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Phytopathogenic
Bacteria and
Plant Diseases
B.S. THIND
Phytopathogenic Bacteria
and Plant Diseases
Phytopathogenic Bacteria
and Plant Diseases
B.S. Thind
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300
Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
© 2020 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business
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International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-367-19715-5 (Hardback)
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Library of Congress Cataloging‑in‑Publication Data
Names: Thind, B. S., author.

Title: Phytopathogenic bacteria and plant diseases / B.S. Thind.
Description: Boca Raton : Taylor & Francis, 2020. | Includes bibliographical
references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2019012214| ISBN 9780367197155 (hardback : alk. paper) |
ISBN 9780429242786 (ebook)
Subjects: LCSH: Bacterial diseases of plants. | Phytopathogenic bacteria.
Classification: LCC SB734 .T445 2020 | DDC 632/.32--dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019012214
Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at

http://www.taylorandfrancis.com
and the CRC Press Web site at

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Dedication
Dedicated to the memory of my mentor and teacher late Dr. M. M. Payak, Ex-Head,
Division of Plant Pathology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, who
guided and trained me in the discipline of Plant Pathology and Plant Bacteriology.
Contents
Abbreviations of Bacterial Genera Used in This Book .............................................................................................................xix
Preface........................................................................................................................................................................................xxi
Acknowledgments ....................................................................................................................................................................xxiii
Author ....................................................................................................................................................................................... xxv
Section i General Aspects
Chapter 1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................................. 3

1.1 Phytobacteriology ......................................................................................................................................... 3
1.2 Procaryotes ................................................................................................................................................... 3
1.2.1 Bacteria............................................................................................................................................ 3
1.2.1.1 Gram-Stain-Negative Bacteria Having Cell Walls .......................................................... 3
1.2.1.2 Gram-Stain-Positive Bacteria Having Cell Walls ........................................................... 3
1.2.1.3 Bacteria Lacking Cell Walls ............................................................................................ 4
1.2.2 Archaea ........................................................................................................................................... 4
1.3 Phytopathogenic Bacteria ............................................................................................................................. 4
1.3.1 Economic Importance of Phytopathogenic Bacteria....................................................................... 5
1.4 Historical Review of Phytobacteriology....................................................................................................... 7
References ............................................................................................................................................................... 9
Chapter 2 Bacterial Cell ......................................................................................................................................................... 11

2.1 Size ............................................................................................................................................................. 11
2.2 Shape .......................................................................................................................................................... 11
2.2.1 Spherical ........................................................................................................................................ 11
2.2.2 Cylindrical ..................................................................................................................................... 11
2.2.3 Spiral ............................................................................................................................................. 11
2.3 Arrangement ............................................................................................................................................... 12
2.3.1 Diplococci ..................................................................................................................................... 12
2.3.2 Streptococci ................................................................................................................................... 12
2.3.3 Tetrads ........................................................................................................................................... 12
2.3.4 Sarcinae ......................................................................................................................................... 12
2.3.5 Staphylococci ................................................................................................................................ 12
2.3.6 Diplobacilli .................................................................................................................................... 12
2.3.7 Streptobacilli ................................................................................................................................. 13
2.4 Cell Structure ............................................................................................................................................. 13
2.4.1 Flagella and Pili ............................................................................................................................ 13
2.4.1.1 Pili.................................................................................................................................. 14
2.4.2 Surface Layers (Capsule and Slime Layer) ................................................................................... 14
2.4.3 Cell Wall........................................................................................................................................ 15
2.4.3.1 Cell Wall of Gram-Stain-Positive Bacteria ................................................................... 15
2.4.3.2 Cell Wall of Gram-Stain-Negative Bacteria .................................................................. 16
2.4.3.3 Gram-Staining/Reaction................................................................................................ 16
2.4.4 Cytoplasmic Membrane ................................................................................................................ 16
2.4.5 Cytoplasm...................................................................................................................................... 17
2.4.6 Ribosomes ..................................................................................................................................... 17
2.4.7 Inclusions and Storage Products.................................................................................................... 17
2.4.8 Gas Vesicles................................................................................................................................... 18
2.4.9 Nucleoid (Genophore).................................................................................................................... 18
2.4.9.1 Chromosome .................................................................................................................. 18
vii
viii Contents
2.4.10 Plasmids ...................................................................................................................................... 18

2.4.11 Dormant Forms ........................................................................................................................... 20
2.4.11.1 Spores ........................................................................................................................ 20
2.4.11.2 Cysts .......................................................................................................................... 21
References ............................................................................................................................................................. 21
Chapter 3 Diagnosis of Bacterial Diseases of Plants ............................................................................................................. 23

3.1 Assessment of Symptoms ........................................................................................................................... 23
3.1.1 Koch’s Postulates ........................................................................................................................ 23
3.2 Isolation of Bacteria.................................................................................................................................... 24
3.2.1 Streak Method ............................................................................................................................. 24
3.2.2 Pour Plate Method ...................................................................................................................... 25
3.3 Identification of Bacteria ............................................................................................................................ 25
3.3.1 Morphological Characteristics .................................................................................................... 25
3.3.2 Physiological Characteristics ...................................................................................................... 25
3.3.3 Biochemical Characteristics ....................................................................................................... 25
3.4 Serological Techniques ............................................................................................................................... 26
3.4.1 Monoclonal Antibodies............................................................................................................... 26
3.4.2 Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ..................................................................................... 27
3.4.3 Flow Cytometry .......................................................................................................................... 28
3.5 Genomic Techniques .................................................................................................................................. 28
3.5.1 Polymerase Chain Reaction ........................................................................................................ 28
3.5.2 Real-time (TaqMan®) PCR ......................................................................................................... 29
3.5.3 DNA/RNA (Dot/Slot-Blot) Hybridization .................................................................................. 29
3.5.4 Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization (FISH) Using rRNA (rDNA) Oligonucleotide Probes.......... 29
3.6 Enrichment Techniques .............................................................................................................................. 30
3.7 Bacteriophages............................................................................................................................................ 31
3.8 Pathogenicity Test....................................................................................................................................... 32
3.8.1 Inoculation of Host ..................................................................................................................... 32
3.8.2 Reisolation of Pathogen .............................................................................................................. 32
3.9 Diagnosis Report ........................................................................................................................................ 32
References ............................................................................................................................................................. 33
Chapter 4 Classification of Bacteria....................................................................................................................................... 37

4.1 Nomenclature Code .................................................................................................................................... 37
4.2 Species ........................................................................................................................................................ 37
4.3 Classification .............................................................................................................................................. 38
4.3.1 Classification of Plant Pathogenic Bacteria ................................................................................ 39
4.3.1.1 Pathovar Concept ....................................................................................................... 39
4.3.1.2 International Standards for Naming Pathovars of Phytopathogenic Bacteria........... 40
4.3.1.3 Genera of Phytopathogenic Bacteria ......................................................................... 41
References ............................................................................................................................................................. 69
Chapter 5 Molecular Mechanisms of Virulence and Pathogenesis ....................................................................................... 79

5.1 Quorum Sensing ......................................................................................................................................... 79
5.2 Role of Pathogenicity Factors in Disease Development ............................................................................. 81
5.2.1 Bacterial Secretion Systems........................................................................................................ 81
5.2.1.1 Type I Secretion System ............................................................................................ 81
5.2.1.2 Type II Secretion System........................................................................................... 82
5.2.1.3 Type III Secretion System ......................................................................................... 82
5.2.1.4 Type IV Secretion System ......................................................................................... 85
5.2.1.5 Type V Secretion System........................................................................................... 85
5.2.1.6 Type VI Secretion System ......................................................................................... 85
5.2.1.7 Twin-Arginine Translocation Protein Secretion System ........................................... 86
Contents ix
5.3 Circumventing Host Resistance by Plant Pathogenic Bacteria .................................................................. 86

