Department of Education

10 National Capital Region

SCHOOLS DIVISION OFFICE
MARIKINA CITY

Science
Quarter 3 – Module 5
Effect of Mutation on Protein
__________________

Alma B. Castaňo

City of Good Character

DISCIPLINE • GOOD TASTE • EXCELLENCE
 What I Need to Know
The purpose of this module is to help you understand how changes in DNA
molecules may cause changes in its product. The module is divided into two
lessons, namely:
● Lesson 1 – How Mutation Changes Message for Protein?
● Lesson 2 – Effect of Mutagens on Protein Expression
After going through this module, you are expected to explain how
mutations may cause changes in the structure and function of a protein.
S10LT-IIIe-38

Specifically, you are expected to:

● describe how mutation changes the message in the DNA molecule;
● explain how changes in the DNA molecule may cause changes in the
information needed for making protein; and
● explain how mutagen changes the structure and function of a protein.

What I Know
Read and understand each item carefully and encircle the letter of the correct
answer.
1. A mutation is a change in the sequence of nitrogen bases of an organism.
Which statement does not describe mutation?
A. Affect the offspring if it occurs in somatic cells.
B. An error in the base pairing during replication.
C. Caused by ionizing radiation, chemicals, or virus.
D. Codes for a functionally different protein.

2. What is TRUE for germline mutation and somatic mutation in their

consequence?
A. Germline mutation transfers mutated traits from parent to offspring.
B. Somatic mutation transfers mutated traits from parent to offspring.
C. Both germline and somatic mutation transfer mutated traits from parents
to the child.
D. Germline mutation transfers mutated traits from parent to offspring, but
somatic mutation does not.

3. If the DNA strand AAA TCG AGG CCA is transcribed to an mRNA, which
shows an occurrence of deletion?
A. AAA TCG AGC CA C. UUU AGC UCG GU
B. AAA TCG AGA GCC A D. UUU AGC UCA CGG U

City of Good Character 1

DISCIPLINE • GOOD TASTE • EXCELLENCE
4. Which pair of the types of mutation is mismatched?
A. chromosomal: inversion C. Ionizing radiation: thymine dimer
B. gene: substitution D. spontaneous: slipped mispairing

5. Why is missense mutation harmful to the organism?

I. It changes the structure of the protein
II. It changes the function of the protein produced
A. I only B. II only C. Both I and II D. Neither I nor II

6. How does nonsense mutation affect the protein production in the cell?
Nonsense mutation _____
A. changes amino acid sequence
B. shortens amino acid sequence
C. shortens the chromosomal strand
D. changes the base sequence but similar amino acid.

7. Which chemical mutagen looks like regular nitrogen bases and causes
mispairing among complementary base pairs?
A. Base analogs C. Intercalating agents
B. Base altering chemicals D. Base removers

8. High energy radiation ejects the electrons in an atom causing free radicals.
What part of the DNA is broken by the free radicals?
A. Hydrogen bond between bases C. Deoxyribose of DNA
B. Phosphodiester bond in the DNA D. Purine bases in DNA

9. How can a virus cause mutation in its host?

A. It causes inflammation, breakage, and damage to the DNA
B. It inserts its DNA into the genome of the host.
C. It changes location in a chromosomal DNA
D. Both A and B.

10. What are the first and the last events on how pyrimidine dimers cause
mutation?
I. Formation of a covalent bond between two pyrimidine bases
II. Adjacent pyrimidine bases absorb UV radiation
III. Non-replication of the DNA strand with the dimer.
IV. Kink formation in the DNA due to pyrimidine dimer
A. I and II B. III and IV C. II and III D. I and IV

City of Good Character 2

DISCIPLINE • GOOD TASTE • EXCELLENCE
 Lesson How Mutation Changes Messages for
1 Protein

What’s In

Let’s find out how much you remembered your lesson on protein synthesis.
Complete the table by providing the correct DNA, mRNA, and amino acid. Use the
Genetic Code Chart in identifying the correct amino acids. The first one is done for
you.

