PF> iltlrdkeatkfe

Quk`g aei lasy ikstkjjatkfe & iltlrdkeatkfe fh tftaj PF> ke hffis aei nlvlrabls

Anstra`t
Pujhur-`fetakekeb `fdpfueis, su`c as sujhur ikfxkil aei sujhktls, arl wkiljy usli as prlslrvatkvls aei aetk-
fxkiaets ke hffis aei nlvlrabls. Lxpfsurl tf ckbc jlvljs fh sujhktls `ae `ausl ae ajjlrbk` rla`tkfe, ikhhk`ujty
nrlatckeb, sellzkeb, tcrfat swljjkeb, ckvls aei dkbrakel claia`cls.
Bkvle tcl clajtc rksgs assf`katli wktc sujhktl lxpfsurl, tcl adfuet fh sujhktls ke nlvlrabls aei hffistuhhs ks
rlbujatli ke daey `fuetrkls. ^lbujatkfes `ae slt tcl daxkdud adfuet fh sujhktls usli aei rlqukrl janljs tf
keik`atl tcl prlsle`l fh sujhktls.
Eudlrfus dltcfis arl usli tf iltlrdkel sujhktl `fe`letratkfe. Ycl dltcfis, cfwlvlr, arl iksaivaetablfus hfr
varkfus rlasfes. Iksaivaetabls ke`juil tcl `fdpjlxkty fh tcl dltcfifjfby, tcl jarbl adfuet fh tkdl kevfjvli, tcl
kea``ura`y fh rlsujts, tcl usl fh tfxk` `cldk`ajs, ke`fevlekle`l, aei tcl rlqukrli usl fh spl`kaj lqukpdlet.
A dltcfi tcat fvlr`fdls tclsl iksaivaetabls ks ilskranjl. Ycl dltcfi ils`rknli clrlke ks skdpjl aei hast uskeb
tcl Ikstkjjatkfe \ekt G-0<< fr tcl GmljHjlx G-08?. Ycl rlsujts arl a``uratl, rlplatanjl, aei rlprfiu`knjl. Ycl rlsujts
ajsf `fdparl havfranjy tf rlsujts fntakeli wktc dltcfis ldpjfyli ny rlbujatfry able`kls. Ke aiiktkfe, tcl usl fh
tfxk` `cldk`ajs, su`c as jlai, ks avfkili. Hurtclrdfrl, tcl dltcfi ks l`fefdk`ajjy aei `fevlekletjy `arrkli fut
uskeb rlablets `fddfejy hfuei ke janfratfrkls.

1. Ketrfiu`tkfe
Pujhur-`fetakekeb `fdpfueis, su`c as sujhur ikfxkil Yclrl arl keikvkiuajs, cfwlvlr, wcf arl slesktkvl tf
(PF>) aei sujhktls (PF0>-), arl wkiljy usli as sujhktls. Lxpfsurl fh tclsl keikvkiuajs tf ckbc jlvljs fh
prlslrvatkvls aei aetk-fxkiaets ke hffis aei sujhktls `ae `ausl sydptfds/skbes ke varkfus systlds
nlvlrabls (sll Yanjl 1). Pujhktls ajsf f``ur eaturajjy fh tcl nfiy (sll Yanjl >).
ke sfdl hffis aei nlvlrabls as a rlsujt fh Yanjl >= Pydptfds/skbes fh keikvkiuajs wck`c arl
hlrdletatkfe (l.b. nllr aei wkel). slesktkvl tf sujhktls.
Yanjl 1= Pujhur-`fetakekeb `fdpfueis ke hffis aei Pystld ahhl`tli Pydptfds/skbes
nlvlrabls W1T.
Dkbrakel claia`cls, haketkeb, irfp
Dfst `fddfe Lxadpjl hffi @kr`ujatfry ke njffi prlssurl (assf`katli wktc
A`tkfes aeapcyja`tk` scf`g).
sujhktkeb ablets prfiu`ts
Nlvlrabls= wkel, Ikblstkvl Ptfda`c `radps, eausla, ikarrcla
nllr, `frikajs, `kilr, Ketlbudletary Ckvls, rasc, kt`ckeb.
Njla`ckeb
Pfikud sujhktl hrukt muk`l (`aeeli, Rcllzkeb, `fubckeb, ikhhk`ujty
ablet
nfttjli, aei hrfzle), nrlatckeb, astcda, sellzkeb,
aei sfht irkegs. ^lspkratfry tcrfat swljjkeb, keankjkty tf nrlatcl
Hrukts= irkli, hrukt (assf`katli wktc aeapcyja`tk`
Aetk-dk`rfnkaj
Pfikud nksujhktl nars, aei scf`g).
ablet
daras`ckef `clrrkls
Xlbltanjls= `aeeli,
pk`gjli, irkli, aei Bkvle tcl aivlrsl rla`tkfes tf sujhktls lxcknktli ny
Pfikud Fxyble prf`lssli (l.b., sfdl keikvkiuajs, tcl usl fh sujhktls ke hffis aei
dltanksujhktl s`avleblr kestaet dascli nlvlrabls cas nl`fdl ae kssul fh `fe`lre hfr
pftatfls aei pftatf `fesudlrs aei rlbujatfry able`kls. Kevlstkbatkfes
sajai). ketf tcl pftletkaj aivlrsl clajtc `feslqule`ls fh
sujhktl lxpfsurl cas jli able`kls tf prfdujbatl
Plahffi= `jads
(`aeeli), scrkdp rlbujatkfes `fe`lrekeb tcl usabl fh sujhktkeb ablets
^liu`keb (hrlsc, hrfzle, irkli, aei tcl janljkeb fh hffi aei nlvlrabl prfiu`ts
_ftasskud nksujhktl `fetakekeb sujhktls. Ycl usl fh sujhur ikfxkil aei
ablet aei `aeeli), jfnstlr
(hrfzle), s`ajjfps, sujhktls as hffi aiiktkvls ks rlstrk`tli, hfr lxadpjl, ke
aei `fi (irkli). tcl \ektli Ptatls fh Adlrk`a (\PA), tcl Lurfplae
\ekfe (L\) aei @ckea.
