Topic B Worksheet

Topic B: The particulate nature of matter
B1: Thermal energy transfers
1. Mass of oil is 11040 kg and the volume is 12 m3. Its density is

A. 920 kg m-3
B. 0.001 kg m-3
C. 1.3 × 105 kg m-3
D. 92 kg m-3
2. Two different objects are in thermal contact with one another. The objects are at different temperatures.
The temperatures of the two objects determine
A. the process by which thermal energy is transferred.
B. the heat capacity of each object.
C. the direction of transfer of thermal energy between the objects.
D. the amount of internal energy in each object.
3. The kelvin temperature of an object is a measure of
A. the total energy of the molecules of the object.
B. the total kinetic energy of the molecules of the object.
C. the maximum energy of the molecules of the object.
D. the average kinetic energy of the molecules of the object.
4. Two bodies are brought into thermal contact with each other. No thermal energy transfer takes place
between the bodies. It may be deduced therefore, that the bodies must have the same
A. specific heat capacity. B. heat capacity. C. temperature. D. internal energy.
5. Which two values of temperature are equivalent to the nearest degree when measured on the Kelvin and
on the Celsius scales of temperature?
Kelvin scale Celsius scale

A. 40 313
B. 273 100
C. 313 40
D. 373 0
6. During an experiment, a solid is heated from 285 K to 298 K.
Which one of the following gives the rise in temperature, in deg C, and the final temperature, in °C, of
the solid?
Rise in temperature in deg C Final temperature in °C
A. 13 571
B. 13 25
C. 286 571
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D. 286 25
7. Which of the following is the internal energy of a system?
A. The total thermal energy gained by the system during melting and boiling.
B. The sum of the potential and the kinetic energies of the particles of the system.
C. The total external work done on the system during melting and boiling.
D. The change in the potential energy of the system that occurs during melting and boiling.
8. The specific heat capacity of an object is defined as the thermal energy required to raise the temperature
of
A. the volume of the object by 1 K.
B. unit volume of the object by 1 K.
C. the mass of the object by 1 K.
D. unit mass of the object by 1 K.
9.
The specific heat capacity of a metal block of mass m is determined by placing a heating coil in its centre,
as shown in the diagram above.
The block is heated for time t and the maximum temperature change recorded is Δθ. The ammeter and
voltmeter readings during the heating are I and V respectively.
The specific heat capacity is best calculated using which one of the following expressions?
A. c= B. c= C. c= D. c=
10. The specific heat capacity c of a solid block of mass m is determined by heating the block and
measuring its temperature. The graph below shows the variation of the temperature T of the block with
the thermal energy Q transferred to the block.
2
The gradient of the line is equal to
A. B. C. mc. D.
11. Which of the following correctly shows the changes, if any, in the potential energy and in the kinetic
energy of the molecules of a solid as it melts?
Potential energy Kinetic energy

A. Decreases Increases
B. Increases Stays the same
C. Stays the same Decreases
D. Stays the same Stays the same
12. A substance changes from solid to liquid at its normal melting temperature. What change, if any, occurs
in the average kinetic energy and the average potential energy of its molecules?
Average kinetic energy Average potential energy

A. constant constant
B. increases constant
C. increases decreases
D. constant increases
13. The specific latent heat of vaporization of a substance is greater than its specific latent heat of fusion
because
A. boiling takes place at a higher temperature than melting.
B. thermal energy is required to raise the temperature from the melting point to the boiling point.
C. the volume of the substance decreases on freezing but increases when boiling.
D. the increase in potential energy of the molecules is greater on boiling than on melting.
14. The specific latent heat of vaporization of a substance is the quantity of energy required to
A. raise the temperature of a unit mass of a substance by one degree Celsius.
B. convert a unit mass of liquid to vapour at constant temperature and pressure.
C. convert a unit mass of solid to vapour at constant temperature and pressure.
D. convert a unit mass of liquid to vapour at a temperature of 100°C and a pressure of one
atmosphere.
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15. A substance is heated at a constant rate. The sketch graph shows the variation with time t of the
temperature θ of the substance.
In which region or regions of the graph must there be more than one phase of the substance present?
A. WX and YZ
B. WX only
C. WX, XY and YZ
D. XY only
16. Which of the following is NOT a method of heat transfer?

