1

CHAPTER 4
Aesthetics: Study of Art and Beauty
Lesson 1. The Field of Aesthetics
Lesson 2. Aesthetic Terms and Value
Lesson 3. Western View of Beauty
Lesson 4. The Eastern Art
Lesson 5. The Filipino Aesthetics Worldview

2
 Intended Learning Outcomes

1. Evaluate various artworks using aesthetic terms appropriately.

2. Distinguish the western and eastern views of beauty reflected in sample
artworks.
3. Describe the Filipino aesthetic worldview.
4. Distinguish the dimensions, categories, and phenomena of ganda reflected in
sample artworks.
5. Create original artworks based the on the Eastern Artworks

3
 Lesson 1. The Field of Aesthetics

REFERENCES

Readings
Lumen Learning. Module 1: What is Art? Simple Book Production.
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/atd-sac-artappreciation/chapter/oer-1-11/

Silverman, R. (2008). Learning About Art: A Multicultural Approach. California State University.
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/masteryart1/chapter/oer-1-11/

Porterfield, M. (2020). Lesson 01: Introduction to Art Appreciation.

https://dc.etsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1001&context=art-appreciation-oer

4
 1 3

What makes a piece of art beautiful?

How important are personal tastes

when judging the quality of art?
5 6 5
Why aesthetics is only the beginning in analysing an artwork
We are also aware that beyond sensory and formal properties, all artwork is informed by its
specific time and place or the specific historical and cultural milieu it was created. For this
reason we analyse artwork through not only aesthetics, but also, historical and cultural contexts.

How we engage in aesthetic analysis

Often the feelings or thoughts evoked as a result of contemplating an artwork are initially
based primarily upon what is actually seen in the work. The first aspects of the artwork we
respond to are its sensory properties, its formal properties, and its technical properties. Color is
an example of a sensory property. Color is considered a kind of form and how form is arranged
is a formal property. What medium (e.g., painting, animation, etc.) the artwork is made of is an
example of a technical property. What do we actually see? How is what is seen organized? And,
what emotions and ideas are evoked as a result of what has been observed?

6
Art and the Aesthetic Experience
➢ Beauty is something we perceive and respond to. It may be a response of awe and
amazement, wonder and joy, or something else.
➢ It might resemble a “peak experience” or an epiphany. It might happen while watching a
sunset or taking in the view from a mountaintop—the list goes on.
➢ Refers to a kind of experience, an aesthetic response that is a response to the thing’s
representational qualities, whether it is man-made or natural.
➢ Devoted to the study and theory of this experience of the beautiful; in the field of
psychology, aesthetics is studied in relation to the physiology and psychology of
perception.

7
 Aesthetic analysis is a careful investigation of the qualities which belong to objects and
events that evoke an aesthetic response. The aesthetic response is the thoughts and feelings
initiated because of the character of these qualities and the particular ways they are
organized and experienced perceptually.
The aesthetic experience that we get from the world at large is different than the art-
based aesthetic experience. It is important to recognize that we are not saying that the
natural wonder experience is bad or lesser than the art world experience; we are saying it is
different. What is different is the constructed nature of the art experience. The art
experience is a type of aesthetic experience that also includes aspects, content, and context
of our humanness. When something is made by a human– we know that there is some level
of commonality and/or communal experience.

8
 Etymology
“AESTHETICS”

GREEK
aesthesis
ENGLISH
Magritte, The
“sensory perception” False Mirror
9
 ALEXANDER
BAUMGARTEN
(1714-1762)

Aesthetics

The word “aesthetics” was first employed by Baumgarten to mean “the

science of sensory perception.” Particularly, he used it to denote a realm
of concrete knowledge, as distinct from the abstract where content is
communicated in sensory forms.
10
 AESTHETICS

Theory about the ultimate

Philosophy reality of things

Nature of Beauty: Why are

of beauty
beautiful things beautiful?

and art Essence of Art: What makes

something a work of art?
11
AESTHETIC
DEFINITION

is the creation by the artists in their creativity

and appreciation by the art spectator with artistic taste

of BEAUTIFUL anything with a value that delights

human-made art distinguished from nature

objects.
12
 TWO WAYS OF
CONSIDERING BEAUTY
RELATIVE ABSOLUTE
“Beauty is in the “Beauty is in
eye of the beholder.” the thing itself.”

SUBJECT OBJECT
13
DIVISION OF AESTHETICS

THEORY OF BEAUTY
Nature of beautiful things

THEORY OF ART
Essence of art

THEORY OF ART CRITICISM

Evaluation of the merit or
demerit of works of art
14
 Botticelli, Birth of Venus, 1482

Zyphers

Venus
Nymph

THEORY OF ART: Is this art? Why?

15
THEORY OF ART CRITICISM: Is this art great? Why?
Model:
Simonetta
Vespucci

THEORY
OF
BEAUTY:
Is she
beautiful?
Why?

16
 Lesson 2. Aesthetic Terms and Value

REFERENCES
Resources:
Lumen Learning. Module 1: What is Art? Simple Book Production. https://courses.lumenlearning.com/atd-sac-artappreciation/chapter/oer-1-11/

Videos:
Pink Floyd, Brain Damage: The Dark Side of the Moon, Psychedelic Rock Music Video, 1972https://youtu.be/RC83q93PaqA

Traveller Erol. (May 1, 2020) Colorfully Designed Jeepneys | Interview with Jeepney Drivers. https://youtu.be/oB-9ex-kK6M

ABS-CBN News. (July 29, 2018). TV Patrol: 'Jeepney artists,' nais makahimok ng iba pang magtutuloy ng sining. https://youtu.be/3Y7d5MErJhQ

Piliin Mo Ang Pilipinas - Angeline Quinto and Vince Bueno. (Feb. 7, 2018). https://youtu.be/Xxn9cNY3Wc4

Mission Impossible: Ghost Protocol BEHIND THE SCENES - Burj Khalifa Climb (2011) HD. https://youtu.be/16BFrEBZQS4

DD News. (Jun. 29, 2016). New way of life in Japan: Minimum possessions & maximum happiness. https://youtu.be/UY8C6ogEayI

Ian Berwick. (Jan. 1, 2016). National Anthem: Japan - 君が代 *NEW VERSION* https://youtu.be/S2Vanclvh3Q