_ftasskud Lezydl
Bravkls aei sau`ls.
dltanksujhktl kecknktfr
>. \sl fh sujhktls ke tcl \PA
Ifubc Mads, mljjkls, aei
@aj`kud sujhktl Ycl usl fh sujhktkeb ablets ke tcl \PA cas nlle
`feiktkfelr hrukt tfppkebs.
Ftclr hffi= (Dapjl blelrajjy rl`fbekzli as sahl (B^AP) ske`l 1;<;
syrup, @f`feut, wcle usli ke a``friae`l wktc bffi daeuha`turkeb
@aj`kud nksujhktl pra`tk`l7 lx`juili ks usl ke dlats aei ftclr hffis
Bljatke, Xkelbar,
Nllh stlw). rl`fbekzli as a sfur`l fh vktadke N1 W1T. B^AP status
Pujhur ikfxkil Ifubc (pkl `rust was rlvfgli ke 1;38 hfr hrukts aei vlbltanjls tcat arl
prlsletli hrlsc fr slrvli raw W>T. Ycl \.P. Hffi aei
(PF>) aei pkzza). Irub Aidkekstratkfe (HIA) rlqukrls tcl janlj fe
Nks`ukts, `ffgkls, hkekscli hffi `fetakekeb 5 1? ppd sujhktl tf il`jarl tcl
aei tfrtkjja scljjs. prlsle`l fh tcl sujhktl (sll >1 @.H.^. § 10?.;)7 ae

_abl 1/8
PF> iltlrdkeatkfe
Quk`g aei lasy ikstkjjatkfe & iltlrdkeatkfe fh tftaj PF> ke hffis aei nlvlrabls
lx`lptkfe ks tcl usl fh sujhktl fe dkekdajjy prf`lssli
pftatfls sjk`li fr scrliili hfr hrykeb. Ycl \.P.
Levkrfedletaj _rftl`tkfe Able`y (L_A) rlbujatls tcl
usl fh sujhktl as a huebk`kil iurkeb tcl sckpdlet fh
hrlsc tanjl brapls7 tcl `fe`letratkfe fh PF> rlskiuls
fe tcl brapls as `fesudli dust nl : 1? ppd tftaj
PF>. Ycl Yax aei Yrail Nurlau (YYN) fh tcl \.P.
Ilpartdlet fh tcl Yrlasury rlqukrls aj`fcfjk`
nlvlrabls `fetakekeb sujhktls tf nl janljli
a``frikebjy.
\PA=
janlj kh sujhktls 5 1? ppd
0. \sl fh sujhktls ke tcl L\
Ycl Lurfplae _arjkadlet aei tcl @fue`kj fe Hffi
Aiiktkvls rlbujatl sujhktkeb ablets ke tcl L\ ueilr
^lbujatkfe 1000/>??3. Ycl adfuet plrdkttli varkls
a``frikeb tf tcl typl fh hffi aei tcl hfrd fh tcl
kebrliklet aei raebls hrfd 1? db/gb tf 1?,??? db/gb
W1T. Ycl L\ rlqukrls tcl janlj fe hffi `fetakekeb 5 1?
db/gb fr 1? db/J PF> aei/fr sujhktls tf il`jarl tcl
prlsle`l fh sujhktls. Yftaj PF > ks `aj`ujatli hfr
prfiu`ts rlaiy hfr `fesudptkfe fr rl`festktutli.
Ycl Lurfplae @fddksskfe‛s P`kletkhk` @fddkttll fe
Hffi (P@H) slt ae a``lptanjl iakjy ketagl (AIK) hfr
sujhur ikfxkil aei kts lqukvajlets at ?.2 db/gb nfiy
wlkbct/iay (P@H (1;;9)). Ycks `fdpfrts wktc tcl AIK
lstanjkscli ny tcl Mfket Hffi aei Abrk`ujturl
Frbaekzatkfe (HAF)/Rfrji Clajtc Frbaekzatkfe (RCF)
Lxplrt @fddkttll fe Hffi Aiiktkvls (ML@HA) ke 1;29
W0T.
L\=
janlj kh PF> + sujhktls 5 1? db/gb fr 1? db/J
9. \sl fh sujhktls ke @ckea
Ke @ckea tcl daxkdud jlvljs slt hfr sujhur ikfxkil,
pftasskud dltanksujhktl, sfikud dltanksujhktl, sfikud
sujhktl, sfikud cyirfble sujhktl, aei sfikud
cypfsujhktl ilplei fe tcl `atlbfry fh hffi W9T. Ycl
jlvljs raebl hrfd <? tf 9?? db/gb fr db/J (rlskiuaj
PF>).
<. @filx Ajkdletarkus
Ycl @filx Ajkdletarkus @fddksskfe, wck`c ks part fh
tcl RCF aei tcl HAF prfbrad fh tcl \ektli Eatkfes,
punjkscls tcl @filx Ajkdletarkus. Ycl @filx
Ajkdletarkus fr ‚Hffi @fil— slts hfrtc ketlreatkfeaj
hffi staeiaris, bukiljkels, aei `fils fh pra`tk`l.
Pujhktls arl fel fh tcl hffi aiiktkvls ke`juili W<T.
8. Dltcfis `urrletjy usli tf iltlrdkel tftaj
PF> as a dlasurl fh sujhktls
Ke vklw fh tcl aivlrsl clajtc rksgs assf`katli wktc
sujhktl lxpfsurl aei janljkeb rlqukrldlets, varkfus
dltcfis fh iltlrdkekeb sujhktl `fetlet arl ke usl, aei
elw dltcfis arl `fetkeuajjy nlkeb prfpfsli. Dltcfis
_abl >/8
ke`juil tcl Dfeklr-Rkjjkads dltcfis aei varkfus
vlrskfes tclrlfh, `fjfrkdltry, hjfw keml`tkfe aeajysks,
pujsl pfjarfbrapcy aei kfe `crfdatfbrapcy W8T.
Yktrkdltry, pcftfdltry, kfifdltry, ljl`trf`cldkstry,
hjufrfdltry, `cldkjudkels`le`l spl`trfdltry, bas-
jkquki `crfdatfbrapcy aei jkquki `crfdatfbrapcy ajsf
cavl nlle usli W2T. Ptkjj ftclr dltcfis ke`juil
varkfus ljl`trfaeajytk`aj tl`cekquls, su`c as
vfjtaddltry, adplrfdltry aei pftletkfdltry W3, ;T.