A. Convection
B. Conduction
C. Radiation
D. Evaporation
17. The main mechanism of convection is
A. phase change
B. molecules transfer kinetic energy
C. different fluid density
D. emission of electromagnetic waves
18. A black boy emits radiation with its greatest wavelength of λmax. The surface temperature of the black
body doubles without any other change occuring. What is the wavelength at which the greatest intensity
of radiation is emitted?
A. λmax
B. λmax/2
C. λmax/4
D. λmax/16
19. This question is about the change of phase (state) of ice.
A quantity of crushed ice is removed from a freezer and placed in a calorimeter. Thermal energy is
supplied to the ice at a constant rate. To ensure that all the ice is at the same temperature, it is continually
stirred. The temperature of the contents of the calorimeter is recorded every 15 seconds.
The graph below shows the variation with time t of the temperature θ of the contents of the calorimeter.
(Uncertainties in the measured quantities are not shown.)
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(a) On the graph above, mark with an X, the data point on the graph at which all the ice has just
melted.
(1)
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(b) Explain, with reference to the energy of the molecules, the constant temperature region of the
graph.
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(3)
The mass of the ice is 0.25 kg and the specific heat capacity of water is 4200 J kg –1 K–1.
(c) Use these data and data from the graph to
(i) deduce that energy is supplied to the ice at the rate of about 530 W.
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(3)
(ii) determine the specific heat capacity of ice.
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(3)
(iii) determine the specific latent heat of fusion of ice.
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(2)
(Total 12 marks)
20. Gases and liquids
(a) Describe two differences, in terms of molecular structure, between a gas and a liquid.
1. .........................................................................................................................
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2. .........................................................................................................................
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(2)
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(b) The temperture of an ideal gas is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the molecules of the
gas. Explain why the average kinetic energy is specified.
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(2)
(c) Define specific heat capacity.
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(1)
(d) Water is heated at a constant rate in a container that has negligible heat capacity. The container is thermally
insulated from the surroundings.
The sketch-graph below shows the variation with time of the temperature of the water.
The following data are available:
initial mass of water = 0.40 kg

0
initial temp of water = 20 C
rate at which water is heated = 300 W
0 −1
specific heat capacity of water = 4.2 × 103 J kg–1 C
(i) State the reason why the temperature is constant in the region AB.
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(1)
(ii) Calculate the temperature θ at which the water starts to boil.
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(5)
(e) All the water is boiled away 3.0 × 103 s after it first starts to boil. Determine a value for the specific
latent heat L of vaporization of water.
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(2)
(Total 13 marks)
21. This question is about modelling the thermal processes involved when a person is running.
When running, a person generates thermal energy but maintains approximately constant temperature.
(a) Explain what thermal energy and temperature mean. Distinguish between the two concepts.
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(4)
The following simple model may be used to estimate the rise in temperature of a runner assuming no
thermal energy is lost.
A closed container holds 70 kg of water, representing the mass of the runner. The water is heated at a
rate of 1200 W for 30 minutes. This represents the energy generation in the runner.
(b) (i) Show that the thermal energy generated by the heater is 2.2 × 106 J.
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(2)
(ii) Calculate the temperature rise of the water, assuming no energy losses from the water. The
−1 −1
specific heat capacity of water is 4200 J kg K .
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(3)
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(c) The temperature rise calculated in (b) would be dangerous for the runner. Outline three
mechanisms, other than evaporation, by which the container in the model would transfer energy to
its surroundings.
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(6)
A further process by which energy is lost from the runner is the evaporation of sweat.
(d) (i) Describe, in terms of molecular behaviour, why evaporation causes cooling.
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(3)
(ii) Percentage of generated energy lost by sweating: 50%

−1
Specific latent heat of vaporization of sweat: 2.26 × 106 J kg
Using the information above, and your answer to (b) (i), estimate the mass of sweat
evaporated from the runner.
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(3)
(iii) State and explain two factors that affect the rate of evaporation of sweat from the skin of the
runner.
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(4)
(Total 25 marks)
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22. This question is about conduction.