MrExctbhj. (Aug. 22, 2017). (Rare) UNOFFICIAL anthem of Philippines (1943-1945, Under Japanese rule), https://youtu.be/hTJP84w-k78

New Michael Jackson. (August 2, 2019). Michael Jackson - Beat It (30th Anniversary Celebration) (Remastered Widescreen). https://youtu.be/SipbbUxO8FQ

Felman Murillo. (Nov. 15, 2019). CONSTANT CHANGE BY JOSE MARI CHAN. https://youtu.be/L8Cus2CZURM

TheCatLadyJ. (Sep/ 2, 2015)/ What A Wonderful World - Louis Armstrong - with Lyrics. https://youtu.be/p-T6aaRV9HY

BLOUIN ARTINFO. (Oct. 23, 2013). Rene Magritte at MoMA. https://youtu.be/bpD0F9hpd68 17

 The word art is often used to apply judgments of value, as in expressions like “that
meal was a work of art” (implying that the cook is an artist) or “the art of deception” (the
advanced, praiseworthy skill of deceiving). It is this use of the word as a measure of high
value that gives the term its flavor of subjectivity.

Those features of a work that contribute to its success and importance as a work of art:
the features upon which its significance or beauty supervene. They include the form,
content, integrity, harmony, purity, or fittingness of works.

18
 1 2

Ultimate Sensation
Chart (example)
10

5
3
0 4
Sight Touch Smell Sound Taste
Picture 1 Picture 2
Picture 3 Picture 4

Design for all 5 Senses

https://www.ted.co
m/talks/jinsop_lee
_design_for_all_5
_senses#t-270024

By using the scale (rate from 1-10) , which among the pictures gives you the most satisfying sensation?
19
 Does It Have to Be Visually Pleasing or Not?

Making judgments of value requires a basis for criticism. At the simplest level, deciding
whether an object or experience is considered art is a matter of finding it to be either attractive
or repulsive. Though perception is always coloured by experience, and is necessarily
subjective, it is commonly understood that what is not somehow visually pleasing cannot be
art. However, “good” art is not always or even regularly visually pleasing to a majority of
viewers. In other words, an artist’s prime motivation need not be the pursuit of a pleasing
arrangement of form. Also, art often depicts terrible images made for social, moral, or thought-
provoking reasons.

20

Francisco de Goya, El Tres de Mayo, 1808 (The Third of
May, 1808). Image is in the public domain.
For example, the painting pictured above,
by Francisco Goya, depicts the Spanish
shootings on the third of May, 1808. It is a
graphic depiction of a firing squad executing
several pleading civilians. Yet at the same time,
the horrific imagery demonstrates Goya’s keen
artistic ability in composition and execution,
and it produces fitting social and political
outrage. Thus, the debate continues as to what
mode of aesthetic satisfaction, if any, is required
to define “art.” The revision of what is
popularly conceived of as being visually
pleasing allows for a re-invigoration of and a
new appreciation for the standards of art itself.
21
 Art is often intended to appeal to and connect with human emotion. It can arouse
aesthetic or moral feelings, and can be understood as a way of communicating these
feelings. Art may be considered an exploration of the human condition or what it is to be
human.

Factors Involved in the Judgment of Art

Seeing a rainbow often inspires an emotional reaction like delight or joy. Visceral
responses such as disgust show that sensory detection is reflexively connected to facial
expressions and to behaviors like the gag reflex. Yet disgust can often be a learned or
cultural response, too; seeing a smear of soup in a man’s beard is disgusting even though
neither soup nor beards are themselves disgusting.

Artistic judgments may be linked to emotions or, like emotions, partially embodied in
our physical reactions. Seeing a sublime view of a landscape may give us a reaction of
awe, which might manifest physically as increased heart rate or widened eyes. These
unconscious reactions may partly control, or at least reinforce, our judgment in the first
place that the landscape is sublime.
22
 Likewise, artistic judgments may be culturally conditioned to some extent. Victorians
in Britain often saw African sculpture as ugly, but just a few decades later, those same
audiences saw those sculptures as being beautiful. Evaluations of beauty may well be
linked to desirability, perhaps even to sexual desirability. Thus, judgments of art can
become linked to judgments of economic, political, or moral value. In a contemporary
context, one might judge a Lamborghini to be beautiful partly because it is desirable as a
status symbol, or we might judge it to be repulsive partly because it signifies for us over-
consumption and offends our political or moral values.

Judging the value of an artwork is often partly intellectual and interpretative. It is what
a thing means or symbolizes for us that is often what we are judging. Assigning value to
artwork is often a complex negotiation of our senses, emotions, intellectual opinions, will,
desires, culture, preferences, values, subconscious behavior, conscious decision, training,
instinct, sociological institutions, and other factors.

23
CATEGORIES OF VALUE

LOGICAL True and False

ETHICAL Good and Bad

AESTHETIC Beautiful and Ugly

24
 AESTHETICS VALUES

BEAUTIFUL UGLY
Delights Glooms

Wow! Yak!
Walastik! Eww!
Hanep! Sus!
25
 AESTHETIC VALUES ACCORDING TO THE SENSES
SENSES SENSING: Sense-Data FORMS OF ART
VISUAL ART: Painting,
SEEING: Color,
EYE Sculpture, Architecture,
Shape, Size, Motion
Dance, Drama

EARS HEARING: Sound AUDITORY ART: Music, Drama

OLFACTORY ART:
NOSE SMELLING: Odor
Perfume Making

TONGUE TASTING: Taste CULINARY ART: Cooking

TOUCHING: Texture, TACTILE ART:

SKIN
Shape, Size, Motion Sculpture, Lovemaking

IMAGI- IMAGINATIVE ART:

IMAGINING: Images
NATION Literature, Drama 26
AESTHETIC VALUES ACCORDING TO THE SENSES
SENSE-DATA BEAUTIFUL UGLY
COLOR Picturesque Blur
SHAPE Pretty Grotesque
SIZE Cute Piquant
MOTION Graceful Awkward
SOUND Lovely Droll
ODOR Fragrant Foul
TASTE Delicious Pungent
TOUCH Pleasant Harsh
IMAGE Fantastic Ridiculous 27
PICTURESQUE
Beautiful Color
https://youtu
.be/RC83q93
PaqA

Pink Floyd, Brain Damage:

The Dark Side of the Moon,
Psychedelic Rock Music
Video, 1972 28
 PICTURESQUE Beautiful Color
Kandinsky, Color Composition
Mondrian,
Composition with
Red, Yellow and
Blue, 1924

BLUR Ugly Color

Malevich
White on
White
1924

29
PICTURESQUE: Rainbow: Amorsolo, Sunset Van Gogh, Sunset in the Wheatfield
Beautiful Color in Nature ROMANTIC REALISM EXPRESSIONISM

Lichtenstein, Sinking Sun Monet, Venice at Twilight Munch, “Scream” 1894

POP ART IMPRESSIONISM EMOTIONAL EFFECT OF COLOR30
 FILIPINO
SENSE OF BEAUTY
The colorful is
beautiful.