Pke`l sujhktls `ae `fevlrt tf PF >, sujhktls arl
dlasurli aei lxprlssli as PF>. Dfst fh tcl
prf`liurls, cfwlvlr, arl tlikfus, tkdl-`fesudkeb,
cavl a ckbc jlvlj fh iltl`tkfe aei `aeeft nl usli fe
prfiu`ts `fetakekeb vfjatkjl `fdpfueis W2T. Ftclr
iksaivaetabls `ae ke`juil `fdpjlx dltcfifjfby,
kea``uratl rlsujts, ke`fevlekle`l, tcl usl fh tfxk`
`cldk`ajs aei tcl rlqukrli usl fh spl`kaj lqukpdlet.
@crfdatfbrapck` dltcfis cavl jfwlr jkdkts fh
iltl`tkfe aei rlqukrl jlss tkdl nut if eft wfrg wljj fe
prfiu`ts ke wck`c tcl sujhur ikfxkil ks strfebjy nfuei
tf a datrkx7 ke aiiktkfe, tcl lqukpdlet ks `fstjy aei
`ae nl ikhhk`ujt tf fplratl W2T. Lezydatk` dltcfis `ae
nl cari tf staeiarikzl aei arl jlss slesktkvl W2T.
Ycl jlvlj fh sujhktl ke hkekscli hffi `ae nl iltlrdkeli
ny tcl dfikhkli Dfeklr-Rkjjkads (DR) dltcfi (sll,
l.b., Assf`katkfe fh Fhhk`kaj Aeajytk`aj @cldksts (AFA@)
Fhhk`kaj Dltcfi ;8>.18). Ycl dfikhkli DR dltcfi ks
eft appjk`anjl tf irkli fekfes, jllgs, `annabl aei
`lrtake ftclr vlbltanjls iul tf tcl prlsle`l fh
ketlrhlrkeb vfjatkjl sujhur-`fetakekeb `fdpfueis.
Pke`l tcl DR dltcfi cas irawna`gs at tcl 1? db/J
jlvlj, tcl \.P. HIA dail dkefr `caebls tf tcl
prf`liurl tf kdprfvl a``ura`y at 1? ppd (>1 @.H.^. §
1?1, Appleikx A). ^lhlrrli tf as tcl Fptkdkzli
Dfeklr-Rkjjkads (FDR) dltcfi, tcl dltcfi ks tcl
dfst wkiljy usli dltcfi hfr tcl quaetktatkvl
iltlrdkeatkfe fh sujhktls ke hffi aei nlvlrabls (sll,
l.b., AFA@ Fhhk`kaj Dltcfi ;;?.>3). Ycl FDR
dltcfi ks ajsf tcl fhhk`kaj dltcfi hfr tcl
iltlrdkeatkfe fh sujhktls ke hffi a``frikeb tf tcl @ckea
Eatkfeaj Ptaeiari (@EP, >??0).
\skeb tcl FDR dltcfi, sadpjls arl ikstkjjli ueilr
a`kik` `feiktkfes aei tcle aeajyzli ny kfikel fr
a`ki/nasl tktratkfe. @fdpjk`atli sadpjl prlparatkfe,
wck`c ks janfr-ketleskvl aei tkdl-`fesudkeb,
prl`juils uskeb tcl dltcfi hfr hast fr ckbc-tcrfubcput
aeajysks. Ajsf, usl fh tcl FDR
FDR dltcfi hfr aeajysks fh
iry hrukt aei vlbltanjl sadpjls tleis tf fvlrlstkdatl
tcl jlvlj fh sujhktls nl`ausl fh tcl anueiaet prlsle`l
fh vfjatkjl a`kik` `fdpfueis W1?T. Ke aiiktkfe, tcl
FDR dltcfi rlqukrls tcl usl fh `ustfd-dail
bjasswarl.
A dltcfi tcat fvlr`fdls tcl iksaivaetabls fh
`urrletjy usli dltcfis ks ilskranjl. Ycl dltcfi
ils`rknli clrlke ks skdpjl aei hast. Ycl rlsujts arl
a``uratl, rlplatanjl, aei rlprfiu`knjl. Ycl rlsujts
ajsf `fdparl havfranjy tf rlsujts fntakeli uskeb
dltcfis ldpjfyli ny rlbujatfry able`kls. Ke aiiktkfe,
tcl usl fh `cldk`ajs, su`c as jlai, wck`c arl tfxk` tf
cudaes aei tcl levkrfedlet, ks avfkili. Hurtclrdfrl,
PF> iltlrdkeatkfe
Quk`g aei lasy ikstkjjatkfe & iltlrdkeatkfe fh tftaj PF> ke hffis aei nlvlrabls
tcl dltcfi ks `fst-lhhl`tkvl aei `fevlekletjy `arrkli
fut uskeb rlablets `fddfejy hfuei ke janfratfrkls.
2. A elw dltcfi hfr tcl iltlrdkeatkfe fh
tftaj PF> ‐‚Ycl N\@CK PF> dltcfi—
Ycl N\@CK PF> dltcfi kevfjvls tcl `cldk`aj
`fevlrskfe fh sujhktls ketf vfjatkjl sujhur ikfxkil. Ycl
vfjatkjl sujhur ikfxkil ks stlad-ikstkjjli ketf a staeiari
sfjutkfe fh kfikel. A rlifx-rla`tkfe f``urs nltwlle
tcl sujhur ikfxkil aei tcl kfikel. Ahtlr tcl vfjatkjl
sujhur ikfxkil cas nlle `fdpjltljy stlad-ikstkjjli ketf
tcl staeiari sfjutkfe fh kfikel, tcl rlskiuaj kfikel ks
iltlrdkeli ny rlifx-tktratkfe uskeb a staeiari sfjutkfe
fh sfikud tckfsujhatl. Ycl jlvlj fh quaetkhk`atkfe ks
?.3< db PF> plr sadpjl.
