GED 109: SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, ARCHITECTURE, AND FINE ARTS
2nd SEMESTER A.Y. 2022 – 2023
UNIT 1: HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS .
LESSON 1 . systems, processes and objects
➢ Science - came from the Latin word
“Scientia” which means Knowledge
- a system of acquiring knowledge
based on Scientific Method
- a process used to solve problems
or develop an understanding of
nature that involves testing
possible answers.
➢ Technology - comes from the Greek
word “techne” meaning “art, skill, or
cunning of hand.”
- application of scientific knowledge,
laws, and principles to produce
services, materials, tools, and
machines aimed at solving
real-world problems.
- methods, systems and devices
which are the result of scientific
knowledge being used for practical
purposes.
- human attempt to change the
world – by creating products that
make our life easier.
➢ Society - came from the Latin word
“societas” which means “a friendly
association with others.”
- large group of people who live
together in an organized way,
making decisions about how to do
things and sharing the work that
needs to be done.
- grouping of individuals, which is
characterized by common interest
and may have distinctive culture
and institutions.
What is Science, Technology and
Society?
➢ Science is an evolving body of
knowledge that is based on theoretical
expositions and experimental and
empirical activities that generates
universal truths.
.
➢ Technology, on the other hand is the
application of science and creation of
designed to help humans in their daily
activities
➢ Society is the sum total of our
interactions as humans, including the
interactions that we engage in to
understand the nature of things and to
create things
How do Science, Technology and
Society interact with each other?
➢ Society - explores science and
technology for a better life
➢ Science - explores for the purpose of
knowing
➢ Technology - explores for the purpose
of making something useful from that
knowledge
➢ Interconnection between science
and technology - science drives
technology by making new technology
possible through scientific
breakthroughs
- Engineers focus on using science
to develop products
- Without technology, some science
experiments would not be possible
- Without science, technology could
not proceed
GED 109: SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, ARCHITECTURE, AND FINE ARTS
2nd SEMESTER A.Y. 2022 – 2023
- The very questions that scientists
ask are shaped by the available
technology.
What is Science, Technology and
Society (STS)?
➢ relatively young field that combines
previously independent and older
disciplines such as History of Science,
Philosophy of Science and Sociology of
Science.
➢ applies methods drawn from history,
philosophy and sociology to study the
nature of science and technology and
ultimately judge their value and place in
society.
➢ seeks to bridge the gap between two
traditionally exclusive cultures –
humanities and natural sciences – so
that humans will be able to better
confront the moral, ethical, and
existential dilemmas brought by the
continued developments in science and
technology.
LESSON 2 . compasses to aid themselves in their
Historical Antecedents in the World
“Those Who Do Not Learn History
Are Doomed to Repeat it.” - Sir William
Churchill
From Ancient Times to 600 BC . first true scientists.
➢ 3,000 B.C. - Ancient Egyptians already
had reasonably sophisticated medical
practices.
➢ 2650 B.C. - a man named Imhotep was
renowned for his knowledge of
medicine.
➢ Most historians agree that the heart of
Egyptian medicine was trial and
error. Despite the fact that such
practices sound primitive, the results
were, sometimes, surprisingly effective.
➢ Papyrus - is an ancient form of paper,
made from the papyrus plant.
.
- Papyrus was easy to roll into
scrolls. Thus, Egyptian writings
became easy to store and
transport.
➢ Egyptians took thin slices of the stem of
the papyrus plant, laid them crosswise
on top of each other, moistened them,
and then pressed and dried them.
➢ Before papyrus, Egyptians, Sumerians,
and other races wrote on clay tablets or
smooth rocks.
➢ As this accumulated knowledge was
passed down from generation to
generation, Egyptian medicine
became the most respected form of
medicine in the known world.
➢ 3,000 BC until 1100 AD - Papyrus was
used as a writing material in ancient
Egypt
➢ Mesopotamians were making pottery
using the first known potter’s wheel.
Not long after, horse-­drawn chariots
were being used.
➢ 1,000 BC - Chinese were using
travels.
The Advent of Science (600 BC .
to 500. AD) .
➢ Ancient Greeks - early thinkers and as
far as historians can tell, they were the
- They collected facts and
observations and then used those
observations to explain the natural
world.
➢ Circa 385 BC - Plato founded the
Academy.
- Plato's student Aristotle begins the
"scientific revolution" of the
Hellenistic period culminating in
the 3rd to 2nd centuries with
scholars such as Eratosthenes,
Euclid, Aristarchus of Samos,
Hipparchus and Archimedes.
GED 109: SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, ARCHITECTURE, AND FINE ARTS
2nd SEMESTER A.Y. 2022 – 2023
➢ This period produced substantial
advances in scientific knowledge,
especially in anatomy, zoology, botany,
mineralogy, geography, mathematics
and astronomy;
➢ The scholars frequently employed the
principles developed in earlier Greek
thought: the application of
mathematics and deliberate empirical
research, in their scientific
investigations.
Islamic Golden Age . and printing.
➢ 8th to 14th Century - period of cultural,
economic and scientific flourishing in
the history of Islam with several
contemporary scholars dating the end
of the era to the fifteenth or sixteenth
century.
➢ This period is traditionally understood
to have begun during the reign of the
Abbasid caliph Harun al-­Rashid with
the inauguration of the House of
Wisdom in Baghdad.