5.4 Neutralization of Reactive Oxygen Species ............................................................................................... 87
5.5 Role of Phytoalexins and Their Detoxification .......................................................................................... 87
5.6 Other Virulence Factors ............................................................................................................................. 87
References ............................................................................................................................................................. 91
Chapter 6 Plants as Carriers of Human Enteric Bacterial Pathogens .................................................................................... 95

6.1 Association of Human Enteric Bacterial Pathogens with Plant Environment ........................................... 95
6.2 Sources of Contamination .......................................................................................................................... 97
6.2.1 Animals ......................................................................................................................................... 97
6.2.2 Soil................................................................................................................................................. 97
6.2.3 Water ............................................................................................................................................. 98
6.2.4 Seed ............................................................................................................................................... 98
6.3 Colonization of Plants by Human Enteric Bacterial Pathogens ................................................................. 98
6.3.1 Attraction by Plants ....................................................................................................................... 98
6.3.2 Attachment and Persistence .......................................................................................................... 99
6.3.3 Growth and Multiplication .......................................................................................................... 100
6.3.3.1 In Phyllosphere ............................................................................................................ 100
6.3.3.2 Inhabitation of Spermosphere and Rhizosphere.......................................................... 103
6.4 Multiple Serovar Infections ...................................................................................................................... 103
6.5 Plant Response/Reaction .......................................................................................................................... 103
6.6 Defense Mechanisms of Plants................................................................................................................. 103
6.7 Future Strategies ....................................................................................................................................... 104
References ........................................................................................................................................................... 105
Section ii Specific Plant Diseases
Chapter 7 Description of Plant Diseases...............................................................................................................................113

7.1 Bacterial Blight of Rice .............................................................................................................................113
7.1.1 Symptoms .....................................................................................................................................113
7.1.1.1 Leaf Blight Phase..........................................................................................................114
7.1.1.2 Kresek (Wilt) Phase ......................................................................................................114
7.1.1.3 Pale Yellow Leaf Phase ................................................................................................114
7.1.2 Causal Organism ..........................................................................................................................114
7.1.3 Disease Cycle ...............................................................................................................................116
7.1.3.1 Perpetuation ..................................................................................................................116
7.1.3.2 Disease Development....................................................................................................117
7.1.3.3 Host Resistance .............................................................................................................118
7.1.4 Management .................................................................................................................................119
References ........................................................................................................................................................... 120
7.2 Bacterial Leaf Streak of Rice ................................................................................................................... 123
7.2.1 Symptoms .................................................................................................................................... 123
7.2.2 Causal Organism ......................................................................................................................... 123
7.2.3 Disease Cycle .............................................................................................................................. 124
7.2.4 Management ................................................................................................................................ 125
References ........................................................................................................................................................... 126
7.3 Bacterial Sheath Brown Rot of Rice ........................................................................................................ 126
7.3.1 Host Range .................................................................................................................................. 127
7.3.2 Symptoms .................................................................................................................................... 127
7.3.3 Causal Organism ......................................................................................................................... 127
7.3.4 Disease Cycle .............................................................................................................................. 127
7.3.5 Management ................................................................................................................................ 128
References ........................................................................................................................................................... 128
x Contents
7.4 Yellow Ear Rot of Wheat ....................................................................................................................... 129

7.4.1 Symptoms ................................................................................................................................ 130
7.4.2 Causal Organisms .................................................................................................................... 130
7.4.3 Disease Cycle .......................................................................................................................... 130
7.4.4 Management .............................................................................................................................131
References ............................................................................................................................................................131
7.5 Bacterial Leaf Blight and Basal Glume Rot of Wheat ............................................................................131
7.5.1 Symptoms ................................................................................................................................ 132
7.5.1.1 Bacterial Leaf Blight .............................................................................................. 132
7.5.1.2 Basal Glume Rot .................................................................................................... 132
7.5.3 Disease Cycle .......................................................................................................................... 132
7.5.4 Management ............................................................................................................................ 133
References ........................................................................................................................................................... 133
7.6 Bacterial Leaf Streak (BLS) and Black Chaff of Wheat ....................................................................... 134
7.6.1 Symptoms ................................................................................................................................ 134
7.6.2 Causal Organism ..................................................................................................................... 135
7.6.3 Disease Cycle .......................................................................................................................... 136
7.6.4 Management ............................................................................................................................ 137
References ........................................................................................................................................................... 138
7.7 Bacterial Stripe and Black Chaff of Barley............................................................................................ 139
7.7.1 Symptoms ................................................................................................................................ 140
7.7.2 Causal Organism ..................................................................................................................... 140
7.7.3 Disease Cycle ...........................................................................................................................141
7.7.4 Management .............................................................................................................................141
References ............................................................................................................................................................141
7.8 Bacterial Stalk Rot of Maize .................................................................................................................. 142
7.8.1 Host Range .............................................................................................................................. 142
7.8.2 Symptoms ................................................................................................................................ 142
7.8.3 Causal Organism ......................................................................................................................143
7.8.4 Disease Cycle ...........................................................................................................................143
7.8.5 Management ............................................................................................................................ 144
References ........................................................................................................................................................... 144
7.9 Stewart’s Wilt of Maize.......................................................................................................................... 144
7.9.1 Host Range .............................................................................................................................. 145
7.9.2 Symptoms ................................................................................................................................ 145
7.9.2.1 Wilt Phase .............................................................................................................. 145
7.9.2.2 Leaf Blight Phase ................................................................................................... 145
7.9.3 Causal Organism ..................................................................................................................... 146
7.9.4 Disease Cycle .......................................................................................................................... 146
7.9.5 Management .............................................................................................................................147
References ............................................................................................................................................................147
7.10 Goss’s Bacterial Wilt and Leaf Blight of Maize .................................................................................... 148
7.10.1 Host Range .............................................................................................................................. 148
7.10.2 Symptoms ................................................................................................................................ 148
7.10.2.1 Leaf Blight Phase ................................................................................................... 148
7.10.2.2 Wilt Phase .............................................................................................................. 149
7.10.3 Causal Organism ..................................................................................................................... 149
7.10.4 Disease Cycle .......................................................................................................................... 150
7.10.5 Management ............................................................................................................................ 151
References ........................................................................................................................................................... 151
7.11 Corn Stunt Disease ................................................................................................................................. 152
7.11.1 Host Range .............................................................................................................................. 152
7.11.2 Symptoms ................................................................................................................................ 152
7.11.3 Causal Organism ..................................................................................................................... 153
Contents xi
7.11.4 Disease Cycle .......................................................................................................................... 153

