36

smaller power, by
clean
Two 1. 6. 5. 4. The 3. Methylated 2. 1. the Note C.
kept results. the be medial Squeezing will disposable
Indiscarded The toSpirit c. b. a.
(alcohol) This isBut free The 5.2: d.
meticulously All infants, ensure Sterilization
spread.
tends to If when high immersion.
onl y the to When
be 3. 2. 1. Numerical " "
tationary collected
the
mix
finger-prick
first the th e flowfinger
COLLECTION that condenser
beused used, is In
between
iris diaphragm
mirror When mirror When
Amount Refractive
objective The
or with because: th e center case
5.3: finger power
precautionslateral
capillary drop finger of higher centralwhen examined firsttrying diaphragm isthe
diameter
grease-free of as lancet free blood
spirit is must the of isthe
DRAWING
on
blood the
the is it
or flow isshould
is FINGER-PRICKING objective one
and
as to iris
oil-immersion e object used,object ofand aperture
thused,
followed part bloodfingermixed should moist, be magnification it is light index
a should
two hemolysis. causes not following portion then locate keptthe at highest partially the
diaphragm the and
filter may blood appliedwarmed switches allows
can is is
of of of effective OF the is passing
glass
collecting the may andmust with ofblood. be blood, absolutely
be examined be an partially focused condenser focused object. depends focal
of
paper. be blood be CAPILLARY as viewing
A
altered as of located condenserand closed. the
slidesBLOOD plantar dilute tissue sufficiently puncture to by t h
the frome object, length
otherwise be be used. A insteadunless the is
position.
highest
objective, is lowest through inmedium
This obtained coming rubbing. lowpower
viewing
used. a by athe kept closed. in on:
avoided sterile finger islow
leadingcapillary
are it. fluid. low quickly,
erroneous to surface dr y high large high kept of
is FILM
used. ofthe of low fully positions is power, the the
called finger. BLOOD power
composition by out 22G deep forming finger before for This area power area. plane power, low lens.between lens. Section
kept
blood of as
sterilization. field power open
the
One pricking
the tissue should needle (3-5 to brought and the
pricking.
is facilitates becomes is a The mirror midway concave concave
a BY viewedhigher and should and and the
smear slide should heel.
mm) drop, dry. 2:
fluid area the iris the
is of the be or oil to the is Practical

9. 8. 7. spreader
Thebe slide 6. 5. 4. 3. 2.
placelarge of
should If c. b. a.the produces the the blood The
blood The (Fig. drop 45° near The blood some
small-sized o0zing
should The
smooth. The film.other slide Hematology
a which is Uneven The this,
After Tail
excess Rouleaux
The drop slide onblood
left spreaderspreader finger
spreading slide as
esulting spreader
not blood
blood spreads drop. 5.3A). lies the the filmblood
in beout the Drawinga
5.3A:Fig.
dropblood the in within edge. Body
of the
betonoto formation
distribution
blood filmmoderately athe left dropmedium-sized. is
is placed is
is calledblood
may uniform
movement
blood Blood slide
slide drawn smear pricked
blood), applied
in is slide should air. along side The still movement).
directionsof
the is edge
roneouscollected fast clot. on smear
should the film is is
the now wil then acutespreader of put andwhereas left on the
uneven onnor of of spread th e on ataseptically the of
spreader
red slide
whichrapid, whole this the will blood
at1 tthe too be WBC drawn moved moved angleblood the the A
glass
ferential spreaderthe gives smaller if be film
Head
distribution tail slow.moved
cells.
in
as shouldlength along created slideglass tail the
is spreader
drawn
delay
the rapidly rightward
a drop erroneous of drop slide. slide (arrows
prompt ly little the slide
is and
end To o smear. kept the drop
may be of so The
count. nslide. of much
at
dried side-to-side the edge by
that at onsmearblood wil drop drop
of a slide draws on show
the. uniform the the this Blood
droç Spreader
ir

ofWBCs film
resul
fafter bymoved edge. touchti the
of to two the anresults. produce:
right after of of
should the slide.
take (asi pres ut' sper' placi: wa towat u s slide bloo:angled si: the largeis blo: blo. b blo, T
 19. 3A
1. celsA 5. 4.
\0staining.
aigproper
The Prope pH
ldeally the
eishman equal
Addition aecellsFixation counted.
and IWet The . .
minutes.through
shuny
for stain
preventing me. Staining
he Stain
t
kept Ihree cellsdelay carwaring
e
Drying
Methylalcohol--fixative acetone cel eg.