➢ Science and technology in the Islamic
world adopted and preserved
knowledge and technologies from
contemporary and earlier civilizations.
➢ Scientific inquiry was practiced in
other subjects like alchemy and
chemistry, botany and agronomy,
geography and cartography,
ophthalmology, pharmacology, physics
and zoology.
➢ Islamic science was characterized by
having practical purposes as well as
the goal of understanding. Astronomy
was useful in determining the Qibla;
botany is applied in agriculture and
geography enabled scientists to make
accurate maps.
➢ Mathematics - flourished during the
Islamic Golden Age with the works of
Al-­ Khwarizmi, Avicenna and Jamshid
.
al Kashi that led to advances in
algebra, trigonometry, geometry and
Arabic numerals.
➢ There was also great progress in
medicine during this period. Islamic
doctors describe diseases like
smallpox and measles.
Science and Technology in .
Ancient China .
➢ Ancient China gave the world the Four
Great Inventions that include the
compass, gunpowder, papermaking
- These four inventions had a
profound impact on the
development of civilization
throughout the world.
➢ As stated by Karl Marx, "Gunpowder,
the compass, and the printing press
were the three great inventions which
ushered in bourgeois society.
The Renaissance (1300 AD – 1600 AD)
➢ 14th century - the beginning of the
cultural movement of the Renaissance,
which was considered by many as the
Golden Age of Science.
➢ 1453 - The rediscovery of ancient
scientific texts was accelerated and the
invention of printing democratized
learning and allowed a faster
propagation of new ideas.
➢ 1450 to 1630 - Marie Boas Hall coined
the term Scientific Renaissance to
designate the early phase of the
Scientific Revolution
➢ Peter Dear has argued for a
two-­phase model of early modern
science:
- Scientific Renaissance of the
15th and 16th centuries - focused
on the restoration of the natural
knowledge of the ancients;
GED 109: SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, ARCHITECTURE, AND FINE ARTS
2nd SEMESTER A.Y. 2022 – 2023
- Scientific Revolution of the 17th
century - when scientists shifted
from recovery to innovation.
➢ But this initial period is usually seen as
one of scientific backwardness.
➢ Renaissance humanism stressed that
nature came to be viewed as an
animate spiritual creation that was not
governed by laws or mathematics.
➢ Development of printing - most
important technological advance of all
in this period, with movable metal type,
about the mid- 15th century in Germany
and Johannes Gutenberg is usually
called its inventor.
➢ Between 1250 and 1350 - Block
printing on wood came to the West from
China
➢ Papermaking - came from China,
whereas the Flemish technique of oil
painting was the origin of the new
printers’ ink.
➢ 1467- the invention of wooden press
reached Italy
➢ 1470s - Hungary and Poland
➢ 1483 - Scandinavia
➢ 1500 - presses of Europe had produced
some six million books.
- In short, the development of
printing amounted to
communications revolution of the
order of the invention of writing.
The Enlightenment Period . - steam
(1715 A.D. to 1789 A.D.) . automobile,airplane,
➢ Radical reorientation in science which
emphasized reason over superstition
and science over blind faith.
➢ produced numerous books, essays,
inventions, scientific discoveries, laws,
wars and revolutions.
➢ Important 17th-­century precursors
included the key natural philosophers of
the Scientific Revolution such as
.
Galileo Galilei, Johannes Kepler and
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz.
Two works that provided the scientific,
mathematical and philosophical toolkit
for the Enlightenment’s major
advances:
➢ 1686 - Isaac Newton published his
“Principia Mathematica” consists in the
comprehension of a diversity of
physical phenomena
➢ 1689 - John Locke his “Essay
Concerning Human Understanding”
Industrial Revolution (1760 - 1840) .
➢ Close observation and careful
generalization leading to practical
utilization were characteristic of both
industrialists and experimentalists alike
in the 18th century.
➢ science of metallurgy - tailoring of
alloy steels to industrial specifications
➢ science of chemistry - creation of new
substances, like the aniline dyes and
electricity and magnetism
➢ creation of thermodynamics
➢ Technological changes:
- Use of iron and steel
- Use of coal, the steam engine,
a electricity, petroleum, and the
internal-­combustion engine
- spinning jenny and the power loom
- factory system
locomotive, steamship,
telegraph,
and radio
- increasing application of science to
industry
20th Century Science: Physics .
and Information Age .
➢ Generated entirely novel insights in
all areas of research
➢ Science is dealing now with the
complexity of the real world.
GED 109: SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, ARCHITECTURE, AND FINE ARTS
2nd SEMESTER A.Y. 2022 – 2023
➢ The scientific legacy of the 20th
Century gave proof of the revolutionary
changes in many areas of the sciences
– in particular, physics, biology,
astronomy, chemistry, neurosciences
and earth and environmental sciences
– and how they contributed to these
changes.
➢ Cosmology – improved our knowledge
of the place that man and his planet
occupy in the universe.
➢ 1905 – fEinstein’s formulation of the
theory of relativity including the unifying
concept of energy related to mass and
the speed of light: E = mc
➢ Second half of the 20th century-
Several branches of science continued
to make great progress and we here list
physics, chemistry, biology, geology
and astronomy.
