POORNIMA

COLLEGE OFENGINEERING
DETAILED LECTURE NOTES
PAGE NO.

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COLLEGE OFENGINEERING
DETAILED LECTURE NOTES
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 ORNINA

POORNIMA
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COLLEGE ENGINEERING
DETAILED LECTURE NOTES
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 HOORNIMA

POORNIMA
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERIN
DETAILED LECTURE NOTES
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 POORNIMA
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
DETAILED LECTURE NOTES
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 POORNIMA
COLLEGE OF FNGINEERING
DETAILEDLECTURE NOTES fat

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5.10 Single Phase Inverter

The single-phase bridge inverter is classified as:

1. Single-phase half-bridge inverter

2. Single-phase fuli-bridge inverter

The principle of operation of these two types are following:

 Phase Half
Itconsists Bridge Inverter
of two SCRS.,
two diodes and
Also from figure 5.57 three wire supply as shown in figure 5.57 (a).
(b), for 0
<t< TI2, thyristor T conducts and load is subjected to
voltage due to upper
2 voltage source
2 At t= TI2, thyristor T, is commutated and
T, is gated ON. Duringthe
period TI2stsT,
a voltage (-VJ2) thyristor T,conducts and load is subjected
due to lower voltage
source
VJ2.
It isseen from figure 5.57 (b) that
load voltage is an
of amplitude V/2 and of alternating voltage waveiorm
frequency 1/T Hz.
changed by controlling T.
Frequency of inverter output
voltage can o

V2 Vo + D,
Vot
Load f-T+T, +T,++T,
3T/2 2T
kT/2>

(a) (b)

Figure 5.57 Single-phase half-bridge inverter

Inverter
5.10.2 Single Phase Full Bridge
 D,

Load 0 3T2
2T

T, D,

(a) (b)
Figure 5.58 Single-phase full-bridge iny

Inthis inverter, number of thyristor and diode is twice of that in a half-bridge inverter and
this will not go against full-inverter because the amplitude of output voltage is doubled
whereas output power is four times in this inverter as compared to their corresponding
values in halt-bridge inverter.

For full-bridge inverter, when T, T conduct, load voltage is V, and when T;, T4

conduct, load voltage is -V,as shown in figure 5.58 (b). Frequency of output voltage can
be controlled by varying the periodic time T.

For resistive load, current i will not be in phase with voltage V% and diodes
connected in antiparallel with thyristor will allow the current to flow when the main
thyristors are turned OFF. These diodes are called feedback diodes.
Rectifier is a device which converts AC voltage into DC (unidirectional) voltage and the

process of converting AC voltage into unidirectional voltage is called rectification. In

previous sections, we have studied that PN junction diodes possess the property of
rectification and therefore can be used in rectifiers..Rectifiers can be classified into two
types namely Half Wave Rectifier (HWR) and Full Wave Rectifiers (FWR). In the

following sections we shall study the principle of operation and working of HWR and
FWR circuits.

5.9.1 Half Wave Rectifier

In a half wave rectifier only positive half cycle of the AC voltage appears at the output
of the rectifier. The negative half cycle is suppressed and that is why it is called
half wave rectifier.

Half wave rectifier is the most simple rectifier and it employs only one diode. The
circuit diagram of a half wave rectifier is shown infigure 5.43. The transformer is used
tosupply AC voltage of desired magnitude tothe rectifier. It also isolate the rectifier
circuit from AC supply mains.

Input

Diode Output

P N 2
AC V W V,(Rectified voltage)
supply RL

2
1'

Transformer

Figure 5.43 Half wave rectifier circuit

5.56 BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Vi
V.
m

(a)Input voltage
1
A full wave rectifier (FWR)gives a full rectified wave at the output unlike HWR which
gives only half rectified wave. There are two types of full wave rectifiers.

5.9.3.1 Centre Tap FWR

The centre tap FWR essentially consists of two PN diode and a centre tap transformer
as shown in figure 5.47. In this rectifier only diode conducts for positive half cycles and
the other Conducts for negative half cycle of the input AC wave.
Operation :Let the applied input voltage of the rectifier be

Vsupply = 2v; =2Vm sin

Since the tapping of the transformer isexactly in the middle of the secondary winding,
both part of the secondary winding will have an equal voltage of v, = V,sin® with
respect
to commnon point F, which may be connected to ground.