DNA Template mRNA Strand Amino Acids

TAC CCA AAT GGG ACG AUG GGU UUA CCC UGC Met, Gly, Leu, Pro, Cys
1. UGU UGU UUG UCU UUC 2.
CCC CAT TAA CAA ATC 3. 4.
Guide Questions:
1. What nitrogen base is not used in DNA but is in RNA?
___________________________________________________________________________
2. The letters for the nitrogen bases above are in groups of three called codon.
What codon begins translation?
What ends translation?
_________________________________________________________________________
3. What is the importance of three-letter coding to protein synthesis?
________________________________________________________________________

City of Good Character 3

DISCIPLINE • GOOD TASTE • EXCELLENCE
 What’s New
Genes carry genetic information and are composed of DNA. Analyze the
messages in each DNA strand and follow the instructions in each item.

1. DNA strand: TAC CTC ATG CAA ACT

a. Provide the mRNA for the DNA strand above. _________________________
b. Use the genetic code chart in What’s In to identify the five amino acids
coded. ____________________________________
2. Replace the thymine in the second codon with an adenine.
a. What happened to the sequence of mRNA? _________________________________
b. Are the amino acids the same? Why? _______________________________________
3. Replace the last adenine (A) in the fourth codon with thymine (T)
a. What happened to the sequence of mRNA? _________________________________
b. Are the amino acids the same? Why? ________________________________
4. Replace guanine (G) in the third codon with cytosine (C)
a. What happened to the sequence of mRNA? __________________________________
b. Are the amino acids the same? Why? _______________________________________
5. Remove the 6th nitrogen base.
a. What happened to the reading frame?
b. Will the amino acid sequence change because of the removal of the 6th
nitrogen base? Why? _______________________________________________________
6. Add a cytosine after the first codon.
a. What happened to the reading frame?
b. Will the amino acid sequence change with the addition of cytosine in the first
codon? Why? _______________________________________________________________

What Is It

City of Good Character 4

DISCIPLINE • GOOD TASTE • EXCELLENCE
 The message created by the sequence of nitrogen bases in DNA is the
message needed to make proteins. When these messages are changed, the
structure and function of the created protein may be affected, a mutation occurs.
The mutation is a change in the sequence of nitrogen bases in the DNA. The effect
of the error in the nitrogen base sequence can be gene level or chromosomal
level.

The activity you performed in What’s New is an example of gene mutation.

Gene mutation or point mutation is a change in one or few nucleotides in a single
gene while chromosomal mutation is a change in the structure and expression of
the genes in the chromosome. Mutation differs in its effects on protein structure
and function. The effect on the genetic makeup can be harmless, harmful, or
helpful.

A point mutation can be due to base-pair substitution and base-pair

addition or deletion of nucleotides. In base-pair substitution, a base can be
replaced by another base. Base pair substitution can result in missense, nonsense,
neutral or silent mutation.

Missense mutation occurs when the

coded amino acid is functionally different
from the original. This change usually has
harmful effects because of the change in the
structure and function of the protein.
Nonsense Mutation occurs when the coded
amino acid cut short the translation of
mRNA. Like missense, the nonsense
mutation can be dangerous to the function of
the protein. A Neutral mutation occurs when
the coded amino acid is functionally similar
to the original amino acid. A Silent mutation
occurs when the change in the base sequence
DNA Repair | OpenStax Biology 2e (lumenlearning.com)
did not affect the structure and function of the Types of Point Mutation
protein.
In base-pair addition, a new nucleotide is introduced in the sequence of
DNA while in base-pair deletion, a nucleotide is removed from the sequence of
DNA. When a nucleotide is added or removed the reading frame of the coded
message for the gene changes. This change creates different proteins and can be
harmful to the organism. A change in the reading frame is called frameshift
mutation.

City of Good Character 5

DISCIPLINE • GOOD TASTE • EXCELLENCE
 Most genes have specific locations within a chromosome. When the location
of the gene is changed, transcription errors happen and the protein produced is
affected. Alteration in the location of the gene in the chromosome results in
chromosomal mutation or chromosomal rearrangements. Examples of
chromosomal mutations
are translocation,
inversion, deletion, and
duplication.

Translocation is the
movement of a segment of
Changes in Chromosome Number (biologycorner.com)
the chromosome to a
Types of Chromosomal Mutation nonhomologous
chromosome. As you can
see in the image at the left, the segment DEF nonhomologous chromosome bearing
WXYZ segments. Inversion is the transfer of a chromosome segment within the
chromosome. From the image, segments D and F exchanged positions within the
chromosome. A deletion occurs when a segment of a chromosome without a
centromere is lost during cell division. Duplication occurs when a chromosome
segment is copied and joins a homologous chromosome. As shown in the image
segment DEF was removed during deletion and segment FGHI was duplicated in
the chromosome.