➢ 1953 - an important landmark for
biology with the description by Crick
and Watson of the structure of DNA,
the carrier of genetic information
(Rosch, 2014).
➢ 20th century has seen medicine find a
cure for many life-threatening diseases
and the beginning of organ transplants.
Science and Technology in the . personal and commercial use
Fourth Industrial Revolution . ➢
➢ Fourth Industrial Revolution is a way of
describing the blurring of boundaries
between the physical, digital, and
biological worlds.
➢ It’s a fusion of advances in artificial
intelligence (AI), robotics, the Internet
of Things (IoT), 3D printing, genetic
engineering, quantum computing, and
other technologies.
➢ Think GPS systems that suggest the
fastest route to a destination,
- voice-activated virtual assistants
such as Apple’s Siri
.
- Personalized Netflix
recommendations
- Facebook’s ability to recognize
your face and tag you in a friend’s
photo
➢ Artificial intelligence (AI) - describes
computers that can “think” like humans
–recognizing complex patterns,
processing information, drawing
conclusions, and making
recommendations.
➢ New computational technologies are
making computers smarter.
➢ Virtual reality (VR) - offers immersive
digital experiences (using a VR
headset) that simulate the real world,
while augmented reality merges the
digital and physical worlds.
➢ Biotechnology - harnesses cellular
and biomolecular processes to develop
new technologies and products for a
range of uses,
- developing new pharmaceuticals
and materials, more efficient
industrial manufacturing
processes, and cleaner, more
efficient energy sources.
➢ Robotics - refers to the design,
manufacture, and use of robots for
3D printing - allows manufacturing
businesses to print their own parts, with
less tooling, at a lower cost, and faster
than via traditional processes.
- Plus, designs can be customized
to ensure a perfect fit.
➢ Internet of Things (IoT) - describes
the idea of everyday items
- from medical wearables that
monitor users’ physical condition to
cars and tracking devices inserted
into parcels
- being connected to the internet
and identifiable by other devices.
GED 109: SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, ARCHITECTURE, AND FINE ARTS
2nd SEMESTER A.Y. 2022 – 2023
➢ Energy capture, storage, and
transmission - represent a growing
market sector, spurred by the falling
cost of renewable energy technologies
and improvements in battery storage
capacity
LESSON 3 .
Historical Development of Science and
Technology in the Philippines
Pre-Spanish Era . technology in the country can be traced
➢ 40,000 years ago – the first inhabitants
in the archipelago who settled in
Palawan and Batangas made simple
tools or weapons of stone which
eventually developed techniques for
sawing, drilling and polishing hard
stones.
- This very primitive technology was
brought by primal needs of survival
by hunting wild animals and
gathering fruits and vegetables in
the forest.
- They have come to understand
that when clay is mixed with 2
water and then shaped into
something before sun drying, it
hardens to an object that can also
be useful to them.
➢ As the early Filipinos flourished, they
have learned how to extract, smelt
and refine metals like copper, gold,
bronze and iron from nature and
consequently fashion them into tools
and implements
➢ As the inhabitants shifted from
wandering from one place to another
and learned to settle in areas near the
water source, they also learned how
to weave cotton, engaged themselves
in agriculture and were
knowledgeable on building boats for
coastal trade.
.
- All in all, the primitive Filipinos
were living in perfect harmony with
nature and they obtained from it
what is just needed in their
everyday life through a very simple
science of understanding how
mother nature operates.
Spanish Colonial Era .
➢ As claimed by Caoili (1983), the
beginnings of modern science and
back to the Spanish regime
- They established schools,
hospitals and started scientific
research that had important
consequences in the development
of the country.
- Royal and Pontifical University of
Santo Tomas - highest institution of
learning
➢ Dr. Jose Rizal is the epitome of the
Renaissance man in the Philippine
context.
- Being a doctor and scientist, he
had extensive knowledge on
medicine and was able to operate
his mother’s blinding eye.
- When he was deported to Dapitan,
his knowledge on science and
engineering was translated into
technology by creating a water
system that improved the
sanitation of households in the
area.
➢ 1887 - Laboratorio Municipal de Ciudad
de Manila was created
➢ Cronica de Ciencias Medicas de
Filipinas - the Laboratorio’s
publication, probably the first scientific
journal in the country
➢ 19th Century - Manila has become a
cosmopolitan center and modern
amenities were introduced to the city.
GED 109: SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY
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2nd SEMESTER A.Y. 2022 – 2023
➢ The Philippines had evolved into a
primary agricultural exporting
economy.
- and this is not because of the
research undertaken in this field,
but was largely because of the
influx of foreign capital and
technology which brought
modernization of some sectors,
notably sugar and hemp
production.
American Period . especially on the study of various
➢ rapid growth in science and
technology was seen and was made
possible by the government’s extensive
public education system from
elementary to tertiary schools.
➢ Philippine Normal School and
University of the Philippines -
provided the needs for professionally
trained Filipinos in building the
government’s organization and
programs.
➢ The growth and application of
science were still concentrated on the
health sector in the form of biochemical
analyses in hospitals.
➢ The University of the Philippines Los
Baños opened the College of
Agriculture in 1909
➢ The University of the Philippines –
Diliman opened the Colleges of Arts,
Engineering and Veterinary Medicine in
1910.