31
 HORROR VACUI AND THE PINOY INCLINATION
FOR FILLING UP EVERY INCH OF SPACE
By Gregg S. Lloren

Horror Vacui – a Latin expression which means “fear of emptiness”

✓ Is a design principle where a preference in design and arrangements (organization) tend to
favor occupying every available spaces with objects and elements rather than leaving the
spaces empty.

✓ So to speak, it is the opposite of minimalism. The term has multiple applications across
various disciplines and is purported to date back to the time of, and principles posited by,
Aristotle.

✓ Nonetheless,, it is applied principally to describe an art style and design that leaves little or no
space. Further to this application, the principle is also oftentimes employed in a
variation of commercial media, say, newspapers, comic books, and websites.
32
 HORROR VACCUI:
Fear of Empty Space

33
 Horror Vacui
Oil on Canvas Painting by
Alfonso Ossorio

34
COLORFUL DESIGN IN PHILIPPINE FOLK ART

35
PICTURESQUE
Beautiful Color in
Philippine Art

https://yo https://youtu.
utu.be/oB- be/3Y7d5MEr
9ex-kK6M JhQ

36
37
38
39
COLORFUL
ART OF THE
PAROL

Lanterns
made of
capiz shells
with twikling
light design

40
Vinta
Badjao
Art

COLORFUL PHILIPPINE INDIGENOUS ART

41
Sarimanok Design
Maranao Art

42
 Tinalak, Tiboli Art

Tiboli Woman
Weaving Tinala’k,
(Dreamweaver)

Tinalak
Clothes

Nike Shoes with Tinala’k Design

43
 COLORFUL COSTUMES
ACCESSORIES AND DECORATION

44
 COLORFUL BANDERITAS ATI-ATIHAN FESTIVAL, KALIBO THE COLORFUL IS
DURING PHILIPPINE FIESTA KADAYAWAN FESTIVAL, DAVAO AKLAN
BEAUTIFUL

PENAGBENGA FESTIVAL, BAGUIO MASSKARA FESTIVAL,

PAHIYAS FESTIVAL, LUCBAN QUEZON
CITY BACOLOD

DINANGYANG FESTIVAL, TINALAK FESTIVAL, SOUTH COTABATO https://yout

SINULOG FESTIVAL, CEBU CITY
ILOILO u.be/Xxn9cN
Y3Wc4

Piliin Mo ang Pilipinas

Angeline Quinto
Music Video
2012
45
 PRETTY
Beautiful Shape

GROTESQUE
Ugly Shape

46
 THE BEAUTIFUL SHAPE OF A DOME

St.Peter’s Basilica, Vatican City House of Congress, Washington D.C. Taj Mahal, Agra India

Sydney Opera House, Australia

Hagia Sophia, Istanbul Turkey
47
 Sexy beautiful shape of the female body

Ingres, The Grande Odalisque Ingres, The Odalisque with a Lute Player

Mucha
Absinthe Robette
1901

STYLE
Art Nouveau
Juan Luna, The Odalisque
48
 GROTESQUE Ugly Shape

Grotesque
Venus of Face
Willendorf,
35,000 BC

Leonardo,
Grotesque
Faces, 1492

49
 CUTE
Beautiful Size

PIQUANT
Ugly Size

50
 GREEK AND WESTERN SENSE OF BEAUTY
The big is beautiful.

Colossus of Rhodes
280 BC, 100 ft. high
Statue of Zeus Statue of Liberty, 1886
435 BC, 40 ft. high 305 ft. high

51
 THE TALLEST BUILDINGS IN THE WORLD
Burj
Khalifa,
Taipei Dubai,
Sears 101, 2,772 ft.
Empire Tower, Taiwan,
State Chicago, 1,666 ft
Building, 1,450 ft.
Pyramid New York
of Kufu 1,250 ft.
Egypt,
420 ft.

52
 Burj Khalifa TALLEST BUILDING
Dubai IN THE
2,772 feet high PHILIPPINES
163 Floors

https://you
tu.be/16BF
rEBZQS4

Scene from the PBCom Tower

Making of Mission Ayala Makati City
Impossible: Ghost 790 feet high
Protocol, 2011 55 floors

53
 JAPANESE SENSE OF BEAUTY
The small is beautiful.

BONSAI
SMALLEST ORIGAMI
Miniature Tree in a Pot

Folded from a piece of

plastic film measuring
0.1 x 0.1 mm by Naito
Akira in 2004
54
 HAIKU
Japanese short poem
composed of 3 lines
with 17 syllables

An old, silent pond…

A frog jumps into the pond,
Splash! Silence again.
(Basho Matsuo) I walk across sand
And find myself blistering
In the hot, hot sun.

55
 JAPANESE SENSE OF BEAUTY
The less is beautiful ZEN PAINTING
Monk Meditating
MINIMALISM
Use of least number of elements ZEN BUDDHISM
AND MINIMALISM
ZEN PAINTING ZEN PAINTING
Landscape Bamboo
The cause of suffering in
life is attachment to material
things. The lesser the
possessions, the lesser the
suffering. So the secret to
happiness is living a simple life.

