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 Thomas Bäck · Mike Preuss ·
André Deutz · Hao Wang ·
Carola Doerr · Michael Emmerich ·
Heike Trautmann (Eds.)
LNCS 12269

Parallel Problem Solving

from Nature – PPSN XVI
16th International Conference, PPSN 2020
Leiden, The Netherlands, September 5–9, 2020
Proceedings, Part I
Lecture Notes in Computer Science 12269

Founding Editors
Gerhard Goos
Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
Juris Hartmanis
Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA

Editorial Board Members

Elisa Bertino
Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
Wen Gao
Peking University, Beijing, China
Bernhard Steffen
TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
Gerhard Woeginger
RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
Moti Yung
Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/7407
Thomas Bäck Mike Preuss
• •

André Deutz Hao Wang

• •

Carola Doerr Michael Emmerich

• •

Heike Trautmann (Eds.)

Parallel Problem Solving

from Nature – PPSN XVI
16th International Conference, PPSN 2020
Leiden, The Netherlands, September 5–9, 2020
Proceedings, Part I

123
Editors
Thomas Bäck Mike Preuss
Leiden University Leiden University
Leiden, The Netherlands Leiden, The Netherlands
André Deutz Hao Wang
Leiden University Sorbonne University
Leiden, The Netherlands Paris, France
Carola Doerr Michael Emmerich
Sorbonne University Leiden University
Paris, France Leiden, The Netherlands
Heike Trautmann
University of Münster
Münster, Germany

ISSN 0302-9743 ISSN 1611-3349 (electronic)

Lecture Notes in Computer Science
ISBN 978-3-030-58111-4 ISBN 978-3-030-58112-1 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-58112-1

LNCS Sublibrary: SL1 – Theoretical Computer Science and General Issues

© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020

Chapters 22, 30, 31, 35 and 40 are licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0
International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). For further details see licence informa-
tion in the chapters.
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the
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 Preface

Welcome to the two volumes of the proceedings of the Conference on Parallel Problem
Solving from Nature, PPSN XVI, September 5–9, 2020, Leiden, The Netherlands!
When we applied to host PPSN XVI in Leiden, we were not able to imagine anything
like the COVID-19 pandemic. Then the new reality hit us, and we were forced to make
decisions under uncertain, dynamically changing conditions and constraints, and cer-
tainly with multiple, conflicting objectives. Scientific expertise in evolutionary com-
putation was only partially helpful for this. At the time of writing this preface, June
2020, we believed that a hybrid conference format would be the best approach for
dealing with the situation: For those who were not able to travel to Leiden, we decided
to run PPSN on-site, with printed posters, workshops, tutorials, keynotes, food, and
drinks. For those who could not travel to Leiden, we offered it online, with keynote live
streams, poster and tutorial videos, and poster discussion rooms in which attendees
could discuss with the poster presenters. The virtual part of the conference also allowed
participants to meet other attendees online and start a conversation. The challenging
and exciting experiment combining the on-site and online world gave attendees the best
of both worlds and the flexibility needed in these difficult times – hopefully giving
attendees the best of both worlds and the flexibility needed in these difficult times. Not
every detail of our hybrid plan turned out as expected, but we are quite sure that some
of the changes to conference organization we have tried will remain, and with the help
of applied AI and the digitalization of communication, conference experiences in future
will not only change but also improve.
PPSN 2020 was also quite a special event since it was the 30th anniversary of the
PPSN conference! In particular for Hans-Paul Schwefel, the founder of PPSN, this is a
wonderful confirmation of a successful concept – so our congratulations go to you in
particular, Hans-Paul. For Thomas Bäck, who was a first-year PhD student of
Hans-Paul in 1990, at PPSN I, it is an honor to be involved in this as a general co-chair,
and both Mike Preuss and he share the great experience of having been supervised in
their PhD studies by Hans-Paul. Although, as Thomas admits, 1990 was easier since
the final conference responsibility was with Hans-Paul. We are particularly proud to
have Hans-Paul and Grzegorz Rozenberg, the founder and magician of Natural
Computing in Leiden, as our honorary chairs for PPSN 2020.
PPSN 2020 received a total of 268 paper submissions written by 690 authors from
44 different countries. Our Program Committee (PC) comprised 271 members from 39
countries. Together, and despite the individual challenges that the coronavirus crisis
imposed on each one of us, the PC members wrote 812 review reports in total, which
corresponds to an average 3 reviews per paper. Each review was read and evaluated by
one of the PC chairs. Where reviewers disagreed in their assessment, a discussion
among PC members was started. In some cases, authors were contacted to provide
vi Preface

additional clarification about a technical aspect of their work. In other cases, additional
reviews were solicited. The review process resulted in a total number of 99 accepted
papers, which corresponds to an acceptance rate of 36.9%. All accepted papers can be
found in these LNCS proceedings of PPSN. In addition to the main conference pro-
gram, an attractive selection of 14 tutorials, 6 workshops, and 3 competitions was
offered to participants.
The topics covered classical subjects such as Genetic and Evolutionary Algorithms,
Combinatorial Optimization, Multi-objective Optimization, and Real-World Applica-
tions of Nature-Inspired Optimization Heuristics. The conference also included quite a
number of papers dealing with broader aspects of Artificial Intelligence, reflecting the
fact that search and optimization algorithms indeed form an important pillar of modern
AI.
As always, PPSN is an interactive forum for inspiring discussions and exchanges,
stimulated by on-site and online poster presentations. Three distinguished invited
speakers give keynotes at the conference: Carme Torras on assistive and collaborative
robotics, Eric Postma on machine learning in image recognition and cognitive mod-
eling, and Christian Stöcker on the direction of AI in general and its effects on society.
We are grateful that they accepted our invitation to present their keynotes on-site.
The list of people who made this conference possible is very long, showing the
impressive collaborative effort and commitment both of the scientific community that is
behind PPSN and of the organizers. This includes all authors, who recognize and
acknowledge the scientific quality of this conference series by their submission, and all
Program Committee members, who are volunteering although everybody in the com-
munity is overloaded with reviewing requests. Our thanks go to the tutorial speakers,
workshop organizers, and attendees of the conference and its events.
We are also very grateful for the contributions of the workshop chair, Anna
Esparcia-Alcázar, competition chair, Vanessa Volz, and tutorial chair, Ofer Shir. The
keynote chair, Aske Plaat, and industrial liaison chair, Bernhard Sendhoff. Our
financial chair, Felix Wittleben, who had a difficult time due to the dynamically
changing situation. Our publicity chairs, Bas van Stein and Wenjian Luo, who made
sure the community heard about PPSN 2020. Our local organization team, Jayshri
Murli, Hestia Tamboer, and Roshny Kohabir, who took care of a million things and
made the impossible possible. And then, for the conference days, the PhD and master
students who helped manage the small but important details. Moreover, all of a sudden,
we needed an online conference chair team, for which Bas van Stein, Diederick
Vermetten, and Jiawen Kong volunteered to make the online part of the conference
happen, and Anna Kononova also joined the team to help with many aspects of the
organization. Finally, we would like to express our gratitude to the Leiden Institute of
Advanced Computer Science (LIACS), Leiden University for hosting this event, to
Leiden University, for its support, particularly to Springer Nature for financing the Best
Paper Award, and to the Confederation of Laboratories for Artificial Intelligence
 Preface vii

Research in Europe (CLAIRE) and Honda Research Institute Europe GmbH for their
invaluable support in countless ways.
Thank you very much to all of you, for making PPSN 2020 possible! We are very
proud that we have managed this, under difficult conditions, as a team effort.