Eosin--cidicHb
l
h Leishman's
omponents
eytoplasm. Methylene A d.
thin. sltide. The Anmhie suda The
saller
mixture
ionizationbuffer numberwaiting
Tasare
they
slide
should covers on or inthat
the four drying it inwiped
getsmear,
s smear Thereshould be
tongue-shaped should idead anglbee
mixing
greenish particles. stain) preserved rack
in of S.4: smear
ThisPasteur a
of of water waater
of
for had
occurs
the the
first mustcover
tstand.
he
glass
isthe
not air the when must
which
granules.andgranules blue-a
eosinophilic
stain
STAINING
slhould be
blo d abetboutween
is
stain the of
of
are 14-2d at film whole results
damaged smear
or off
be dye of
beuniform
should filmangle 45".
scumstain. drops the because 12-2 beonlyLeishman's stained, may contains:
called
ppirpettestain
should Thisafter added at
thebeing slides passing during completely
the
no
and minutes time horizontal. the smear. in should cause which cell, character-
shoulresults
d es Athe
ining floating
with fixation
essential
is
distilled
of
same minutes, shrunken washing. inbasic striations cOver greatersmear
be to washed with by does basophils. A and
ofproteins e.g.
distilled or used. the smear.Number stain excessive quickly be lysis instains
function. BLOOD 50-of have anglein
allowing
DNA dye
droppe. water staining
chemical I
time. on
on .Its causes for
smear.
water off. which The
good
is
quickly not dry of with neither -75%
or the thin a slide
is the Slides addedblood and overa betore cell
stick
basic which gaps
water aided pHentry fixation
(same as Atare smear of deformedheat). done membrane. It nucleus,
of
FILM fading a too following smear.causes
and
stain is and the is the
6.8,
ionization metabolic called placed drops drop flame to components stains
in
spreader
is by of precipitated
same smears by it must the thick length
keptblowingindicates the stain to is Too glass is tail. thick a
fixationfixed to added by vigorous stained. be film.
thatoccur,
of on drop (taking
bloodmuch RNAacidic nor
ideal into time, slide, free smear
or of the
is
are
too of slide
of of in the
Sahlis
It
onsistsIMPORTANT
APPARATUS I. H. G. E
5. 4. 3. 2. 1. 12.
C. B. E. D. Causes
percentage. cellsWhen
L=Lymphocytes, follows:
N
Different b. a. The
binometer ot
leukemia.
Basophilia:
Monocytopenia: therapy.
Monocytosis: lymphocytic
leukemia.
Lymphopenia: andEosinophilia:
Eosinopenia:
infestations.
Lymphocytosis: typhoid
fever.
Neutropenia:
corticosteroid
therapy,
Neutrophilia:
i.
etc.fever, stress,
Pathological:
Physiological: cold,
etc.
i. A.
Neutrophils,
are
=
increased
microscope
film.the of atacross the AsTo large A
end,
at
(Eosinophils the The counting
Then in At
tap the tology
the of 100
the smear,prevent stained it end
water
counted.
variation neutrophils
typestail-end extreme square is
llowing ESTIMATION5.6:HB myocardial squares
cells the DIFFERENTIAL COUNT 5.5: dried. of
Chikenpov numbers length
on this
counting
in
smear which
staining,
Malaria, Corticosteroid
Bone
Chronic Drug-induced,
Allergic WBCs
of
the longitudinal
ends eliminates this
in containing
a
things: (Fig. Aplastic Acute in This and
E while and are
marrow Exercise,
differential are slide of should
infarction, gives M= = in more of themanner of is
the
S.64) and pyogenic Eosinophils,
filled monocytes
are the the
should looked
anemmd kala intections,conditions Monocytes. lymphocytes
entered concentrated head, variation
middle
slide. the 100 not film
nthuenza. failue therapy. pregnancy, count: the up, includes zig-zag
same small
azat directly
should
viral infection, be for
and leukemia,
uremia. differential
individual are countedtail WBC squares
and eg infections. intopart.)
or ofthmanner:
e WBCs
ortkOsteoxtand B more strike be
mooCte uberuiosts = the are toward near cell twice.
entire gently
parasit:e emotional
rheumatic present except
distribution
countBasophils.
tvpes
squares numerous the
under
drawn.
is the
length washed
and head edgesthose smear.
in of as the
in of 37
 3. ProcedureDropper.stirrer.
Giass 4.