Hfr `fdpjltl iltakjs fh tcl N\@CK PF > dltcfi
sll Lurfplae _at. App. _un. Ef. L_ > <1< ?;3
A1,, ‚Dltcfi aei Ilvk`l hfr Iltlrdkekeb tcl PF >
A1
@fetlet fh Hffi aei Irkegs—
Irkegs— (`jk`g fe tcl jkeg hfr
dfrl kehfrdatkfe).
Ycl dltcfi `ae nl `arrkli fut ny uskeb a ikstkjjatkfe
uekt aei `fjjl`tkeb tcl ikstkjjatl wktc PF > ansfrptkfe
bjass as scfwe ke Hkb. 1, hfr lxadpjl. Ycl PF >
ansfrptkfe bjass scfwe ke Hkb. 1 `fesksts fh twf
`feel`tli hjasgs ‐ tcl hkrst fel `fetakes ae kfikel
staeiari sfjutkfe aei tcl sl`fei fel `fetakes ltcaef j.
Hkb. 1= N\@CK PF> Ansfrptkfe Bjass (?90?2?).
3. Yftaj PF> ke wkel
FKX PF > dltcfi
A wkiljy a``lptli dltcfi hfr tcl aeajysks fh tftaj PF >
ke wkel ks punjkscli ny tcl Frbaekzatkfe Ketlreatkfeajl
il ja Xkbel lt iu Xke (FKX) ke tcl @fdpleikud fh
Ketlreatkfeaj Dltcfis fh Rkel aei Dust Aeajysks W11,
1>T. Ycl FKX PF> dltcfi kevfjvls a`kikhk`atkfe fh a
wkel sadpjl wktc pcfspcfrk` a`ki. PF > ks rljlasli
iurkeb ektrfble-asskstli ikstkjjatkfe ketf cyirfble
plrfxkil. PF> `fetlet ks iltlrdkeli ny a`ki-nasl
tktratkfe fh sujhurk` a`ki wktc sfikud cyirfxkil. Ycl
dltcfi ks tlikfus aei tkdl-`fesudkeb tf `arry fut.
_abl 0/8
N\@CK PF > dltcfi
\sl fh tcl N\@CK PF> dltcfi ke tcl iltlrdkeatkfe fh
tftaj PF> ke wkel kevfjvls a`kikhk`atkfe fh a wkel
sadpjl wktc a dkxturl fh dltcaefj, watlr, aei frtcf-
pcfspcfrk` a`ki. PF> ks lhhk`kletjy rljlasli iurkeb
stlad ikstkjjatkfe ketf tcl aqulfus kfikel sfjutkfe
`fetakeli ke tcl hkrst fh tcl twf `feel`tli hjasgs fh tcl
PF> ansfrptkfe bjass scfwe ke Hkb. 1. PF> `fetlet ks
iltlrdkeli ny a rlifx na`g tktratkfe fh tcl kfikel
sfjutkfe wktc a staeiari tckfsujhatl sfjutkfe. A jkelar
`frrljatkfe lquatkfe ks iltlrdkeli aei appjkli tf tcl
`aj`ujatkfe fh PF> `fetlet ke a sadpjl fh wkel.
Ke ikstke`t `fetrast tf tcl FKX dltcfi, tcl N\@CK PF >
dltcfi ks ue`fdpjk`atli aei `ae nl `arrkli fut ke
anfut cajh tcl tkdl. \skeb tcl slt-up scfwe ke Hkb. 1, a
skebjl iltlrdkeatkfe uskeb tcl N\@CK PF > dltcfi
fejy rlqukrls <-8 dkeutls hfr ikstkjjatkfe aei < dkeutls
hfr tktratkfe. Ke `fetrast, a skebjl iltlrdkeatkfe uskeb
tcl FKX PF> dltcfi rlqukrls 1< dkeutls hfr
ikstkjjatkfe aei < dkeutls hfr tktratkfe. @fdparanjl
rlsujts arl fntakeli (sll Hkb. >).
Hkburl >= Brapck`aj `fdparksfe fh tcl FKX PF >
dltcfi (brlle nars) tf tcl N\@CK PF > dltcfi (njul
nars) hfr 11 wkel sadpjls. Lxplrkdletaj rlplatankjktkls
r 4 >.3. Ptaeiari ilvkatkfes arl keik`atli as lrrfr
jkdkts.
;. Yftaj PF > ke nllr
IYEN
IYE
A N P Fusli
wkiljy dltcfi
>
dltcfi hfr tcl aeajysks fh tftaj PF> ke
nllr ks tcl IYEN (<,<-iktckfnks(>-ektrfnlezfk` a`ki))
PF> dltcfi W10T. Ycl IYEN PF> dltcfi kevfjvls
rljlasl fh PF> iurkeb ektrfble-asskstli ikstkjjatkfe ketf
a nuhhlrli IYEN sfjutkfe aei dlasurldlet fh tcl
ansfrnae`l fh tcl rla`tkfe prfiu`t at 91< ed uskeb
spl`trfpcftfdltry. Ycl dltcfi ks `fdpjk`atli aei
tkdl-`fesudkeb tf `arry fut.
N\@CK PF > dltcfi
\sl fh tcl N\@CK PF> dltcfi ke tcl iltlrdkeatkfe fh
tftaj PF> ke nllr kevfjvls trlatdlet fh a nllr sadpjl
ke tcl sadl daeelr as ils`rknli anfvl hfr a wkel
sadpjl.
Yf wat`c a vkilf fh tcl iltlrdkeatkfe fh tftaj PF >
ke nllr `jk`g fe tcl jkeg.
PF> iltlrdkeatkfe
Quk`g aei lasy ikstkjjatkfe & iltlrdkeatkfe fh tftaj PF> ke hffis aei nlvlrabls
Ke ikstke`t `fetrast tf tcl IYEN PF > dltcfi, tcl
N\@CK PF> dltcfi ks ue`fdpjk`atli aei `ae nl
`arrkli fut ke anfut cajh tcl tkdl. \skeb tcl slt-up
scfwe ke Hkb. 1, a skebjl iltlrdkeatkfe uskeb tcl
N\@CK PF> dltcfi fejy rlqukrls <-8 dkeutls hfr
ikstkjjatkfe aei < dkeutls hfr tktratkfe. Ke `fetrast, a
skebjl iltlrdkeatkfe uskeb tcl IYEN PF > dltcfi
rlqukrls 1< dkeutls hfr ikstkjjatkfe aei < dkeutls hfr
tktratkfe. Rktcke tcl jkdkts fh staeiari ilvkatkfes,
skdkjar rlsujts arl fntakeli (sll Hkb. 0).