July 2020 Thomas Bäck

Mike Preuss
General Chairs
André Deutz
Hao Wang
Proceedings Chairs
Carola Doerr
Michael Emmerich
Heike Trautmann
Program Chairs
 Organization

PPSN 2020 was organized and hosted by the Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer
Science, Leiden University, The Netherlands. Leiden University was founded in 1575
and is the oldest university of The Netherlands. Sixteen persons associated with Leiden
University (either as PhD student or (guest-) researcher) became Nobel prize winners
and it was the home of many illustrious individuals such as René Descartes, Rembrandt
van Rijn, Christiaan Huygens, Hugo Grotius, Baruch Spinoza, and Baron d’Holbach.

General Chairs
Thomas Bäck Leiden University, The Netherlands
Mike Preuss Leiden University, The Netherlands

Honorary Chairs
Hans-Paul Schwefel TU Dortmund, Germany
Grzegorz Rozenberg Leiden University, The Netherlands

Program Committee Chairs

Carola Doerr Sorbonne Université, France
Michael Emmerich Leiden University, The Netherlands
Heike Trautmann Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Germany

Proceedings Chairs
André Deutz Leiden University, The Netherlands
Hao Wang Sorbonne Université, France

Keynote Chair
Aske Plaat Leiden University, The Netherlands

Workshop Chair
Anna I. Esparcia-Alcázar SPECIES, Europe

Tutorial Chair
Ofer M. Shir Tel-Hai College, Israel
x Organization

Competition Chair
Vanessa Volz modl.ai, Denmark

Industrial Liaison Chair

Bernhard Sendhoff Honda Research Institute Europe GmbH, Germany

Financial Chair
Felix Wittleben Leiden University, The Netherlands

Online Conference Chairs

Bas van Stein Leiden University, The Netherlands
Diederick Vermetten Leiden University, The Netherlands
Jiawen Kong Leiden University, The Netherlands

Publicity Chairs
Bas van Stein Leiden University, The Netherlands
Wenjian Luo Harbin Institute of Technology, China

Local Chair
Anna V. Kononova Leiden University, The Netherlands

Local Organizing Committee

Jayshri Murli Leiden University, The Netherlands
Roshny Kohabir Leiden University, The Netherlands
Hestia Tamboer Leiden University, The Netherlands

Steering Committee
David W. Corne Heriot-Watt University, UK
Carlos Cotta Universidad de Málaga, Spain
Kenneth De Jong George Mason University, USA
Gusz E. Eiben Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Bogdan Filipič Jožef Stefan Institute, Slovenia
Emma Hart Edinburgh Napier University, UK
Juan Julián Merelo Guervós Universida de Granada, Spain
Günter Rudolph TU Dortmund, Germany
Thomas P. Runarsson University of Iceland, Iceland
Robert Schaefer University of Krakow, Poland
Marc Schoenauer Inria, France
Xin Yao University of Birgmingham, UK
 Organization xi

Keynote Speakers
Carme Torras Institut de Robòtica i Informàtica Industrial, Spain
Eric Postma Tilburg University, The Netherlands
Christian Stöcker Hochschule für Angewandte Wissenschaften Hamburg,
Germany

Program Committee
Michael Affenzeller Upper Austria University of Applied Sciences, Austria
Hernán Aguirre Shinshu University, Japan
Youhei Akimoto University of Tsukuba, Japan
Brad Alexander The University of Adelaide, Australia
Richard Allmendinger The University of Manchester, UK
Lucas Almeida Universidade Federal de Goiás, Brazil
Marie Anastacio Leiden University, The Netherlands
Denis Antipov ITMO University, Russia
Dirk Arnold Dalhousie University, Canada
Dennis Assenmacher Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Germany
Anne Auger Inria, France
Dogan Aydin Dumlupinar University, Turkey
Jaume Bacardit Newcastle University, UK
Samineh Bagheri TH Köln, Germany
Helio Barbosa Laboratório Nacional de Computação Científica, Brazil
Thomas Bartz-Beielstein TH Köln, Germany
Andreas Beham University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria, Austria
Heder Bernardino Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Brazil
Hans-Georg Beyer Vorarlberg University of Applied Sciences, Austria
Mauro Birattari Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium
Aymeric Blot University College London, UK
Christian Blum Spanish National Research Council, Spain
Markus Borschbach FHDW Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
Peter Bosman Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica, The Netherlands
Jakob Bossek The University of Adelaide, Australia
Jürgen Branke University of Warwick, UK
Dimo Brockhoff Inria, France
Will Browne Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand
Alexander Brownlee University of Stirling, UK
Larry Bull University of the West of England, UK
Maxim Buzdalov ITMO University, Russia
Arina Buzdalova ITMO University, Russia
Stefano Cagnoni University of Parma, Italy
Fabio Caraffini De Montfort University, UK
Matthias Carnein Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Germany
Mauro Castelli Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Portugal
Josu Ceberio University of the Basque Country, Spain
xii Organization