5. Hemoglobin 3. 1. 38
eachdistilled
mixture Chemicalfornixturerinsed is is procedure 2. 1. 2.
The
might into The There mark to The ilumination
theHemoglobin
slot. g% brown-tnted Comparator:
Atube.On with
the blown N/I9HCl
dipped a
graduations white
drop. hemogiobin finger
the rubber readings(0-24) a
reacions several chot with
is
is
water
reactions
is out
inside no glass central
This well then hemoglobin
upinside and two
should is bulb 20 tube
stirred is stirred
process times into to
2
punctured (which pipette: are the on during glass
tube: is sides siot It Standard
added to this g% tube the quite with opposite fitted is oolored
betake this taken other for a glass
to N/10 pipette be It
color plates of
compiete.place withexpelfluid. mark.
with
is should prompt stands a It
mouthpiece.
unlike is at the plastic
accommodating
into pipette is
through side closed the
inued aseptically a sides.
matching. are slot,
the the the all The HCl The for long is back box, Comparator
and rendering be the graduated present
glass the and tip illed as up One at two
help tube hemoglobin 20glass th e
After 10 RBC mm) one rectangular
of
until of contained stirrer. hemoglobin
of
biood otherwise
up
toand The
transparent side standard
the for
minutes
by the
or pipette
he this,
the tdrops beforehand unfit it blood
contained inscribed stem in is
end slotcolor the 5.6A:
Fig.
20 WBC %
stirrer N/10 graduated and hemoglobin
for Section
are blood. has Hb matching.
color pipette for tmark.
he is pipette.connected nonfading in
and allowed
HCI pipette use.blood sucked a (0-170).
front hasuniform
of single shape, Sahli's
after on Hemoglobinometer 2:
the the or The is in with The
it. of in
two 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Practical
it
hemoglobinometer. tube

hematin 2. 1. 5. 4.
C. Disadvantages:
b. notAdvantages
Ita.quick,
easy blood distilled maymark, POINTS IfNOTE TO
previous
process
discarded and a After
added. remembered
outside
outside outHolding is mixture
standard
4 6 10 12 14 16 18 20 22gm% Hematology
is rise a
Inmethod mark, On N/10 taken
based sulfhemoglobin, (cvanmethe
Chance accurate
method).
moreglobin
these of
instrunnents, color does transferred itthe be
toold in the the
lighter If and the
erroneous mayotherwater and severe HCI reading is initial the mixture the color the
atthe in stirrer
Glass
on 5- of perform,and to of repeated.
is color this slot hemoglobin
that hemoglobin
visual 10% take be than taken
hand, lower
Sahli's
insufficient anemia, may as of
is newreading,
reading is the comparator.
methemoglobin
detects and , the by cannot Hb
be the still and
results.
ison.error account into the in fluid Hemoglobinometer
the , acid ifN/1o
correct If result lifted meniscus
standard excess matches,
the this
standard
is all pipette, the oneclinging tube tube pipette
relatively HCIis in denotes up
always to color color erroneous
convert of one. drop stirrer with at mmn 20
even takenandthe the exactly
intoestimated.
taken th e to eye
there
carboxyhenogl
as
lorms
ladegimayvi
obit and
inexpensve. method: acid
al less
before theusual
of

acid 20%
appears
previous
distilled
of
result.
the Hb%. the
should
stirrer stirrer
level,matches

this hematin. the than lighter. notshould

It
the
t
hence ist Hbadditiet reading
diluing water may be reading with lifted
hemati 0r
method its
snypc in2g -8* tne held be up the
the is tai
 prevents ercuric
antibacterial (a) Ine RBCFLUID 6acid 4
water);VIO Hence,
mL). 1.Graduation rises 20
plattorms.
irst The Coversip
as Counting
grids. platforms
he Separatestthe
placed
heThe platorms
The
oi
chamber,
an the
1.
In
Sodium iHt
Sodium
commonly obsolete g%.
color-matching.