ZEN PAINTING
Circle

Video 3.2.
https://yout
u.be/UY8C6
ZEN PAINTING ogEayI
56
River
 National Anthem of Japan In the shining bright daylight
Philippine National Anthem Now the Philippines is rising
1943 WWII To be good the majestic country
built
https://yo
Rizal shed blood
utu.be/hTJ You can get it right
P84w-k78

Country's Flowers Sampagita

Now is the time to be proud
KIMIGAYO Country's Flowers Sampagita
Waka Poem Now is the time to be proud
May your reign I
794 AD NOTE: During Japanese rule, the
Continue for a thousand, official anthem was "Diwa ng Celebrate the day of founding
君が代は Bayan" which was the same People are reborn
Eight thousand generations,
千代に八千代に melody as "Lupang Hinirang" In the meantime thousands of
さざれ（細）石の Until the pebbles which was sung in Tagalog in
Grow into boulders blood tears
いわお（巌）となりて public. This is an UNOFFICIAL
こけ（苔）の生すまで Lush with moss anthem of the Japanese Laurel will continue
Philippines, proposed in Become a dreamer
Kimigayo wa December 1943. Audio
Chiyo ni yachiyo ni remastered by me, Mrexctbhj.
https://yo Title: "Song of Philippines' Praise and the day of history
Sazare-ishi no utu.be/S2
independence(" 菲 律 賓 独 立 の Divergence I hope
Iwao to narite Vanclvh3
歌”） The song has no English,
Q Praise and the day of history
Koke no musu made nor Tagalog version. Only sung in
Japanese. Divergence I hope 57
GRACEFUL
Beautiful
Motion

https://yo
utu.be/Sip
bbUxO8FQ

Michael
Jackson
Beat It
1986

58
 LOVELY Beautiful sound
DROLL Ugly sound

TIMBRE OF THE HUMAN VOICE https://you

tu.be/L8Cu
s2CZURM

FLOWING EFFECT Jose Mari Chan,

(Continuous Sound) Constant Change

https://you
tu.be/p-
TREMBLING EFFECT Louis Armstrong, T6aaRV9HY

TREMOLO OR VIBRATO It’s a Wonderful

(Vibrating Sound) World
59
 PLEASANT
Beautiful Touch

KAMA SUTRA
Art of Pleasure

60
 FANTASTIC Beautiful Image and RIDICULOUS Ugly Image

Dali, The Dream

Jacek Yerka, Quiet Balance Jacek Yerka, Brontosaurus Civitas 61

 Magritte
Fine Realities
1964

FANTASTIC OR
RIDICULOUS
IMAGES?

https://you
tu.be/bpD0
F9hpd68

Surrealist
Rene Magritte,
Documentary
2013
62
 Lesson 3. Western View of Beauty

REFERENCES
Resources
Suojanen, M. (2016). Aesthetic experience of beautiful and ugly persons: a critique. Journal of Aesthetic and Culture.
Vol 8, 2016, Issue 1. Taylor Francis Online.https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.3402/jac.v8.30529

Videos
KWolf93Garou. (May 2, 2009). Charlie Chaplin's The Tramp with benny hill theme.
https://youtu.be/DJ4opMyIU-w

Blanco, F. (Mar. 7, 2014). 10000 Japanese singing Beethoven's Ode to Joy in Osaka Japan - Oda a la alegria.
https://youtu.be/Ayw4l58IWb8

Gemtracker. (Dec, 20, 2013). Ode of Joy - Robert Bennigton.

https://youtu.be/s9JufoSaeHs

63
 THE BLIND MEN AND THE ELEPHANT.
I.
It was six men of Indostan
To learning much inclined,
Who went to see the Elephant
(Though all of them were
blind),
That each by observation
Might satisfy his mind.
II.
The First approached the
Elephant,
And happening to fall
Against his broad and sturdy
side,
At once began to bawl:
"God bless me!—but the
Elephant
Is very like a wall!"
A HINDOO FABLE.
III.
The Second, feeling of the tusk,
Cried: "Ho!—what have we here
So very round and smooth and
sharp?
To me 't is mighty clear
This wonder of an Elephant
Is very like a spear!"
IV.
The Third approached the
animal,
And happening to take
The squirming trunk within his
hands,
Thus boldly up and spake:
"I see," quoth he, "the Elephant
Is very like a snake!"
V.
The Fourth reached out his eager
hand,
And felt about the knee.
"What most this wondrous beast
is like
Is mighty plain," quoth he;
"'T is clear enough the Elephant
Is very like a tree!"
VI.
The Fifth, who chanced to touch
the ear,
Said: "E'en the blindest man
Can tell what this resembles
most;
Deny the fact who can,
This marvel of an Elephant
Is very like a fan!"
64
 VII.
The Sixth no sooner had begun
About the beast to grope,
Than, seizing on the swinging tail
That fell within his scope,
"I see," quoth he, "the Elephant
Is very like a rope!"

VIII.
And so these men of Indostan
Disputed loud and long,
Each in his own opinion
Exceeding stiff and strong,
Though each was partly in the right,
And all were in the wrong!

MORAL.
So, oft in theologic wars In your own opinion, which among your senses can
The disputants, I ween, describe beauty better? Why? What moral lesson can
Rail on in utter ignorance you relate from your answer?
Of what each other mean,
And prate about an Elephant
Not one of them has seen! 65
 The question of whether or not beauty exists in nature is a philosophical problem. In
particular, there is the question of whether artworks, persons, or nature has aesthetic qualities.
Most people say that they care about their own beauty. Moreover, they judge another person's
appearance from an aesthetic point of view using aesthetic concepts. However, aesthetic
judgements are not objective in the sense that the experience justifies their objectivity.
If there are no aesthetic qualities in the world, nobody can judge someone beautiful or ugly
without oppression. Aesthetic judgement is exercise of power.

66
 Aesthetics examines the nature of art, beauty, and taste, with the creation and
appreciation of beauty. Non-Western cultures have also created their own unique
aesthetics, which exists in many different forms and styles. However, it is not easy to say
what is beautiful or ugly. People have different opinions and judgements about what is
beautiful or ugly. You may think that Salvador Dalí's paintings are great. Nevertheless, it
has been argued that aesthetic perception, or experience, is objective in the sense that
aesthetic qualities belong to natural phenomena, human persons, and artworks.
According to that argument, non-aesthetic and aesthetic qualities exist in an object, and
they can be experienced.