- The College of Medicine was
opened four years later.
➢ Capacity building programs - sending
qualified Filipinos abroad for advanced
training were conducted to eventually
fill up the teaching positions in
Philippine universities
➢ The American colonial government
sent Filipino youths to be educated
as teachers, engineers, physicians and
.
lawyers in American colleges to further
capacitate the Filipinos in various fields.
➢ The government provided more
support for the development of
science and created the Bureau of
Government Laboratories in and was
later changed to Bureau of Science.
➢ Bureau of Science - served as the
primary training ground for Filipino
scientists and paved the way for
pioneering scientific research, most
tropical diseases like leprosy,
tuberculosis, cholera, dengue fever,
malaria and beri-­beri.
➢ The Bureau of Science was composed
of:
- biological laboratory
- chemical laboratory
- serum laboratory
- A library
➢ Philippine Journal of Science -
scientific journal published researches
done in local laboratories and reported
global scientific developments that had
relevance to Philippine society.
➢ The Bureau of Science became the
primary research center of the
Philippines until World War II.
➢ December 8, 1933 - the National
Research Council of the Philippines
was established.
Commonwealth Period .
➢ When the Americans granted
independence and the Commonwealth
government was established, the
Filipinos were busy working towards
economic reliance but acknowledged
the importance and vital role of science
and technology for the economic
development of the country by
declaring that “The State shall promote
scientific research and invention…”
GED 109: SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY .

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, ARCHITECTURE, AND FINE ARTS

2nd SEMESTER A.Y. 2022 – 2023

➢ The prevailing situations during the ➢ 1970s - focus on science and

time of the Commonwealth period to technology was given to applied
the Japanese regime had made research and the main objective was to
developments in science and generate products and processes that
technology practically impossible. were supposed to have a greater
Science and Technology since beneficial impact to society.
Independence ➢ Several research institutes were
➢ 1946 - Bureau of Science was replaced established under the National
by the Institute of Science Science Development Board (NSDB)
➢ 1950 - there is a lack of basic - Philippine Coconut Research
information which were necessities to Institute
the country's industries, lack of support - Philippine Textile Research
of experimental work and minimal Institute.
budget for scientific research and low - Philippine Atomic Energy
salaries of scientists employed by the Commission - another agency
government. under NSDB, explored the uses of
➢ 1958 - the Philippine Congress passed atomic energy for economic
the Science Act of 1958 which development
established the National Science ➢ 1972 - by virtue of Presidential Decree
Development Board (NSDB). No. 4, the National Grains Authority
➢ The trade schools produced was created and it was tasked to
craftsmen, tradesmen and improve the rice and corn industry and
technicians that helped in shaping a thereby help in the economic
more technological Philippines while development of the country.
still being an agricultural based nation. - This was followed by the creation
➢ As summarized by Caoili, “There has of Philippine Council for
been little innovation in the education Agricultural Research to support
and training of scientists and engineers the progressive development of
since independence in 1946. “ agriculture, forestry, and fisheries
in the country
Science and Technology in the 1960s to ➢ Philippine Atmospheric Geophysical
1990s . and Astronomical Service
➢ The government declared in Section Administration (PAGASA) – was also
9(1) of the 1973 Philippine established under the Department of
Constitution that the “advancement of National Defense to provide
science and technology shall have environmental protection and to utilize
priority in national development. scientific knowledge to ensure the
➢ April 6, 1968 - Pres. Ferdinand Marcos safety of the people through
proclaimed the 35-hectare land in Presidential Decree No. 78, s. 1972.
Bicutan, Taguig as the site of the ➢ 1973 - the Philippine National Oil
Philippine Science Community Company was created by virtue of
➢ 1969 - the government provided funds Presidential Decree No. 334, s. 1973
to private universities to encourage ➢ The National Academy of Science
them to conduct research and create and Technology was established
courses in science and technology. under Presidential Decree No. 1003-­A,
GED 109: SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY
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s. 1976 to strengthen the scientific
culture in the country.
➢ 1980s - science and technology was
still focused on applied research
➢ 1982 - NSDB was further reorganized
into a National Science and
Technology Authority (NSTA)
composed of four research and
development Councils
- Philippine Council for Agriculture
and Resources Research and
Development (PCARRD);
- Philippine Council for Industry and
Energy Research Development
(PCIERD);
- Philippine Council for Health
Research and Development
(PCHRD)
- National Research Council of the
Philippines (NRCP)
- NSTA has also eight research and
development institutes and support
agencies under it
➢ March 1983 - Executive Order No. 889
was issued by the President which
provided for the establishment of a
national network of centers of
excellence in basic sciences.
- As a consequence, six new
institutes were created: The
National Institutes of Physics,
Geological Sciences, Natural
Sciences Research, Chemistry,
Biology and Mathematical
Sciences
- Related to these efforts was the
establishment of a Scientific
Career System in the Civil
Service by Presidential Decree
No. 901 on 19 July 1983.
➢ 1986 - under the Aquino administration,
the National Science and Technology
Authority was replaced by the
Department of Science and
.
Technology, giving science and
technology a representation in the
cabinet.
➢ 1987-1992 - science and technology's
role in economic recovery and
sustained economic growth was
highlighted.
