New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology (Third Edition)

Book 1A

Ch 4 Enzymes and metabolism

Exercise
Section 4.1
Level 1 (p. 4-27)
1 B

Level 2 (p. 4-27)

2 A 3 B

Section 4.2
Level 1 (p. 4-28)
4 DSE Bio 2019 IB Q2

Performance

Level 2 (p. 4-28)

5 C 6 B 7 A

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 New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology (Third Edition)
Book 1A

8 Functions:
Enzymes are biological catalysts. 1
They speed up metabolic reactions in our body by lowering the activation energy. 1
Importance of the shape of the enzymes in relation to their functions:
Enzymes bind with substrate molecules to form enzyme-substrate complexes during
reaction. 1
Each enzyme has an active site with a specific shape. 1
An enzyme only acts on a substrate that can fit into its active site. 1
Therefore, each enzyme catalyses one type of reaction only. 1
Factors like high temperatures or extreme pH which can cause a change in shape of the
active site can affect the activity of enzymes. 1

Section 4.3
Level 1 (p. 4-29)
9 B

Level 2 (p. 4-29)

10 B 11 B

12 a Plant tissues may be damaged by mechanical force upon dropping, the vacuole
membrane and cell membrane rupture. 1
The ruptured vacuole membrane allows the enzyme PPO in the cytoplasm and
polyphenolic compounds in the vacuole to come together. 1
The ruptured cell membrane exposes polyphenolic compounds to another substrate
oxygen, producing brown pigment. 1
b i Boiling / High temperatures cause a change in shape of the active site of PPO.
1
It can no longer bind to the substrate molecules. Thus the reaction does not
occur. 1
ii At low temperature, PPO becomes inactive. 1
The chance of PPO and its substrate molecules colliding with each other is low,
thus the reaction occurs only at low rate. 1
iii Oxygen is not available in a vacuum pack. 1
Oxygen is one of the substrates of the reaction. Without oxygen, the enzymatic
reaction cannot occur. 1

Level 3 (p. 4-30)

13 B 14 A

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 New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology (Third Edition)
Book 1A

15 DSE Bio 2015 IB Q7

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 New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology (Third Edition)
Book 1A

Performance

16 a X and Y 1
b The rate at the 2nd minute is higher than that at the 20th minute. 1
The concentration of substrate at the 2nd minute is higher than that at the 20th
minute. 1
Therefore, the enzyme molecules collide with the substrate molecules more
frequently at the 2nd minute. 1
The chance of forming enzyme-substrate complexes is higher, thus the rate of
reaction is higher. 1
c X 1
The sum of the substrate concentration in tube Y and the product concentration in
tube W is always 100%, indicating that the experimental conditions of these two
tubes are the same. 1
d Lower temperature 1
(or other reasonable answers)

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 New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology (Third Edition)
Book 1A

17 a

Title 1
Choice of axes 1
Plotting and joining of line 1
Labels and units 1
b i pH 6 1
ii When pH increases from 4 to 6, the area of the remaining jelly block decreases.
This shows the activity of the protease increases as pH increases from 4 to 6. 1
When pH increases from 6 to 10, the area of the remaining jelly block increases.
This shows the activity of the protease decreases as pH increases from 6 to 10.
1
The protease denatures when pH is too low or too high. The substrate can no
longer fit into the active site of the protease to form the enzyme-substrate
complex. 1

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 New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology (Third Edition)
Book 1A

c Put two or more jelly blocks in each Petri dish. /

Measure the mass of each of the remaining jelly blocks instead of the areas of the
upper face of the jelly blocks. /
Mix the protease solution with the buffer solution before adding the jelly blocks.
(any 2 or other reasonable answers) 1×2

Section 4.4
Level 1 (p. 4-32)
18 a The beakers were the control set-ups with no enzymes added. 1
Water was added to these beakers to keep the total volume the same, so that the
results of different beakers can be compared. 1
b Type of fruit / time of filtering / temperature
(any 2 or other reasonable answers) 1×2
c Compared with pH 7–8, the enzyme works better at pH 3–4. 1
At pH 7–8, the amount of juice collected was much greater in the beaker with enzyme
added compared with the breaker with no enzyme, while the amount of juice
collected showed no significant difference in both beakers at pH 3–4. 1
d At unsuitable pH, the activity of the enzyme decreases. 1
This is because unsuitable pH causes denaturation of the enzyme. 1
The substrates can no longer fit into the active site of the enzyme to form the
enzyme-substrate complex. The enzyme loses its catalytic ability permanently. 1

Level 2 (p. 4-32)

19 DSE Bio Sample paper IB Q9

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 New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology (Third Edition)
Book 1A

20 a i Enzymes X, Y and Z are all moderately active at 35 °C. 1

ii 45 °C 1
45 °C is the optimum temperature of enzyme Z, which is the enzyme for
removal of egg stains. 1
b At a temperature higher than 60 °C, the activity of all the enzymes in the washing
powder becomes 0. 1
This is because the high temperature causes denaturation of the enzymes. 1
The substrates can no longer fit into the active site of the enzymes to form
enzyme-substrate complexes. The enzymes lose catalytic ability permanently. 1