D,
A B

AC F
supply E
RL
2000090000009000
C D
D,
Figure 5.47 Centre tap FWR circuit

During positive half cycle of the input voltage, the terminal A (P-side) of the diode D,
is positive with respect to terminal B(n-side) of the diode. Thus, diode D, becomes
 )1nput OTtago

D,
Vconducts/conducts -- (b)Load current
D,Open D, Oper
 5.67
CONVERTE
MER

Bridge type FWR

5.9.3.2
draw back of centre tap FWR are large value of PIV and under utilization of
The main
Moreover, transformer with centre tap is required. These drawbacks are
transformer.
in bridge type FWR.
removed
The bridge type FWR consists of four diodes which are connectedin the form of a

as shown in figure 5.52.

bridge

A A
D,

AC V
B
supply mSin

RL
DA D3
000009000900990
D D

Figure 5.52
of the rectifier be
applied input voltage
Operation: Let the
V; Vm Sin =
terminal A is positive
with respect
cycle of the input voltage wave
During positive half
respect to terminal
D.
B and C are positive with
to terminal andC.B Terminals
cycle is as shown
various diodes during positive half
The of voltage across
polarity

in figure 5.53.

D,

B
0

D D,
D
5.53
Figure
 D,4D,

Conducts Conducts Conducts

(b)Outputcurrent
 C
Converter (Chopper)
Chopper adevice which converts a
is
fixed de voltage to a
variable dc voltage.
providesS Smooth acceleration ChopPe
control fast resnonse
regeneration and high efficiency.
Choppers are used in subway cars. trolley
buses marine hoists. forklift
haulers. trucks and mine

AC link Chopper: This copper has two sta ge conversion, First DC is converted into
ACby the use of inverter. The magnitude of ACvoltage is varied by the transformer and
it is converted back to dc using a rectifier.

DC AC DC
Inverter

Figure 5.60 AC link Chopper

DCChopper: This is one stage conversion device, which is used for direct conversion
an adjustable dc voltage at another level.
of fixed dc voltage at a level to

DC DC
Chopper

Figure 5.61 DC Chopper

 high speed ON/OFF semiconductor switch which is represented by a switch
Chopper is a

No current flow the switch is OFF

SW with an arrow as shown in figure 5.62. will if

and when it is ON, current will flow in the direction of arrow only.

SW

Figure 5.62 Representation of chopper as a switch

According to the output voltage, chopper may be divided into two type step up chopper
and step down chopper.

5.11.1
Step Down Chopper

In this chopper, the output voltage will be less than input voltage. The step down chopper
is shown in figure 5.63. Let Ton the on period and
is Toff is the off period of chopper.
In Ton period, load voltage be equal
will to source voltage V,. When the chopper is off
during Toff period, load voltage will be zero but loadcurrent flows through the
freewheeling diode FD. Inductance releases its stored energy during Tof period. The
waveforms are shown in figure 5.63(b).

L
SW + 00 ToT, off

T
t
Vs Vo
FD

(a)
(b)
Figure 5.63 Step down chopper (a) circuit (b)
output
voltage and current
It is cleared waveforms
from the figure 5.63(b),
that the average load
voltage is given by V
Ton
Vav
Ton tTof
lon
T y,=aV,
.$.17)
5.11.2 Step Up Chopper
In this chopper, average output voltage is greater than input voltage. The circuit in
different mode of operation and current waveforms are shown in figure
5.66.
 5.85

PoWER CONVERTERS L
inductor
period, know
Mode I
SW. In Ton As we
L and switch 5.66(b). change
is ON, current flows through figure not
When chopper is shown in
does
voltage current
polarity of inductance energy
stores energy and in current
therefore
the input
change
inductor opposes the intantaneous During Ton
period,
L). Ton
linearly from I to 2.
through
immediately but increases c urrent
across
L)(average
Win -(Voltage

=V, AITon
Where
AI = 2
and .....5.18)

Ton

Thus
5.55(c).
figure
II as shown in
Mode D and load
through L,
is OFF current flows
When chopper
inductor
In Tor period,

D
L
A

IsW:
Yo A
(b)

(a)

D
t

+
Ton iTo
t
T
(d)

(c) switch is ON
(b) when
up chopper,
(a) Step wavefrom
Figure 5.66 (d) current
is OFF,
(c)When Switch
 Teeases its energy with opposite polarity. Thus the average output voltage across load is

given by

Vay = V, + L dio
dt
..$.19)

dip
Where L is the voltage across inductor L
dt

Therefore average output voltage exceeds the source voltage and chopper is called as

step up chopper. In this interval, current decreases from h to I. During Ton period, the
energy output to the load

Wot =(Voltage across L) (average current through L).Tofr

2 Toff ..5.20)

Let us assume that the system is lossless, then from eq. (5.18) and (5.20), we have
Win =Wout

2 Toff

VaTof =(Ton t TofV,

(Ton + To)
Toff

T
Vav
T -Ton ...5.21)

Since the duty cycle a is variable, hence the required step up output yoltage can be
obtained.
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