7.11.5 Management ............................................................................................................................ 153
References ........................................................................................................................................................... 154
7.12 Bacterial Leaf Stripe of Maize ............................................................................................................... 154
7.12.1 Host Range .............................................................................................................................. 155
7.12.2 Symptoms ................................................................................................................................ 155
7.12.3 Causal Organism ..................................................................................................................... 155
7.12.4 Disease Cycle .......................................................................................................................... 155
7.12.5 Management ............................................................................................................................ 155
References ........................................................................................................................................................... 155
7.13 Red Stripe of Sugarcane ......................................................................................................................... 156
7.13.1 Host Range .............................................................................................................................. 156
7.13.2 Symptoms ................................................................................................................................ 156
7.13.2.1 Leaf Stripe.............................................................................................................. 156
7.13.2.2 Top-Rot................................................................................................................... 157
7.13.3 Causal Organism ..................................................................................................................... 157
7.13.4 Disease Cycle .......................................................................................................................... 158
7.13.5 Management ............................................................................................................................ 158
References ........................................................................................................................................................... 158
7.14 Ratoon Stunting Disease of Sugarcane .................................................................................................. 159
7.14.1 Host Range .............................................................................................................................. 160
7.14.2 Symptoms ................................................................................................................................ 160
7.14.2.1 External Symptoms ................................................................................................ 160
7.14.2.2 Internal Symptoms ................................................................................................. 160
7.14.3 Causal Organism ......................................................................................................................161
7.14.4 Disease Cycle ...........................................................................................................................161
7.14.5 Management ............................................................................................................................ 162
References ........................................................................................................................................................... 163
7.15 Gummosis of Sugarcane......................................................................................................................... 163
7.15.1 Host Range .............................................................................................................................. 164
7.15.2 Symptoms ................................................................................................................................ 164
7.15.3 Causal Organism ..................................................................................................................... 164
7.15.4 Disease Cycle .......................................................................................................................... 165
7.15.5 Management ............................................................................................................................ 165
References ........................................................................................................................................................... 165
7.16 Leaf Scald of Sugarcane......................................................................................................................... 165
7.16.1 Host Range .............................................................................................................................. 166
7.16.2 Symptoms ................................................................................................................................ 166
7.16.2.1 Chronic Phase ........................................................................................................ 166
7.16.2.2 Acute Phase ............................................................................................................ 166
7.16.2.3 Latent Infection ...................................................................................................... 167
7.16.3 Causal Organism ..................................................................................................................... 167
7.16.4 Disease Cycle .......................................................................................................................... 167
7.16.5 Management ............................................................................................................................ 168
References ........................................................................................................................................................... 168
7.17 Bacterial Blight of Cotton ...................................................................................................................... 169
7.17.1 Symptoms ................................................................................................................................ 169
7.17.1.1 Seedling Blight....................................................................................................... 169
7.17.1.2 Leaf Spots .............................................................................................................. 169
7.17.1.3 Black Arm ...............................................................................................................170
7.17.1.4 Boll Rot ...................................................................................................................170
7.17.2 Causal Organism ......................................................................................................................170
7.17.3 Disease Cycle ...........................................................................................................................171
7.17.4 Management .............................................................................................................................173
References ............................................................................................................................................................173
xii Contents
7.18 Bacterial Blight of Sesame ......................................................................................................................174

7.18.1 Symptoms .................................................................................................................................174
7.18.2 Causal Organism ......................................................................................................................174
7.18.3 Disease Cycle ...........................................................................................................................174
7.18.4 Management .............................................................................................................................175
References ............................................................................................................................................................175
7.19 Bacterial Leaf Spot of Sesame ................................................................................................................176
7.19.1 Host Range ...............................................................................................................................176
7.19.2 Symptoms .................................................................................................................................176
7.19.3 Causal Organism ......................................................................................................................176
7.19.4 Disease Cycle ...........................................................................................................................176
7.19.5 Management ............................................................................................................................ 177
References ........................................................................................................................................................... 177
7.20 Soybean Pustule ..................................................................................................................................... 177
7.20.1 Host Range .............................................................................................................................. 177
7.20.2 Symptoms .................................................................................................................................178
7.20.3 Causal Organism ......................................................................................................................178
7.20.4 Disease Cycle ...........................................................................................................................178
7.20.5 Management ............................................................................................................................ 179
References ........................................................................................................................................................... 179
7.21 Bacterial Blight of Soybean ................................................................................................................... 180
7.21.1 Host Range .............................................................................................................................. 180
7.21.2 Symptoms ................................................................................................................................ 180
7.21.3 Causal Organism ......................................................................................................................181
7.21.4 Disease Cycle .......................................................................................................................... 182
7.21.5 Management ............................................................................................................................ 182
References ........................................................................................................................................................... 183
7.22 Olive Knot and Oleander Knot Diseases ............................................................................................... 184
7.22.1 Host Range .............................................................................................................................. 184
7.22.2 Symptoms ................................................................................................................................ 184
7.22.4 Disease Cycle .......................................................................................................................... 185
7.22.5 Management ............................................................................................................................ 186
References ........................................................................................................................................................... 187
7.23 Common and Fuscous Blights of Bean .................................................................................................. 188
7.23.1 Host Range .............................................................................................................................. 189
7.23.2 Symptoms ................................................................................................................................ 189
7.23.4 Disease Cycle .......................................................................................................................... 190
7.23.5 Management ............................................................................................................................ 192
References ........................................................................................................................................................... 193
7.24 Halo Blight of Bean ................................................................................................................................ 194
7.24.1 Host Range .............................................................................................................................. 194
7.24.2 Symptoms ................................................................................................................................ 194
7.24.3 Causal Organism ..................................................................................................................... 195
7.24.4 Disease Cycle .......................................................................................................................... 195
7.24.5 Management ............................................................................................................................ 196
References ........................................................................................................................................................... 196
7.25 Bacterial Brown Spot of Bean ................................................................................................................ 196
7.25.1 Symptoms ................................................................................................................................ 196
7.25.2 Causal Organism ..................................................................................................................... 196
7.25.3 Disease Cycle .......................................................................................................................... 197
7.25.4 Management ............................................................................................................................ 197
References ........................................................................................................................................................... 197
7.26 Bacterial Wilt of Bean ............................................................................................................................ 197
7.26.1 Host Range .............................................................................................................................. 198
7.26.2 Symptoms ................................................................................................................................ 198
Contents xiii
7.26.3 Causal Organism ..................................................................................................................... 198

7.26.4 Disease Cycle .......................................................................................................................... 199
7.26.5 Management ............................................................................................................................ 200
References ........................................................................................................................................................... 200
7.27 Bacterial Blight of Cowpea .................................................................................................................... 201
7.27.1 Host Range .............................................................................................................................. 201
7.27.2 Symptoms ................................................................................................................................ 201
7.27.3 Causal Organism ..................................................................................................................... 201
7.27.4 Disease Cycle .......................................................................................................................... 202
7.27.5 Management ............................................................................................................................ 202
References ........................................................................................................................................................... 203
7.28 Bacterial Leaf Spot of Green Gram ....................................................................................................... 204
7.28.1 Host Range .............................................................................................................................. 204
7.28.2 Symptoms ................................................................................................................................ 204
7.28.3 Causal Organism ..................................................................................................................... 205
7.28.4 Disease Cycle .......................................................................................................................... 205
7.28.5 Management ............................................................................................................................ 205
References ........................................................................................................................................................... 206
7.29 Halo Blight of Green Gram .................................................................................................................... 206
7.29.1 Host Range .............................................................................................................................. 206
7.29.2 Symptoms ................................................................................................................................ 207
7.29.3 Causal Organism ..................................................................................................................... 207
7.29.4 Disease Cycle .......................................................................................................................... 207
7.29.5 Management ............................................................................................................................ 207
References ........................................................................................................................................................... 207
7.30 Bacterial Blight of Clusterbean .............................................................................................................. 208
7.30.1 Symptoms ................................................................................................................................ 208
7.30.2 Causal Organism ..................................................................................................................... 208
7.30.3 Disease Cycle .......................................................................................................................... 209
7.30.4 Management ............................................................................................................................ 209
References ............................................................................................................................................................210
7.31 Bacterial Leaf Spot of Hyacinth Bean ....................................................................................................210
7.31.1 Host Range ...............................................................................................................................210
7.31.2 Symptoms .................................................................................................................................210
7.31.3 Causal Organism ......................................................................................................................210
7.31.4 Disease Cycle ...........................................................................................................................210
7.31.5 Management .............................................................................................................................211
References ............................................................................................................................................................211
7.32 Bacterial Leaf Spot and Stem Canker of Pigeon Pea ..............................................................................211
7.32.1 Symptoms .................................................................................................................................211
7.32.2 Causal Organism ......................................................................................................................211
7.32.3 Disease Cycle ...........................................................................................................................211
7.32.4 Management ............................................................................................................................ 212
References ........................................................................................................................................................... 212
7.33 Bacterial Wilt of Solanaceous Plants ..................................................................................................... 212
7.33.1 Symptoms ................................................................................................................................ 213
7.33.2 Causal Organism ......................................................................................................................214
7.33.3 Disease Cycle ...........................................................................................................................217
7.33.4 Management .............................................................................................................................219
References ........................................................................................................................................................... 221
7.34 Soft Rot of Fleshy Vegetables and Fruits ............................................................................................... 223
7.34.1 Symptoms ................................................................................................................................ 223
7.34.2 Causal Organism ..................................................................................................................... 224
7.34.3 Disease Cycle .......................................................................................................................... 224
7.34.4 Management ............................................................................................................................ 225
7.35 Blackleg of Potato .................................................................................................................................. 226
7.35.1 Symptoms ................................................................................................................................ 226
xiv Contents
7.35.2 Causal Organism ..................................................................................................................... 227