Mutation can also be described in terms of the type of cells being affected. If
the change in DNA sequence occurs in the body cells or autosomal like the skin, it
is called a somatic mutation. If the affected DNA is in the sex cells or gametes it is
called a germline mutation. The somatic mutation will not be transferred to the
offspring of the affected individual while changes in the DNA of gametes can be
transferred to the offspring.

During the cells’ life cycle, errors in the nitrogen base sequence can happen
spontaneously. The errors that occur during DNA replication, repair, or
recombination are called a spontaneous mutation. The spontaneous mutation
may result from a brief change in the form of the nitrogen base or slipped
mispairing. When a brief change in the form of the nitrogen base occurs, an isomer
is created. If the error-correcting system of the cell fails to repair this error the DNA
polymerase selects a different nucleotide to pair with the isomer during DNA
replication creating an error in the base sequence, the spontaneous mutation
occurs. Unrepaired errors like this can be fewer than one in a billion nucleotides
per generation.

City of Good Character 6

DISCIPLINE • GOOD TASTE • EXCELLENCE
 Slipped mispairing is the second source of error in spontaneous mutation.
This event happens when a misalignment occurs during the homologous pairing of
chromosomes. Under normal conditions, cells can revert the misalignment and
return to their correct pair. But if the error-correcting system of the cell detects the
misalignment and slices the loop, it will delete several hundreds of nucleotides in
the chromosome. The deletion of the nucleotides changed the reading frame
resulting in a frameshift mutation. The cell repairs damage in the DNA by nitrogen
base removal, mismatch repair, and nucleotide removal.

When the language in the DNA is changed, the language for making proteins
is changed too. The alteration of the sequence of amino acids within proteins can
be fatal or can result in the formation of new traits. The new trait increases
diversity among organisms.

What’s More
A. Study the table. Identify the type of base-pair substitution and the amino acids
formed from the mRNA codon.

Type of No Mutation 1. _________ 2. _____ 3. __________

Mutation
DNA Level ATA ATG ATT ACA
mRNA UAU UAC UAA UGU
Amino Acid 4. __________ 5. ____________ 6. __________ 7. ____________

Something to Ponder:

Knowing that mutation creates changes in the genetic make-up of the

organism, can you think of any benefit the environment gets from mutation.

B. Identify the type of Chromosomal Mutation and give the description.

Diagram Type of Chromosomal Mutation Description

1. _________________

City of Good Character 7

DISCIPLINE • GOOD TASTE • EXCELLENCE
 2.__________________

3.__________________

4.__________________

Chromosomenmutationen_Dutch_text.png (868×974) (wikimedia.org)

What I Have Learned

Study and answer the statements below.
1. Why are messages in the DNA considered as messages in the proteins?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
2. Is it possible for an organism to malfunction if there is a missense mutation
in the DNA? Explain.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
3. How can mutation affect the proteins produced by the cell?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

What I Can Do

Read and Relate: Understand the given information. Then answer the questions
after it. You may write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.

City of Good Character 8

DISCIPLINE • GOOD TASTE • EXCELLENCE
 Below is an image that shows the affected chromosome of a newborn with Cri
du Chat Syndrome or Cats Cry Syndrome. This genetic condition among infants
produces a high pitch cry like a cat, due to the abnormal development of the
larynx. Most babies of this genetic condition have organ defects that may lead to
death before their first birthday. If their organs are in good condition, they may
have a longer life expectancy but may suffer from physical and developmental
delays.

Think and Reflect:

cri-du-chat_diagram.gif (242×157) (bp.blogspot.com)
1. From the diagram, what type of mutation
occurred?
____________________________________
2. Will this affect the expression of the protein
in the infant? How?
____________________________________
____________________________________

3. If you have a family member with Cri du Chat syndrome, will you plan to have a
baby of your own? Explain.
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________

Assessment

Identify what is being described in each number. Write your answer on the space
before the number.
______________1. A point mutation where a nitrogen base is introduced in DNA.
______________2. A mutation which occurs in the body cells of the organisms.
______________3. A chromosomal mutation where a segment of a chromosome
moved to a nonhomologous chromosome.
______________4. A misalignment in the homologous pairing of chromosomes during
replication.
______________5. A mutation due to the change in the reading frame of the
messages in the mRNA.