One end of a 56-cm-long copper rod with a diameter of 2.0 cm is kept at 460°C, and the other is immersed in
water at 22°C. Thermal conductivity of copper is 380 J/(s⋅m ⋅℃)
(a) Explain the mechanism of conduction.
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(2)
(b) Calculate the heat conduction rate along the rod.
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(2)
(Total 4 marks)
23. This question is about star Wolf 359.
The distance between the Earth and the Sun is 1AU. The distance between Star Wolf 359 and the Earth
is 7.78 ly.
(a) Define apparent brightness.
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(1)
(b) The ratio
is 3.7 × 10–15.
Show that the ratio
is 8.9 × 10–4. (1ly = 6.3 × 104 AU)
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(4)
(c) The surface temperature of Wolf 359 is 2800 K and its luminosity is 3.5 × 1023 W.
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Calculate the radius of Wolf 359.
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(2)
(Total 7 marks)
B2: Greenhouse effect
1. Surface X has a temperature TX and emissivity εx. Surface Y has a temperature TY and emissivity εy. The
two surfaces emit radiation at the same rate.
What is the ratio ?
A. B.
C. D.
2. The diagram shows the variation with wavelength of the power per unit wavelength I radiated from an
area of 1 m2 of two different bodies.
Which of the following is a correct comparison of the temperature and of the emissivity of the two
bodies?
Temperature Emissivity
A. same same
B. same different
C. different same
D. different different
3. What is the phenomenon that best explains why greenhouse gases absorb infrared radiation?
A. Resonance
B. Interference
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C. Refraction
D. Diffraction
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4. Greenhouse gases
A. reflect infrared radiation but absorb ultraviolet radiation.
B. reflect ultraviolet radiation but absorb infrared radiation.
C. transmit infrared radiation but absorb ultraviolet radiation.
D. transmit ultraviolet radiation but absorb infrared radiation.
5. The diagram shows an energy balance climate model for a planet.
The intensities of the reflected and radiated radiation are given in terms of the incident intensity I.
Which of the following is the albedo of this planet?
A. 0.15
B. 0.25
C. 0.40
D. 0.60
6. In which of the following places will the albedo be greatest?
A. A forest
B. A grassland
C. An ocean
D. A polar ice cap
7. Large areas of rainforests are cut down and burned every year. The result of these actions is
A. reduced albedo.
B. reduced carbon fixation.
C. increased evaporation rate.
D. increased mass of atmospheric methane.
8. Most climate scientists agree that the enhanced greenhouse effect is due to
A. cyclical changes of the Earth’s orbit.
B. volcanic activity.
C. the burning of fossil fuels.
D. increased solar activity.
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9. The collision of molecules within a substance results in the transfer of energy by
A. Conduction
B. Convection
C. Insolation
D. Radiation
10. This question is about fossil fuels and the greenhouse effect.
(a) State two reasons why most of the world’s energy consumption is provided by fossil fuels.
1. ..................................................................................................................................
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2. ..................................................................................................................................
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(2)
(b) A power station has an output power of 500 MW and an overall efficiency of 27 %.
It uses natural gas as a fuel that has a specific energy of 56 MJ kg–1.
(i) Distinguish specific energy and energy density.
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(1)
(ii) Determine the rate of consumption of natural gas in the power station.
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(3)
(c) Outline why the enhanced greenhouse effect may result in an increase in the temperature of the
Earth’s surface.
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(3)
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(d) (i) The solar intensity at the position of the Earth is 1380 W m–2. The average albedo of Earth is
0.300. State why an average value of albedo is quoted.
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(1)
(ii) Show that the average reflected intensity from the Earth is about 100 W m –2.
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(4)
(Total 14 marks)
11. This question is about the energy balance of the Earth.
(a) The intensity of the Sun’s radiation at the position of the Earth is approximately
1400 W m–2.
Suggest why the average power received per unit area of the Earth is 350 W m –2.
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(2)
(b) The diagram shows a simplified model of the energy balance of the Earth’s surface.
The diagram shows radiation entering or leaving the Earth’s surface only.
The average equilibrium temperature of the Earth’s surface is TE and that of the atmosphere is TA =
242 K.
(i) Using the data from the diagram, state the emissivity of the atmosphere.
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(1)
(ii) Show that the intensity of the radiation radiated by the atmosphere towards the Earth’s
surface is 136 W m–2.
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(1)
(iii) By reference to the energy balance of the Earth’s surface, calculate TE.
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(2)
(c) (i) Outline a mechanism by which part of the radiation radiated by the Earth’s surface is
absorbed by greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.
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(3)
(ii) Suggest why the incoming solar radiation is not affected by the mechanism you outlined in
(c)(i).
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(2)
(iii) Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a greenhouse gas. State one source and one sink (object that
removes CO2) of this gas.
Source: ..............................................................................................................
Sink: ..................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 13 marks)
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12. This question is about the greenhouse effect.
(a) The graph shows part of the absorption spectrum of nitrogen oxide (N2O) in which the intensity of
absorbed radiation A is plotted against frequency f.
(i) State the region of the electromagnetic spectrum to which the resonant frequency of nitrogen
oxide belongs.
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(1)
(ii) Using your answer to (a)(i), explain why nitrogen oxide is classified as a greenhouse gas.
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(2)
(b) Define emissivity and albedo.
Emissivity: ...................................................................................................................
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Albedo: ........................................................................................................................
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(3)
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(c) The diagram shows a simple energy balance climate model in which the atmosphere and the
surface of Earth are two bodies each at constant temperature. The surface of the Earth receives
both solar radiation and radiation emitted from the atmosphere. Assume that the Earth’s surface
behaves as a black body.
The following data are available for this model.
average temperature of the atmosphere of Earth = 242 K