Hkb. 0= Brapck`aj `fdparksfe fh tcl IYEN PF >
dltcfi (brlle nars) tf tcl N\@CK PF > dltcfi (njul
nars) hfr < nllr sadpjls. ^aebls rlhlr tf staeiari
ilvkatkfes.
1?. Yftaj PF> ke hffi
DR P F > dltcfi
Dltcfis wkiljy usli hfr tcl iltlrdkeatkfe fh tftaj PF >
ke hffi kevfjvl fptkdkzatkfes fh tcl Dfeklr-Rkjjkads
(DR) dltcfi, wck`c kevfjvls tcl usl fh `ustfd-dail
bjasswarl. Ycl DR PF> dltcfi rljlasls PF> hrfd
ae a`kikhkli sadpjl ny ektrfble-asskstli ikstkjjatkfe
ketf a sfjutkfe fh cyirfble plrfxkil rlsujtkeb ke tcl
hfrdatkfe fh sujhurk` a`ki. Ycl sujhurk` a`ki ks tktratli
wktc a sfikud cyirfxkil staeiari sfjutkfe, aei tcl
tftaj PF> `fetlet ks `aj`ujatli.
@ ckea Eatkfeaj
Eatkfeaj Ptaeiari
Ptaeiari Dltcfi (B N /Y<??;.09-
>??0)
Ycl @ckea Eatkfeaj Ptaeiari Dltcfi (BN/Y<??;.09-
>??0) kevfjvls cfdfblekzkeb aei cyirfjyzkeb tcl
sadpjl wktc a`ki. PF> ks rljlasli hrfd tcl a`kikhkli
sadpjl ny stlad ikstkjjatkfe ketf a rl`lkvkeb vlsslj
`fetakekeb jlai a`ltatl. Cyirf`cjfrk` a`ki aei a
star`c keik`atfr sfjutkfe arl aiili, aei a rlifx
ljl`trfil ks usli hfr tktratkfe.
N\@CK PF > dltcfi
Ycl N\@CK PF> dltcfi as appjkli tf hffi ikhhlrs
sfdlwcat hrfd tcl dltcfi as appjkli tf wkel aei
nllr. Rkel aei nllr arl wlag datrk`ls7
datrk`ls7 hffi, ny
`fetrast, `ae `fetake nksujhktl-ajilcyil aiiu`ts aei,
`feslquletjy, `ae prlslet strfeb datrk`ls. PF> ks
rljlasli hrfd nksujhktl-ajilcyil aiiu`ts ny cyirfjysks
wktc a ckbcjy `fe`letratli strfeb a`ki/nasl. Hfr
lxadpjl, tcl datrkx `ae nl ilbraili ny ajgajkel
cyirfjysks wktc 1 dfj/J sfikud cyirfxkil as ils`rknli
ke tcl Pwkss Nffg fh Hffi ^lbujatkfe (PJDN).
_abl 9/8
Yftaj P F > ke pftatf
pftatf pfwilr
pfwilr ny N\@ CK P F > dltcfi
A sadpjl fh pftatf pfwilr ks sfagli ke ltcaefj,
cyirfjyzli wktc sfikud cyirfxkil, aei a`kikhkli wktc
frtcf-pcfspcfrk` a`ki. PF> ks lhhk`kletjy rljlasli
iurkeb stlad ikstkjjatkfe ketf tcl aqulfus kfikel
sfjutkfe `fetakeli ke tcl hkrst fh tcl twf `feel`tli
hjasgs fh tcl PF > ansfrptkfe bjass scfwe ke Hkb. 1.
PF> `fetlet ks iltlrdkeli ny a rlifx na`g tktratkfe fh
tcl kfikel sfjutkfe wktc a staeiari tckfsujhatl sfjutkfe.
A jkelar `frrljatkfe lquatkfe ks iltlrdkeli aei appjkli
tf tcl `aj`ujatkfe fh PF> `fetlet ke a sadpjl fh pftatf
pfwilr. ^lsujts arl scfwe ke Hkb. 9.
Hkb. 9= Ks a brapck`aj `fdparksfe fh tcl `lrtkhkli
rlhlrle`l datlrkaj (^7 brlle `fjfr) tf tcl N\@CK PF >
dltcfi (njul `fjfr) hfr lkbct sadpjls (1-3) aei tcl
dlae vajul (D).
Yftaj P F > ke hrfzle
hrfzle scrkdp ny N\@C K P F > dltcfi
A sadpjl fh hrfzle scrkdp ks cfdfblekzli, `fatli
wktc saei, hjattleli, aei hfjili slvlraj tkdls uetkj a
dujtk-jaylrli stru`turl fh dlat aei saei ks hfrdli.
Ycl dujtk-jaylrli sadpjl ks sfagli ke ltcaefj,
cyirfjyzli wktc sfikud cyirfxkil, aei a`kikhkli wktc
frtcf-pcfspcfrk` a`ki. PF> ks lhhk`kletjy rljlasli
iurkeb stlad ikstkjjatkfe ketf tcl aqulfus kfikel
sfjutkfe `fetakeli ke tcl hkrst fh tcl twf `feel`tli
hjasgs fh tcl PF > ansfrptkfe bjass scfwe ke Hkb. 1.
PF> `fetlet ks iltlrdkeli ny a rlifx na`g tktratkfe fh
tcl kfikel sfjutkfe wktc a staeiari tckfsujhatl sfjutkfe.
A jkelar `frrljatkfe lquatkfe ks iltlrdkeli aei appjkli
tf tcl `aj`ujatkfe fh PF> `fetlet ke a sadpjl fh hrfzle
scrkdp.
Yf wat`c a vkilf fh tcl iltlrdkeatkfe fh tftaj PF>
ke irkli aprk`fts `jk`g fe tcl jkeg.
