Phonetics = Vowels

vowels - sounds that we can sing with our mouths open.

arent categorical like consonants.
difference bwteen them is based on gradient
different varities of english have vowel sounds ranging from 12 -21 most common -m
14 varities
Australian English has around 20 vowels.

VOWEL INVENTORY - number of distinct vowel sounds any lang has

VOwel space - which parts of mouth are involved in making vowel sound.
/i/ = mouth less oopen and toungue high and
/ae/ - mouth more open and toungue low

represented by TREPAEZOID
THREE FEATURES OF TOUNGUE

Based on the position of toungue - how your high toungue is

i high vowel/ close

ae low vowel . open

Front and back vowels - if toungue is in front or back how back it is

back - a

vowel that has toungue back and high - /u/ with rounded lips

Rounded and unrounded sounds

Rounded - sounds at the back of the moutb eg - u , its unrounded back partner ulta
m aeh (found in tamil, vietnamese and californian pronounciation)
Unrounded - sounds at the front of the mouth

round ing and unrounding doesnt always work like both rounding and unrounding leads
to transition betweeen i and y
french word tu - french, mandarin, german, turkish.

E (AYE) FALLS BETWEEN I AND AE (AAE) BECOMES MID , FRONT AND unROUNDED.
O (AAU) BETWEEN U AND A (AAH) BECOMES MID, BACK AND ROUNDED.
ULTA E (SOUND A) IN THE CENTER OF THE VOWEL SPACE CALEED SCHWA MOST COMMON VOWEL
SOUND.
PRESENT IN PETITION ULTA E , ABOUT A PE ULTA E , POTATO A PE ULTA E

Diphthong -
two vowels said tohether like oi, ai, au
ipa doesnt list diphthongs

DIACRITICS
LENGTH - LIKE COLON BUT WITH TRIANGLES - THIS IS USED BY ARABIC, FINNISH AND
JAPNESE
NASALIZATION - MOVEMENT OF AIR THROUGH MOUTH OR NOSE - FEATURE OF FRENCH
ITS DIACRITIC SYMBOL - ~ BEAU AND BON (~)
TONE - CHANGING THE PITCH OF THE VOICE CAN CREATE DIFFERENT VOWELS
LAN G CAN HAVE 2-9 TONES.
COMMON ACROSS ASIA NAD AFRICA

INTONATION -

ENGLISH AND OTHER LANG CHANGING THE PITCH OF OUR VOICE TO CHANGE THE WHOLE SENTENCE
pitch rising at the end indicates question

ARTICULATORY PHONETICS - HOW PEOPLE MAKE SOUNDS

ACOUSTIC PHONETICS - BRANCH THAT RECORDS THESE SOUNDS AND ANALYZES THEM
PERCEPTUAL PHONETICS - THE BRANCH THAT STUDIES HOW PEOPLE PROCESS THE SPEECH THEY
HEAR