Ying-Ping Chen National Chiao Tung University, Taiwan

Francisco Chicano Universidad de Málaga, Spain
Miroslav Chlebik University of Sussex, UK
Sung-Bae Cho Yonsei University, South Korea
Tinkle Chugh University of Exeter, UK
Carlos Coello Coello CINVESTAV-IPN, Mexico
Dogan Corus The University of Sheffield, UK
Ernesto Costa University of Coimbra, Portugal
Carlos Cotta Universidad de Málaga, Spain
Agostinho Da Rosa ISR-IST, Portugal
Nguyen Dang St Andrews University, UK
Kenneth A. De Jong George Mason University, USA
Kalyanmoy Deb Michigan State University, USA
Antonio Della-Cioppa University of Salerno, Italy
Bilel Derbel University of Lille, France
André Deutz Leiden University, The Netherlands
Benjamin Doerr École Polytechnique, France
Carola Doerr Sorbonne Université, France
John Drake University of Leicester, UK
Rafal Drezewski AGH University of Science and Technology, Poland
Paul Dufossé Inria, France
Tome Eftimov Jožef Stefan Institute, Slovenia
Gusz E. Eiben Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Mohamed El Yafrani Aalborg University, Denmark
Talbi El-Ghazali University of Lille, France
Michael Emmerich Leiden University, The Netherlands
Anton Eremeev Sobolev Institute of Mathematics, Russia
Richard Everson University of Exeter, UK
Pedro Ferreira Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
Jonathan Fieldsend University of Exeter, UK
Bogdan Filipič Jožef Stefan Institute, Slovenia
Steffen Finck Vorarlberg University of Applied Sciences, Austria
Andreas Fischbach TH Köln, Germany
Peter Fleming The University of Sheffield, UK
Carlos M. Fonseca University of Coimbra, Portugal
Marcus Gallagher The University of Queensland, Australia
José García-Nieto Universidad de Málaga, Spain
António Gaspar-Cunha University of Minho, Portugal
Mario Giacobini University of Torino, Italy
Kyriakos Giannakoglou National Technical University of Athens, Greece
Tobias Glasmachers Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Germany
Christian Grimme Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Germany
Roderich Gross The University of Sheffield, UK
Andreia Guerreiro University of Coimbra, Portugal
Alexander Hagg Bonn-Rhein-Sieg University of Applied Sciences,
Germany
 Organization xiii

Jussi Hakanen University of Jyväskylä, Finland

Julia Handl The University of Manchester, UK
Jin-Kao Hao University of Angers, France
Emma Hart Napier University, UK
Verena Heidrich-Meisner University of Kiel, Germany
Carlos Henggeler Antunes University of Coimbra, Portugal
Martin Holena Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic,
Czech Republic
Christian Igel University of Copenhagen, Denmark
Dani Irawan TH Köln, Germany
Hisao Ishibuchi Osaka Prefecture University, Japan
Christian Jacob University of Calgary, Canada
Domagoj Jakobovic University of Zagreb, Croatia
Thomas Jansen Aberystwyth University, UK
Dreo Johann THALES Research & Technology, France
Laetitia Jourdan Inria, LIFL CNRS, France
Bryant Julstrom St. Cloud State University, USA
George Karakostas McMaster University, Canada
Edward Keedwell University of Exeter, UK
Pascal Kerschke Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Germany
Marie-Eleonore Kessaci University of Lille, France
Ahmed Kheiri Lancaster University, UK
Wolfgang Konen TH Köln, Germany
Anna Kononova Leiden University, The Netherlands
Peter Korošec Jožef Stefan Institute, Slovenia
Lars Kotthoff University of Wyoming, USA
Oliver Kramer Universität Oldenburg, Germany
Oswin Krause University of Copenhagen, Denmark
Krzysztof Krawiec Poznan University of Technology, Poland
Martin S. Krejca Hasso-Plattner-Institut, Germany
Timo Kötzing Hasso-Plattner-Institut, Germany
William La Cava University of Pennsylvania, USA
Jörg Lässig University of Applied Sciences Zittau/Görlitz,
Germany
William B. Langdon University College London, UK
Algirdas Lančinskas Vilnius University, Lithuania
Frederic Lardeux LERIA, University of Angers, France
Per Kristian Lehre University of Birmingham, UK
Johannes Lengler ETH Zurich, Switzerland
Ke Li University of Exeter, UK
Arnaud Liefooghe University of Lille, France
Marius Lindauer Leibniz Universität Hannover, Germany
Giosuè Lo Bosco Università di Palermo, Italy
Fernando Lobo University of Algarve, Portugal
Daniele Loiacono Politecnico di Milano, Italy
Nuno Lourenço University of Coimbra, Portugal
xiv Organization

Jose A. Lozano University of the Basque Country, Spain

Rodica Ioana Lung Babeş-Bolyai University, Romania
Chuan Luo Peking University, China
Gabriel Luque Universidad de Málaga, Spain
Evelyne Lutton INRAE, France
Manuel López-Ibáñez The University of Manchester, UK
Penousal Machado University of Coimbra, Portugal
Luigi Malagò Romanian Institute of Science and Technology,
Romania
Katherine Malan University of South Africa, South Africa
Vittorio Maniezzo University Bologna, Italy
Elena Marchiori Radboud University, The Netherlands
Luis Marti Inria, Chile
Asep Maulana Tilburg University, The Netherlands
Giancarlo Mauri University of Milano-Bicocca, Italy
Jacek Mańdziuk Warsaw University of Technology, Poland
James McDermott National University of Ireland, Ireland
Jörn Mehnen University of Strathclyde, UK
Alexander Melkozerov Tomsk State University of Control Systems
and Radioelectronics, Russia
Juan J. Merelo University of Granada, Spain
Marjan Mernik University of Maribor, Slovenia
Silja Meyer-Nieberg Bundeswehr Universität München, Germany
Efrén Mezura-Montes University of Veracruz, Mexico
Krzysztof Michalak Wroclaw University of Economics, Poland
Kaisa Miettinen University of Jyväskylä, Finland
Julian Miller University of York, UK
Edmondo Minisci University of Strathclyde, UK
Gara Miranda University of La Laguna, Spain
Mustafa Misir Istinye University, Turkey
Marco A. Montes De Oca clypd, Inc., USA
Sanaz Mostaghim Otto von Guericke Universität Magdeburg, Germany
Mario Andrès Muñoz The University of Melbourne, Australia
Acosta
Boris Naujoks TH Köln, Germany
Antonio J. Nebro Universidad de Málaga, Spain
Ferrante Neri University of Nottingham, UK
Aneta Neumann The University of Adelaide, Australia
Frank Neumann The University of Adelaide, Australia
Phan Trung Hai Nguyen University of Birmingham, UK
Miguel Nicolau University College Dublin, Ireland
Ellen Norgård-Hansen NORCE, Norway
Michael O’Neill University College Dublin, Ireland
Gabriela Ochoa University of Stirling, UK
Pietro S. Oliveto The University of Sheffield, UK
Unamay Oreilly MIT, USA
 Organization xv

