Artificial Intelligent Assignment 1

Theory
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Part I: ---------------------------------------------------------------- [5 Marks]

Convert the following English sentences to first-order logic.

Example :
There is a dog that does not love all humans.

 Every continent that is not Australia or Antarctica is connected to another continent.

∀𝑥((𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡(𝑥)∧𝑥≠𝐴𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑎∧𝑥≠𝐴𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎)→∃𝑦(𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡(𝑦)∧𝑥≠𝑦∧𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑(𝑥,𝑦)))
 Every person who is smart and studies hard will get a higher score than every person who is not
smart and does not study hard.
∀𝑥∀𝑦((𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑜𝑛(𝑥)∧𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑡(𝑥)∧𝑆𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑠𝐻𝑎𝑟𝑑(𝑥))∧(𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑜𝑛(𝑦)∧(¬𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑡(𝑦)∨¬𝑆𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑠𝐻𝑎𝑟𝑑(𝑦)))→
𝐻𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑆𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒(𝑥,𝑦))
 Everything that walks like a duck and talks like a duck is either a duck or a human imitating a
duck.
∀𝑥((𝑊𝑎𝑙𝑘𝑠𝐿𝑖𝑘𝑒𝐴𝐷𝑢𝑐𝑘(𝑥)∧𝑇𝑎𝑙𝑘𝑠𝐿𝑖𝑘𝑒𝐴𝐷𝑢𝑐𝑘(𝑥))→(𝐷𝑢𝑐𝑘(𝑥)∨𝐻𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑛𝐼𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔𝐴𝐷𝑢𝑐𝑘(𝑥)))
 A gold medal is worth more than a silver medal, if they are medals in the same event.
∀𝑔∀𝑠((𝐺𝑜𝑙𝑑𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑎𝑙(𝑔)∧𝑆𝑖𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑀𝑒𝑑𝑎𝑙(𝑠)∧𝑆𝑎𝑚𝑒𝐸𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡(𝑔,𝑠))→𝑀𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑇ℎ𝑎𝑛(𝑔,𝑠))
 Every thing that loves all humans is a dog.
∀𝑥((∀𝑦(𝐻𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑛(𝑦)→𝐿𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑠(𝑥,𝑦)))→𝐷𝑜𝑔(𝑥))
 There is a dog that does not love all humans.
∃𝑑(𝐷𝑜𝑔(𝑑)∧¬(∀ℎ(𝐻𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑛(ℎ)→𝐿𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑠(𝑑,ℎ))))
 Every thing that is an enemy of some thing that is an enemy of me is a friend of me ("the enemy of
my enemy is my friend").
∀𝑥(∃𝑦(𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑚𝑦(𝑦,𝑀𝑒)∧𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑚𝑦(𝑥,𝑦))→𝐹𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑑(𝑥,𝑀𝑒))
*****BEST OF LUCK*****

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