emissivity, e of the atmosphere of Earth = 0.720
average albedo, α of the atmosphere of Earth = 0.280
solar intensity at top of atmosphere = 344 W m–2
average temperature of the surface of Earth = 288 K
Use the data to show that the
(i) power radiated per unit area of the atmosphere is 140 W m–2.
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(2)
(ii) solar power absorbed per unit area at the surface of the Earth is 248 W m–2.
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(1)
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(d) It is hypothesized that, if the production of greenhouse gases were to stay at its present level then
the temperature of the Earth’s atmosphere would eventually rise by 6.0 K.
Calculate the power per unit area that would then be
(i) radiated by the atmosphere.
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(1)
(ii) absorbed by the Earth’s surface.
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(1)
(e) Estimate, using your answer to (d)(ii), the increase in temperature of Earth’s surface.
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(3)
(Total 14 marks)
13. This question is about cosmic microwave background radiation.
The graph shows the spectrum of the cosmic microwave background radiation.
The shape of the graph suggests a black body spectrum i.e. a spectrum to which the Wien displacement
law applies.
(a) Use the graph to estimate the black body temperature.
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(2)
(Total 2 marks)
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B3: Gas laws
1. What is the pressure measured in Pa if a thrust of 1000 N is applied to an area of 5 m 2?

A. 200
B. 50
C. 100
D. 25
2. A container holds 20 g of neon (mass number 20) and also 8 g of helium (mass number 4).
What is the ratio ?
A. 0.4 B. 0.5 C. 2.0 D. 2.5
3. The molar mass of water is 18 g. The approximate number of water molecules in a glass of water is
A. 1022. B. 1025. C. 1028. D. 1031.
4. Which of the following is not an assumption on which the kinetic model of an ideal gas is based?
A. All molecules behave as if they are perfectly elastic spheres.
B. The mean-square speed of the molecules is proportional to the kelvin temperature.
C. Unless in contact, the forces between molecules are negligible.
D. The molecules are in continuous random motion.
5. A gas is contained in a cylinder fitted with a piston as shown below.
When the gas is compressed rapidly by the piston its temperature rises because the molecules of the gas
A. are squeezed closer together.
B. collide with each other more frequently.
C. collide with the walls of the container more frequently.
D. gain energy from the moving piston.
6. The temperature of an ideal gas is reduced. Which one of the following statements is true?
A. The molecules collide with the walls of the container less frequently.
B. The molecules collide with each other more frequently.
C. The time of contact between the molecules and the wall is reduced.
D. The time of contact between molecules is increased.
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7. When a gas in a cylinder is compressed at constant temperature by a piston, the pressure of the gas
increases. Consider the following three statements.
I. The rate at which the molecules collide with the piston increases.
II. The average speed of the molecules increases.
III. The molecules collide with each other more often.
Which statement(s) correctly explain the increase in pressure?
A. I only
B. II only
C. I and II only
D. I and III only
8. The equation of state for an ideal gas, pV = nRT, describes the behaviour of real gases
A. only at low pressures and large volumes.
B. only at high temperatures.
C. only at large volumes and large pressures.
D. at all pressures and volumes.
9. Two identical boxes X and Y each contain an ideal gas.
Box X Box Y
n moles 2n moles
temperature T
temperature
pressure PX
pressure PY
In box X there are n moles of the gas at temperature T and pressure PX. In box Y there are 2n moles of
the gas at temperature and pressure PY.
The ratio is
A. . B. . C. 2. D. 3.
10. The equation of state of an ideal gas is
pV = nRT.
In this equation, the constant n is the number of
A. atoms in the gas. B. molecules in the gas.
C. particles in the gas. D. moles of the gas.
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ο
11. An ideal gas is kept in a container of fixed volume at a temperature of 30 C and a pressure of 6.0 atm.
The gas is heated at constant volume to a temperature of 330 oC.
Pressure 6.0 atm New pressure

 
Temperature 30 C Temperature 330 C
gas gas
The new pressure of the gas is about
A. 0.60 atm. B. 3.0 atm. C. 12 atm. D. 66 atm.
12. A fixed mass of an ideal gas is heated at constant volume. Which one of the following graphs best
shows the variation with Celsius temperature t with pressure p of the gas?
13. The graph below shows the variation with absolute temperature T of the pressure p of one mole of an
ideal gas having a volume V. R is the molar gas constant.
Which of the following is the best interpretation of the intercept on the temperature axis and the gradient
of the graph?
Intercept on temperature axis / K Gradient of graph