José Carlos Ortiz-Bayliss Tecnológico de Monterrey, Mexico

Patryk Orzechowski University of Pennsylvania, USA
Ender Ozcan University of Nottingham, UK
Ben Paechter Napier University, UK
Gregor Papa Jožef Stefan Institute, Slovenia
Gisele Pappa UFMG, Brazil
Luis Paquete University of Coimbra, Portugal
Andrew J. Parkes University of Nottingham, UK
Mario Pavone University of Catania, Italy
David Pelta University of Granada, Spain
Leslie Perez-Caceres Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Chile
Stjepan Picek Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands
Martin Pilat Charles University, Czech Republic
Nelishia Pillay University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
Petr Pošík Czech Technical University in Prague, Czech Republic
Raphael Prager Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Germany
Mike Preuss Leiden University, The Netherlands
Chao Qian University of Science and Technology of China, China
Alma Rahat Swansea University, UK
Günther Raidl University of Vienna, Austria
William Rand North Carolina State University, USA
Khaled Rasheed University of Georgia, USA
Tapabrata Ray University of New South Wales, Australian Defence
Force Academy, Australia
Frederik Rehbach TH Köln, Germany
Eduardo Rodriguez-Tello CINVESTAV-Tamaulipas, Mexico
Andrea Roli University of Bologna, Italy
Jonathan Rowe University of Birmingham, UK
Günter Rudolph TU Dortmund, Germany
Thomas A. Runkler Siemens Corporate Technology, Germany
Conor Ryan University of Limerick, Ireland
Frédéric Saubion University of Angers, France
Robert Schaefer AGH University of Science and Technology, Poland
Andrea Schaerf University of Udine, Italy
David Schaffer Binghamton University, USA
Manuel Schmitt Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg,
Germany
Marc Schoenauer Inria, France
Oliver Schütze CINVESTAV-IPN, Mexico
Michèle Sebag Université Paris-Sud, France
Eduardo Segredo Universidad de La Laguna, Spain
Moritz Seiler Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Germany
Bernhard Sendhoff Honda Research Institute Europe GmbH, Germany
Marc Sevaux Université de Bretagne Sud, France
Jonathan Shapiro The University of Manchester, UK
Ofer M. Shir Tel-Hai College, Israel
xvi Organization

Shinichi Shirakawa Yokohama National University, Japan

Moshe Sipper Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Israel
Jim Smith University of the West of England, UK
Christine Solnon CITI Inria and INSA Lyon, France
Patrick Spettel Vorarlberg University of Applied Sciences, Germany
Giovanni Squillero Politecnico di Torino, Italy
Sebastian Urban Stich École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne,
Switzerland
Catalin Stoean University of Craiova, Romania
Jörg Stork TH Köln, Germany
Thomas Stützle Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium
Mihai Suciu Babeş-Bolyai University, Romania
Dirk Sudholt The University of Sheffield, UK
Andrew Sutton University of Minnesota, USA
Jerry Swan University of York, UK
Ricardo H. C. Takahashi Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil
Daniel Tauritz Auburn University, USA
Olivier Teytaud Inria, France
Dirk Thierens Utrecht University, The Netherlands
Sarah Thomson University of Stirling, UK
Kevin Tierney Universität Bielefeld, Germany
Renato Tinós University of São Paulo, Brazil
Julian Togelius New York University, USA
Marco Tomassini University of Lausanne, Switzerland
Alberto Tonda INRA, France
Cheikh Touré Inria, France
Heike Trautmann Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Germany
Leonardo Trujillo Instituto Tecnológico de Tijuana, Mexico
Tea Tušar Jožef Stefan Institute, Slovenia
Ryan J. Urbanowicz University of Pennsylvania, USA
Koen van der Blom Leiden University, The Netherlands
Bas van Stein Leiden University, The Netherlands
Leonardo Vanneschi Universida de NOVA de Lisboa, Portugal
Sébastien Verel Université du Littoral Côte d’Opale, France
Diederick Vermetten Leiden University, The Netherlands
Marco Virgolin Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica, The Netherlands
Vanessa Volz modl.ai, Denmark
Markus Wagner The University of Adelaide, Australia
Stefan Wagner University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria, Austria
David Walker University of Plymouth, UK
Hao Wang Sorbonne Université, France
Hui Wang Leiden University, The Netherlands
Yali Wang Leiden University, The Netherlands
Elizabeth Wanner CEFET, Brazil
Thomas Weise University of Science and Technology of China, China
Dennis Wilson ISAE-Supaero, France
 Organization xvii

Carsten Witt Technical University of Denmark, Denmark

Man Leung Wong Lingnan University, China
John Woodward Queen Mary University of London, UK
Ning Xiong Mälardalen University, Sweden
Bing Xue Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand
Kaifeng Yang University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria, Austria
Shengxiang Yang De Montfort University, UK
Furong Ye Leiden University, The Netherlands
Martin Zaefferer TH Köln, Germany
Ales Zamuda University of Maribor, Slovenia
Christine Zarges Aberystwyth University, UK
Mengjie Zhang Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand
 Contents – Part I

Automated Algorithm Selection and Configuration

Evolving Deep Forest with Automatic Feature Extraction for Image

Classification Using Genetic Programming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Ying Bi, Bing Xue, and Mengjie Zhang

Fast Perturbative Algorithm Configurators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

George T. Hall, Pietro S. Oliveto, and Dirk Sudholt

Dominance, Indicator and Decomposition Based Search for Multi-objective

QAP: Landscape Analysis and Automated Algorithm Selection. . . . . . . . . . . 33
Arnaud Liefooghe, Sébastien Verel, Bilel Derbel, Hernan Aguirre,
and Kiyoshi Tanaka

Deep Learning as a Competitive Feature-Free Approach for Automated

Algorithm Selection on the Traveling Salesperson Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Moritz Seiler, Janina Pohl, Jakob Bossek, Pascal Kerschke,
and Heike Trautmann

Automatic Configuration of a Multi-objective Local Search for Imbalanced

Classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Sara Tari, Holger Hoos, Julie Jacques, Marie-Eléonore Kessaci,
and Laetitia Jourdan

Bayesian- and Surrogate-Assisted Optimization

Multi-fidelity Optimization Approach Under Prior and Posterior Constraints

and Its Application to Compliance Minimization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Youhei Akimoto, Naoki Sakamoto, and Makoto Ohtani

Model-Based Algorithm Configuration with Default-Guided

Probabilistic Sampling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
Marie Anastacio and Holger Hoos

Evolving Sampling Strategies for One-Shot Optimization Tasks . . . . . . . . . . 111

Jakob Bossek, Carola Doerr, Pascal Kerschke, Aneta Neumann,
and Frank Neumann

A Surrogate-Assisted Evolutionary Algorithm with Random Feature

Selection for Large-Scale Expensive Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
Guoxia Fu, Chaoli Sun, Ying Tan, Guochen Zhang, and Yaochu Jin
xx Contents – Part I