7.35.3 Disease Cycle .......................................................................................................................... 228
7.35.4 Management ............................................................................................................................ 228
References ........................................................................................................................................................... 228
7.36 Common Scab of Potato ......................................................................................................................... 229
7.36.1 Symptoms ................................................................................................................................ 229
7.36.3 Disease Cycle .......................................................................................................................... 231
7.36.3.1 Soil pH ................................................................................................................... 231
7.36.3.2 Soil Moisture .......................................................................................................... 231
7.36.3.3 Soil Type and Nutrition .......................................................................................... 232
7.36.4 Management ................................................................................................................................ 232
References ........................................................................................................................................................... 233
7.37 Ring Rot of Potato .................................................................................................................................. 234
7.37.1 Symptoms ................................................................................................................................ 234
7.37.2 Causal Organism ..................................................................................................................... 235
7.37.3 Disease Cycle .......................................................................................................................... 236
7.37.4 Management ............................................................................................................................ 236
References ........................................................................................................................................................... 236
7.38 Black Rot of Crucifers ............................................................................................................................ 237
7.38.1 Symptoms ................................................................................................................................ 237
7.38.2 Causal Organism ..................................................................................................................... 238
7.38.3 Disease Cycle .......................................................................................................................... 239
7.38.4 Management ............................................................................................................................ 240
References ........................................................................................................................................................... 241
Bacterial Diseases of Tomato .............................................................................................................................. 242
7.39 Bacterial Spot of Tomato and Pepper ..................................................................................................... 242
7.39.1 Host Range .............................................................................................................................. 242
7.39.2 Symptoms ................................................................................................................................ 242
7.39.4 Disease Cycle .......................................................................................................................... 245
7.39.5 Management ............................................................................................................................ 246
7.40 Bacterial Canker and Wilt of Tomato .................................................................................................... 247
7.40.1 Host Range .............................................................................................................................. 248
7.40.2 Symptoms ................................................................................................................................ 248
7.40.3 Causal Organism ..................................................................................................................... 248
7.40.4 Disease Cycle .......................................................................................................................... 249
7.40.5 Management ............................................................................................................................ 250
7.41 Bacterial Speck of Tomato ..................................................................................................................... 251
7.41.1 Host Range .............................................................................................................................. 251
7.41.2 Symptoms ................................................................................................................................ 251
7.41.3 Causal Organism ..................................................................................................................... 252
7.41.4 Disease Cycle .......................................................................................................................... 252
7.41.5 Management ............................................................................................................................ 253
7.42 Pith Necrosis of Tomato ......................................................................................................................... 253
7.42.1 Host Range .............................................................................................................................. 254
7.42.2 Symptoms ................................................................................................................................ 254
7.42.3 Causal Organism ..................................................................................................................... 254
7.42.4 Disease Cycle .......................................................................................................................... 254
7.42.5 Management ............................................................................................................................ 254
References ........................................................................................................................................................... 255
7.43 Bacterial Blight of Pea ........................................................................................................................... 257
7.43.1 Host Range .............................................................................................................................. 257
7.43.2 Symptoms ................................................................................................................................ 257
7.43.4 Disease Cycle .......................................................................................................................... 259
Contents xv
7.43.5 Management ............................................................................................................................ 259

References ........................................................................................................................................................... 260
7.44 Bacterial Wilt of Cucurbits .................................................................................................................... 260
7.44.1 Symptoms ................................................................................................................................ 260
7.44.2 Causal Organism ..................................................................................................................... 261
7.44.3 Disease Cycle .......................................................................................................................... 261
7.44.4 Management ............................................................................................................................ 262
References ........................................................................................................................................................... 262
7.45 Angular Leaf Spot of Cucurbits ............................................................................................................. 263
7.45.1 Symptoms ................................................................................................................................ 263
7.45.2 Causal Organism ..................................................................................................................... 264
7.45.3 Disease Cycle .......................................................................................................................... 264
7.45.4 Management ............................................................................................................................ 265
References ........................................................................................................................................................... 265
7.46 Yellow Vine Disease of Cucurbits.......................................................................................................... 265
7.46.1 Host Range .............................................................................................................................. 265
7.46.2 Symptoms ................................................................................................................................ 266
7.46.3 Causal Organism ..................................................................................................................... 266
7.46.4 Disease Cycle .......................................................................................................................... 267
7.46.5 Management ............................................................................................................................ 267
References ........................................................................................................................................................... 267
7.47 Crown Gall of Plants .............................................................................................................................. 268
7.47.1 Symptoms ................................................................................................................................ 268
7.47.2 Causal Organism ..................................................................................................................... 269
7.47.3 Disease Cycle .......................................................................................................................... 270
7.47.4 Management ............................................................................................................................ 272
References ........................................................................................................................................................... 273
7.48 Hairy Root of Apple ............................................................................................................................... 274
7.48.1 Symptoms ................................................................................................................................ 274
7.48.2 Causal Organism ..................................................................................................................... 274
7.48.3 Disease Cycle .......................................................................................................................... 275
7.48.4 Management ............................................................................................................................ 275
References ........................................................................................................................................................... 275
7.49 Fire Blight of Pome Fruit Trees.............................................................................................................. 275
7.49.1 Symptoms ................................................................................................................................ 276
7.49.1.1 Blossom Blight ....................................................................................................... 276
7.49.1.2 Fruit Blight ............................................................................................................. 276
7.49.1.3 Shoot or Twig Blight .............................................................................................. 276
7.49.1.4 Leaf Blight ............................................................................................................. 276
7.49.1.5 Trauma Blight ........................................................................................................ 277
7.49.1.6 Canker Blight ......................................................................................................... 277
7.49.1.7 Collar and Root Blight ........................................................................................... 277
7.49.2 Causal Organism ..................................................................................................................... 277
7.49.3 Disease Cycle .......................................................................................................................... 278
7.49.4 Management ............................................................................................................................ 280
References ........................................................................................................................................................... 282
7.50 Citrus Canker ......................................................................................................................................... 283
7.50.1 Host Range .............................................................................................................................. 284
7.50.2 Symptoms ................................................................................................................................ 284
7.50.3.1 Xa. citri subsp. citri ................................................................................................ 285
7.50.3.2 Xa. fuscans subsp. aurantifolii............................................................................... 286
7.50.3.3 Xa. alfalfae subsp. citrumelonis ............................................................................. 286
7.50.4 Disease Cycle .......................................................................................................................... 286
7.50.5 Management ............................................................................................................................ 288
References ........................................................................................................................................................... 289
xvi Contents
7.51 Citrus Huanglongbing ............................................................................................................................ 290

