GOal of the DBA:

24/7 support
Zero Data loss

High Availability:
a.RAC---> Real Applicaiton Clusters,multiple instances
b.Data Guard --->Primary and Standby DB

Schema: Owner of the objects or collection of objects

DBMS Architecture:
client:request to the server
server:serve the client

a.Single Tier ---> Mainframe

b.Two Tier ---> client and server
c.Three Tier--->client, middleware,server

Oracle features:
9i--->10g--->11g--->12c--->19c--->20c--->21c--->23c

SQL:Structured Query Language

capacity planning:
RMAN--->Recovery Manager
Backup

Oracle Architecture:
User Process---->as you login
Server Process--->works for user process

Two types:
a.dedicated server process:
u1--->s1

d.shared server process:

u1--->s1, lot of transactions

u2--->s2,idle

Oracle Server:
a.Oracle Instance:
i.Memory Structures:
I.SGA --->System Global Area or Shared Global Area:
i.Shared Pool :
a.Library Cache:
1.Parsing:
a.Syntactic Parsing--->check the rules
select * from t1;

b.Semantic Parsing:check for meanings

select * from t1;

c.Hard Parsing:First time, whenever a query is

fired:
parse trees are generated
cursor (temporary memory is allocated)
 d.Soft Parsing: from the second time, the same
query is fired
2.Hash Code Generation--->Machine code generation
3.Execution Plan Generation--->optimizer ,finds out
the shortest path
4.Fetch

b.Data Dictionary Cache or Row Cache :

1.DDT and Views --->Meta Data
2.Users' and Objects' Privileges
u1 t1 -->select * from t1
u2 t2 --->select * from t2

ii.DBBC(Database Buffer Cache):Actual Query Execution takes place

iii.RLBC(Redolog Buffer Cache):Redolog Entries ,for Recovery

Purpose
iv.Java Pool --->Oracle uses for its internal applications
v.Large Pool ---> for RMAN backup

and
II.PGA--->Program Global Area or Process Global Area ---->Sorting and
Searching Purpose

and
ii.BGP:
a.PMON --->Process Monitor
b.SMON --->System Monitor

50k records
25k --->committed --->roll forward
10k--->system media failure --->rollback
SCN --->System Change Number
LSN--->Log Sequence Number

c.DBWR--->Database Writer
d.LGWR--->Log Writer
e.CKPT--->Check Point

b.Oracle Database:
datafiles--->contains raw data
controlfiles--->db id,db name,names and locations of datafiles and redolog
files are present
redolog files--->redolog entries

pfile--->text file ,configuration parameters

db_name
controlfiles locations

spfile: binary file , configuration parameters

we start the DB using pfile or spfile

password file:sysdba's password is present in this file

Archived log files--->copy of online redolog files

SQL> create table t1(id number,name varchar2(20));

Table created.

SQL> desc t1;

Name Null? Type
----------------------------------------- -------- ----------------------------
ID NUMBER
NAME VARCHAR2(20)

SQL> alter table t1 add(saddr varchar2(20),mob number);

Table altered.

SQL> desc t1;

Name Null? Type
----------------------------------------- -------- ----------------------------
ID NUMBER
NAME VARCHAR2(20)
SADDR VARCHAR2(20)
MOB NUMBER

SQL> alter table t1 rename column saddr to sadd;

Table altered.

SQL> desc t1;

Name Null? Type
----------------------------------------- -------- ----------------------------
ID NUMBER
NAME VARCHAR2(20)
SADD VARCHAR2(20)
MOB NUMBER

SQL> alter table t1 drop column sadd;

Table altered.

SQL> desc t1;

Name Null? Type
----------------------------------------- -------- ----------------------------
ID NUMBER
NAME VARCHAR2(20)
MOB NUMBER

SQL>

ORACLE_BASE:
staging directory for software.
configuration,admin,oradata,fast recovery area,product

ORACLE_HOME:
Binaries
executables
libraries

char and varchar2:

char:static memory allocation
varchar2:dynamic memory allocation

insert into t1 values(34,'abc)

SQL> conn system/oracle

Connected.
SQL> desc t1;
Name Null? Type
----------------------------------------- -------- ----------------------------
ID NUMBER
NAME VARCHAR2(20)
MOB NUMBER

SQL> alter table t1 modify(name varchar2(25);

alter table t1 modify(name varchar2(25)
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-00907: missing right parenthesis

SQL> alter table t1 modify(name varchar2(25));

Table altered.

SQL> desc t1;

Name Null? Type
----------------------------------------- -------- ----------------------------
ID NUMBER
NAME VARCHAR2(25)
MOB NUMBER

SQL> alter table t1 add(saddr char(20));

Table altered.

SQL> desc t1;

Name Null? Type
----------------------------------------- -------- ----------------------------
ID NUMBER
NAME VARCHAR2(25)
MOB NUMBER
SADDR CHAR(20)

SQL> alter table t1 modify(saddr varchar2(25));

Table altered.

SQL> desc t1;

Name Null? Type
----------------------------------------- -------- ----------------------------
ID NUMBER
NAME VARCHAR2(25)
MOB NUMBER
SADDR VARCHAR2(25)

SQL> insert into t1 values(1,'abc',8695849332,'rrr');

1 row created.
SQL> select * from t1;

ID NAME MOB SADDR

---------- ------------------------- ---------- -------------------------
1 abc 8695849332 rrr

SQL> alter table t1 modify(name varchar2(5),saddr varchar2(5));

Table altered.

SQL> alter table t1 modify(name varchar2(2),saddr varchar2(2));

alter table t1 modify(name varchar2(2),saddr varchar2(2))
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-01441: cannot decrease column length because some value is too big

SQL> select * from t1;

ID NAME MOB SADDR

---------- ----- ---------- -----
1 abc 8695849332 rrr

SQL> truncate table t1;

Table truncated.

SQL> select * from t1;

no rows selected

SQL> desc t1;

Name Null? Type
----------------------------------------- -------- ----------------------------
ID NUMBER
NAME VARCHAR2(5)
MOB NUMBER
SADDR

insert:
insert into t1 values(00,'ttt');

insert into t1 values(&id,'&name');

update t1 set saddr='' ;

update t1 set saddr='hhh' where id=5;