A.
– 273
B.
0
C.
0
D.
– 273
14. Let the average translational kinetic energy, at a temperature T, of helium (molar mass 4 g mol-1) be K. The
average translational kinetic energy, at the same temperature, of neon (molar mass 20 g mol -1) would be
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A. 5K. B. √ ❑K. C. K. D. 1/5K
15. The atomic mass number of helium is 4 while that of neon is 20, and both are monatomic gases. When both
gases are at the same temperature, the ratio of the average speeds of helium atoms to neon atoms will be
A. 1 : 1. B. √ ❑ : 1. C. 5 : 1 D. 25 : 1.
16. Under what conditions of pressure and temperature does a real gas approximate to an ideal gas?
Pressure Temperature
A high high
B high low
C low high
D low low
17. This question is about an ideal gas.
(a) The pressure P of a fixed mass of an ideal gas is directly proportional to the kelvin temperature T
of the gas. That is,
P ∝ T.
State
(i) the relation between the pressure P and the volume V for a change at constant temperature;
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(1)
(ii) the relation between the volume V and kelvin temperature T for a change at a constant
pressure.
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(1)
(b) The ideal gas is held in a cylinder by a moveable piston. The pressure of the gas is P1, its volume is
V1 and its kelvin temperature is T1.
The pressure, volume and temperature are changed to P2, V2 and T2 respectively. The change is
brought about as illustrated below.
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State the relation between
(i) P1, P2, T1 and T’.
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(1)
(ii) V1, V2, T’ and T2.
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(1)
(c) Use your answers to (b) to deduce, that for an ideal gas
PV = KT
where K is a constant.
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(4)
(Total 8 marks)
18. (a) State what is meant by an ideal gas.
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(2)
(b) The internal volume of a gas cylinder is 2.0 × 10–2 m3. An ideal gas is pumped into the cylinder
until the pressure becomes 20 MPa at a temperature of 17°C.
Determine
(i) the number of moles of gas in the cylinder;
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(2)
(ii) the number of gas atoms in the cylinder.
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(2)
(c) (i) Using your answers in (b), determine the average volume occupied by one gas atom.
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(1)
(ii) Estimate a value for the average separation of the gas atoms.
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(2)
(Total 9 marks)
19. This question is about gas expansion.
A quantity of gas is enclosed in a metal cylinder fitted with a piston. There are very many gas molecules, but they are
represented in the diagram by the ten molecules shown, with velocities indicated. The cylinder walls are thermally
conducting.
(a) Explain in terms of molecular motions how pressure arises on the face of the piston.
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(b) If gravity acts on the molecules, why do they not all fall down and accumulate stationary at the lower
surface? Explain.
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Suppose the piston is moved outwards with sufficient time allowed so that the gas temperature is the same afterwards.
The diagram below shows the piston position where the gas volume has doubled.
(c) How does the average kinetic energy of the gas molecules compare before and after this expansion?
Explain.
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(d) Draw in ten representative gas molecules on the diagram above, including representative velocity
vectors, to illustrate the situation after expansion. Explain your diagram briefly. [2]
(e) Explain, in terms of molecular motion, why the pressure exerted by the gas on the piston is less in the
expanded situation you have drawn.
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(f) If the gas pressure was 300 kPa before expansion, calculate the pressure after expansion, when the
volume has doubled.
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(g) (HL)Is work done as the piston moves outwards? If so, is it done on the gas or by the gas?
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(Total 14 marks)
20. This question is about ideal monatomic gas.
a. [1 mark]
An ideal monatomic gas is kept in a container of volume 2.1 × 10–4 m3, temperature 310 K and pressure 5.3 × 105 Pa.
State what is meant by an ideal gas.
b. [1 mark]
Calculate the number of atoms in the gas.
c. [2 marks]
Calculate, in J, the internal energy of the gas.
27
d. [1 mark]
The volume of the gas in (a) is increased to 6.8 × 10–4 m3 at constant temperature.
Calculate, in Pa, the new pressure of the gas.
e. [2 marks]
Explain, in terms of molecular motion, this change in average translational velocity, density and pressure.
28
B4: Thermodynamics (HL only)
1. The graph below shows the variation with volume of the pressure of a system.
The work done in compressing the gas from R to P is
A. 5.0 × 105 J. B. 4.5 × 105 J. C. 3.0 × 105 J. D. 0.
2. The diagram shows the variation with volume V of pressure p during one complete cycle of a heat
engine.
The work done is represented by the area
A. A. B. B. C. (B + A). D. (B – A).
3. A sample of an ideal gas is held in an insulated container and it undergoes an adiabatic change. The graph
below shows the change in pressure p with change in volume V as the gas changes from X to Y.
Which of the following describes correctly the work done and the change in the internal energy of the
gas?
Work done Internal energy