N\@CK PF > dlt
dltcfi
cfi vs. DR P F > dltcfi
Ke ikstke`t `fetrast tf tcl DR PF > dltcfi, wck`c
ldpjfys 1E cyirf`cjfrk` a`ki tf rljlasl PF >, tcl
N\@CK PF> dltcfi rljlasls PF > hrfd nksujhktl
aiiu`ts ny cyirfjysks wktc 1 dfj/J sfikud cyirfxkil
sfjutkfe aei a`kikhk`atkfe wktc frtcf-pcfspcfrk` a`ki.
Ycl sadpjl prlparatkfe ke tcl N\@CK dltcfi rlsujts
ke kdprfvli slparatkfe fh PF > hrfd tcl datrkx aei
avfkis `frrfskfe fh lqukpdlet iul tf lxpfsurl tf
cyirf`cjfrk` a`ki. Ajsf ke `fetrast tf tcl DR PF >
dltcfi, wck`c ldpjfys a`ki-nasl tktratkfe, tcl N\@CK
PF> iltlrdkeatkfe
Quk`g aei lasy ikstkjjatkfe & iltlrdkeatkfe fh tftaj PF> ke hffis aei nlvlrabls

PF> dltcfi rljkls fe rlifx tktratkfe, wck`c avfkis tftaj PF> as fel tcat ‚scfuji nl hast, skdpjl,
ketlrhlrle`l wktc a`kis. Ycl rlsujts fntakeli wktc tcl kelxpleskvl, ajjfw hfr dlasurldlet fh hrll fr/aei
N\@CK PF> dltcfi arl wljj ke jkel wktc tcl lxpl`tli tftaj PF> aei lx`juil tcl usl fh tfxk` rlablets.— W8T
vajuls hfr `lrtkhkli rlhlrle`l datlrkaj. Ae kilaj dltcfi, cfwlvlr, scfuji nl dfrl tcae tcat.
Ycl dltcfi scfuji blelratl a``uratl rlsujts aei nl
N\@CK PF> dltcfi vs. @ckea Eatkfeaj Ptaeiari
rlplatanjl aei rlprfiu`knjl7 ke aiiktkfe, tcl rlsujts
(@ EP ) Dltcfi
Dltcfi (BN /Y<??;.09-
Y<??;.09->??0)
>??0)
Ycl avlrabl rl`fvlry rlsujts fh tcl N\@CK PF > scfuji `fdparl havfranjy wktc rlsujts fntakeli wktc
dltcfis ldpjfyli ny rlbujatfry able`kls. Nlttlr stkjj,
dltcfi `fdparl havfranjy wktc tcfsl fh tcl @EP
tcl dltcfi scfuji nl `fevleklet aei ldpjfy
Dltcfi. Ycl vajuls fntakeli wktc tcl N\@CK PF >
`fddfe janfratfry rlablets.
dltcfi wlrl ckbclr tcae tcl vajuls fntakeli wktc tcl
@EP dltcfi. Ycks `fuji kdpjy ae ueilrlstkdatkfe fh
tcl PF> wcle hfjjfwkeb tcl @EP dltcfi. Ycl @EP
dltcfi ldpjfys cyirf`cjfrk` a`ki, wck`c `frrfils
janfratfry lqukpdlet, aei jlai a`ltatl, wck`c ks tfxk` Kt scfuji nl hast, skdpjl, kelxpleskvl, ajjfw hfr
tf cudaes aei tcl levkrfedlet. Ke ikstke`t `fetrast, dlasurldlet fh hrll fr/aei tftaj PF > aei
tcl N\@CK PF> dltcfi ldpjfys frtcf-pcfspcfrk` lx`juil tcl usl fh tfxk` rlablets.
a`ki, wck`c ifls eft `frrfil janfratfry lqukpdlet jkgl (B\KIF, >?18)
cyirf`cjfrk` a`ki. Ke aiiktkfe, tcl N\@CK PF > dltcfi
ifls eft ldpjfy jlai a`ltatl.

11. ^lprfiu`knkjkty aei rlplatankjkty fh
N\@CK PF> dltcfi ke aeajysks fh tftaj PF> ke
wkel
Ke frilr tf asslss tcl rlprfiu`knkjkty aei rlplatankjkty
fh tcl N\@CK PF> dltcfi, hfur ikhhlrlet janfratfrkls
ke Pwktzlrjaei wlrl asgli tf `arry fut tcl prf`liurl
strk`tjy as ils`rknli ke tcl N\@CK Appjk`atkfe Eftl
?8</>?11 tf `ajknratl keikvkiuaj ikstkjjatkfe uekts uskeb
a prl-prlparli, stankjkzli staeiari sfjutkfe aei tf
aeajyzl
aeaj yzl ke trkpjk`atl a wcktl ‚Hleiaet— wkel aei a rli
‚Baday— wkel. Ycl wkel sadpjls wlrl aeajyzli
wktcke a skx-iay tkdl hradl. Fel janfratfry ajsf
aeajyzli tcl sadl sadpjl uskeb tcl FKX PF > dltcfi.
Ywf fh tcl jans `arrkli fut tcl `ajknratkfe hfr tcl
N\@CK PF> dltcfi uskeb autfdatli rlifx tktratkfe
wktc a tktratfr. Ycl ftclr twf jans `arrkli fut tcl
`ajknratkfe hfr tcl N\@CK PF > dltcfi uskeb daeuaj
rlifx tktratkfe wktc a star`c keik`atfr. A bffi
`frrljatkfe ke tcl lvajuatkfes fh tcl jkelar rlbrlsskfes
was ildfestratli ny tcl `ajknratkfes plrhfrdli ny
tcl hfur jans (squarli _larsfe `flhhk`klets (^>) fh
?.;;;?, ?.;;;3, ?.;;8?, aei ?.;;;8).
Yrkpjk`atl aeajysks fh tcl wcktl ‚Hleiaet— wkel aei tcl
rli ‚Baday— wkel ny tcl jans uskeb tcl N\@CK PF >
dltcfi ykljili ckbclr rlsujts hfr tftaj PF > `fetlet
tcae aeajysks fh tcl sadl wkels ny tcl jan uskeb tcl
FKX PF> dltcfi. Ycl N\@CK PF > dltcfi was hfuei
tf nl rlplatanjl (wktcke a jan7 r) aei rlprfiu`knjl
(adfeb ajj jans7 ^) hfr wkel sadpjls `fetakekeb tftaj
PF> at jlvljs wktcke tcl `ajknratkfe raebl (r 4 9.1 db
PF>/J aei ^ 4 8.< db PF >/J hfr tcl wcktl ‚Hleiaet—
wkel7 r 4 0.1 db PF >/J aei ^ 4 2.< db PF >/J hfr tcl
rli ‚Baday— wkel). Fvlrajj, tcl rlsujts fntakeli uskeb
tcl N\@CK PF> dltcfi wlrl `fdparanjl tf tcl
rlsujts fntakeli uskeb tcl FKX PF > dltcfi.
