New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology (Third Edition)

Book 1A

Ch 3 Movement of substances across cell membrane

Exercise
Section 3.1
Level 2 (p. 3-33)
1 a Similarity:
A phospholipid bilayer is present in both models. 1
Difference:
In the ‘sandwich’ model, protein molecules are located at the surfaces of the
phospholipid bilayer. In the fluid mosaic model, protein molecules are interspersed
among the phospholipid molecules. 1
b i Hydrophobic protein molecules are repelled by water. 1
They are not likely to be located at the surfaces of the membrane, where they are
in contact with water. 1
ii Polar molecules are repelled by the phospholipid bilayer and cannot move
through it. 1
Channel proteins and carrier proteins which transport them across the membrane
are absent in the ‘sandwich’ model. 1
c Scientific knowledge is tentative and subject to change. 1

2 DSE Bio 2015 IB Q6

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 New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology (Third Edition)
Book 1A

Performance

Section 3.2
Level 1 (p. 3-34)
3 A 4 C 5 B

6 a The core of the phospholipid bilayer is hydrophobic. 1

It is permeable to non-polar substances but impermeable to polar substances and ions.
1
Fatty acids are small and non-polar. They dissolve in the phospholipid bilayer and
move across the membrane. 1
On the other hand, amino acids are small but polar. They are repelled by the
phospholipid bilayer and cannot move through it. 1
b They are transported by channel proteins or carrier proteins. 1

Level 2 (p. 3-34)

7 a Oxygen molecules are small and non-polar. 1
They can dissolve in the phospholipid bilayer. Therefore, they can move across both
membranes at a similar rate. 1

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Book 1A

b Sodium ions are charged. They are repelled by the phospholipid bilayer. 1
They cannot move through the phospholipid bilayer. 1
In the cell membrane, they can be transported across the membrane by channel
proteins and carrier proteins. 1
As channel proteins and carrier proteins are absent in the artificial membrane, sodium
ions cannot move across the membrane. 1

8 Structure of the cell membrane:

The cell membrane is mainly made up of phospholipids and proteins. /
The phospholipid molecules are arranged in a bilayer. /
Their hydrophilic heads point outwards and hydrophobic tails point inwards. /
The protein molecules are interspersed among the phospholipid molecules. (any 3) 1 × 3
How the structure contributes to its differential permeability:
Since the core of the phospholipid bilayer is hydrophobic, it is permeable to non-polar
substances but impermeable to polar substances and ions. 1
Only small, non-polar molecules can dissolve in the phospholipid bilayer and move across
the membrane. 1
Polar substances and ions are repelled by the phospholipid bilayer and cannot move
through it. 1
Channel proteins and carrier proteins transport these substances across the membrane. 1
Communication 3

Section 3.3
Level 1 (p. 3-35)
9 A 10 D 11 C 12 A

Level 2 (p. 3-36)

13 B 14 C 15 D

16 DSE Bio 2018 IB Q2

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 New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology (Third Edition)
Book 1A

Performance

17 DSE Bio 2017 IB Q2

Performance

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 New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology (Third Edition)
Book 1A

18 DSE Bio 2014 IB Q7

Performance

19 CE Bio 2009 IA Q4

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 New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology (Third Edition)
Book 1A

Performance

Level 3 (p. 3-38)

20 D 21 A 22 B

23 a Chloride ions are charged. They are repelled by the phospholipid bilayer. 1
Therefore, they cannot move through it. 1
b i As chloride ions move out of the cells, solute concentration in the cells
decreases. 1
Thus, water potential of the cells increases. The water potential of the cytoplasm
becomes higher than that of the fluid in the lumen of the respiratory tract. 1
Therefore, water moves out of the cells by osmosis. 1
ii Since the defective channel proteins transport less chloride ions from the cells to
the lumen, 1
less water moves out of the cells to the lumen. 1
As a result, the water content of the fluid decreases, thus it becomes thick. 1

Reading to learn (p. 3-39)

1 The concentrated sugar solution in the bag has a lower water potential than the seawater.
1
There is a net water movement from the seawater (high water potential) to the
concentrated sugar solution (lower water potential). 1
2 The emergency water filter bags are lighter in weight. 1
The sugary drink produced in the emergency water filter bags can provide energy. 1

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