A. on the gas increases
B. on the gas decreases
C. by the gas decreases
D. by the gas increases
29
4. The graph below shows the variation with volume V of the pressure p of a gas during one cycle of an
engine.
During which operations, PQ, QR, RS and SP does the gas do external work?
A. PQ only
B. RS only
C. QR and RS only
D. PQ and RS only
5. A monatomic ideal gas at an initial temperature 300 K, pressure 1. 00 × 10 5 Pa and volume 3.6 × 10-4 m3
is compressed adiabatically to a new volume of 1.20 × 10-4 m3. What is the new pressure of the gas?
A. 3.0 × 105 Pa
B. 6.2 × 105 Pa
C. 1.0 × 103 Pa
D. It cannot be determined because the new temperature is not given.
6. This question is about thermodynamic processes.
(a) State what is meant by the concept of internal energy of an ideal gas.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(1)
(b) The diagram below shows the variation with volume of the pressure of a fixed mass of an ideal
gas.
The change from B to C is an isothermal change at 546 K. At point A, the pressure of the gas is
1.01 × 105 Pa, the volume of the gas is 22.0 m3 and the temperature of the gas is 273 K.
(i) State the temperature of the gas at point C;
.........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii) Calculate the volume of the gas at point C.
.........................................................................................................................
30
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(2)
31
(c) For the change from B to C, 31.5 × 105 J of thermal energy is transferred to the gas.
(i) State the work done in the change from A to B.
.........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii) Determine the work done during the change C to A.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(2)
(iii) Explain whether the work in (ii) is done by the gas or on the gas.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(2)
(iv) Determine the work done by the gas during one cycle ABCA.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 11 marks)
7. Thermodynamics
The graph below shows the variation with volume V of the pressure p for two isothermal changes of
two ideal gases X and Y. The gases have the same number of moles. The dots indicate two particular
states of the gases, (pX, VX) and (pY, VY).
32
(a) State what is meant by an isothermal change.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(1)
(b) Explain whether gas X in the state (pX, VX) is at a higher or lower temperature than gas Y in the
state (pY, VY).
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(2)
(c) Gas Y is compressed adiabatically from state (pY, VY) until it reaches the pressure pX.
(i) Explain whether the temperature of gas Y will increase, decrease or stay the same during
this process.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(3)
(ii) On the graph opposite, draw a line to represent this adiabatic compression of gas Y.
(3)
(d) On the graph opposite, shade the area that represents the work done when gas X is compressed
isothermally from volume VY to volume VX.
(2)
(Total 11 marks)
8. This question is about entropy changes.
(a) State what is meant by an increase in entropy of a system.
.....................................................................................................................................
33
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(b) State, in terms of entropy, the second law of thermodynamics.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(c) When a chicken develops inside an egg, the entropy of the egg and its contents decreases. Explain
how this observation is consistent with the second law of thermodynamics.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 5 marks)
9. The following diagram shows a PV graph for a Carnot cycle.
a) The position of the piston is shown at A, draw its position at B, C and D.