Designing Air Flow with Surrogate-Assisted Phenotypic Niching . . . . . . . . . 140

Alexander Hagg, Dominik Wilde, Alexander Asteroth, and Thomas Bäck

Variance Reduction for Better Sampling in Continuous Domains . . . . . . . . . 154

Laurent Meunier, Carola Doerr, Jeremy Rapin, and Olivier Teytaud

High Dimensional Bayesian Optimization Assisted by Principal Component

Analysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
Elena Raponi, Hao Wang, Mariusz Bujny, Simonetta Boria,
and Carola Doerr

Simple Surrogate Model Assisted Optimization with Covariance

Matrix Adaptation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
Lauchlan Toal and Dirk V. Arnold

Benchmarking and Performance Measures

Proposal of a Realistic Many-Objective Test Suite. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201

Weiyu Chen, Hisao Ishibuchi, and Ke Shang

Approximate Hypervolume Calculation with Guaranteed or Confidence

Bounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
A. Jaszkiewicz, R. Susmaga, and P. Zielniewicz

Can Compact Optimisation Algorithms Be Structurally Biased? . . . . . . . . . . 229

Anna V. Kononova, Fabio Caraffini, Hao Wang, and Thomas Bäck

Parallelized Bayesian Optimization for Expensive Robot

Controller Evolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
Margarita Rebolledo, Frederik Rehbach, A. E. Eiben,
and Thomas Bartz-Beielstein

Revisiting Population Models in Differential Evolution on a Limited

Budget of Evaluations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
Ryoji Tanabe

Continuous Optimization Benchmarks by Simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273

Martin Zaefferer and Frederik Rehbach

Comparative Run-Time Performance of Evolutionary Algorithms

on Multi-objective Interpolated Continuous Optimisation Problems . . . . . . . . 287
Alexandru-Ciprian Zăvoianu, Benjamin Lacroix, and John McCall
 Contents – Part I xxi

Combinatorial Optimization

On the Design of a Partition Crossover for the Quadratic Assignment

Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
Omar Abdelkafi, Bilel Derbel, Arnaud Liefooghe, and Darrell Whitley

A Permutational Boltzmann Machine with Parallel Tempering for Solving

Combinatorial Optimization Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
Mohammad Bagherbeik, Parastoo Ashtari, Seyed Farzad Mousavi,
Kouichi Kanda, Hirotaka Tamura, and Ali Sheikholeslami

Solution Repair by Inequality Network Propagation in LocalSolver . . . . . . . . 332

Léa Blaise, Christian Artigues, and Thierry Benoist

Optimising Tours for the Weighted Traveling Salesperson Problem

and the Traveling Thief Problem: A Structural Comparison of Solutions . . . . 346
Jakob Bossek, Aneta Neumann, and Frank Neumann

Decentralized Combinatorial Optimization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360

Lee A. Christie

PbO-CCSAT: Boosting Local Search for Satisfiability Using Programming

by Optimisation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373
Chuan Luo, Holger Hoos, and Shaowei Cai

Evaluation of a Permutation-Based Evolutionary Framework

for Lyndon Factorizations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390
Lily Major, Amanda Clare, Jacqueline W. Daykin, Benjamin Mora,
Leonel Jose Peña Gamboa, and Christine Zarges

Optimising Monotone Chance-Constrained Submodular Functions Using

Evolutionary Multi-objective Algorithms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404
Aneta Neumann and Frank Neumann

Parameter-Less Population Pyramid for Permutation-Based Problems. . . . . . . 418

Szymon Wozniak, Michal W. Przewozniczek, and Marcin M. Komarnicki

Connection Between Nature-Inspired Optimization

and Artificial Intelligence

Biologically Plausible Learning of Text Representation with Spiking

Neural Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433
Marcin Białas, Marcin Michał Mirończuk, and Jacek Mańdziuk

Multi-Objective Counterfactual Explanations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 448

Susanne Dandl, Christoph Molnar, Martin Binder, and Bernd Bischl
xxii Contents – Part I

Multi-objective Magnitude-Based Pruning for Latency-Aware Deep Neural

Network Compression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 470
Wenjing Hong, Peng Yang, Yiwen Wang, and Ke Tang

Network Representation Learning Based on Topological Structure

and Vertex Attributes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 484
Shengxiang Hu, Bofeng Zhang, Ying Lv, Furong Chang,
and Zhuocheng Zhou

A Committee of Convolutional Neural Networks for Image Classification

in the Concurrent Presence of Feature and Label Noise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 498
Stanisław Kaźmierczak and Jacek Mańdziuk

Improving Imbalanced Classification by Anomaly Detection. . . . . . . . . . . . . 512

Jiawen Kong, Wojtek Kowalczyk, Stefan Menzel, and Thomas Bäck

BACS: A Thorough Study of Using Behavioral Sequences in ACS2 . . . . . . . 524

Romain Orhand, Anne Jeannin-Girardon, Pierre Parrend,
and Pierre Collet

Nash Equilibrium as a Solution in Supervised Classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . 539

Mihai-Alexandru Suciu and Rodica Ioana Lung

Analyzing the Components of Distributed Coevolutionary GAN Training. . . . 552

Jamal Toutouh, Erik Hemberg, and Una-May O’Reilly

Canonical Correlation Discriminative Learning for Domain Adaptation . . . . . 567

Wenjing Wang, Yuwu Lu, and Zhihui Lai

Genetic and Evolutionary Algorithms

Improving Sampling in Evolution Strategies Through Mixture-Based

Distributions Built from Past Problem Instances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 583
Stephen Friess, Peter Tiňo, Stefan Menzel, Bernhard Sendhoff,
and Xin Yao

The Hessian Estimation Evolution Strategy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 597

Tobias Glasmachers and Oswin Krause

Large Population Sizes and Crossover Help in Dynamic Environments . . . . . 610

Johannes Lengler and Jonas Meier

Neuromemetic Evolutionary Optimization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 623

Paweł Liskowski, Krzysztof Krawiec, and Nihat Engin Toklu

Evolved Gossip Contracts - A Framework for Designing

Multi-agent Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 637
Nicola Mc Donnell, Enda Howley, and Jim Duggan
 Contents – Part I xxiii

A SHADE-Based Algorithm for Large Scale Global Optimization. . . . . . . . . 650

Oscar Pacheco-Del-Moral and Carlos A. Coello Coello

Evolutionary Algorithms with Self-adjusting Asymmetric Mutation . . . . . . . . 664

Amirhossein Rajabi and Carsten Witt

Behavior Optimization in Large Distributed Systems Modeled

by Cellular Automata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 678
Franciszek Seredyński and Jakub Gąsior