7.51.1 Host Range .............................................................................................................................. 291
7.51.2 Symptoms ................................................................................................................................ 291
7.51.4 Disease Cycle .......................................................................................................................... 293
7.51.5 Management ............................................................................................................................ 295
References ........................................................................................................................................................... 297
7.52 Citrus Stubborn Disease ......................................................................................................................... 298
7.52.1 Host Range .............................................................................................................................. 298
7.52.2 Symptoms ................................................................................................................................ 299
7.52.3 Causal Organism ..................................................................................................................... 300
7.52.4 Disease Cycle .......................................................................................................................... 300
7.52.5 Management ............................................................................................................................ 300
References ........................................................................................................................................................... 300
7.53 Citrus Variegated Chlorosis ................................................................................................................... 301
7.53.1 Host Range .............................................................................................................................. 301
7.53.2 Symptoms ................................................................................................................................ 301
7.53.3 Causal Organism ..................................................................................................................... 302
7.53.4 Disease Cycle .......................................................................................................................... 302
7.53.5 Management ............................................................................................................................ 303
References ........................................................................................................................................................... 304
7.54 Bacterial Canker and Gummosis of Stone Fruit Trees .......................................................................... 305
7.54.1 Symptoms ................................................................................................................................ 305
7.54.3 Disease Cycle .......................................................................................................................... 306
7.54.4 Management ............................................................................................................................ 307
References ........................................................................................................................................................... 307
7.55 Bacterial Spot of Stone Fruits ................................................................................................................ 308
7.55.1 Symptoms ................................................................................................................................ 308
7.55.2 Causal Organism ..................................................................................................................... 309
7.55.3 Disease Cycle ...........................................................................................................................310
7.55.4 Management .............................................................................................................................311
References ............................................................................................................................................................312
7.56 Bacterial Canker of Mango .....................................................................................................................314
7.56.1 Host Range ...............................................................................................................................314
7.56.2 Symptoms .................................................................................................................................315
7.56.3 Causal Organism ......................................................................................................................315
7.56.4 Disease Cycle ...........................................................................................................................316
7.56.5 Management .............................................................................................................................316
References ............................................................................................................................................................317
7.57 Bacterial Blight of Pomegranate .............................................................................................................317
7.57.1 Host Range ...............................................................................................................................318
7.57.2 Symptoms .................................................................................................................................318
7.57.3 Causal Organism ......................................................................................................................318
7.57.4 Disease Cycle ...........................................................................................................................319
7.57.5 Management .............................................................................................................................319
References ........................................................................................................................................................... 320
7.58 Pierce’s Disease of Grapevine ................................................................................................................ 321
7.58.1 Host Range .............................................................................................................................. 321
7.58.2 Symptoms ................................................................................................................................ 321
7.58.3 Causal Organism ..................................................................................................................... 322
7.58.4 Disease Cycle .......................................................................................................................... 323
7.58.5 Management ............................................................................................................................ 325
References ........................................................................................................................................................... 326
7.59 Bacterial Blight of Grapevine ................................................................................................................ 327
7.59.1 Host Range .............................................................................................................................. 327
7.59.2 Symptoms ................................................................................................................................ 327
Contents xvii
7.59.3 Causal Organism ..................................................................................................................... 328

7.59.4 Disease Cycle .......................................................................................................................... 328
7.59.5 Management ............................................................................................................................ 329
References ........................................................................................................................................................... 329
7.60 Bacterial Canker of Grapevine............................................................................................................... 329
7.60.1 Host Range .............................................................................................................................. 330
7.60.2 Symptoms ................................................................................................................................ 330
7.60.3 Causal Organism ..................................................................................................................... 330
7.60.4 Disease Cycle .......................................................................................................................... 330
7.60.5 Management .............................................................................................................................331
References ............................................................................................................................................................331
7.61 Bacterial Canker of Kiwi ........................................................................................................................331
7.61.1 Host Range .............................................................................................................................. 332
7.61.2 Symptoms ................................................................................................................................ 332
7.61.3.1 Psm. syringae pv. actinidiae .................................................................................. 333
7.61.3.2 Psm. syringae pv. syringae..................................................................................... 333
7.61.3.3 Psm. syringae pv. actinidifoliorum pv. nov............................................................ 333
7.61.4 Disease Cycle .......................................................................................................................... 333
7.61.5 Management ............................................................................................................................ 335
References ........................................................................................................................................................... 335
7.62 Angular Leaf Spot of Strawberry........................................................................................................... 336
7.62.1 Symptoms ................................................................................................................................ 336
7.62.2 Causal Organism ..................................................................................................................... 337
7.62.3 Disease Cycle .......................................................................................................................... 338
7.62.4 Management ............................................................................................................................ 338
References ........................................................................................................................................................... 339
7.63 Bacterial Fruit Blotch of Watermelon .................................................................................................... 340
7.63.1 Symptoms ................................................................................................................................ 340
7.63.2 Causal Organism ..................................................................................................................... 341
7.63.3 Disease Cycle .......................................................................................................................... 342
7.63.4 Management ............................................................................................................................ 343
7.63.4.1 Management in Seed Production Fields................................................................. 343
7.63.4.2 Management in Transplant Production Areas........................................................ 343
7.63.4.3 Management in Fruit Production Fields................................................................. 343
References ........................................................................................................................................................... 344
7.64 Bacterial Blight of Walnut...................................................................................................................... 345
7.64.1 Symptoms ................................................................................................................................ 345
7.64.2 Causal Organism ..................................................................................................................... 346
7.64.3 Disease Cycle .......................................................................................................................... 346
7.64.4 Management ............................................................................................................................ 347
References ........................................................................................................................................................... 347
7.65 Bacterial Canker and Decline of Hazelnut ............................................................................................ 348
7.65.1 Host Range .............................................................................................................................. 348
7.65.2 Symptoms ................................................................................................................................ 348
7.65.3 Causal Organism ..................................................................................................................... 349
7.65.4 Disease Cycle .......................................................................................................................... 350
7.65.5 Management ............................................................................................................................ 350
References ........................................................................................................................................................... 350
7.66 Wildfire of Tobacco .................................................................................................................................351
7.66.1 Host Range ...............................................................................................................................351
7.66.2 Symptoms .................................................................................................................................351
7.66.2.1 Wildfire ...................................................................................................................351
7.66.2.2 Angular Leaf Spot.................................................................................................. 352
7.66.3 Causal Organism ..................................................................................................................... 352
xviii Contents
7.66.4 Disease Cycle .......................................................................................................................... 352

7.66.5 Management ............................................................................................................................ 353
References ........................................................................................................................................................... 353
7.67 Bacterial Blight of Cassava .................................................................................................................... 354
7.67.1 Host Range .............................................................................................................................. 354
7.67.2 Symptoms ................................................................................................................................ 354
7.67.3 Causal Organism ..................................................................................................................... 355
7.67.4 Disease Cycle .......................................................................................................................... 356
7.67.5 Management ............................................................................................................................ 357
References ........................................................................................................................................................... 358
7.68 Yellow Disease of Hyacinths .................................................................................................................. 360
7.68.1 Host Range .............................................................................................................................. 360
7.68.2 Symptoms ................................................................................................................................ 360
7.68.3 Causal Organism ..................................................................................................................... 360
7.68.4 Disease Cycle .......................................................................................................................... 360
7.68.5 Management ............................................................................................................................ 361
References ........................................................................................................................................................... 361
7.69 Bacterial Canker of Poplar ..................................................................................................................... 362
7.69.1 Host Range .............................................................................................................................. 362
7.69.2 Symptoms ................................................................................................................................ 362
7.69.3 Causal Organism ..................................................................................................................... 363
7.69.4 Disease Cycle .......................................................................................................................... 363
7.69.5 Management ............................................................................................................................ 363
References ........................................................................................................................................................... 364
7.70 Bacterial Blight of Mulberry .................................................................................................................. 364
7.70.1 Host Range .............................................................................................................................. 364
7.70.2 Symptoms ................................................................................................................................ 364
7.70.3 Causal Organism ..................................................................................................................... 365
7.70.4 Disease Cycle .......................................................................................................................... 365
7.70.5 Management ............................................................................................................................ 365
References ........................................................................................................................................................... 365
Index ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 367