b) Draw arrows showing the direction of the transformations if the cycle is operating as an engine.
c) What type of transformations are the following:
A-B: ___________________
D-A: ____________________
a) In which part of the cycle is most work done by the gas?
...................................................................................................................................
b) Which part of the graph represents the net work done by the engine?
...................................................................................................................................
c) Why is this cycle not possible?
...................................................................................................................................
10. This question is about the first law of thermodynamics.
5.0 J of work is done on a piston by a system of monatomic ideal gas. The gas has 0.025 mol. Thermal energy
of 12 J is transferred to the gas.
a. Determine the change in the internal energy of the gas.
34
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
b. Determine the change in temperature.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
11. This question is about a heat engine. An engine manufacturer makes the following claims: An engine’s heat
input per second is 9.0 kJ at 435 K. The heat output per second is 4. 0 kJ at 285 K. Do you believe these
claims are reasonable?
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
12. This question is about entropy change.
(a) 9.3 kJ of energy is transferred to melt ice at 0℃. Determine the change in entropy of the ice.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(b) Calculate the entropy change for the process below.
Initi Fin
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
35
B5: Current and circuits
1. In the circuit below, n charge carriers pass the point P in a time t. Each charge carrier has charge q.
The current in the circuit is given by the expression
A. . B. . C. . D. nqt.
2. The drift velocity of the electrons in a copper wire in which there is an electric current is
A. equal to the speed of light.
B. close to that of the speed of light.
C. of the order of a few kilometres per second.
D. of the order of a few millimetres per second.
3. Which one of the following is a correct definition of electric potential difference between two points?
A. The power to move a small positive charge between the two points.
B. The work done to move a small positive charge between the two points.
C. The power per unit charge to move a small positive charge between the two points.
D. The work done per unit charge to move a small positive charge between the two points.
4. The electron volt is defined as
A. a unit of energy exactly equal to 1.6 × 10–19 J.
B. a fraction of the ionization energy of atomic hydrogen.
C. the energy gained by an electron when it moves through a potential difference of 1.0 V.
D. the energy transfer when 1.0 C of charge moves through a potential difference of 1.0 V.
5. Which of the following is the correct value of the electronvolt, measured in SI Units?
A. 1.6 × 10–19 N B. 1.6 × 10–19 J
C. 9.1 × 10–31 N D. 9.1 × 10–31 J
36
6. The graph below shows the current/voltage characteristics of a filament lamp.
The resistance of the filament at 4.0 V is
A. 250 Ω. B. 4 000 Ω. C. 8 000 Ω. D. 64 000 Ω.
7. The graph below shows the variation with voltage V of the current I in three resistors X, Y and Z.
Which of the following corresponds to resistors for which the resistance increases with increasing
current?
A. X only B. Z only C. X and Z D. Y and Z
8. Which of the following is a correct statement of Ohm’s law?
A. The resistance of a conductor is always constant.
B. The current in a conductor is always proportional to the potential difference across the conductor.
C. The resistance of a conductor increases with increasing temperature.
D. The resistance of a conductor is constant only if the temperature of the conductor is constant.
9. The element of an electric heater has a resistance R when in operation. What is the resistance of a second
heater that has a power output three times as large at the same operating voltage?
A. B.
C. 3R D. 9R
37
10. In the two circuits X and Y below, each cell has an emf E and negligible internal resistance. Each
resistor has a resistance R.
The power dissipated in circuit X is P.
The best estimate for the power dissipated in circuit Y is
A. B. C. 2P. D. 4P.
11. In the circuit shown below, the cell has negligible internal resistance.
Which of the following equations is correct?
A. I1 = 2I2 B. I1 = 2I3
C. I2 = 2I3 D. I3 = 2I1
12. The resistors in each of the circuits shown below each have the same resistance.
Which of the following gives the circuits in order of increasing total resistance?
A. P Q S
B. Q P S
C. S Q P
D. P S Q
38
13. In the circuit below, which meter is not correctly connected?
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4
14. A battery is connected in series with a resistor R. The battery transfers 2 000 C of charge completely
round the circuit. During this process, 2 500 J of energy is dissipated in the resistor R and 1 500 J is
expended in the battery.
The emf of the battery is
A. 2.00 V.
B. 1.25 V.
C. 0.75 V.
D. 0.50 V.
15. In the circuit shown, the voltmeter has a resistance of 20 kΩ and the battery has an emf of 6.0 V and
negligible internal resistance.
The reading on the voltmeter is
A. 2.0 V.
B. 3.0 V.
C. 4.0 V.
D. 6.0 V.
39
16. In which one of the circuits is it possible to vary the current in the lamp by adjusting the variable
resistor? The cell has negligible internal resistance.
17. A resistor of resistance 1.0 Ω is connected in series with a battery. The current in the circuit is 2.0 A.
The resistor is now replaced by a resistor of resistance of 4.0 Ω. The current in this circuit is 1.0 A.
The best estimate for the internal resistance of the battery is
A. 1.0 Ω. B. 2.0 Ω. C. 4.0 Ω. D. 5.0 Ω.
18. In the circuit below, resistors X, Y and Z are connected in series with a 9.0 V supply.
Resistors X and Z are fixed resistors of resistance 3000 Ω. The resistance of resistor Y may be varied
between zero and 3000 Ω.
Which of the following gives the maximum range of potential difference V across the resistors X and
Y?
A. 0 to 6.0 V B. 3.0 V to 6.0 V C. 4.5 V to 6.0 V D. 4.5 V to 9.0 V
40
19. This question is about electric circuits.
Susan sets up the circuit below in order to measure the current-voltage (I-V) characteristic of a small
filament lamp.
The supply is a battery that has an emf of 3.0 V and the ammeter and voltmeter are considered to be
ideal. The lamp is labelled by the manufacturer as “3 Volts, 0.6 Watts”.
(a) (i) Explain what information this labelling provides about the normal operation of the lamp.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(ii) Calculate the current in the filament of the lamp when it is operating at normal brightness.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
Susan sets the variable resistor to its maximum value of resistance. She then closes the switch S and
records the following readings.
Ammeter reading = 0.18 A Voltmeter reading = 0.60 V
She then sets the variable resistor to its zero value of resistance and records the following readings.
Ammeter reading = 0.20 A Voltmeter reading = 2.6 V
(b) (i) Explain why, by changing the value of the resistance of the variable resistance, the potential
difference across the lamp cannot be reduced to zero or be increased to 3.0 V.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
41
(ii) Determine the internal resistance of the battery.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)
(c) Calculate the resistance of the filament when the reading on the voltmeter is
(i) 0.60 V.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii) 2.6 V.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(d) Explain why there is a difference between your answers to (c)(i) and (c)(ii).
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(e) Using the axes below, draw a sketch-graph of the I-V characteristic of the filament of the
lamp. (Note: this is a sketch-graph; you do not need to add any values to the axes.)
(1)
42
The diagram below shows an alternative circuit for varying the potential difference across the lamp.
The potential divider XZ has a potential of 3.0 V across it. When the contact is at the position Y, the
resistance of XY equals the resistance of YZ which equals 12 Ω. The resistance of the lamp is 4 Ω.
(f) Calculate the potential difference across the lamp.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(4)
(Total 18 marks)
20. This question is about electric circuits.
(a) (i) Define emf and state Ohm’s law.
emf: ....................................................................................................
....................................................................................................
Ohm’s law: ....................................................................................................
....................................................................................................
(2)
(ii) The graph below shows the I-V characteristic of a particular electrical component.
State show the resistance of the component is determined from the graph.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(1)
43
(b) In the circuit below an electrical device (load) is connected in series with a cell of emf 2.5 V and
internal resistance r. The current I in the circuit is 0.10 A.
The power dissipated in the load is 0.23 W.
Calculate
(i) the total power of the cell;
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii) the resistance of the load;
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(2)
(iii) the internal resistance r of the cell.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(2)
44
(c) A second identical cell is connected into the circuit in (b) as shown below.
The current in this circuit is 0.15 A. Deduce that the load is a non-ohmic device.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(4)
(Total 12 marks)
21. This question is about electrical resistance.
(a) A heating coil is to be made of wire of diameter 3.5 × 10–4 m. The heater is to dissipate 980 W
when connected to a 230 V d.c. supply. The material of the wire has resistivity
1.3 × 10–6 Ω m at the working temperature of the heater.
(i) Define electrical resistance.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii) Calculate the resistance of the heating coil at its normal working temperature.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(iii) Show that the length of wire needed to make the heating coil is approximately 4 m.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
45
(b) Three identical electrical heaters each provide power P when connected separately to a supply S
which has zero internal resistance. On the diagram below, complete the circuit by drawing two
switches so that the power provided by the heaters may be either P or 2P or 3P.
(2)
(Total 7 marks)
46