Learning Step-Size Adaptation in CMA-ES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 691

Gresa Shala, André Biedenkapp, Noor Awad, Steven Adriaensen,
Marius Lindauer, and Frank Hutter

Sparse Inverse Covariance Learning for CMA-ES with Graphical Lasso . . . . 707
Konstantinos Varelas, Anne Auger, and Nikolaus Hansen

Adaptive Stochastic Natural Gradient Method for Optimizing Functions

with Low Effective Dimensionality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 719
Teppei Yamaguchi, Kento Uchida, and Shinichi Shirakawa

Author Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 733

 Contents – Part II

Genetic Programming

Generation of New Scalarizing Functions Using Genetic Programming . . . . . 3

Amín V. Bernabé Rodríguez and Carlos A. Coello Coello

The Usability Argument for Refinement Typed Genetic Programming . . . . . . 18

Alcides Fonseca, Paulo Santos, and Sara Silva

Program Synthesis in a Continuous Space Using Grammars

and Variational Autoencoders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
David Lynch, James McDermott, and Michael O’Neill

Cooperative Co-Evolutionary Genetic Programming

for High Dimensional Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Lino Rodriguez-Coayahuitl, Alicia Morales-Reyes, Hugo Jair Escalante,
and Carlos A. Coello Coello

Image Feature Learning with Genetic Programming. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

Stefano Ruberto, Valerio Terragni, and Jason H. Moore

Learning a Formula of Interpretability to Learn Interpretable Formulas . . . . . 79

Marco Virgolin, Andrea De Lorenzo, Eric Medvet,
and Francesca Randone

Landscape Analysis

On Stochastic Fitness Landscapes: Local Optimality and Fitness Landscape

Analysis for Stochastic Search Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Brahim Aboutaib, Sébastien Verel, Cyril Fonlupt, Bilel Derbel,
Arnaud Liefooghe, and Belaïd Ahiod

Fitness Landscape Analysis of Dimensionally-Aware Genetic Programming

Featuring Feynman Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
Marko Durasevic, Domagoj Jakobovic,
Marcella Scoczynski Ribeiro Martins, Stjepan Picek,
and Markus Wagner

Global Landscape Structure and the Random MAX-SAT Phase Transition . . . 125
Gabriela Ochoa, Francisco Chicano, and Marco Tomassini
xxvi Contents – Part II

Exploratory Landscape Analysis is Strongly Sensitive

to the Sampling Strategy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
Quentin Renau, Carola Doerr, Johann Dreo, and Benjamin Doerr

One PLOT to Show Them All: Visualization of Efficient Sets

in Multi-objective Landscapes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
Lennart Schäpermeier, Christian Grimme, and Pascal Kerschke

Multi-objective Optimization

On Sharing Information Between Sub-populations in MOEA/S . . . . . . . . . . . 171

Lucas de Almeida Ribeiro, Michael Emmerich,
Anderson da Silva Soares, and Telma Woerle de Lima

Multi-objective Optimization by Uncrowded Hypervolume

Gradient Ascent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
Timo M. Deist, Stefanus C. Maree, Tanja Alderliesten,
and Peter A. N. Bosman

An Ensemble Indicator-Based Density Estimator for Evolutionary

Multi-objective Optimization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
Jesús Guillermo Falcón-Cardona, Arnaud Liefooghe,
and Carlos A. Coello Coello

Ensuring Smoothly Navigable Approximation Sets by Bézier Curve

Parameterizations in Evolutionary Bi-objective Optimization. . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
Stefanus C. Maree, Tanja Alderliesten, and Peter A. N. Bosman

Many-Objective Test Database Generation for SQL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229

Zhilei Ren, Shaozheng Dong, Xiaochen Li, Zongzheng Chi, and He Jiang

A New Paradigm in Interactive Evolutionary Multiobjective Optimization . . . 243

Bhupinder Singh Saini, Jussi Hakanen, and Kaisa Miettinen

Hypervolume Optimal l-Distributions on Line-Based Pareto Fronts

in Three Dimensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
Ke Shang, Hisao Ishibuchi, Weiyu Chen, and Lukáš Adam

Adaptive Operator Selection Based on Dynamic Thompson Sampling

for MOEA/D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
Lei Sun and Ke Li

A Study of Swarm Topologies and Their Influence on the Performance

of Multi-Objective Particle Swarm Optimizers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285
Diana Cristina Valencia-Rodríguez and Carlos A. Coello Coello
 Contents – Part II xxvii

Visualising Evolution History in Multi- and Many-objective Optimisation . . . 299

Mathew J. Walter, David J. Walker, and Matthew J. Craven

Improving Many-Objective Evolutionary Algorithms

by Means of Edge-Rotated Cones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313
Yali Wang, André Deutz, Thomas Bäck, and Michael Emmerich

Real-World Applications

Human-Like Summaries from Heterogeneous and Time-Windowed

Software Development Artefacts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329
Mahfouth Alghamdi, Christoph Treude, and Markus Wagner

A Search for Additional Structure: The Case of Cryptographic S-boxes . . . . . 343

Claude Carlet, Marko Djurasevic, Domagoj Jakobovic,
and Stjepan Picek

Evolutionary Multi-objective Design of SARS-CoV-2 Protease Inhibitor

Candidates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357
Tim Cofala, Lars Elend, Philip Mirbach, Jonas Prellberg,
Thomas Teusch, and Oliver Kramer

Generic Relative Relations in Hierarchical Gene Expression Data

Classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372
Marcin Czajkowski, Krzysztof Jurczuk, and Marek Kretowski

A Variable Neighborhood Search for the Job Sequencing with One

Common and Multiple Secondary Resources Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385
Thomas Kaufmann, Matthias Horn, and Günther R. Raidl

Evolutionary Graph-Based V+E Optimization for Protection

Against Epidemics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399
Krzysztof Michalak

Human-Derived Heuristic Enhancement of an Evolutionary Algorithm

for the 2D Bin-Packing Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413
Nicholas Ross, Ed Keedwell, and Dragan Savic

Towards Novel Meta-heuristic Algorithms for Dynamic Capacitated Arc

Routing Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 428
Hao Tong, Leandro L. Minku, Stefan Menzel, Bernhard Sendhoff,
and Xin Yao

Robust Evolutionary Bi-objective Optimization for Prostate Cancer

Treatment with High-Dose-Rate Brachytherapy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441
Marjolein C. van der Meer, Arjan Bel, Yury Niatsetski,
Tanja Alderliesten, Bradley R. Pieters, and Peter A. N. Bosman
xxviii Contents – Part II