- science and technology was one of
the top three priorities of the
government towards economic
recovery.
By virtue of Executive Order 128 signed
on 30 January 1987, the functions and
responsibilities of DOST expanded
correspondingly to include the following:
➢ Pursue the declared state policy of
supporting local scientific and
technological effort;
➢ Develop local capability to achieve
technological self-reliance;
➢ Encourage greater private sector
participation in research and
development.
- 1992 - funding for the science and
technology sector tripled from 464
million in 1986 to 1.7 billion.
➢ Department of Science and
Technology (DOST) - charged with the
twin mandate of providing central
direction, leadership and coordination
of all scientific and technological
activities, and of formulating policies,
programs and projects to support
national development.
➢ The Science and Technology Master
Plan - aimed at the modernization of
the production sector, upgrading
research activities, and development of
infrastructure for science and
technological purposes.
➢ Research and Development Plan -
examine and determine which areas of
research need attention and must be
given priority.
GED 109: SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY
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2nd SEMESTER A.Y. 2022 – 2023
➢ During President Fidel Ramos’s term,
there was a significant increase in
personnel specializing in the science
and technology field.
- 1998 - estimated 3,000 competent
scientists and engineers in the
Philippines.
- Adding to the increase of scientists
would be the result of the Two
newly built Philippine Science
High Schools in Visayas and
Mindanao promoting further
development of young kids through
an advanced S&T curriculum.
➢ The government provided 3,500
scholarships for students who were
taking up professions related to S&T
- Priority for S&T personnel
increased when Magna Carta for
Science and Technology Personnel
(Republic Act No. 8439) was
established.
➢ “Science and Technology Agenda
for National Development (STAND)” -
a program that was significant to the
field of S&T.
- Seven identified export products
were computer software; fashion
accessories; gifts, toys, and
houseware; marine products; metal
fabrications; furniture; and dried
fruits.
- Domestic needs identified were
food, housing, health, clothing,
transportation, communication,
disaster mitigation, defense,
environment, manpower
development, and energy.
- Three additional support
industries were included in the list
of priority sectors, namely,
packaging, chemicals, and metals
because of their linkages with the
above sectors.
.
➢ In the Gloria Macapagal-­Arroyo
administration, numerous laws and
projects were implemented which
concerned both the environment and
science to push technology as a tool to
increase the country’s economic level.
➢ “Filipinnovation” - was the coined
term used in helping the Philippines to
be an innovation hub in Asia
➢ Philippine Science High School
(PSHS) - focuses on science,
technology and mathematics in their
curriculum.
➢ Philippines ranked 73rd out of 128
economies in terms of Science and
Technology and Innovation (STI) index,
citing the country’s strength in research
and commercialization of STI ideas
(DOST, 2018)
➢ Technology adoption - allows a
country’s firms and citizens to benefit
from innovations created in other
countries, and allows it to catch up and
even leap-frog obsolete technologies.
Hopes in Philippine Science and
Technology
➢ April 2016 - the country launched into
space its first micro-satellite called
Diwata-1.
➢ Diwata-1 - designed, developed and
assembled by Filipino researchers and
engineers under the guidance of
Japanese experts.
- provides real-time, high-resolution
and multi-color infrared images for
various applications, including
meteorological imaging, crop and
ocean productivity measurement
and high-resolution imaging of
natural and man-made features.
- It enables a more precise estimate
of the country’s agricultural
production, provides images of
watersheds and floodplains for a
GED 109: SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY
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better understanding of water
available for irrigation, power and
domestic consumption.
- The satellite also provides
accurate information on any
disturbance and degradation of
forest and upland areas.
➢ June 2012 - Project NOAH was
initiated to help manage risks
associated with natural hazards and
disasters.
- uses the Lidar (light detection and
ranging) technology
- helps the government in providing
timely warning with a lead time of
at least six hours in the wake of
impending floods
➢ Intelligent Operation Center Platform -
the center resulted in the creation of a
dashboard that allows authorized
government agencies, such as police,
fire and anti-terrorism task forces, to
use analytics software for monitoring
events and operations in real time.
Current Initiatives in Science and
Technology in the Country
➢ Advanced Device and Materials
Testing Laboratories - center houses
advanced equipment for failure analysis
and materials characterization to
address advanced analytical needs for
quality control, materials identification
and R&D
➢ Electronics Products Development
Center - used to design, develop and
test hardware and software for
electronic products.
➢ Genome Center - a core facility that
combines basic and applied research
for the development of health
diagnostics, therapeutics, DNA
forensics and preventive products, and
improved crop varieties.
.
➢ Drug-discovery facilities - which
address the requirements for producing
high-quality and globally acceptable
drug candidates.
➢ Radiation processing facilities - used
to degrade, graft, or crosslink polymers,
monomers, or chemical compounds for
industrial, agricultural, environmental
and medical applications.
➢ Die and Mold Solutions Center -
enhances the competitiveness of the
local tool and die sector through the
localization of currently imported dies
and molds.
LESSON 4 .
Paradigm Shift
➢ Scientific paradigm - framework
containing all the commonly accepted
views about a subject, conventions
about what direction research should
take and how it should be performed
➢ A paradigm dictates:
- what is observed and measured
- the questions we ask about those
observations
- how the questions are
formulated
- how the results are interpreted
- how research is carried out
- what equipment is appropriate
➢ "The successive transition from one
paradigm to another via revolution is
the usual developmental pattern of
mature science" - Kuhn, The Structure
of Scientific Revolutions.