Iristocomplete
hematin. NI0 forOnproper
e10 obin while ightbe
hemogl lo s ntshe out ofWhileshould result.the The d
ens.rtehmaie if
NEUBAUER 5.7:THE tos be HCI must
COunting
Step two
in
well

aslying
0coverslip
lateral
mmcentral two "H".The
over
D
central rouleaux chloride
there land
chloride chloride as reach Thinoted
hemolysis because taking fluid ofdiButp,solution ped
the never tbutap
taking HCc there
can acid
above by separated used it falls wai t i
RBC theplatforms central antifungal TOTAL has in a that tube the be behematin
used.water used chanceeis
platforms grooves the two NEUBAUER percentage
the are transverse part
e formation, (0.25 value to sticking
the in
counting above are
CHAMBER RBC different reading,
or central central should stirrer
grids
WBC Uppersurface
supported platforms two of imparts g) (0.5 COUNT of
10.5 the
and
this reading, but
by the luid to
solution, which for produced
are the soare called
gutters central action, dissolved g% amount
12.5 value minutes not it, is not of
unting thatplatforms, platformsgutter upper g), is values conversion kept out the dilution (in
gridscentral and in g%at of causing precipitation
visible depressed are: (FIGS. osmolarity,
thus sodium
Hayem's CHAMBER OFhemoglobin months 3 bethe may
the by moat. platformns
in surface by Hb out theshould stirrer of is
Separated or in in ofgraduated in
etched of platforms. lateral
the the mercuric RBC l in after of
the
contain not
wil to undersurface 5.7A acting distilled time the error color
the platforns, is
the theWhen a whichtrenches different year. a of the tube.
be central from
1/10by
lateral middle sulfate fluid. newbom
and
hemoglobin adding front tube, place
interfering nin
Chapter
i
to
naked on from contain and the
of TO sodium
as AND
is in of true
Spreservative. required
have the coversliplateral the
intwo C)chloride water t methods. tube then preventing side there the the
If
the impurities,
of
of Neubauer contains: blood be solution.
eye. platforms mmedges of the the the (2.5
is is result.solution distilled 5:
an central exactly of lateral sulfate slowiyabout of stirrer pulled Practical
idea two "H form (100 now the may with
The the
is
has g). tofor to
square:
RBC 5. 4. 3. Hematology
siCover
p
a. squares
Square. four
The
shapedarea isThe the then
(Fig. Now,undermicroscope. of
mallestsizedThisl easier the
5.7B). let low placing
the location Fig.
while us powerto
squares. mm corner microscope 5.7C:
quares. divided Thecome locate this Fig. Fig.
x the of Groove platform
Central
lmm objective (moarGroove
5.7A:
Each central I
counting
to
quickly area theNeubauer 5.7B:
mm into the
So, counting platform
Central The Neubauer
square with under
the of description
nine
x counting
l grid the has chamber
RBC them mmxl
mm 1
l
the
the grid
is mm is low lineslarge a chamber
divided
squareagain is squares a lo w grid.
Thick
slide
mm xl 3power of under (side Depth
1/10mm
mmof
mmn viewing
the power view).
has into square the
divided x
3 counting
objective. naked Cover
slip Counting
grid
in 25 are counting
large mm
all
objectiveof Thick
slide
isthe area.
25medium
into thesquares. square eye
x RBC WBC grid grid So and 39
16l6
it
 5xCalculation
Volume
smallest I 6. 5. Procedure
16= 4. 3. 2. 1. 40
are the One This fluidcharging.
Care
10-20° thspeed'
during e anglerelatively
'slow of action.
between keeping fluid. The mark. from The 6.
80 of underlying
platform.
centralanglean at(not Then, may pipette Now, spill
fluid out. accurately 1/10
mm. oflongitudinal
the grid. iscovers A C. b.
counted The
smallest square
loatingshould
process should is tip WBC a Fluid coverslip now coverslipsquare sized containingOne (40x) the Itarea =
Then thfinger
too the not in two pipette should 400
smallest l not more WBC speed' of RBC The e So, whole
70-80 contain order soon it 1/10 the squares, should of
pipette.
slowly. the wil large finger-tip there power smallest
has taking RBCs wait placed is be
quickly
pipette pipette the pipette
horizontal
drops pipette now up RBC is counting
and 1/400
be
squares called taken pipette instantaneously
degrees coverslip to
after punctured
to and grooves. mm isone RBC
square a become for junction or get is placed 16
count field, noted mm².
surface precautions about on That So any
notwhich thorough of contains the fluid a smallest
has rid fluid
higher
thespace atfour square squares,
charging. the so and withwhile and the is 101 into
are is that is a and too RBC. of and then is counting The area the the only that
1/400x area fixed aupper it a itwhynarrower drop between should RBC marking. drawmasepticallythe
on at
center
counted. small) are taking between under than RBCs
thesquares, is in
minute noshouldcharging.