A Hybrid Evolutionary Algorithm for Reliable Facility Location Problem . . . 454

Han Zhang, Jialin Liu, and Xin Yao

Reinforcement Learning

Optimality-Based Analysis of XCSF Compaction in Discrete

Reinforcement Learning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 471
Jordan T. Bishop and Marcus Gallagher

Hybridizing the 1/5-th Success Rule with Q-Learning for Controlling

the Mutation Rate of an Evolutionary Algorithm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 485
Arina Buzdalova, Carola Doerr, and Anna Rodionova

Fitness Landscape Features and Reward Shaping in Reinforcement

Learning Policy Spaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 500
Nathaniel du Preez-Wilkinson and Marcus Gallagher

ClipUp: A Simple and Powerful Optimizer for Distribution-Based Policy

Evolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 515
Nihat Engin Toklu, Paweł Liskowski, and Rupesh Kumar Srivastava

Warm-Start AlphaZero Self-play Search Enhancements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 528

Hui Wang, Mike Preuss, and Aske Plaat

Theoretical Aspects of Nature-Inspired Optimization

Runtime Analysis of a Heavy-Tailed ð1 þ ðk; kÞÞ Genetic Algorithm

on Jump Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 545
Denis Antipov and Benjamin Doerr

First Steps Towards a Runtime Analysis When Starting

with a Good Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 560
Denis Antipov, Maxim Buzdalov, and Benjamin Doerr

Optimal Mutation Rates for the ð1 þ kÞ EA on OneMax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 574

Maxim Buzdalov and Carola Doerr

Maximizing Submodular or Monotone Functions Under Partition Matroid

Constraints by Multi-objective Evolutionary Algorithms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 588
Anh Viet Do and Frank Neumann

Lower Bounds for Non-elitist Evolutionary Algorithms

via Negative Multiplicative Drift . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 604
Benjamin Doerr
 Contents – Part II xxix

Exponential Upper Bounds for the Runtime of Randomized

Search Heuristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 619
Benjamin Doerr

Analysis on the Efficiency of Multifactorial Evolutionary Algorithms . . . . . . 634

Zhengxin Huang, Zefeng Chen, and Yuren Zhou

Improved Fixed-Budget Results via Drift Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 648

Timo Kötzing and Carsten Witt

On Averaging the Best Samples in Evolutionary Computation . . . . . . . . . . . 661

Laurent Meunier, Yann Chevaleyre, Jeremy Rapin, Clément W. Royer,
and Olivier Teytaud

Filter Sort Is XðN 3 Þ in the Worst Case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 675

Sumit Mishra and Maxim Buzdalov

Approximation Speed-Up by Quadratization on LeadingOnes . . . . . . . . . . . . 686

Andrew M. Sutton and Darrell Whitley

Benchmarking a ðl þ kÞ Genetic Algorithm with Configurable Crossover

Probability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 699
Furong Ye, Hao Wang, Carola Doerr, and Thomas Bäck

Author Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 715

Automated Algorithm Selection
and Configuration
 Evolving Deep Forest with Automatic
Feature Extraction for Image
Classification Using Genetic
Programming

Ying Bi(B) , Bing Xue, and Mengjie Zhang

School of Engineering and Computer Science, Victoria University of Wellington,

Wellington 6140, New Zealand
{Ying.Bi,Bing.Xue,Mengjie.Zhang}@ecs.vuw.ac.nz

Abstract. Deep forest is an alternative to deep neural networks to use

multiple layers of random forests without back-propagation for solving
various problems. In this study, we propose a genetic programming-
based approach to automatically and simultaneously evolving effective
structures of deep forest connections and extracting informative features
for image classification. First, in the new approach we define two types
of modules: forest modules and feature extraction modules. Second, an
encoding strategy is developed to integrate forest modules and feature
extraction modules into a tree and the search strategy is introduced to
search for the best solution. With these designs, the proposed approach
can automatically extract image features and find forests with effective
structures simultaneously for image classification. The parameters in the
forest can be dynamically determined during the learning process of the
new approach. The results show that the new approach can achieve better
performance on the datasets having a small number of training instances
and competitive performance on the datasets having a large number of
training instances. The analysis of evolved solutions shows that the pro-
posed approach uses a smaller number of random forests over the deep
forest method.

Keywords: Evolutionary deep learning · Genetic programming · Deep

forest · Image classification · Feature extraction

1 Introduction

In recent years, deep learning algorithms have achieved a big success in many
applications [1]. Image classification is one of the important application areas of
deep learning. Many famous deep neural networks (DNNs) have been developed,
such as AlexNet, GoogleNet, VGGNet, ResNet, and DenseNet [2–4]. These meth-
ods have achieved impressive performance on many large image classification
datasets. However, these methods have a number of important limitations. First,
c Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
T. Bäck et al. (Eds.): PPSN 2020, LNCS 12269, pp. 3–18, 2020.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-58112-1_1
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Title: Bonnie May

Author: Louis Dodge

Illustrator: Reginald Bathurst Birch

Release date: September 12, 2023 [eBook #71617]

Language: English

Original publication: New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1916

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*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BONNIE MAY

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Bonnie May
She assumed a slightly careless air and looked airily at
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(Page 144.)
 Bonnie May
By
Louis Dodge

Illustrations by
Reginald Birch

A strolling player comes

New York
Charles Scribner’s Sons
1916
 Copyright, 1916, by
CHARLES SCRIBNER’S SONS