67
 The Earl of Shaftesbury wrote in 1711 that “we cannot deny the common sense of
beauty.” David Hume, however, disagreed and thought that beauty is not a feature that
belongs to reality independent of feeling and sentiment. For David Hume, a Scottish
philosopher (1711-1776)

“there is no beauty or ugliness inherent in paintings, novels, or fashion models.

Therefore, the relationship of experience to aesthetic qualities leads to a challenging
problem, which can be expressed in the question of whether there are beautiful or ugly
persons in the world.”

If there are no aesthetic qualities in the world, nobody can perceive someone to be
beautiful or ugly without arriving at the contradiction. Those in power reflect their own
aesthetic values to people and art in general.
Plato thought that beautiful objects have harmony or unity in their parts. Similarly,
Aristotle considered that the features of beauty are order and symmetry.

68
 Who among them do you consider beautiful and ugly?

Simonneta A Samburo
Vespucci in the Woman from
Venus Paintings Kenya, Africa
by Botticelli

Nikki Zeiring,
Dalagang International
Pilipina in Supermodel
Amorsolo’s Vogue
Painting Magazine
2001

69
 Leonardo Tom Cruise,
Grotesque Hollywood
Face of Actor Time
Scaramuccia Magazine
1492 2003

Durer Van Gogh

Self-Portrait Self-Portrait
1500 1886

70
 According to art critics, there are
14 DEGREES OF AESTHETIC VALUES
1. SUBLIME purely delights
B
2. GRAND delights and awes
E
3. ELEGANT delights and impresses
A
4. CHARMING delights and attracts
U
5. COMIC delights and entertains
T
6. TRAGIC delights and saddens
Y
7. TERRIBLE delights and fears
8. SCARRY glooms and fears
U 9. HORRIBLE glooms and saddens
G 10. BIZARRE glooms and entertains
L 11. POIGNANT glooms and attracts
Y 12. PERVERSE glooms and impresses
13. RUSTIC glooms and awes
14. PATHETIC purely glooms 71
 Larry Alcala, Splice of Life
Sotein, Mad Woman 1922 CHARLIE CHAPLIN The Tramp
COMIC Delights and Entertains
COMIC

https://y
outu.be/
DJ4opMyI
U-w

Sotein Carcass
of Beef, 1925

SCARRY
Glooms BIZARRE
and fears Glooms and
Sotein, Woman in Red, 1922 Entertains
72
Damien Hirst ,This little piggy went to market, Damien Hirst ,This little piggy went to market, Hirst God Alone
this little piggy stayed at home (1996), this little piggy stayed at home (1996), Knows, 2007
INSTALLATION ART INSTALLATION ART

Gericault, After Death, 1721 Bernini, Ecstasy of St. Therese, 1592

Kalo, My Birth, 1932 RUSTIC Glooms and awes SUBLIME Purely delights 73
 GRAND
Delights and awes
https://yout
u.be/Ayw4l5
8IWb8

Beethoven
Choral: Ode to Joy
From the Ninth Symphony
Performed by Choir and https://you
tu.be/oWG
ZdYNpaSo
Orchestra of 10,000 Members
Osaka, Japan Comic
2014 Version 74
 Lesson 4. The Eastern Art

REFERENCES
Readings
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. (2020). Beauty.
https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/beauty/

SlideShare. (2011). A concise history of western art.

https://www.slideshare.net/spiller37/a-concise-history-of-western-art

75
 Did you know that painting started from prehistoric men?

Early Paintings
Prehistoric men used:
red ochre

black pigment

Often showed hunting scenes of man chasing various animals

were drawn on the walls of caves, blocks of stones, etc.
Some are found in China.
76
 Since Eastern aesthetics is traditionally concerned with the art of living, Eastern
philosophers may prefer to use the term "living' Aesthetics" or "Aesthetics of Living."
"Everyday life" tends to designate only an aspect of human existence, while "the Art of
Living" acknowledges the presence of the aesthetic throughout human experiences.
This amounts to saying that there is a deep-rooted tradition of living aesthetics in the
East. Whether it is Chinese literary art or folk art, Japanese chado or gardening, or
Korean porcelain or folk painting, all are part of the artistic expression of living
aesthetics. For that matter, aesthetic traditions as such in many cultures have been passed
on, without discontinuity, since ancient times, and today these traditions have undergone
a creative transformation with heightened attention to living aesthetics in everyday life
experiences.

78
 More importantly, Chinese Confucian/Taoist aesthetics and Indian Zen
aesthetics, among others, are essential sources of living aesthetics in East
Asian cultures. The same can be said of aestheticians from the East, who
believe that Chinese, Japanese and Korean traditional aesthetics offer a
"prototype" of living aesthetics. For example, it is important to note that,
living aesthetics, or the idea of artful life, constitutes the fundamental
paradigm of Chinese classical aesthetics, whose primary sources are
Confucian aesthetics and Taoist aesthetics, with Zen aesthetics as a later
addition.

79
 Country
Painting Subjects

JAPAN KOREA
What are the
Painting 1. scenes from everyday life
Subjects of East
Asian 2. narrative scenes crowded
countries? with figures and details
1. landscape paintings
2. Minhwa (the traditional
folk painting)
Important Aspects in East Asian Painting CHINA 3. four gracious plants
(plum blossoms,
Landscape painting was 1. flowers and birds orchids or wild
regarded as the highest form 2. landscapes
of Chinese painting. orchids,
3. palaces and temples chrysanthemums, and
Three concepts of Chinese arts: 4. human figures
a. Heaven bamboo)
b. Earth 5. animals 4. bamboo
c. Humankind (Yin-Yang) 6. bamboos and stones 5. portraits
Light / Bright / Sun
Strong / Assertive Toah
Dry / Hot / Fire Korea
Male
Shutou Sansui-zu Sesshu
Positive Charge (Winter landscape)
Heaven Japan
Spring and Summer

Yang

Shen Zhou
(Poet on Mountain)
Yin China

Dark / Moon
Recessive / Nurturing
Damp / Cool / Water
Female
Negative Charge
Earth
Autumn and Winter
 Important Aspects in East Asian Painting