Abbreviations of Bacterial
Genera Used in This Book
Genus Abbreviation Genus Abbreviation
Acetobacter Ace. Listeria Li.
Acidovorax Aci. Lonsdalea Lo.
Acinetobacter Acin. Neisseria Ne.
Agrobacterium Ag. Nocardia No.
Arthrobacter Ar. Paenibacillus Pae.
Bacillus Ba. Pantoea Pa.
Bacterium Bac. Paraburkholderia Par.
Bradyrhizobium Bra. Pectobacterium Pe.
Brenneria Br. Phytomonas Ph.
Burkholderia Bu. Pseudoalteromonas Psa.
Campylobacter Cam. Pseudomonas Psm.
‘Candidatus Liberibacter’ ‘Ca. Li.’ Ralstonia Ral.
‘Candidatus Phlomobacter’ ‘Ca. Phl.’ Rathayibacter Rat.
‘Candidatus Phytoplasma’ ‘Ca. Phy.’ Rhizobacter Rhba.
Citrobacter Cit. Rhizobium Rhbi.
Clavibacter Cla. Rhizorhapis Rhr.
Clostridium Clo. Rhodococcus Rho.
Corynebacterium Cor. Salmonella Sal.
Curtobacterium Cur. Samsonia Sam.
Dickeya D. Serratia Se.
Enterobacter En. Shigella Sh.
Enterococcus Enc. Sphingomonas Sph.
Erwinia Er. Spiroplasma Sp.
Escherichia Es. Staphylococcus Sta.
Gibbsiella Gi. Streptococcus Stc.
Gluconobacter Gl. Streptomyces St.
Herbaspirillum He. Tatumella Ta.
Janibacter Jani. Thermus Th.
Janthinobacterium Jant. Vibrio V.
Lactobacillus Lactob. Xanthomonas Xa.
Lactococcus Lactoc. Xylella Xyl.
Leifsonia L. Xylophilus Xyp.
Leucobacter Leb. Yersinia Y.
Leuconostoc Len.
xix
Preface
The study of phytopathogenic bacteria and the plant diseases into a book. Therefore, the book entitled, Phytopathogenic
caused by them is of utmost importance to mankind as these Bacteria and Plant Diseases is proposed.
diseases cause huge economic losses. Some of these diseases, There are 7 chapters included in the book. Chapter 1
such as bacterial wilt of solanaceous plants, soft rot of fleshy includes economic importance of phytopathogenic bacteria
vegetables and fruits, crown gall of plants, citrus canker, cit- and historical review of phytobacteriology. Chapter 2 contains
rus huanglongbing, fire blight of pome fruit trees, and bac- basic information about the bacterial cell. Chapter 3 deals
terial blight of rice, are of international importance. Plant with diagnosis of bacterial diseases of plants. The up-to-
diseases caused by phytopathogenic bacteria are also disas- date classification of plant pathogenic bacteria is given in
trous because many of these diseases cannot be effectively Chapter 4. The bacterial names included are based on the
controlled due to the lack of effective chemicals. Moreover, information published in International Journal of Systematic
the secondary spread of these diseases is very fast compared Bacteriology (IJSB), International Journal of Systematic and
to fungal diseases. Evolutionary Microbiology (IJSEM), and related journals up
The classification and nomenclature of bacteria has under- to December issues of 2018, and supplemented with the infor-
gone a sea change during the last three decades. The sequence mation given in Names of Plant Pathogenic Bacteria, 1864–
analysis of highly conserved regions of the bacterial genome 2004 prepared by Young et al. (2004), Comprehensive List of
such as small sub unit rRNA gene has provided very valuable Names of Plant Pathogenic Bacteria, 1980–2007 prepared
information concerning numerous taxonomic changes and by Bull et al. (2010), List of New Names of Plant Pathogenic
realignment of different taxonomic groups. The sequencing Bacteria (2008–2010) prepared by Bull et al. (2012), and List
of genomes of many phytopathogenic bacteria has certainly of New Names of Plant Pathogenic Bacteria (2011–2012)
stabilized their ever fluctuating nomenclature and taxon- prepared by Bull et al. (2014). Chapter 5 deals with informa-
omy. Since the 1st edition of Bergey’s Manual of Systematic tion on molecular mechanisms of phytopathogenic bacteria
Bacteriology was published in 1984, the number of published involved in virulence and pathogenesis. In Chapter 6, an alto-
bacterial species has more than tripled, i.e., 390 new genera gether a new topic, i.e., plants acting as carriers of human
and 2,200 new species have been described. Many new gen- enteric bacterial pathogens has been included. It needs an
era containing plant pathogenic bacteria have been recog- immediate attention of the scientists to decontaminate plant
nized, and the rearrangement of the species among the genera and plant products used for human consumption.
has also occurred. During 1970s, there were only 6 genera of Chapter 7 contains descriptions of specific bacterial plant
bacteria that contained plant pathogenic bacteria, but now this diseases. Although it was not possible to include all the bac-
number is 53, including 3 candidatus categories. terial plant diseases, 70 specific diseases, including eco-
In contrast to direct monetary losses and other harmful nomically important diseases of international importance
effects of phytopathogenic bacteria, they have a great deal and representative diseases of different crops and regions,
of commercial value. They are used for the commercial have been described. In order to make discussion of phyto-
production of many industrial products as well as tools for bacteriology even more effective, full-color photographs of
various scientific studies. Their use in industrial fermenta- symptoms of most of these diseases are given. Information
tion, production of antibiotics, xanthan gums, and polysac- published in plant pathological and related biological journals
charides such as curdlans are the important applications. until December issues of 2018 have been included in the book.
Production of pectin-degrading enzymes produced by The abbreviations of names of bacterial genera, included
soft-rotting erwinias and restriction nucleases produced in the book, are given on page xix. Because a majority of
by Agrobacterium and Xanthomonas species are other the genera included in this book start with the same letter,
notable examples of their commercial use. Gluconobacter a deviation has been made from the tradition of abbreviat-
species have various biotechnological applications. Their ing the genus name by using only the first letter of the genus.
biotransformed strains are used for the production of rare In Chapter 7, the names of causal agents of different diseases
and special sugars like l-ribose and miglitol, both very are given along with author citations. In author citations,
promising pharmaceutical lead molecules. Ag. tumefaciens when there are more than two authors, the name of the first
(the causal agent of crown gall of many plants), apart being author is given followed by “et al.” One or two and, in a few
a plant pathogen, is one of the best known vehicles for gene cases, up to three recent synonyms of each causal organism
transfer and most useful genetic engineering tool for devel- are also given. In the corresponding references, the names of
oping transgenics. up to five authors are given, followed by “et al.” when there
Our knowledge of phytopathogenic bacteria, plant diseases are additional authors. The names of all the authors/editors
caused by them, host-pathogen interactions, molecular mech- are given for book references.
anisms involved in virulence and pathogenesis, and disease At the undergraduate level, students have limited expo-
management strategies developed has now reached a stage sure to phytobacteriology. However, at the post-graduate
where it would be useful to integrate the concepts and ideas level, students are taught phytobacteriology in detail. State
xxi
xxii Preface
agricultural universities and the universities teaching biologi- in the preparation of this manuscript, I have referred to a num-
cal sciences have courses dealing exclusively with phytobac- ber of publications, and I would like to acknowledge all the
teriology. PhD students specializing in phytobacteriology are authors of these excellent and valuable publications/articles.
taught advanced courses. This book will serve as a textbook There might be some errors, mistakes, and shortcomings