City of Good Character 9

DISCIPLINE • GOOD TASTE • EXCELLENCE
 Additional Activities

You live in a community with cell sites (or cellular-based stations). Your
mother thinks that this releases radiation that may harm your family. She plans to
seek the help of the local government unit to request the removal of the cell site.

1. Is your mother’s doubt valid? Explain.

_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
2. How is the situation related to mutation?

_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________

Lesson Effect of Mutagens on Protein

2 Expression

What’s In

Complete the table to differentiate the given types of mutation

Types of Mutation Difference
1.Deletion and addition

2.Germline and somatic

3.Inversion and duplication

4.Silent and nonsense

5.Spontaneous and point

How does mutation change the message in making proteins?

_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________

City of Good Character 10

DISCIPLINE • GOOD TASTE • EXCELLENCE
 What’s New
Diagram Analysis: Analyze the diagram. Then supply the missing information in
the table below. Then answer the questions that follow.

OSC_Microbio_11_05_Rad.jpg (1300×395)

Diagram Source of change in the DNA Effect on the DNA

Structure
A
Ionizing
Radiation
B
Non-ionizing
Radiation

Heavy
Metals
Processed
Meat Volatile
Organic
Toxic Compounds
Substances

Flavorings Nicotine
Think About This:

1. Which among these substances are you most frequently exposed to? How?
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________

2. How can these substances affect the DNA of organisms?

_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________

City of Good Character 11

DISCIPLINE • GOOD TASTE • EXCELLENCE
 What Is It

Mutagens are substances that can change the genetic makeup of the
organism thereby causing mutation. They can be classified into physical, chemical,
or biological mutagens. These mutagens affect the expression of the trait.
Physical mutagens include ionizing radiation and ultraviolet radiation.
Ionizing radiation is high energy radiation present in x-rays and gamma rays.
When x-rays or gamma rays hit the cells, the electrons of the atoms in the cells
absorb the high energy and excites the electrons. The excited electrons are ejected
out of the atom, creating free radicals (ionized atoms with unpaired electrons). The
free radicals break the phosphodiester bonds of the DNA double helix, creating a
double-strand break. This break can result in deletion, or rearrangement of genes
in the chromosomes. For some organisms, a repair enzyme can repair the broken
DNA double-strand break, but for bacteria, this break can be fatal
Ultraviolet radiation is a nonionizing, low penetrating radiation with a
wavelength between 100-400 nm. Too much exposure to UV radiation from the sun
damages the tissues of the body. It may cause gene mutation or chromosomal
breakage.
When a cell is exposed to 260nm wavelength of UV radiation mutation in
DNA occurs. This amount is strongly absorbed by the organic ring compounds in
pyrimidine bases: thymine and cytosine. When two pyrimidine bases are next to
each other in a DNA sequence UV light can break the bond, combine the adjacent
pyrimidine and create pyrimidine dimers. These dimers prevent DNA replication,
damaging the message for making proteins. Effects of UV radiation on the skin
include sunburn, pigmentation, aging, and skin cancer.
Chemical mutagens are chemicals that can directly change the DNA
sequence. Chemical mutagens can be categorized based on their effect on the DNA:
base analogs, base altering chemicals, and intercalating chemicals.
Base analogs resemble normal nitrogen bases to pair with the
complementary bases. The T mimic pairs with an Adenine and the C mimic pairs
with guanine. This mispairing creates mutation if the mismatch repair system fails
to recognize and remove the ill-suited base.
Base altering chemicals remove the amino group in the nitrogen bases.
The nitrous acid, for example, deaminates adenine to hypoxanthine while cytosine
to uracil, guanine to xanthine. The removal of the amino group allows
hypoxanthine to pair with cytosine instead of thymine., causing them to mispair.
Intercalating Chemicals adds hydrocarbons in between the nitrogen bases,
causing base-pairing errors. Aflatoxin, a poison produced by the molds in peanuts
is an example of an intercalating chemical.
Biological mutagens include viruses, bacteria, and transposons. Viruses
are nonliving entities that can disrupt the DNA sequence of a host by inserting its
DNA. The inserted viral DNA is replicated, transcribed, and translated into the
host.