➢ Silk was often used as the medium to paint upon, but it was quite expensive.
➢ Cai Lun invented paper in the 1st century A.D.
➢ The invention of paper provided not only a cheap and widespread medium for writing, but
painting became more economical.
➢ The ideologies of Confucianism, Daoism, and Buddhism played important roles in East Asian
art.
➢ Chinese art expresses the human understanding of the relationship between nature and humans.
➢ The history of Korean painting dates to 108 C.E., when it appears as an independent form.
➢ It is said that until the Joseon Dynasty the primary influence of Korean paintings were Chinese
paintings.
➢ Mountains and water are important features in Korean landscape painting because it is a site for
building temples and buildings.
➢ Landscape painting represents both a portrayal of nature itself and a codified illustration of the
human view of nature and the world.
 Calligraphy
➢ Painting is closely related to calligraphy among the
Chinese people. What is calligraphy?
➢ To the Chinese, calligraphy is the art of beautiful
handwriting.
➢ Traditional painting involves essentially the same
techniques as calligraphy and is done with a brush dipped
in black or colored ink; oils are not used. Paintings can be mounted on scrolls, such
➢ In calligraphy, the popular materials which paintings are as hanging or hand scrolls, album sheets,
made of are paper and silk. walls, lacquerware, folding screens, and
➢ Poets write their calligraphy on their paintings. other media

Cangjie
- is the legendary inventor of Chinese writing
- got his ideas from observing animals’ footprints and birds’
claw marks on the sand as well as other natural phenomena
 Architecture
➢ Why do temples and buildings in China, Japan, and Korea have
sweeping roofs?
➢ East Asian temples and houses have sweeping roofs because they
believe that it will protect them from the elements of water, wind,
and fire.
➢ Buddhists believed that it helped ward off evil spirits which were
deemed to be straight lines.
➢ The figures at the tips are called roof guards.

Main Types of Roofs

➢ Straight-inclined- are more economical for common Chinese
architecture
➢ Multi-inclined- roofs with two or more sections inclined are used
for residences of wealthy Chinese
➢ Sweeping- have curves that rise at the corners of the roofs
- usually reserved for temples and palaces
 Woodblock Printing
➢ Woodblock printing is a technique for printing text, images, or
patterns used widely throughout East Asia.
➢ It originated in China as a method of printing on textiles but
eventually became a method for printing on paper.
➢ This method was adapted in Japan during the Edo period (1603
– 1867) and became one of their oldest and most highly
developed visual arts.
➢ The most common theme in Japan for printmaking describes
scenes from everyday life. It narrates the scene and is often
packed with figures and detail.

Ukiyo-e The Great Wave

Off Kanagawa
➢ Japanese for “pictures of the floating world” Kanagawa-oki
➢ the best known and most popular style of Nami-ura
Japanese art Japan
➢ related to the style of woodblock print
making that shows scenes of harmony and
carefree everyday living
 Theatrical Performances
Paintings in East Asia do not only apply on paper, silk and wood.
Face Painting (Uses their faces as the canvass for painting.)
1. Kabuki / Kesho (Japan)
-is already in itself an interpretation of the actor’s own role through the medium of the
facial features
2. Peking Opera /(Jingju Lianpu (China)
-is done with different colors in accordance with the performing characters’ personality
and historical assessment
-Hero type characters are normally painted in relatively simple colors.
-Enemies, bandits, rebels and others have more complicated designs on their faces.
-It is a traditional special way of make-up in Chinese operas in pursuit of the expected
effect of performance.
-Originally, Lianpu is called the false mask.
3. Mask painting (Korea)
-called tal or t’al
-originated with religious meaning just like the masks of other countries which also have
religious or artistic origins
-Korea has a rich history of masks.
* They use it in funeral services to help banish evil spirits and theatre plays dating
back to the prehistoric age.
-Masks were also used for shamanistic rites.
* By the 12th century, the masks became part of elaborate dances and dramas.
 Meaning of Colors for Face Painting (China)

Guan Ju Huang Pang Zhu Wen

Yellow signifies Jiang Gan
Red indicates A green face tells the
fierceness, ambition, -The clown or chou in Chinese Opera has
devotion,courage, audience that the special makeup patterns called
bravery, uprightness, and cool- character is not only
headedness. xiaohualian (the petty painted face).
and loyalty. impulsive and violent,
he also lacks self- -Sometimes a small patch of chalk is
restraint. painted around the nose to show a
mean and secretive character.

-At times, the xiaohualian is also painted on

a young page or jesting to enliven up
the performance.

Zhang Fei Lian Po Cao Cao

Black symbolizes roughness Purple stands for White suggests treachery,
and fierceness. The uprightness and cool- suspiciousness and
black face indicates headedness. While a craftiness. It is
either a rough and bold reddish purple face common to see the NOTE:
character or an impartial indicates a just and white face of the Gold and silver colors are usually
and selfless personality. noble character. powerful villain on used for gods and spirits.
stage.
 Kabuki Makeup / Kesho of Japan

Types of Kabuki Makeup

1. Standard Makeup
- applied to most actors
2. Kumadori Makeup
- applied to villains and heroes
Colors in Kabuki Makeup
-It is composed of very dramatic lines and shapes using colors that represent certain qualities.
Black Pink
- fear - youth

Light Green
- Calm

Purple
- nobility

Dark Red Dark Blue

- passion or anger - depression or sadness
 The Roles of Colors in Korean Masks
* Some masks have moving parts like winking or shifting eyes and moving mouths.
* To further add to the lifelike features of the masks, black fabric is draped from the top of the mask over the
wearer's head to simulate hair.

Black, Red, and White
bright and vibrant colors that help
establish the age and race of the figure
Half Red and Half White Mask
symbolize the idea that the wearer
has two fathers, Mr. Red and Mr.
White
Dark-faced Mask
indicates that the character was born of
an adulterous mother
 Paper Arts, Knot tying and Kite flying

❖ What are the paper arts of China, Japan, and Korea? Who invented paper?
❖ Paper has a great function in the development of arts not only in East Asia but all over the world.
❖ Paper was first invented by Cai Lun of the Eastern Han Dynasty in China.
❖ It is indeed one of the greatest contributions of ancient China in the development of arts.
 Paper Arts of China
The earliest document showing paper folding is a picture of a small paper
boat in an edition of Tractatus de Sphaera Mundi from 1490 by Johannes de
Sacrobosco.

