Bismuth, diamond, copper, silver, lead etc.

22. What is Meissner effect?

Ans: The phenomenon of perfect diamagnetism in superconductors is called the
Meissner effect.

23. What are paramagnetic substances? Give examples?

Ans: The substance which are weakly magnetized in the direction of applied
magnetic field are called paramagnetic substance.

24. Mention the Properties of Paramagnetic materials.

Ans: (i) Paramagnetic materials are those substances which move from a region of
weak magnetic field to region of a strong magnetic field.
(ii) The permeability of a paramagnetic substance is slightly greater than one.
(iii) The susceptibility of a paramagnetic substance is always positive.
(iv) The magnetic properties of paramagnetic substances are inversely
proportional to absolute temperature.
Examples: Aluminium, sodium, calcium etc.

25. What are ferromagnetic substances? Give examples.

Ans: Substances which are strongly magnetized in the direction of applied external
magnetic field are called ferro magnetic substances.
Example: Iron, nickel, cobalt, gadolinium, etc.

26. Write the differences between diamagnetic and paramagnetic materials.

Ans:
SI.No Diamagnetic Paramagnetic
1. They are feebly repelled by These are feebly attracted by
magnets. magnets.
2. Magnetic susceptibility is low Magnetic susceptibility is low and
and negative. positive.
3. Magnetic permeability is less Magnetic permeability is greater than
than one 𝜇𝑟 < 1. one 𝜇𝑟 > 1.

27. Distinguish between diamagnetic and ferromagnetic materials.

Ans:
SI.No Diamagnetic Ferromagnetic
1. They are feebly repelled by They are strongly attracted by
magnets. magnets.

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2. Magnetic susceptibility is low Magnetic susceptibility is high and

and negative. positive.
3. Magnetic permeability is less Magnetic permeability is very much
than 1 𝜇𝑟 < 1. greater than 1 𝜇𝑟 >> 1.

28. Distinguish between paramagnetic and ferromagnetic substances.

Ans:
SI.No Paramagnetic substance Ferromagnetic substance
1. Paramagnetic substances are Ferromagnetic substance are strongly
feebly attracted by a strong attracted even by a weak magnet.
magnet.
2. Magnetic permeability is Magnetic permeability is very much
slightly greater than 1 𝜇𝑟 > 1. greater than 1 𝜇𝑟 >> 1.
3. Magnetic susceptibility is low Magnetic susceptibility is high and
and positive. positive.

29. Mention the properties of ferromagnetic materials.

Ans: (i) Ferromagnetic materials are those substances which move from a very
weak magnetic field to a strong magnetic field.
(ii) The permeability of a ferromagnetic substance is much greater than one.
(iii) The susceptibility of a ferromagnetic substance is always large and positive.
(iv) The magnetic properties of ferromagnetic substances are inversely
proportional to temperature.
(v) Ferromagnetic materials exhibits hysteresis.
Example: Iron, nickel, cobalt, gadolinium, etc.

30. Define Curie temperature (𝑻𝑪 ).

Ans: The temperature at which a ferromagnetic substance becomes paramagnetic
is called Curie temperature.