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Topic B: The particulate nature of matter

Topic B: The particulate nature of matter

B1: Thermal energy transfers

1. Mass of oil is 11040 kg and the volume is 12 m3. Its density is

A. the process by which thermal energy is transferred.

B. the heat capacity of each object.

C. the direction of transfer of thermal energy between the objects.

D. the amount of internal energy in each object.

3. The kelvin temperature of an object is a measure of

A. the total energy of the molecules of the object.

B. the total kinetic energy of the molecules of the object.

C. the maximum energy of the molecules of the object.

D. the average kinetic energy of the molecules of the object.

A. specific heat capacity. B. heat capacity. C. temperature. D. internal energy.

Kelvin scale Celsius scale

6. During an experiment, a solid is heated from 285 K to 298 K.

Rise in temperature in deg C Final temperature in °C

7. Which of the following is the internal energy of a system?

A. the volume of the object by 1 K.

B. unit volume of the object by 1 K.

C. the mass of the object by 1 K.

D. unit mass of the object by 1 K.

The gradient of the line is equal to

Potential energy Kinetic energy

B. Increases Stays the same

C. Stays the same Decreases

D. Stays the same Stays the same

Average kinetic energy Average potential energy

A. boiling takes place at a higher temperature than melting.

A. raise the temperature of a unit mass of a substance by one degree Celsius.

B. convert a unit mass of liquid to vapour at constant temperature and pressure.

C. convert a unit mass of solid to vapour at constant temperature and pressure.

16. Which of the following is NOT a method of heat transfer?

(c) Use these data and data from the graph to

(ii) determine the specific heat capacity of ice.

(iii) determine the specific latent heat of fusion of ice.

20. Gases and liquids

(c) Define specific heat capacity.

The following data are available:

initial mass of water = 0.40 kg

(ii) Calculate the temperature θ at which the water starts to boil.

(ii) Percentage of generated energy lost by sweating: 50%

22. This question is about conduction.

(b) Calculate the heat conduction rate along the rod.

23. This question is about star Wolf 359.

(a) Define apparent brightness.

(b) The ratio

Show that the ratio

is 8.9 × 10–4. (1ly = 6.3 × 104 AU)

Calculate the radius of Wolf 359.

B2: Greenhouse effect

What is the ratio ?

A. reflect infrared radiation but absorb ultraviolet radiation.

B. reflect ultraviolet radiation but absorb infrared radiation.

C. transmit infrared radiation but absorb ultraviolet radiation.

D. transmit ultraviolet radiation but absorb infrared radiation.

5. The diagram shows an energy balance climate model for a planet.

6. In which of the following places will the albedo be greatest?