Burning of Yuanbao
❖ In China, traditional funerals include burning yuanbao which is a folded
paper that look like gold nuggets or ingots called Sycee.
❖ is also used for other ceremonial practices
❖ is commonly done at their ancestors’ graves during the Ghost Festival

Sycee
❖ Is a type of silver or gold ingot currency used in China until the 20th
century
❖ The name is derived from the Cantonese words meaning “fine silk”
❖ The gold paper is/was folded to look like a sycee.
❖ Today, imitation gold sycees are used as a symbol of prosperity by
Chinese and are frequently displayed during Chinese New Year.
 Origami
❖ Came from ori meaning “folding” and kami meaning “paper”
❖ is the traditional Japanese art of paper folding
❖ started in the 17th century A.D. and was popularized internationally in the mid-1900s
❖ Goal: To transform a flat sheet of paper into a finished sculpture through folding and
sculpting techniques without cutting as much as possible
Paper Crane

Paper crane
is the best known Japanese origami.
 Paper Cutting

❖ Usually symmetrical in design when unfolded

❖ adapts the 12 animals of the Chinese Zodiac as themes and motifs
❖ mostly chooses the red color
❖ The process of paper cutting is aided by a pair of scissors or knife and
other sharp flat cutters.

❖ Chinese Buddhists believe that hanging “Window Flowers” or decorative

paper cuttings attract good luck and drive away evil spirits.

❖ Jianzhi is the first type of paper cutting design, since paper was invented
by the Chinese. The cut outs are also used to decorate doors and windows.
They are sometimes referred to as chuāng huā, meaning “window flower.”
 Kite Making

❖ A kite is an assembled or joined aircraft that was traditionally made of silk or paper
with a bowline and a resilient bamboo.
❖ Today, kites can be made out of plastic.
❖ Kites are flown for recreational purposes, display of one’s artistic skills.
❖ Chinese kites originated in Wei Fang, Sandong.
❖ According to Joseph Needham, kite is one of the important contributions of
Chinese in science and technology.
Categories of Chinese Kites
1. Centipede kites
2. Hard-winged kites
3. Soft-winged kites
4. Flat kites
 Knot Tying

❖ In Korea, decorative knot work is known as maedeup or called dorae or double

connection knot, often called Korean knot work or Korean knots.

❖ Zhongguo is the Chinese decorative handicraft art that began as a form of Chinese
folk art in theTang and Song Dynasty (960-1279 AD) in China.

❖ In Japan, knot tying is called hanamusubi. It emphasizes on braids and focuses on

individual knots.
 Lesson 5. The Filipino Aesthetics Worldview

REFERENCES
Readings
Philosophy Faculty Research and Publications. (2014). Introduction to Aesthetics of Everyday Life: East and
West. https://epublications.marquette.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1449&context=phil_fac

Wikipedia. (2020). Arts in the Philippines. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arts_in_the_Philippines

Jocano, Landa F (2001). “Aesthetic Dimension,” in Filipino Worldview, Quezon City: PUNLAD Research House,
2001. pp.135-144.

Mercado, L. (1994). Kagandahan: Beauty vis-a-vis Truth and Good. The Filipino Mind: Philippine Philosophical
Studies II. Cultural Heritage and Contemporary Change Series III, Asia, Volume 8.
http://www.crvp.org/publications/Series-III/III-8.pdf

Videos
Maganda kaba???- https://youtu.be/GYar6rGbukM
96
 3

1 2

4
5

Which among the

pictures do you consider
an artwork that gives
greater influence to
Philippine art? Explain

97
 Filipino Aesthetics Worldview

What is the relationship between beauty and truth, as well as between beauty and the good?
We know from scholastic philosophy that beauty, together with one, being, good, and truth are
transcendentals such that they are interchangeable. So what is beautiful is truth, is good, is
being, is one.
However, thought is concrete. Can a concrete way of thinking also be metaphysical? If
being is one of the transcendentals, the Philippine languages have no perfect translation for
being. Likewise, being is not the main concern of Filipino thought. Is kagandahan (beauty) also
interchangeable with the other transcendentals in Filipino thought? What are the educational and
pastoral applications of beauty?
We said elsewhere that aesthetics has two views on beauty: beauty as dualistic and beauty as
non-dualistic. Beauty as dualistic stems from individualism. Western art, which in general
stresses the individual, has man as the focus of its art. We said “in general” because there are
also Western philosophers who espouse the non-dualistic view. This is not the case of Oriental
art (such as Chinese paintings) where man is just part of the picture. The Filipino shares the non-
dualistic way of looking at beauty, wherein he and the object ideally become one.
98
 ANALYSIS OF AESTHETIC TERMS
ACCORDING TO FILIPINO
ANTHROPOLOGY

Pagkataong Filipino and the

COVAR Concepts of Labas and Loob

The Beautiful Personhood

(Ang Magandang Pagkatao) Filipino Worldview:
Ethnography of Local
Knowledge, 2001
JOCANO Filipino Aesthetic Worldview
By F. Landa Jocano
Filipino Anthropologist

ANTHROPOLOGICAL
THEORY
Historical Particularism
Cultural Relativism
99
Cognitive Theory
 A way people look at the universe
WORLDVIEW
People’s picture of the universe that lies
deep in the heart of culture

Worldview
=
Language

A system of symbols and meanings people

CULTURE use to organize their ideas which they
express through language

LANGUAGE Contains words that carries culture.

Analysis of the meaning of words in a language is analysis

of the form of culture on which lies people’s worldview
100
 DIMENSIONS OF FILIPINO WORLDVIEW
1.Natural Dimension 6. Ethical Dimension
2.Biological Dimension 7. Moral Dimension
3.Communal Dimension 8. Aesthetic Dimension
4.Social Dimension 9. Teleological Dimension
5.Normative Dimension 10. Ideological Dimension

GANDA (Beauty)
❖ The primary Filipino aesthetic term “Sum total of katangian (traits) of anything that gives the highest pleasure
to the senses.”
❖ Relative term since its use defends on the judgment of the beholder.
❖ When applied to person, ganda involves both physical appearance (ayos) and social character (ugali).
❖ Ganda then is about the “totality of the person,” both his pagkataong panlabas (physical appearance) and his
pagkataong panloob (social behavior).
❖ Ganda and buti (good) are interchangeable terms so that whatever is maganda is also mabuti. Aesthetic taste
involves moral judgement.