10. N\@CK dltcfi hfr tcl iltlrdkeatkfe fh
tftaj PF>
Ycl N\@CK dltcfi hfr tcl iltlrdkeatkfe fh tftaj PF >
fvlr`fdls tcl iksaivaetabls fh `urrletjy avakjanjl
dltcfis. Kt ks skdpjl aei hast. Eft fejy arl tcl rlsujts
a``uratl, rlplatanjl, aei rlprfiu`knjl, nut tcly
`fdparl havfranjy tf rlsujts fntakeli wktc dltcfis
ldpjfyli ny rlbujatfry able`kls. Ycl usl fh tfxk`
`cldk`ajs, su`c as jlai, ks avfkili. L`fefdk`aj aei
`fevleklet, tcl dltcfi ks `arrkli fut uskeb rlablets
`fddfejy hfuei ke janfratfrkls.
Yanjl 0= Aivaetabls fh N\@CK dltcfi hfr
iltlrdkeatkfe fh tftaj PF>.
Hast
Pkdpjl
@fevleklet
L`fefdk`aj
A``uratl
^lplatanjl
^lprfiu`knjl
^lsujts `fdparl havfranjy tf rlsujts fntakeli
uskeb dltcfis ldpjfyli ny rlbujatfry able`kls
Ldpjfys `fddfe janfratfry rlablets
Avfkis usl fh tfxk` `cldk`ajs
`cldk`ajs
Hurtclr aivaetabls `ae nl rlajkzli ny uskeb tcl
N\@CK Ikstkjjatkfe \ekt G-0<< fr tcl N\@CK GmljHjlx
G-08?, hfr lxadpjl, ke `fdnkeatkfe wktc tcl N\@CK
PF> Ansfrptkfe Bjass (?90?2?). Ycl app Gmljiacj
^lpfrts `ae nl ifwejfaili hrfd tcl N\@CK
Cfdlpabl hfr rlsujt `aj`ujatkfe aei rlpfrtkeb.

1>. Ae kilaj dltcfi hfr tcl iltlrdkeatkfe fh

tftaj PF>
Rrktkeb wktc rlbari tf tcl nllr keiustry, Bukif
`cara`tlrkzli ae kilaj dltcfi hfr tcl iltlrdkeatkfe fh

_abl </8
PF> iltlrdkeatkfe
Quk`g aei lasy ikstkjjatkfe & iltlrdkeatkfe fh tftaj PF> ke hffis aei nlvlrabls

W1?T Ek lt aj., ^apki Iltlrdkeatkfe

Iltlrdkeatkfe fh Jfw-jlvlj
Jfw-jlvlj Pujhktl
ke Iry Xlbltanjls aei Hrukts ny J@-K@_-DP,—
J@-K@_-DP,—
Ifwejfai tcl app Gmljiacj ^lpfrts hrfd tcl Hffi P`k Yl`c ^ls >1(1)= 1-8 (>?1<)
N\@CK Cfdlpabl= W11T @FD_LEI
@FD_LEIK\D K\D FH KEYL^EAYKFEAJ
KEYL^EAYKFE AJ
cttp=//www.nu`ck.`fd/le/slrvk`l- DLYCFIP FH AEAJ[PKP ‐ FKX= Pujpcur
suppfrt/s`kletkhk`-dfnkjl-apps/gmljiacj-rlpfrts ikfxkil, Dltcfi FKX-DA-AP0>0-?9A

19. @fe`juskfe
Ke `fe`juskfe, tcl N\@CK dltcfi hfr tcl iltlrdkeatkfe
fh tftaj PF> `fetlet ks a vkanjl ajtlreatkvl tf dltcfis
`urrletjy ldpjfyli tf aeajyzl tftaj PF> `fetlet ke a
varklty fh datrk`ls. Eft fejy ifls tcl N\@CK dltcfi
prfvkil rlsujts tcat `fdparl havfranjy wktc rlsujts
fntakeli uskeb dltcfis ldpjfyli ny rlbujatfry
able`kls, kt fhhlrs aivaetabls, su`c as splli aei
lasl fh usl.
Hfr dfrl kehfrdatkfe fe tcl usl fh tcl N\@CK dltcfi
hfr tcl iltlrdkeatkfe fh tftaj PF > `fetlet aei tf jlare
anfut cfw N\@CK `ae prfvkil ftclr sfjutkfes hfr yfur
janfratfry aeajysls, vkskt wwww.nu`ck.`fd.
1<. ^lhlrle`ls
W1T Bar`ka-Huletls
Bar`ka-Huletls lt aj., ‚Pcfrt ^lvklw fh Pujpcktls
as Hffi Aiiktkvls,— LMEHP <(>)= 110-1>?