Published August, 1916

 TO
THE LITTLE NEW ENGLAND GIRL
WHO (IN COMPANY WITH HER MOTHER)
MADE FRIENDS WITH AN AMERICAN SOLDIER
ON A JUNE DAY IN 1898
IN THE MARKET-PLACE IN HONOLULU
AND PROMISED
“I SHALL NEVER FORGET YOU”
 Contents
CHAPTER PAGE
I. The Intrusion of an Actress 1
II. A Momentous Decision 15
III. Mrs. Baron Decides 24
IV. A Crisis 36
V. Bonnie May Opens the Door 46
VI. Concerning a Frock 59
VII. A Sunday Morning 75
VIII. Still Unclaimed 86
IX. A Disappointing Performance 95
X. The White Elephant 110
XI. How a Conveyance Came for Bonnie May—and
How It Went Away 121
XII. Relates To the Playing of Parts 137
XIII. A Mysterious Search Begins 146
XIV. Mr. Addis Receives Support 155
XV. A Question of Reconstruction 169
XVI. Mrs. Thornburg Reveals a Secret 184
XVII. “A Kind of Duel” 193
XVIII. Mrs. Baron Takes Up the Gauntlet 202
XIX. Bonnie May Looks Back 218
XX. Concerning Laughter 230
XXI. An Exit and an Entrance 244
XXII. Baggot’s Play 257
XXIII. Baron Comes Home on a Beer-Dray 267
XXIV. Bonnie May Hides Something 279
XXV. Bonnie May Sees Two Faces at a Window 289
 XXVI. A Gathering in the Attic 298
XXVII. What Happened in the Attic 310
XXVIII. After the Curtain Was Lowered 321
XXIX. The Mansion in Shadow 331
XXX. “The Break of Day” 339
 Illustrations
She assumed a slightly careless air and looked airily at
imaginary objects Frontispiece
FACING PAGE
“I thought everybody knew me,” she said. “I’m Bonnie
May” 8
“Good evening,” she said, as if she were addressing
strangers 28
“You seem a little old for the part,” she suggested 54
A most extraordinary ancient man stood there watching
her 82
“Enter the heroine!” was the child’s greeting 162
“They look as if they were quite happy—and didn’t care
to be anything else” 180
“I don’t know what you’re getting at!” he exclaimed. “If
you’ve got anything to say, why not say it and be
done with it?” 196
“Dear child, do try to love me, won’t you?” 252
Thomason jerked his needle through a tough place and
pulled it out to arm’s length 292
“Look at them!” she screamed. “Look! Look!” 318
She had put her arms about the trembling old lady’s
neck, and for the moment they were both silent 352
Bonnie May
Only women understand children thoroughly, but if a mere
man keeps very quiet and humbles himself properly, and
refrains from talking down to his superiors, children will
sometimes be good to him and let him see what they think
about the world.
Rudyard Kipling.
Bonnie May
 CHAPTER I
THE INTRUSION OF AN ACTRESS

Somewhere up in the gallery an usher opened a window. Instantly a

shaft of sunlight pierced the dark interior of the theatre. It created a
mote-filled aerial avenue across a vast space and came to an end in
a balcony box.
As if it were part of a general theatrical scheme it served as a
search-light and brought into brilliant relief the upper part of a child’s
body. There were blue eyes made lustrous by dark lashes; hair the
color of goldenrod, which fell forward over one shoulder and formed
a kind of radiant vehicle above for the support of a butterfly of blue
ribbon. There were delicate red lips, slightly parted.
The child leaned forward in her place and rested her elbows on the
box railing. Her chin nestled in a little crotch, formed by her two
hands. She would have resembled one of Rubens’s cherubs, if
Rubens hadn’t conceived his cherubs on quite such a vulgar plane.
It was so that Baron saw her during a brief interval. Then the window
up in the gallery was closed, and darkness reigned in the theatre
again. The child disappeared as Marguerite always disappears
before Faust has obtained more than a seductive glimpse of her.
Baron wondered who she was. She was so close to him that he
could have touched her. He wondered how she could have slipped
into the box without his seeing or hearing her. The lights had been
on when he took his seat, and at that time he had occupied the box
alone. She must have crept in with the cautiousness of a kitten; or
perhaps she had come under cover of the noise of applause.
Then he forgot her. All sorts of people were likely to come into a
playhouse during a matinée performance, he reflected.
Dawn was merging into day—in the play. The purple of a make-
believe sky turned to lavender, and to pink. The long, horizontal
streaks of color faded, and in the stronger light now turned on the
stage a gypsy woman who seemed to have been sleeping under a
hedge came into view—a young creature, who patted back a yawn
which distorted her pretty mouth. Other persons of the drama
appeared.
Baron succumbed to the hypnotic power of the theatre: to the
beguiling illusions of the stage, with its beautiful voices; the relaxed
musicians, unobtrusively disinterested; the dark, indistinct rows of
alert forms down in the parquet. Despite what he was pleased to
believe was a distinguished indifference in his manner, he was
passionately fond of plays, amazingly susceptible to their appeal.
The act ended; light flooded the theatre. Baron’s glance again fell
upon the intruder who had come to share his box with him. The child
really might have been mistaken for an exquisite bit of architectural
ornamentation, if she had been placed in a niche in the big
proscenium arch. Color and pose and outline all suggested the idea.
But now her bearing changed. As she had been absorbed in the
meaning of the play, now she became equally interested in the
audience, rising in long rows from parquet to gallery. She looked
almost aggressively from point to point, with a lack of self-
consciousness that was quite remarkable.
People in the audience were noticing her, too; and Baron felt
suddenly resentful at being so conspicuously perched before
hundreds of eyes, in company with a child he knew nothing about.
She appeared to have scrutinized “the house” to her satisfaction.
Then she turned as if she were slightly bored, and gazed with perfect
frankness into Baron’s eyes.
“Sold out,” she said, as if she were gratified.
Baron did not clearly grasp the fact that she was referring to “the
house.” A question as to her age occurred to him, but this he could
not answer. She must be absurdly young—a baby; yet he noted that
she had gained command of a glance that was almost maturely
searching and complacent. She was not the least bit agitated.
When, presently, she stood up on her chair to obtain a general view
of the audience, Baron frowned. She was really a brazen little thing,
he reflected, despite her angelic prettiness. And he had a swift fear
that she might fall. Looking at her uneasily, he realized now that she
was quite tawdrily dressed.
His first impression of her had been one of beauty unmarred. (He
had not seen immediately that the blue butterfly which rode jauntily
on her crown was soiled.) Now a closer inspection discovered a
fantastic little dress which might have been designed for a fancy ball
—and it was quite old, and almost shabby. Yet its gay colors, not
wholly faded, harmonized with some indefinable quality in the little
creature, and the whole garment derived a grace from its wearer
which really amounted to a kind of elfish distinction.
She spoke again presently, and now Baron was struck by the quality
of her voice. It was rather full for a little girl’s voice—not the affected
pipe of the average vain and pretty child. There was an oddly frank,
comrade-like quality in it.
“Do you know what I’ve got a notion to do?” she inquired.
Baron withdrew farther within himself. “I couldn’t possibly guess,” he
responded. He shook his head faintly, to indicate indifference. She
leaned so far over the edge of the box that he feared again for her
safety.
“I think you might possibly fall,” he said. “Would you mind sitting
down?”
She did as he suggested with a prompt and sweet spirit of
obedience. “I’m afraid I was careless,” she said. Then, looking over
more guardedly, she added: “I’ve got a notion to drop my programme
down on that old duck’s bald head.”
Baron looked down into the parquet. An elderly gentleman,
conspicuously bald-headed, sat just beneath them. Something about
the shining dome was almost comical. Yet he turned to the child
coldly. He marvelled that he had not detected a pert or self-