City of Good Character 12

DISCIPLINE • GOOD TASTE • EXCELLENCE
 Bacteria induce inflammation, breakage, and damage of the DNA strand.
The damage in the DNA reduces the repair mechanism of the cell resulting in
frequency of mutation.
Transposons are non-coding DNA fragment that relocates within an
organism’s genome. Its insertion in the chromosomal DNA causes mutation.

What’s More
Classify the given mutagen in the table. Then identify the possible source.
Classification of Mutagen
(Physical, Chemical, or Effect on Protein
Biological Agent)
Base Analog
Gamma Rays
Transposons
Ultraviolet Rays
Aflatoxin

What I Have Learned

Study and answer the statements below.

1. How can the biological mutagens change the proteins produced by the cells
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________

2. DNA and mRNA can repair themselves when exposed to mutagens. How can
radiation and other mutagens damage the proteins formed?
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________

What I Can Do
Read and Relate: Read and understand the given situation and answer the
questions after it.

Cells divide and grow. But when there is a growth disorder, cancer may occur.
Cancer is a result of uncontrolled cell proliferation. There are three most common
cancers in human beings: lung cancer, colorectal cancer, and breast cancer. For
lung cancer, the primary cause is cigarette smoking. While colorectal cancer can be
due to a high meat diet, high intake of red meat, and processed meat but low in

City of Good Character 13

DISCIPLINE • GOOD TASTE • EXCELLENCE
fiber. The cause of breast cancer is not fully understood. Researchers suggest that
it can be an interaction between the gene in the human chromosome number 17
and the environment. Common cancer-causing agents or carcinogens are mostly
on environmental factors like X-rays, gamma rays, UV light, and chemicals. But
there are about 15% of cancers attributed to the virus.
Think and Reflect:
1. In what way is cancer-related to mutation?
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
2. What practices do you need to stop to avoid the occurrence of cancer?
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________

Assessment

Identify the mutagen being described in each number.

1. I am not alive, but with you, I can grow. __________________________
2. I can eject your electrons once you touch me. _____________________
3. I am so small but, I can break the bond that holds you. _________________
4. I can break your bond with my strength of 260 nm. _____________________
5. I am a great pretender, which has caused you to mispair. ________________

Additional Activities

Search the net or interview your parents or grandparents about substances

they have used to preserve food. List down at least three natural and three
synthetic preservatives. Write the negative effects of the preservatives used. Follow
the table below.

Preservatives and their Effects

Natural Preservatives
1. salt
2. sugar
3. vinegar
Synthetic Preservatives
1.sodium nitrates/salitre
2.sodium benzoate (in
salad dressing and milk)
3. Potassium sorbate

City of Good Character 14

DISCIPLINE • GOOD TASTE • EXCELLENCE
 Posttest
Read and understand each item carefully and encircle the letter of the correct
answer.

1. A mistake in nitrogen base pairing may occur without a known cause. But
this spontaneous mutation allows cells to repair damaged DNAs. How can
cells repair damaged DNAs?
I. Nitrogen base removal
II. Nucleotide removal
III. Mismatch repair
A. I and II B. II and III C. I and III D. I, II and III

2. Which describe/s gene mutation?

I. Deletes a segment of a chromosome without a centromere
II. Changes structure and function of a protein
III. Creates a different protein
A. I and II B. II and III C. I and III D. I, II and III

3. If the DNA strand AAA TCG AGG CCA is transcribed to an mRNA, which
shows an occurrence of addition?
A. AAA TCG AGC CA C. UUU AGC UCG GU
B. AAA TCG AGA GCC A D. UUU AGC UCA CGG U

4. Which pair about the types of mutation is incorrectly matched?

A. Translocation: gene C. Duplication: chromosomal
B. Gamma: Ionizing Radiation D. UV radiation: Non-ionizing radiation

5. Why is nonsense mutation harmful to the organism?

I. It shortens the amino acid sequence
II. It changes the structure of the protein
III. It changes the function of the protein produced
A. I only B. II only C. Both I and II D. I, II, and III

6. How does silent mutation affect protein production in the cell? Silent
mutation _____
A. changes the amino acid sequence
B. shortens amino acid sequence
C. shortens the chromosomal strand
D. changes the base sequence but similar protein.