wider should central rolled
mixture
a
and the medium-sizedonevisible one each
of as in air the of mixing
discarded
fluid into RBC
the four
position. surface RBC the spread contain care grid, surface slide ofpresent
1/101/400 mentioned the the at laterally low of
after bubble bebore be fluid boreplatform, from between pipette
the
and underlying the the
corners visible. is whereaspower which
= held Inpipettecompared of that of which so
/4000 mm'. charging
Now, of forms held
contrast, forms
coverslip
into tip, a theblood blood
pipette
blood
under
of that
RBC
in
the is at
formed at drop
from fluid up the it
square. five has Section
below: the coverslip. an by is stem has covers it of field,
in
a a is at capillary the placed wi th the does
palmsthe
and slowly to
is surface coverslip
counting properly one a
mm' angle drop steeper called the to space and of which a the
medium square
RBCs thatso and »high a fluid RBC
thdrawn
e height almost surface 2:
that the at RBC not RBC and 0.5 the RBC high
of at a tip of Practical
Ifn Suppose,
Or, So,RBCs So,
So, 20
7. 6. 5. 4. 3. 2. 1. Dilution=
androgens.
effecthigher
ofboundary.
triple-linedthose the RBC fully
Thus,ththee conditions. RBC fluid So, and tluidparts. Absorbent 0.5 it amount, their iscontains WBCpreservative.
and The HgCl, as PRECAUTIONS = l mm' 1/50I volumeHematology
andWomen SquaresleftCounting the ofcount
undercharging gutters
Overcharging and absorbs by If osmolarity, Hayem' It s 500, mm'
dilution = th e The consists
Stem borders"rule RBCs under so (1 part gently
blood surest pipette RBC which
101.
0.5 menstruation. on the
contains the part) But of graduation, RBC of mm' ofof of
have lower enter i.e. a It
pipettes fluid undiluted diluted 80
of blood dilutionbloodmaterials fluidtapping white of count counted
squares
lower border, the counting of 200. in abovedrawn point has bullb Na,SO,
has NaCl, diluted
Fig. and the sameRBC tcoverslip. he air Occurs the portion is AND
is is bead.
three (Fig. antifungal the blood
RBC gutter. bubbles the from i.e. in contains wil
5.7D: Bulb Males
smallest
right diluted stem mixed
200
is
like thefingertip
exceeds
identifying prevents POINTS million/mm 5 beblood
Na,SO, 5,000,000/mm'=
commonly bloodcounted
in
Ccount low is when concentrates blood.
andcotton tip mark, up 5.7D) contains 80
Mouthpiece 500
RBC 101
have
middle
borders twice The or the does
in (not with against tomarkings, a and
contains50 contains smallest
=
pipette. bead
Red in occurs 101 it 101 red has rouleaux and TO x 80x
due line it not 202). should 10,000/mm'=
ischarged - diluting
should or an bead.antibacterial HgCl,, used NOTE 50
to are RBCsoverchargi is ng participate 0.5, three = n n1/4000
squares
the is avoi
are on ded insufficient
Count 1= Thi s palm be
l1. RBC
1, In formation RBC 10000
x RBCs. RBCs
when
Count consideromied t ed.counted
100 200
effect
never or andmarkings, NaCl mm-/t
the by is the fluid parts isfluid brought
of requirel
the WBC contrast, diluting n n =n
low because
in be 11. action, maintains RBCs RBCs
due In upper as up the
in charge enters
to
tube Rub e ofestrog
to :as case fol owi Someo botspreal tuu ot
diu to usedB hand doT. pipet Its
bulb the 0.3, acts hl fluid
 It Both . ) 10. 9 B
side Ttcontains TURK'
Jgentan as
viewing WBC
Corners Note
Method
1.
tube
marking
attached
Connected
3of the PIPETTE
of
It
contains WBC FLUIDS done
is
c.