➢ Normal Science – current paradigm is
in place, the anomalies are discounted
as acceptable levels of error.
➢ Revolutionary Science - these
anomalies become the center of
attention as scientists attempt to
construct a new world view that
incorporates and explains them.
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UNIT 2: INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS
➢ Intellectual revolution - period where
paradigm shifts occurred and where
scientific beliefs that have been widely
embraced and accepted by the people
were challenged and opposed.
LESSON 1 . ➢ Johannes Kepler - realize that Brahe's
Copernican Revolution
➢ Nicolas Copernicus - Polish scholar
working at the University of Padua in
northern Italy
- problem he wrestled with was the
paths of planetary orbits,
Astronomy, Understand
Position of Earth
- Copernicus' solution was basically
geometric. By placing the sun at
the center of the universe and
having the earth orbit it, he
reduced the unwieldy number of
epicycles from 80 to 34.
- His book, Concerning the
Revolutions of the Celestial
Worlds, published in 1543, laid the
foundations for a revolution in how
Europeans would view the world
and its place in the universe.
- It took some 150 years after
Copernicus' death in 1543 to
achieve a new model of the
universe that worked.
.
➢ Tycho Brahe- using only the naked
eye, tracked the entire orbits of various
stars and planets.
- kept extensive records of his
observations, but did not really
know what to do with them.
- Task was left to his successor,
Johannes Kepler
data showed the planetary orbits were
not circular. Finally, his calculations
showed that those orbits were elliptical.
➢ Galileo Galilei- first to successfully use
math to define the workings of the
cosmos
- armed with a new invention, the
telescope, which would further
shatter the old theory and lead the
way to a new one.
- Using his telescope, he understood
the heavenly bodies
- saw the sun's perfection marred
by sunspots and the moon's
perfection marred by craters. He
also saw four moons orbiting
Jupiter
- The Starry Messenger (1611), he
reported these disturbing findings
and spread the news across
Europe
➢ Isaac Newton - In order to prove that
the same force pulling the apples to
earth was keeping the moon in its orbit
mathematically, Newton had to invent a
whole new branch of math, calculus,
for figuring out rates of motion and
change
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imply the existence of a divine

creator.

LESSON 3 .
Freudian Revolution
➢ Sigmund Freud- his most obvious
impact was to change the way society
thought about and dealt with mental
➢ Laws of Motion illness.
- Objects don't change their motion - Before psychoanalysis, which
unless a force acts on them. Freud invented, mental illness was
- The force on an object is equal to almost universally considered
its mass times its acceleration 'organic'; that is, it was thought to
(F=ma). come from some kind of
- Every action has an equal and deterioration or disease of the
opposite reaction. brain.
- Psychoanalysis is a method of
LESSON 2 . explaining and treating mental and
Darwinian Revolution emotional disorders by having the
➢ Charles Darwin - theory of biological patient talk freely about himself or
evolution herself and especially about
dreams, problems, and early
childhood memories and
experiences.

- he accumulated evidence
demonstrating that organisms
evolve and discovered the
process, natural selection, by
which they evolve
LESSON 4 .
- Darwin completed the
Scientific Revolution in Mesoamerica
Copernican revolution by
➢ The Mesoamerican civilization was
drawing out for biology the notion
isolated from the accumulated scientific
of nature as a lawful system of
knowledge of Africa, Asia and Europe.
matter in motion.
- Because of this isolation,
➢ William Paley - Natural Theology
Mesoamerican civilization
(1802)
developed on their own and
- He argued that just as the
became much more self reliant.
complex, purposeful design of a
➢ Maya civilization - the most advanced
watch implies the existence of a
Mesoamerican civilization that was well
watchmaker, the complexity and
on its way to develop true science.
functionality of the natural world
GED 109: SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY
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2nd SEMESTER A.Y. 2022 – 2023
➢ Maya hieroglyphs - pictorial script that
allowed them to record all knowledge
on long strips of paper folded
harmonica- style into books.
➢ The Dresden Codex - contains
predictions of solar eclipses for
centuries and a table of predicted
positions of Venus.
➢ Tlachtli - a game played by Meso-
American civilizations from earliest
times.
➢ Maya Calendar – Maya made
predictions by aligning stars with two
objects that were separated by a large
distance, a technique that achieved
great accuracy of angular
measurement.
➢ The Maya were the first to use pitched
ceilings in their buildings after the
invention of the corbelled vault.
➢ American people were gifted
horticulturalists and cultivated crop
plants from the earliest times.
➢ Plants that originated in Meso-America
are the following:
✔ Corn (maize)
✔ Papaya
✔ Avocado
✔ cocoa
➢ 2000 – 1500 BC – several sculptures
found in MesoAmerican Sites have
clear magnetic properties
.
LESSON 5 .
Asian Scientific Revolution
➢ Japan – probably the most notable
country in Asia in terms of scientific and
technological achievement.
➢ The general conception is that many of
the cutting-edge technological
developments emanate from Asia
- For instance, Japan, Taiwan, South
Korea, and China together produce
a staggering 90% of the world’s
digital gadgets.