7. Which chemical mutagen can remove an amino group in a nitrogen base?

A. Base analogs C. Intercalating agents
B. Base altering chemicals D. Base deaminators

8. High energy radiation ejects the electrons in an atom causing free radicals.
Which are examples of high-energy radiation?
A. Ultraviolet and X-rays C. Gamma and X-rays
B. Ultraviolet and gamma D. Gamma, X-rays and Ultraviolet

City of Good Character 15

DISCIPLINE • GOOD TASTE • EXCELLENCE
 9. How can bacteria cause mutation in their host?
A. It causes inflammation, breakage, and damage to the DNA
B. It inserts its DNA into the genome of the host.
C. It changes location in a chromosomal DNA
D. Both A and B.

10. What is the correct arrangement of events on how pyrimidine dimers cause
mutation?
i. A covalent bond is formed between two pyrimidine bases
ii. Adjacent pyrimidine bases absorb UV radiation
iii. DNA strand with the dimer is not replicated
iv. A kink in the DNA is formed due to pyrimidine dimer
A. I, II, III, IV B. III, II, I, IV C. II, I, IV III D. I, III, II, I

References

Audesirk, Teresa, Audesirk, Gerald. (1996). Biology Life on Earth. 4thEdition.

Prentice Hall Inc.

Campbell, Neil A. (1996). Biology, 4th Edition. The Benjamin Cummings Publishing
Company

Cell Division and Cancer. Retrieved from https://www.nature.com/

scitable/topicpage/cell-division-and-cancer-14046590/

Cell Phone Towers. American Cancer Society Medical and editorial content board.
https://www.cancer.org/cancer/cancer-causes/radiation-
exposure/cellularphonetowers.html#:~:text=Cell%20phone%20towers%20ar
e%20still,causes%20any%20noticeable%20health%20effects.

Cri-Du-Chat (Cat’s Cry) Syndrome. Retrieved from

https://www.healthline.com/health/cri-du-chat-syndrome

Mutagens. Mutagens - Explore What Are Mutagens and its Types (byjus.com).
Retrieved from https://byjus.com/biology/mutagens/

Karki, G. 2020. Mechanism of induced mutation: base analogs, base alteration,

intercalation, pyrimidine dimer formation - Online Biology Notes.

Raven, Peter, Johnson, George. (1996). Biology. Fourth Edition. Times Mirror
Higher Education Group Inc.

