LECTURE 2

Z - TRANSFORM

Z– Transform plays an important role in discrete analysis and may be seen as discrete
analogue of Laplace transform

What is Z-Transform?
The Z-transform (ZT) is a mathematical tool which is used to convert the difference equations in
time domain into the algebraic equations in z-domain. (Just like Laplace transform is used to convert
differential equations in time domain into the algebraic equations in s-domain).

The Z-transform is a very useful tool in the analysis of a linear shift invariant (LSI) system. An LSI
discrete time system is represented by difference equations. To solve these difference equations
which are in time domain, they are converted first into algebraic equations in z-domain using the Z-
transform, then the algebraic equations are manipulated in z-domain and the result obtained is
converted back into time domain using the inverse Z-transform.

Consider a discrete-time signal x(t) below sampled every T sec.

The Laplace transform of x(t) is therefore

Note

from Laplace transform

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Example
Find the z-transforms of
1)δ[n]
2) u[n]
3)cosβn u[n]

Solution
1) Remember that by definition:

2)

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2) cosβn u[n]?

We already know that

Then,

Which leads to

Ex. Find the Z transform of

By definition the z transform is

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Z - TRANSFORMTABLE

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PROPERTIES OF Z TRANSFORM

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 INVERSE Z TRANSFORM

The inverse of the z-transform may be obtained by at least three methods:

1. Partial fraction expansion and look-up table (z-transform function must be rational).
2. Power series expansion.
3. Inversion Formula Method.

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Find inverse z-transform – real unique poles

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Find inverse z-transform – complex poles

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Find inverse z-transform – repeat real poles
Find the inverse z-transform of:

Divide both sides by z and expand:

Use covering method to find k and a0:

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To find a2, multiply both sides by z and let z→∞:

To find a1, let z = 0:

Therefore, we find

From the table:

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SOLUTION OF DIFFERENCE EQUATIONS USING THE Z-TRANSFORM

But

which is the same as the shift theorem

In solving a difference equation the following steps are followed
1. Apply z-transform to the difference equation.
2. Substitute the initial conditions.
3. Solve the difference equation in z-transform domain.
4. Find the solution in time domain by applying the inverse z-transform.
Example
A digital signal processing (DSP) system is described by a difference equation

Applying the z-transform on both sides of the difference equation we have

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ASSIGNMENT
1. A system is described by the difference equation

2. Using the long division method, solve to the third term

3.Using the partial fraction expansion method, find the inverse of the following z-transforms:

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3. Given X[z], find x(n)

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