Comparison
eThere
b. because:
accuracyunderof
cells. oncounting
lyin
ouslay
The
flg
u id in It It Functions
h a. during 70 No:1. tehat
fluid.
sidesindicataes helps Ithelps Signif cance Dured ring CcOWBoCuunnt ting Besides
Stem that violetglacial
with side is coverslip dry the blood total being
11. bulb to a
as RBCchamber Rin,
Squares.
bulb . in in of
thiedentifying proper prthoe cess tonly the cellelsukemi
0.5
field of
the toThisgraduated
markingsglass the provision of
has If
the
four
usuallyar
connected again
is a
bulb
to (FIG. (whichacetic help
COUNT
WBC5.8:
has
any is dryness bead: . a, used
Fig. counting mouthpiece, end between chamber
total normal
of count, may to
error, of evenly
tothe of
5.8A: be
of
RBC
big of
with
5.8A) stains acid Turk's of mi xing 500-600 However,
spermdetermine
Bulb
1 the a the also
outhpiece
WBC
shifted
grid mm stem white
a
beadstem
(which
the second
e.g., balanced should the RBC ratio white
ette.
11
White
bead square
of lx WBCs),
fluid. the pipette
bulb. the
of RBCs
thisbloodcount, used
be
to causes unequal two count. of
Neubauer mm
the
is
a
with counting be RBCs are RBC has
total
focused is connected
white small inside distilled
water.
and lysis counts equal
by
charged quiTheckly. normally to cells and RBC Chapter
, to
corners squares bead with determine
little platelet
in stem
of
distribution if WBC counted are
chamber,
first,the at color. to it. the countingconfirms volume
simultane- rolls the count,
the
at
the a The
with of counted practical
is 5:
tube
Rubber
rubber 0.5 RBCs). freely diluent about count. total Practical
RBC four theother and RBC
are ofon of
mm'2/5. = the (each The
WBCs
egnancy.
ation. f. e. d. Physiological
b. a.
c. 7. 6. 5. 4. 3. One 2. Hematology
termeals--due
emperature Exercise-the
exercise. Rise cont.
total
WBC
mobilizes Newborn
mm² Ifn So,
Dilution So, So,
Suppose, sperm
So, CALCULATION
space So, surface Apart(which WBC stem.
cOunt.lesser alsoobviouslya count, and Theviolet. Glacialtaken
leaving pipette inwith then toThe field, the square
Counting diagonally,
smaller
= I l2/5 thecontaining
the be WBC
doing 0.5
finger shouldl
note
in are 100, mmn² mm² mm² beneath
volume dilution. used fromallows count afterchamber behindacetic so WBCdrawn mark only mm
(by
number volume area should
that RBC squares
temperature-its WBCs not causes and Total=(11-1)/0.5 of of of being much discarding
fluid fluid. upof isone grid. lx moving the
and uncommon. undiluted diluteddiluted the of 16the
of for
It better
may acid fluid count) punctured WBC mm
infants-WBC
increased count
of of smaller total in is only be The to smaller are In that WBC
WBC to from ofcoverslip one can used quicker be charged much does kept
in ll one large
increased elevated blood= WBCs four WBC (1
WBCs ,pipette pipette visible
mark
count the ofblood 20blood
squares)
mm identification
also RBC in
done
1-2 WBC not for
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DETERMINATION 5.10: disease. KelDufyl The placental
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TIME
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3. Hematology
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ERYTHROCYTE
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The
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SEDIMENTATIONI RATE
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TUBE TIME seconds.
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Pathological: B. Physiological: A.Westergren'
Changes hence
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Age--newborns occurs Therefore,
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ereased
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globulin. and count). count). records
in as Conversely,
of globulin of one weight
area of rate
Fibrinogen
Increase rouleaux.
thposition
e leads
and ESR: method rouleauxin RBCs: decrease RBCs another fRBCS
increases which ratio due to
Solution
WestergrenESR
Saline
chronictemperature. and hereditary
-
% more rouleaux Normal to
have of
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ch now
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tube spherocytosis
tube biconcave ESR. globulin to
why stick
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stomach. Hence, accurate constantand
0.64
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) increased long Alteration of neutralize to The
ESR and shape which blood each
0.60
3 (due (due and than ESR. chargeRBCs Chapter
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should ESR or fibrinogen other of the thus, |
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increases ESR. other the
fbrinogen low high inred 5:
5.12A: lowers shape readily surface onmass: Practical
always due ESR area,
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0 added newrinsedgivendrops rackosmoticbelow they the RBCs If eto graduations
5. 2. |D1.IFFERENCE
BETWEEN
48
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anemia
36
dropped osmolarity
level. hypotonic a
USED
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mixed Blood thirds
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