Level 3 (p. 4-33)

21 a The active site of the enzyme glucose oxidase has a specific shape. 1
Only glucose can fit into the active site of glucose oxidase to form an
enzyme-substrate complex and produce hydrogen peroxide, which causes the colour
change. 1
b The products of the reaction catalysed by glucose oxidase are invisible. 1
Peroxidase catalyses the reaction between the product and a colourless compound,
forming a coloured compound. Thus the result becomes visible. 1
c Enzymes become inactive at low temperatures. 1
The strip may give a false negative result if the refrigerated sample is tested directly.
1

Reading to learn (p. 4-34)

1 The inhibitor decreases the activity of ALDH. 1
Acetaldehyde is broken down at a lower rate. 1
As a result, acetaldehyde accumulates and causes unpleasant symptoms. 1
2 The shape of their active sites may be different. 1
The inactive form may have an active site that is less likely to bind to substrates. This
decreases the chance of forming enzyme-substrate complexes, causing a decrease in
activity. 1

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Book 1A

Cross-topic exercise 1
Multiple-choice questions (p. 4-36)
1 A 2 B 3 D 4 D
5 C 6 A 7 B 8 D
9 B 10 C

Short questions (p. 4-38)

11 a Magnesium is a component of chlorophyll / activates some enzymes. 1
Nitrate is a source of nitrogen for the synthesis of proteins. 1
b The concentrations of the two ions in the root hair cells are higher than those in the
soil. 1
This indicates that the cells take up these ions against concentration gradients. 1
c Addition of chemical fertilizers lowers the water potential of the soil water. 1
The water potential of the soil water becomes lower than that in the cytoplasm. 1
Water cannot enter the root hair cells by osmosis. 1

12 a Chloroplast 1
Cell wall 1
b i The water potential of the water in the pond is higher than that of the cytoplasm.
1
Water enters the cells by osmosis. 1
The cells may burst. 1
ii Cell wall is rigid. 1
As water enters the cells causing cytoplasm to swell, pressure that builds up on
the cell wall prevents further entry of water. This prevents the cells from
bursting. 1

Structured questions (p. 4-39)

13 CE Bio 2000 I Q3c

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Book 1A

14 a It contains a large number of mitochondria. 1

Mitochondria release energy for active transport. 1
The cell membrane of the cell is highly folded. 1
This increases the surface area for diffusion. 1
b i A bacterial cell has no true nucleus while a eukaryotic cell has a true nucleus. /
DNA is lying free in the cytoplasm in a bacterial cell, but DNA is enclosed in the
nucleus in a eukaryotic cell. /
A bacterial cell has no membrane-bounded organelles, while a eukaryotic cell
has membrane-bound organelles. /
Ribosomes are lying free in the cytoplasm in a bacterial cell. In a eukaryotic cell,
some ribosomes are attached to endoplasmic reticulum and some are lying free
in the cytoplasm.
(any 2 or other reasonable answers) 1×2
ii I The secretion of chloride ions into the lumen would decrease the water
potential of the contents in the lumen. 1
II The water potential of the cells becomes higher than that of the contents in
the lumen. 1
There will be a net water movement from the cells to the lumen by osmosis.
1

15 a i Keep the same size / thickness / surface area / surface area to volume ratio /
diameter of discs. /
Use the same variety / part of potato. /
Remove potato skin. /
Remove excess water before weighing, e.g. by blotting. /
Keep the same number of discs in each solution. /
Keep the same volume of sucrose solution. /
Keep the same temperature. /
Cover the tubes. (any 2) 1×2
ii When the water potential of sucrose solution equals the water potential of potato
tissue, the mass of potato discs remains unchanged. 1
There is no change in mass of potato discs when the concentration of sucrose
solution lies at a certain point between 0.2 and 0.3 mol dm−3. 1
The student may plot a graph of the change in mass of potato discs against
concentration of sucrose solution to determine the exact concentration at which
the mass of potato is unchanged. / Carry out the experiment again with more
sucrose concentration intervals between 0.2 and 0.3 mol dm−3 to determine the
exact concentration at which the mass of potato is unchanged. 1
b i X: cell wall 1
Y: cell membrane 1
Z: vacuole membrane 1

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ii Sucrose solution 1
c The root hair cells absorb ions / salts / solutes by active transport. / The root hair cells
store ions / salts / solutes. 1
Therefore, the water potential is lower inside the root hair cells. 1

Essay (p. 4-40)

16 Comparison between animal cells and plant cells:
In terms of size, animal cells are generally smaller than plant cells. 1
In terms of shape, plant cells generally have a more regular shape. 1
In terms of structure, animal cells have no cell wall while plant cells have a cell wall. /
Animal cells have small or no vacuoles while plant cells often have a large central vacuole.
/
Animal cells have no chloroplasts while green plant cells have chloroplasts. (any 2) 1 × 2
Responses when placed in a hypotonic solution:
Water enters the cell by osmosis because the water potential of the hypotonic solution is
higher than that of the cytoplasm. 1
Animal cells do not have a cell wall. They will swell and may finally burst. 1
In plant cells, the cytoplasm swells. The swelling is resisted by the rigid cell wall. They
may finally become turgid. 1
Communication 3

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