for advanced undergraduate and post-graduate students and in this publication. I will greatly appreciate the healthy criti-
also as a reference book for research workers engaged in the cism and suggestions for the improvement of this publication
discipline of plant pathology and phytobacteriology. in future.
I am indebted to numerous colleagues and friends for sug-
gestions made during the preparation of the manuscript. Also, B.S. Thind
Acknowledgments
It is my pleasure to acknowledge the help of all those who Crop Protection Division, Central Institute for Subtropical
contributed in the preparation of this publication. At the Horticulture, Lucknow, for lending me the photographs of the
outset, I am highly thankful to my friend and ex-colleague, symptoms of different plant diseases.
Dr. G.S. Miglani, formerly Professor of Genetics, Punjab I am also indebted to Dr. N.W. Schaad, Agricultural
Agricultural University (PAU), Ludhiana, for his frequent Research Service-United States Department of Agriculture,
counseling and help. I am also grateful to my friend and ex- Foreign Disease-Weed Science Research Unit, Ft. Detrick,
colleague, Dr. R.S. Kahlon, Ex-Prof.-cum-Head, Department MD, USA, for his expert advice and frequent counseling.
of Microbiology, PAU, Ludhiana, for reviewing Chapter 2, My sincere thanks are also due to Professor Ian K. Toth,
“Bacterial cell,” and making critical suggestions. The James Hutton Institute Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA,
I owe my special thanks to Dr. Parminder Singh, Assistant UK; Dr. N.W. Schaad; Dr. M.K. Mondal, Sr. Scientist, Division
Plant Pathologist, PAU, Ludhiana, who helped me immensely of Plant Pathology, I. A. R. I., New Delhi; Dr. R. Sridhar, ex-
in downloading a large number of pictures and photographs Head, Department of Plant Pathology, Central Rice Research
from the Internet and also for editing and arranging these Institute, Cuttack; and Dr. R.P. Maharshi for agreeing to
photographs. His help in typing and setting the text material act as referees/reviewers for this book. The frequent coun-
is also acknowledged. I am also indebted to Dr. M.S. Hujan, seling and help rendered by Dr. Paramjit Singh Randhawa,
Assistant Professor of Plant Pathology, PAU, Ludhiana, for President, California Plant and Seed Labs, USA, is thankfully
going through Chapter 6, “Plants as carriers of human enteric acknowledged.
bacterial pathogens,” and making useful suggestions. I owe a special gratitude to my wife, Mrs. Ravinder Kaur
The generous help rendered by my ex-colleagues and Thind for her continuous and untiring encouragement during
friends, namely, Dr. Bipin Kumar Sharma, Ex-Director, this entire period and also for her help in the preparation of
PAU Regional Research Station, Kapurthalla; Dr. Surinder subject index. My sincere thanks also go to my ex-colleagues
Kumar Thind, Prof. of Plant Protection, PAU, Ludhiana; and friends who helped me directly or indirectly in the prep-
Dr. Kuldip Singh, Ex-Senior Molecular Geneticist, PAU, aration of this manuscript, but whose names have not been
Ludhiana; Dr. R.P. Maharshi, Ex-Head, Department of Plant mentioned here.
Pathology, SKN College of Agriculture, Jobner, Rajasthan;
and the late Dr. Ram Kishun, ex-Principal Scientist and Head, B.S. Thind
xxiii
Author
Dr. B.S. Thind retired as and has guided 10 PhD and 13 MSc students. All these stu-
Professor-cum-Head, Depa- dents conducted the research work on bacterial diseases of
rtment of Plant Pathology, different crops.
Punjab Agricultural University Dr. Thind attended the 7th, 8th, and 9th International
(PAU), Ludhiana, India after Conferences on Plant Pathogenic Bacteria held in Budapest
serving the university for in 1989, in Versailles in 1992, and in Chennai in 1996,
32 years. After retirement, he respectively. As member of the National Organizing
became an Emeritus Scientist Committee, he organized the 9th International Conference
(Indian Council of Agricultural on Plant Pathogenic Bacteria held in Chennai, India dur-
Research [ICAR], New Delhi) ing August 26–29, 1996 and also chaired a session. He
in the Department of Plant also attended I, II, and III International Symposia of Plant
Pathology, PAU, Ludhiana Pathology and International Conference in New Delhi
from July 2003 to July 2005 in 1967, 1971, 1981, and 1997, respectively; the Global
on the scheme entitled, Conference in Plant Pathology in Udaipur in 1995 and
“Development, mass culturing, and formulation of effective and Asian Biotechnology Rice Network Workshop at Ludhiana
economical biocontrol agents for the control of Xanthomonas in 1998; and 25 national and eight zonal meetings of differ-
oryzae pv. oryzae, the causal agent of bacterial blight of rice.” ent professional societies.
Dr. Thind completed his PhD in Plant Pathology from Dr. Thind has been a member of Indian Phytopathological
Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi in 1970. Society, New Delhi, since 1966 and is now designated as a
His first encounter with plant bacteriology or phytobacte- life member. He has been a member of the Indian Society of
riology sub discipline occurred during his PhD program Mycology and Plant Pathology, Udaipur, since 1976, of the
when he worked on bacterial stalk rot of maize caused by Indian Society of Plant Pathologists, Ludhiana, since 1984,
Dickeya zeae. To this day, he continues to work on bacterial and of the Indian Science Congress Association, Kolkata,
diseases of plants and has made significant contributions in since 1992.
this field. Dr. Thind has served as paper setter and external examiner
He has been a principal investigator of an Indian Council of four universities and Agricultural Scientists’ Recruitment
of Agricultural Research (ICAR)-funded research scheme Board, New Delhi; as an expert of selection committees for
entitled, “Biological control of bacterial blight, sheath blight, the post of Associate Professors/Professors and as an external
sheath rot, and brown leaf spot of rice,” two ICAR-funded examiner of PhD and MSc students of different universities;
research schemes entitled, “Perpetuation, variability, and and as reviewer/referee of various national and international
control of X. oryzae pv. oryzae, the causal agent of bacterial research journals.
blight of rice,” and “Detection and control of phytopathogenic He has also published 127 research papers in scientific
bacteria from cowpea and mung bean seeds.” journals of international and national repute, has authored
He has also taught many courses of plant pathology to one manual entitled, Plant Bacteriology and one textbook
undergraduate and post-graduate students, including 600 entitled, Phytopathogenic Procaryotes and Plant Diseases
series advanced courses of plant bacteriology to PhD students published by Scientific Publishers (India).
xxv
Section I
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STANTON an up-to-the-minute baseball story no lover of
the game will want to put down until the last word is read.
2. GRIDIRON GRIT
Or The Making of a Fullback
A corking story of football packed full of exciting action
and good, clean competitive rivalry. Shorty Fiske is six-
foot-four and the product of too much money and
indulgence at home. How Clarkville School and football
develop Shorty’s real character and how he eventually
stars on the gridiron brings this thrilling tale of school life
and football to a grandstand finish.
3. THE FIGHTING FIVE
Or the Kidnapping of Clarkville’s Basketball Team
Clarkville School’s basketball team is kidnapped during
the game for the State Scholastic Championship. The
team’s subsequent adventures under the leadership of
Captain Charlie Minor as he brings them back to the State
College Gymnasium where the two last quarters of the
Championship game are played next evening, climaxes
twenty-four pulsating hours of adventure and basketball in
the FIGHTING FIVE....