➢ South Korea’s cultural popularity
around the world has caused a number
of startup’s to emerge working within
the digital and technology sectors
➢ Taiwan - following a similar path to
Japan meanwhile, moving away from
hardware production, instead turning to
software and content development.
LESSON 6 .
Scientific Revolution in Middle East
➢ Mesopotamia - greater progress was
made in astronomy and mathematics.
➢ Egyptians - excelled in medicine,
engineering, and surveying,
engineering and architecture
➢ Babylonians - led in the development
of such practical arts as irrigation.
➢ Of all the accomplishments of the
ancient Middle East, the invention of
the alphabet is probably the greatest.
LESSON 7 .
Scientific Revolution in Africa
➢ Judith Carney "Black Rice," - has
received considerable acclaim and has
been influential in reevaluating the
history of agriculture in the Americas,
- emphasizing the need to recognize
the contributions of African and
African-descended peoples to
global history
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➢ Africa - the history of the sciences in ➢ Various metal products served a wide
Africa is rich and diverse. range of purposes, including:
➢ African Plants - a variety of African ✔ Armor
plants were adopted in Asia, including ✔ Jewelry
coffee, the oil palm, fonio or acha, ✔ cooking utensils
African rice, and sorghum. ✔ cloth dyeing
- Legumes, grain, vegetables, ✔ sculpture
tubers, or, wild or cultivated fruits, ✔ agricultural tools
also had medicinal implications ➢ Ancient, Medieval, and
for Africans and were used as Contemporary Africa- builders
anesthetics or pain killers, integrated the concepts of the arch, the
analgesics for the control of fever, dome, and columns and aisles in their
antidotes to counter poisons, and constructions.
anthelmintic aimed at deworming. - There were underground vaults
➢ Africa’s areas of scientific and passages, as well as the rock-
investigation -include the fields of hewn churches
astronomy, physics, and mathematics.
➢ Laird Scranton - deepened our LESSON 8 .
understanding of Malian cosmological Information Revolution
myths and their perceptions of the ➢ Information revolution - period of
structure of matter and the physical change that describes current
world. economic, social and technological
➢ In the field of Mathematics - Nubian trends beyond the Industrial Revolution.
builders calculated the volumes of ➢ Information Age - Information
building materials for masonry, as well Revolution was fueled by advances in
as the slopes of pyramids, for semiconductor technology leading to
construction purposes. the information age in the early 21st
➢ In the field of Medicine- common century.
patterns and trends emerged across ➢ Computers - unique machines; they
the continent. help to extend the brain power.
- Among the common principles and - Computers are merely devices
procedures were hydrotherapy, that follow sets of instructions
heat therapy, spinal manipulation, called computer programs, or
quarantine, bone-setting and software.
surgery. ➢ Computerized robots have been
➢ Metal products - various types of replacing blue- collar workers; they
metal products have been used over might soon be replacing white collar
time by Africans, ranging from gold, tin, workers as well.
silver, bronze, brass, and iron/steel. ➢ Microprocessor Chip - 1971 invention
➢ Ethiopia and Sudan – major suppliers of the microprocessor chip at Intel that
of gold in the North and East Africa made personal computers possible.
➢ Kingdom of Monomotapa - reigned ➢ Age of the Internet- The information
supreme as a major gold producer in revolution led us to the age of the
South Africa internet, where optical communication
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networks play a key role in delivering ➢ Biotechnology- the technology that

massive amounts of data.
➢ Network Growth- The world has
experienced phenomenal network
growth during the last decade, and
further growth is imminent.
➢ Undersea Fiber Communication
Systems in 2002- the optical fiber
communication industry moved into the
“coherent” era.
- We can transport an order of
magnitude more bits than just five
years ago
- We can encode information into
phase, polarization, and
amplitude of electromagnetic wave
- We send over 10,000,000,000,000
bits every second across the
Atlantic Ocean in a single strand of
fiber
➢ Sir William Thomson (known as Lord
Kelvin) - the scientific leader of an
1858 endeavor that built the first
submarine cable with a transmission
speed of one word per minute.
utilizes biological systems, living
organisms or parts of this to develop or
create different products.
- Brewing and baking bread are
examples of processes that fall
within the concept of biotechnology
(use of yeast (= living organism) to
produce the desired product).
➢ Fish Farming - within the next fifty
years fish farming may change us from
hunters and gatherers on the seas into
"marine pastoralists"
- just as a similar innovation some
10,000 years ago changed our
ancestors from hunters and
gatherers on the land into
agriculturalists and pastoralists.

Impact of Information Revolution

➢ E-commerce - (electronic commerce)
is the buying and selling of goods and
services, or the transmitting of funds or
data, over an electronic network,
primarily the internet.
- These business transactions occur
either as:
business-to-business
business-to-consumer
consumer-to-consumer
consumer-to-business
- E-commerce profoundly changes
economies, markets, and industry
structures; products and services
and their flow; consumer
segmentation, consumer values,
and consumer behavior; jobs and
labor markets.