110-1>? (>?1<)
W>T ‚Pujhktkeb Ablets= ^lvf`atkfe fh B^AP status hfr
usl fe hrukts aei vlbltanjls ketleili tf nl
slrvli fr sfji raw tf `fesudlrs,— Hffi aei
Irub Aidkekstratkfe, Hlilraj ^lbkstlr <1= ><?>1-
><?>8 (1;38)
W0T ‚Yfxk`fjfbk`aj lvajuatkfe fh sfdl hffi aiiktkvls
ke`juikeb aetk`agkeb ablets, aetkdk`rfnkajs,
aetkfxkiaets, ldujskhklrs, aei tck`glekeb ablets,—
RCF Hffi Aiiktkvls Plrkls Ef. <, Blelva=
Rfrji Clajtc Frbaekzatkfe (1;29)7 12tc ^lpfrt fh
tcl Mfket HAF/RCF Lxplrt @fddkttll fe Hffi
Aiiktkvls, RCF Yl`c ^lp Plr Ef. <0; (1;29)7
HAF Eutrktkfe Dlltkebs ^lpfrt Plrkls Ef. <0
(1;29)7cttp=//www.ke`cld.frb/if`udlets/ml`ha/ml
`dfef/v?<ml1;.ctd
W9T Bjfnaj Abrk`ujturaj
Abrk`ujturaj Kehfrdatkfe
Kehfrdatkfe Eltwfrg
Eltwfrg (BAKE)
(BAKE)
^lpfrt Ef. 1<?10 (Aprkj >3, >?1<) traesjatkfe fh
Eatkfeaj Hffi Pahlty Ptaeiari hfr Hffi Aiiktkvl
\sl (BN>28?->?1<7 kdpjldletli Day >9, >?1<,
ny Eatkfeaj Clajtc aei Hadkjy _jaeekeb
@fddkttll fh @ckea)
W<T Jkst fh @filx Ppl`khk`atkfes hfr Hffi Aiiktkvls,
Aiiktkvls,
@A@/DKP@ 8->?18 (>?18)
W8T Bukif, ‚Pujhktls ke nllr=
nllr= rlvklwkeb rlbujatkfe,
aeajysks aei rfjl,— P`kletka Abrk`fja 20(>)= 13; -
1;2 (Dar-Apr >?18)
W2T Hjfw Keml`tkfe
Keml`tkfe Aeajysks
Aeajysks fh Hffi
Hffi Aiiktkvls,
Aiiktkvls, ^ukz-
@apkjjas aei Efjjlt, lis., @^@ _rlss, Yayjfr &
Hrae`ks Brfup JJ@, Nf`a ^atfe, HJ, \PA (>?1<)
W3T _ksfs`ck, ‚Ljl`trfaeajytk`aj Yl`cekquls hfr tcl
Iltlrdkeatkfe fh Pujpcktl _rlslrvatkvl= Ae
Liktfrkaj,— Nkf`cld Aeaj Nkf`cld 0(>)= 1???l1<1
(>?19)
W;T Gkjdartke, ‚Ljl`trf`cldkstry appjkli tf tcl
aeajysks fh wkel= A dkek-rlvklw,—
dkek-rlvklw,— Ljl`trf`cld
@fdd 82= 0;-9> (>?18)
W1>T @FD_LEIK\D
@FD_LEI
DLYCFIPK\D FH
FH AEAJ[PKP KEYL^EAYKFEAJ
KEYL^EAYKFE
‐ FKX= PujpcurAJ
ikfxkil, Dltcfi FKX-DA-AP0>0-?9N
W10T Lurfplae Nrlwlry @fevletkfe, Aeajytk`a-LN@,
9tc liktkfe (1;32)7 Dltcfi ;.1>.>, p. 1;0 (Yftaj
Pujhur Ikfxkil= IYEN Dltcfi)7 ar`ckvli ke 1;;17
ef jfeblr aivksli ny tcl Aeajysks @fddkttll fh
tcl Lurfplae Nrlwlry @fevletkfe.
18. Aiiktkfeaj rlsfur`ls
 Appjk`atkfe Eftl Ef. ?8</>?11, Yftaj PF> ke
Rkel(cttp=//www.nu`ck.`fd/le/`fetlet/sujhur-
Rkel( cttp=//www.nu`ck.`fd/le/`fetlet/sujhur-
ikfxkil-iltlrdkeatkfe-wkel-?))
ikfxkil-iltlrdkeatkfe-wkel-?
 Appjk`atkfe Eftl Ef.?88/>?11, Yftaj PF> ke Nllr
(cttp=//www.nu`ck.`fd/le/`fetlet/sujhurk`-ikfxkil-
iltlrdkeatkfe-nllr-? )
 Pcfrt Eftl Ef.?;?/>?1>, Iltlrdkeatkfe fh Yftaj
PF> ke @lrtkhkli _ftatf _fwilr ^lhlrle`l
(cttp=//www.nu`ck.`fd/le/`fetlet/sujhurk`-ikfxkil-
iltlrdkeatkfe-pftatf-pfwilr )
 Pcfrt Eftl Ef.18;/>?19, Pujhur Ikfxkil
Iltlrdkeatkfe ke Pcrkdp
(cttp=//statk`1.www.nu`ck.`fd/sktls/ilhaujt/hkjls/scf
rteftls/1911?9 PF> ke scrkdps PE hkeaj
vlrskfe .pih)
 Appjk`atkfe Eftl Ef.>>;/>?18, Pujhur Pujhur Ikfxkil
Iltlrdkeatkfe ke Hffi
(cttp=//www.nu`ck.`fd/le/`fetlet/sujhurk`-ikfxkil-
iltlrdkeatkfe-hffi))
iltlrdkeatkfe-hffi
 @asl stuiy= PfhtPfht irkeg
irkeg daeuha`turlr
daeuha`turlr nasli ke tcl
\G ellili tf dlasurl sfikud dltanksujhktl
a``uratljy aei `feskstletjy iurkeb nat`c
prfiu`tkfe wktcfut
wktcfut iljay. Ycl N\@CK Ikstkjjatkfe
\ekt G-0<<
G-0<< `fdnkeli wktc tcl `fdpaey‛s dltcfi
prfvkili `feskstlet rlsujts tcat leanjli fplratfrs
tf prf`lli wktc ftclr tasgs wckjl tcl uekt was ke
fplratkfe. Xarkanjl slttkebs ajjfwli hfr fptkdaj
tkdl aei stlad futput hfr tcl prfiu`t.
(cttp=//www.nu`ck.`fd/`c-il/efil/1><>
cttp=//www.nu`ck.`fd/`c-il/efil/1><>))
 @asl stuiy= ‚Ycl sfjutkfe hfr Gmljiacj as wljj as
sujhur ikfxkil iltlrdkeatkfe fe fel skebjl
kestrudlet ks lx`ljjlet.— Ir. P.P. Darwaca, @LF,
_ueman Nkftl`cefjfby Ke`unatfrKeika
(cttp=//www.nu`ck.`fd/`c-il/efil/>018
cttp=//www.nu`ck.`fd/`c-il/efil/>018))

_abl 8/8