City of Good Character 16

DISCIPLINE • GOOD TASTE • EXCELLENCE
 DISCIPLINE • GOOD TASTE • EXCELLENCE
17 City of Good Character
Mutation can create diversity in the genetic Lesson 1
materials. The created genome may withstand What’s In
drastic changes in the environment, survive 1. ACA, ACA, AAC, AGA, AAG
and reproduce. 2. Cys, Cys, Leu, Ser, Phe
B.1. Duplication occurs when a chromosome 3. GGG GUA AUU GUU UAG
segment is copied and joins a homologous 4. Gly, Val, Ile, Val, Stop
chromosome. What’s New
2. Inversion is the transfer of a chromosome 1.a AUG, GAG, UAC, GUU, UGA
segment within the chromosome. b. Met, Glu, Tyr, Val, Stop
2. TAC CAC ATG CAA ACT
3. Deletion occurs when a segment of a
a. AUG, GUG, UAC, GUU, UGA
chromosome without a centromere is lost b. Met, Val, Tyr, Val, Stop
during cell division. No. glutamine was changed to valine.
4. Translocation is the movement of a segment 3. TAC CTC ATG CAT ACT
of the chromosome to a nonhomologous a. AUG, GAG, UAC, GUA, UGA
chromosome. b. Met, Glu, Tyr, Val, Stop
Yes, the codon was changed but the amino
What I Have Learned
acid is similar.
1.Proteins are created when the message in the 4. TAC CTC ATC CAA ACT Replace guanine
DNA is transcribed into RNA. The message in (G) in the third codon with cytosine (C)
the RNA is translated into amino acids which a. AUG, GAG, UAG, GUA, UGA
combine to form proteins. b. Met, Glu, Stop, Val, Stop
2. Yes. Missense mutation changes the No, tyrosine was changed to stop.
structure and function of amino acids which 5. TAC CT ATG CAA ACT
causes abnormality in the development of the a. The reading frame was changed
organism. TAC CTA TGC AAA CT
3. If the message for a specific amino acid b. Yes, the set of amino acids was
within a protein is change and the function and changed.
AUG, GAU, ACG, UUU, GA
structure are affected it can harm the
Met, Asp, Thr, Phe
organism. But if the mutation did not change 6. TACC CTC ATG CAA ACT
the function and structure even if the amino a. The reading frame was changed.
acid sequence has been changed mutation will TAC CCT CAT GCA AAC T
not harm the protein expression. b. AUG GGA GUA CGU UUG A
W Wan Do Met, Gly, Val, Arg, Leu
1. Chromosomal deletion What’s More
2. Yes. The amino acids coded in the deleted A. 1. Silent
segment can damage the protein structure 2. nonsense
and produce malformations in the body of 3. missense
the affected individual. Answers may vary. 4. Tyr Tyrosine
3. Yes. I will be monitoring my exposure to 5. Tyr Tyrosine
substances which may Can Do
6. Stop
1. Chromosomal deletion
2. Yes. The amino acids coded in the deleted 7. Cys Cysteine
segment can damage the protein structure and
Answer Key
 DISCIPLINE • GOOD TASTE • EXCELLENCE
18 City of Good Character
Additional Activities
Lesson 2 What’s In
4. Nonsense mutation occurs when the coded
amino acid cut short the translation of mRNA
while silent mutation occurs when the change
in the base sequence did not affect the
structure and function of the protein.
5. Point mutation is a change in one or few
nucleotides in a single gene while spontaneous
mutation is the natural base pairing error
during replication, repair or recombination.
A mutation changes the nitrogen base
Assessment sequence through deletion and addition in
1. virus genes or translocation, inversion, deletion, and
2. Ionizing radiation duplication in chromosomes. If these messages
1. Bacteria for protein synthesis is change, the protein
2. UV Radiation structure and function mat be affected. The
3. Base analogs effects can be favorable to create variation in
the genes or fatal.
What’s New What I Can Do
1. Chromosomal deletion
2. Yes. The amino acids coded in the deleted
segment can damage the protein structure and
produce malformations in the body of the
affected individual. Answers may vary.
3. Yes. I will be monitoring my exposure to
Think About This:
substances which may cause damage to my
1. Chemical in processed meat and flavoring. DNA. Answer may vary.
They are most common in the food I eat. Additional Activities
Answers may vary. 1. No. Cell sites emit nonionizing radiation like
2. These chemicals may cause damage to DNA. microwaves and infrared. The released energy
Answer may vary. is low and is insufficient to destroy the DNA. In
What’s More addition, the farther you are from the site the
weaker is the energy received by the body.
2. If the amount of energy and heat released is
great enough to break the DNA of the cell it can
cause mutation. But since the energy is low it
is not enough to create free radicals to break
the bond in the DNA.
What I Have Learned Assessment
1. Addition
2. Somatic Mutation
3. Translocation
4. Slipped mispairing
5. Frameshift mutation
Lesson 2
What I Can Do What’s In
1. Cancer occurs when the repair mechanism 1. Deletion removes a nitrogen base while
of the cell failed to correct mutation in the addition adds a new nitrogen base.
genes controlling cell growth.
2. Germline mutation occurs in sex cells while
2. Avoid frequent exposure to high energy
somatic mutation occurs in body cells.
radiation, and chemical mutagens- specially
3. Inversion involves transfer of a chromosomes
foods rich in mutagenic preservatives
segment within a chromosome while
duplication occurs when a chromosome
segment is copied and joins a homologous
chromosome.
 Development Team of the Module

Writer: Alma B. Castaňo

Content Editors: Imelda N. Del Rosario

Veronica A. Cena
Jessica S. Mateo
Language Editor: Merian A. Dizon

Cover Illustrator: Lian Joseph A. Domingo

Layout Artists: Guiller P. Belen

Jemwel Dela Paz

Management Team:
Sheryll T. Gayola
Assistant Schools Division Superintendent
OIC, Office of the Schools Division Superintendent

Elisa O. Cerveza
Chief, CID
OIC, Office of the Assistant Schools Division Superintendent

Jessica S. Mateo
EPS-Science

Ivy Coney A. Gamatero

EPS – LRMS

City of Good Character 19

DISCIPLINE • GOOD TASTE • EXCELLENCE