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UNIT 3: SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY & . Personalities in Science and

NATION BUILDING . Technology in the Philippines
➢ Aisa Mijeno - Filipino engineer,
LESSON 1 . innovator, and social entrepreneur, best
Philippine Government Science and known for co-founding SALt
Technology Agenda (Sustainable Alternative Lighting),
➢ Department of Science and - a company that developed an
Technology (DOST)- is at the forefront innovative lamp powered by
of the Philippine government's science saltwater.
and technology agenda - Her invention and entrepreneurial
DOST Key Initiatives: journey have garnered
➢ Science for Change Program (S4CP) international attention, highlighting
➢ Balik Scientist Program the potential of sustainable
➢ Philippine Science High School System technology to address real-world
(PSHSS) problems, particularly in remote
Impact of DOST: and underserved communities.
➢ Enhanced research and development ➢ Salt Lamp - inspiration for the SALt
capabilities. lamp came from Mijeno's experiences
➢ Improvement in the quality of science living with the Butbut tribe in the
education. mountains of Kalinga, Philippines.
➢ Strengthening of the innovation - Observing the tribe's reliance on
ecosystem in the Philippines. kerosene lamps and candles for
lighting—which are not only
Batangas State University KIST Park hazardous but also expensive and
➢ Batangas State University Knowledge, environmentally harmful—Mijeno
Innovation, Science, and Technology sought a safer, more sustainable
(KIST) Park - pioneering initiative in the alternative.
Philippines aimed at fostering ➢ The SALt lamp operates using a
innovation and technological galvanic cell battery, which generates
advancement through close electricity from a saline solution.
collaboration between academia, - This innovative device only
industry, and government. requires a glass of water mixed
Objectives of KIST Park: with two tablespoons of salt to
➢ Foster Innovation and R&D provide light for eight hours.
➢ Industry-Academia Collaboration - It is designed to be a sustainable
➢ Entrepreneurship and Business and safer lighting option for
Incubation people in areas without access to
➢ Talent Development electricity.
➢ Community Engagement and - Moreover, the lamp can also be
Development powered with sea water making it
an invaluable resource for coastal
communities
GED 109: SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY
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➢ Ramon C. Barba - Filipino scientist
and inventor, best known for his
significant contributions to the field of
plant physiology, particularly his
groundbreaking work on the induction
of flowering of mangoes using
potassium nitrate.
- His research has had a profound
impact on the agricultural sector,
not only in the Philippines but also
around the world, by enabling
off-season production of mangoes
and significantly increasing mango
yield.
- Barba's method involves spraying
the trees with a solution of
potassium nitrate, which
stimulates them to flower within a
week. This technique allows for the
production of mangoes several
times a year, dramatically
increasing productivity and
profitability for mango farmers.
➢ Fe Villanueva del Mundo - Filipino
pediatrician, made significant
contributions to the field of pediatrics in
the Philippines and is recognized for
her pioneering work and dedication to
child healthcare.
- BRAT (banana, rice, apple, tea )
diet for curing diarrhea, have
spread throughout the world and
saved millions.
- When she was not busy treating
and taking care of children, she did
some pioneering work on
infectious diseases in Philippine
communities and authored the
Textbook of Pediatrics, as well as
hundreds of articles and medical
reports on diseases such as
dengue, polio and measles.
.
➢ Maria Orosa - completed her
undergraduate studies at the
University of the Philippines, where
she showed early promise in the
sciences.
- She then pursued further
education in the United States,
earning a degree in
pharmaceutical chemistry from the
University of Washington,
Seattle. Additionally, she obtained
degrees in food chemistry and
canning technology
- Banana Ketchup: Orosa
developed this popular Filipino
condiment as a more affordable
alternative to tomato ketchup,
utilizing the abundance of bananas
in the Philippines.
- Soyalac: A nutrient-rich drink
derived from soya beans, intended
to be a protein supplement for
those unable to afford milk.
- Calamansi Nip: A concentrate
made from calamansi, aimed at
preventing vitamin C deficiency.
- Palayok Oven: She also innovated
the Palayok Oven, a clay oven that
could be used to cook food more
efficiently, which was particularly
useful in rural areas without access
to modern cooking facilities.
➢ Angel C. Alcala - Filipino scientist
renowned for his extensive work in
marine biology and herpetology.
- Alcala's pioneering work in
establishing marine reserves in the
Philippines during the 1980s has
had a profound impact on marine
conservation strategies worldwide.
- He advocated for the creation of
no-fishing zones, which led to the
establishment of over 1,000 marine
protected areas in the Philippines.
Science Education in the Philippines
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➢ Current State - Science education in

the Philippines faces several
challenges, including resource
limitations, teacher training, and
curriculum relevance.
- However, initiatives like the K-12
program aim to enhance STEM
(Science, Technology, Engineering,
and Mathematics) education
through curriculum improvements
and teacher development.
➢ STEM Education Programs - Efforts
to bolster STEM education through
enhanced curriculum and the
introduction of STEM strands in senior
high school.
➢ Philippine Science High School
(PSHS) System - Offers a curriculum
with a strong emphasis on science and
mathematics, intended to prepare
students for careers in STEM fields.

➢ The journey of science and technology

in the Philippines is a testament to its
critical role in nation-building.
- Through government initiatives,
the contributions of remarkable
individuals, and the evolution of
science education, the Philippines
is steadily advancing towards a
future where science and
technology drive sustainable
development and inclusive growth.