New York
SORAK JUNGLE SERIES
By HARVEY D. RICHARDS
The name Sorak means War Cry in
the Malay country. He grows up
among the most primitive of the Malay
aborigines, and learns to combat all
the terrors of the jungle with safety.
The constant battle with nature’s
forces develop Sorak’s abilities to
such an extent that he is
acknowledged the chief warrior in all
his section of the jungle.
12mo. Cloth. Illustrated. Jacket in
color. Price 50 cents per volume.
1. SORAK OF THE MALAY JUNGLE

or How Two Young Americans Face Death and Win a
Friend
Two boys, Dick and Jack Preston are shipwrecked off the
Malay Peninsula and are rescued by Sorak. Their
adventures in trying to get back to civilization make an
absorbing story.
2. SORAK AND THE CLOUDED TIGER
or How the Terrible Ruler of the North Is Hunted and
Destroyed
A huge clouded tiger, almost human, leads a pack of red
dholes into Sorak’s country, and it takes all of Sorak’s
ingenuity, and the aid of his friends to exterminate the
pack.
3. SORAK AND THE SULTAN’S ANKUS
or How a Perilous Journey Leads to a Kingdom of Giants
Sorak and his friends are trapped by a herd of elephants,
and finally run away with by the leader to an unknown
valley where a remnant of Cro-Magnon race still exists.
Their exciting adventures will hold the reader enthralled
until the last word.
4. SORAK AND THE TREE-MEN
or the Rescue of the Prisoner Queen
Captured by a band of Malay slavers, Sorak and his
friends are wrecked on an island off the coast of Burma in
the Mergui Archipelago. Their escape from the island with
the Prisoner Queen after a successful revolution brings
the fourth book of this series to an exciting and unusual
conclusion.

New York
TOP NOTCH DETECTIVE STORIES
By WILLIAM HALL
Each story complete in itself
A new group of detective stories
carefully written, with corking plots;
modern, exciting, full of adventure,
good police and detective work.
1. SLOW VENGEANCE
or the Mystery of Pete Shine
A young newspaper man, whose
brother is on the police force,
becomes strangely involved in the
mysterious killing of an Italian
bootblack. Suspicion points to a well-
known politician but he proves that it
was impossible for him to have done
the deed. Then the reporter, who for a
time turns detective, gets a clue
revolving about a startling, ancient
method of combat. He follows this up,
watches a masked duelist and, with
the help of a girl, catches the
murderer who justifies his deed on the
plea of Slow Vengeance. You will be
interested in reading how the reporter
got out of a tight corner.
2. GREEN FIRE
or Mystery of the Indian Diamond
A golf caddy who has a leaning
toward amateur detective work,
together with his younger cousin, are
accidentally mixed up in the strange
loss, or theft, of a valuable diamond,
known as Green Fire. It was once the
eye of an East Indian idol. To clear his
young cousin of suspicion, the older
boy undertakes to solve the mystery
which deepens when one man
disappears and another is found
murdered on the golf course. But, by
a series of clever moves on the part of
the young sleuth, the crime is solved
and the diamond found in a most
unusual hiding place. A rapidly
moving, exciting tale. You will like it.
3. HIDDEN DANGER
or The Secret of the Bank Vault
A young detective, who, in his private
capacity, has solved several
mysteries, decides to open an office
in another city. He meets a young
bank clerk and they become partners
just when the clerk’s bank is
mysteriously bombed and the cashier
is reported missing. It is not until next
day that it is discovered that the bank
vault has been entered in some secret
manner and a large sum stolen. The
regular detectives declared “spirits”
must have robbed the bank but the
two young detectives prove that a
clever gang did it and also kidnapped
the aged cashier. Not a dull page from
first to last. A clever story.
New York
NORTHWEST STORIES
By LeROY W. SNELL
A new group of stories laid in the
Canadian Northwest by Mr. Snell, a
master writer of the glories and the
thrilling adventures of the Canadian
Northwest Mounted Police. Each book
is an individual story, well written,
beautifully bound, and contains a
story that all boys will enjoy.
1. THE LEAD DISK

Tom Baley, leaving college goes north into Canada,
hoping to join the Northwest Mounted Police. His
application is turned down by his own uncle, an officer on
the force, but after many thrilling adventures and
encounters with the Disk Gang he is able to win the
coveted uniform.
2. SHADOW PATROL
Luke Myers is sent into the Caribou Mountains to solve
the mystery of The Shadow, about whom many conflicting
stories are told. There are struggles with the outlaws, and
finally a great running battle down the fog-obscured
mountain trails ... at the end of which the outlaws are
captured and the mystery of The Shadow is solved.
3. THE WOLF CRY
Donald Pierce is sent to solve the mystery of his father’s
disappearance, into the unmapped barrens where King
Stively weaves his web of wickedness, and rules a
territory the size of a small empire with a ruthlessness and
cunning that baffles the best of the Mounted Police.
Behind all is the dread Wolf Cry which causes brave men
to shudder....
4. THE SPELL OF THE NORTH
Sergeant David Stanlaw, stationed at Spirit River, is
puzzled by a local killing, the disappearance of the body,
the finding of a code message, and by the mystery of the
“Listening Forest,” which casts a shadow of dread over the
little town of Wiggin’s Creek. With the help of Jerry Bartlett
they capture the leaders of the gang and solve the
mystery of the “Listening Forest.”
5. THE CHALLENGE OF THE YUKON
Robert Wade whose patrol runs from Skagway on
Chattam Strait north into the Yukon country follows in the
wake of a stampede to a new gold strike. With the aid of
his friend, Jim MacPhail, Wade frustrates the outlaws, who
try to trap the whole town behind the “Pass of the Closing
Door,” and then races them to and across the breaking ice
floes of the Yukon. A strong adventure story all boys will
enjoy.

New York
TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES:
Obvious typographical errors have been corrected.
Inconsistencies in hyphenation have been
standardized.
Archaic or variant spelling has been retained.
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Phytopathogenic Bacteria and Plant

Diseases 1st Edition B. S. Thind

Pictorial Atlas of Soilborne Fungal Plant Pathogens and

Steam Plant Operation 10th Edition Herbert B. Lammers

Hepatitis B Virus in Human Diseases 1st Edition Yun-Fan

Plant Pathology 3rd Edition R. S. Mehrotra

Diseases of Field Crops and their Management 1st

Infectious Diseases and Antimicrobial Stewardship in

Physicochemical and Environmental Plant Physiology 5th

Hemeon s Plant Process Ventilation Third Edition Burton

© 2020 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

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Section i General Aspects

Chapter 1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................................. 3

Chapter 2 Bacterial Cell ......................................................................................................................................................... 11

2.4.10 Plasmids ...................................................................................................................................... 18

Chapter 3 Diagnosis of Bacterial Diseases of Plants ............................................................................................................. 23

Chapter 4 Classification of Bacteria....................................................................................................................................... 37

Chapter 5 Molecular Mechanisms of Virulence and Pathogenesis ....................................................................................... 79

5.3 Circumventing Host Resistance by Plant Pathogenic Bacteria .................................................................. 86

Chapter 6 Plants as Carriers of Human Enteric Bacterial Pathogens .................................................................................... 95

Section ii Specific Plant Diseases

Chapter 7 Description of Plant Diseases...............................................................................................................................113

7.4 Yellow Ear Rot of Wheat ....................................................................................................................... 129

7.11.4 Disease Cycle .......................................................................................................................... 153

7.18 Bacterial Blight of Sesame ......................................................................................................................174

7.26.3 Causal Organism ..................................................................................................................... 198

7.35.2 Causal Organism ..................................................................................................................... 227

7.43.5 Management ............................................................................................................................ 259

7.51 Citrus Huanglongbing ............................................................................................................................ 290

7.59.3 Causal Organism ..................................................................................................................... 328

7.66.4 Disease Cycle .......................................................................................................................... 352

Index ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 367

CUPPLES & LEON COMPANY, Publishers

CUPPLES & LEON COMPANY, Publishers

1. SORAK OF THE MALAY JUNGLE

CUPPLES & LEON COMPANY, Publishers

1. THE LEAD DISK

CUPPLES & LEON COMPANY, Publishers

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