GANDA BUTI
(Beauty) = (Good) 101
 AESTHETICS OF FILIPINO PERSONHOOD
(ESTETIKA NG PAGKAKATAONG FILIPINO)

Maayos
(Pagkataong Panlabas)
Beautiful physical appearance
Pagkataong Maganda Kanais-nais
Pareho sa Labas at Loob = Desirable,
Mabuti ang Ugali (Beautiful Personhood) Valuable
(Pagkataong Panloob)
Good social behavior

https://you
tu.be/GYar
6rGbukM 102
CATEGORIES OF GANDA GANDA
(Beauty)

DILAG ALINDOG RIKIT

(Gorgeousness) (Charm) (Loveliness)
Ganda that is Feminine attribute
overwhelming of being attractive The form of beauty
that glows

RANGYA DINGAL KINANG NINGNING

(Grandeur) (Magnificence) (Radiance) (Luster)
Gorgeous display of Gorgeous display of
ganda in cosmetics, The charm of being
ganda in appearance
jewelry or attire gentle and docile Kinang, ningning,
speech, action
kintab and
LAMBING AMO luningning all
(Affection) (Gentleness) refer to glittering
beauty
Affectionate feminine attractive
behavior and ways of speaking.
Implies orderliness, INAM Wholesomeness in appearance KINTAB LUNINGNING
neatness or fineness (Goodness) or act that draws the attention (Radiance) (Luster)
of perceiver.
Sparkling beauty, like
Masculine atrributes of handsomeness enthusiasm or excitement

KISIG GILAS KISLAP 103

(Proportion) (Symmetry) (Radiance)
 THE PHENOMENON OF GANDA
As an affective phenomenon As behavioral, ethical phenomenon
Ganda is judged in terms of the emotion or the Ganda is judged in terms of action, public appearance
sentiment it evokes from the perceiver or human relation (ugali)
NAKAKABIGHANI: Ganda evokes desirability MAHINHIN: It is coy, dainty, demure
NAKAKAAKIT: It attracts MABAIT: It is good-natured, considerate
NAKAKATAWAG NG PANSIN: It calls attention MAGALANG: it is respectful or polite

As an olfactory sense phenomenon As a physical phenomenon

Ganda is judge through scent or sense of smell Ganda is judge as a concrete entity with physical
NANANATILI O NAMAMALAGI: Ganda makes its attributes
presence felt (amoy bagong paligo) MAKINIS ANG BALAT: Smooth skin
MALINIS: It fells or smells clean (malinis MAAMO ANG MUKHA: Gentle, docile face
haplusin/amoy-malinis MATIPUNO ANG KATAWAN: Healthy body
SARIWA: It smells or fells fresh (amoy-sariwa, MATIKAS ANG TINDIG:
amoy-pinipig)
Ganda is judge as the ability to
As a capability phenomenon perform work or do things
MASIPAG MAGTRABAHO: Industrious
MAGALING MAGLUTO: A good cook
104
MAHUSAY KUMANTA: A good singer
 MASIPAG MAAMO
MAGTRABAHO MAKISIG ANG MUKHA MARANGYA

MATIPUNO MAHUSAY MARIKIT MAALINDOG

ANG KATAWAN MAGPINTA
105
"[The women I paint should have] a rounded face…. The eyes should be exceptionally lively, not the dreamy, sleepy type…. The nose
should be of the blunt form but firm and strongly marked.... The ideal Filipina beauty should not necessarily be white complexioned,
nor of the dark brown color of the typical Malayan, but of the clear skin or fresh colored type which we often witness when we met a
blushing girl.“
-FERNANDO AMORSOLO

Amorsolo, Girl with Amorsolo, Girl Amorsolo, The Smiling Amorsolo, Girl on a Amorsolo, Woman in Amorsolo, The Fruit
a Basket of Fruits Taking a Bath Palay Maiden Bath a Tobacco Field Gatherer

All societies have aesthetic standards for appreciating things. This

Amorsolo, Girl with Amorsolo, Dalagang Amorsolo, Girl with
a Coconut Filipina a Jar appreciation is essentially a collective formation, deeply embedded in
symbols and meanings of society. These symbols and meanings are
closely associated with the people’s concept of ganda as this
materializes in their ways of experiencing the world or rationalizing
their relationship with it. Ganda may be viewed not only as an
emotion experienced in the encounter of what is pleasurable but also
as a particular cast of mind out in the world of objects.
106
-Jocano, Filipino Worldview
 INDIVIDUAL ACTIVITY
INSTRUCTIONS
a. The process on making your artwork should be done inside the classroom.
b. Use ¼ illustration board for the activity.
c. You can use any of the following painting materials:
✓ regular paints like poster paints
✓ water-based paints but not quick dry enamel
✓ acrylic paints
✓ oil paints
d. Submit over the Google Classroom the final pictures of your artwork with a selfie.

CHOOSE ONLY ONE

1. Make a horror vacui painting that shows the Filipino concept of space and beauty.
2. Make a minimalist painting that shows the Japanese concept.
3. Write your selected verse or message in calligraphic style then affix your nickname at the right corner below your
artwork with the use of Chinese brush/ small brush and water color.

DR. ALLAN C. ORATE, UE

107
Examples for Minimalism with calligraphy
Examples for Horror Vacui
 RUBRICS FOR CHAPTER 4 ACTIVITY

Excellent Good Fair Needs Improvement

CRITERIA
(16-20 points) (11-15 points) (6-10 points) (1-5)

The application of the

Application of the The application of the The concept is correctly The concept is wrongly
concept is correct but only
concept of horror vacui / concept is correct in the applied to the large part of applied to the whole
in the small part of the
minimalism / calligraphy whole composition the composition. composition
composition

There are some parts of the Many parts of the The whole composition
Aesthetic value of the The whole composition is
composition that are not composition are not is not pleasing to look
composition very pleasing to look at.
pleasing to see. pleasing to see. at.

DR. ALLAN C. ORATE, UE

110