Appendix 2

List o f irre g ular ver bs (—> Unit 24)

infinitive p a st sim ple p a st participle infinitive p a st sim ple p a st p articiple
be w as / w e r e been let le t le t
beat beat beaten lie lay lain
b ec o m e b eca m e beco m e lig ht li t li t
begin b e g an begun lose lo st lost
bite bit bitten m ake m ade made
b lo w ble w blo w n m ean m eant m eant
break bro ke bro ken m eet met m et
bring brought brought pay p aid p a id
b uild b u il t b u il t put put put
buy bought bought read (re e d)* r e a d (re d)* r e a d (re d)*
catch cau g h t cau g h t rid e rode ri d d e n
ch o ose c h o se c h ose n ring ran g run g
com e ca m e co m e rise r ose rise n
cost c o st c o st run ra n run
cut cu t cu t say sa i d sa i d
do did done see sa w se e n
draw dre w dra w n sell so l d so l d
drin k d ran k dru n k send se n t se n t
drive drove d riv e n shin e sh o n e sh o n e
eat ate eaten sh o o t sh o t sh o t
fall f ell f a lle n sh o w sh o w e d sh o w n
feel felt f e lt sh u t sh u t sh u t
fig ht fought fought sing sa n g su n g
fin d found found sit sa t sa t
fly f le w flo w n sleep sl e p t sl e p t
forget forgot forgotten sp eak sp o k e sp o k e n
get got got sp en d sp e n t sp e n t
give g av e g iv e n stan d st o o d st o o d
go went gone steal st o le st o le n
gro w gre w gro w n swim sw a m sw u m
hang hung hung take took taken
have had had teach taught taught
hear heard heard tear tore torn
hid e hid hid d en tell told t old
hit hit hit t h in k thought thought
h old h eld held t hro w thre w thro w n
h urt hurt hurt u n d ersta n d u n d e rst o o d u n d e rst o o d
keep kept kept w ak e woke w oken
know knew known w e ar w ore w orn
leave left le f t win won won
lend le n t le n t w rit e w ro te w rit t e n

* pron uncia tion

So m e verbs can be re gular (- e d ) or irre g ular (-t):

infinitive p a st sim ple / p a st p a rticiple infinitive p a st sim ple / p a st p articiple

burn b u r n e d or b u r n t learn le a r n e d or l e a r n t
dre am d r e a m e d or d r e a m t sm ell s m e ll e d or s m e l t

244
Appendix 3
Irre g ular v er bs in g ro u ps
The p a st sim ple a n d p a st p articiple are the sa m e: The p a st sim ple a n d p a st p articiple are different:

c ost - > c o st let —> le t break broke bro ken

cut —> c u t p ut —> p u t ch o ose c h o se c h o se n
hit hit sh u t —» sh u t sp eak —> sp o k e sp o k e n
h urt -> hurt steal st o le st o le n
w ak e -> woke w oken

lend —> le n t lose lost

se nd -> se n t sh o o t —> sh o t driv e —> d r o v e d riv e n
sp end - > sp e n t get - > got rid e -» rode rid d e n
build —> b u il t light - > li t rise -> r ose rise n
sit —» sa t w rit e w ro te w ri t t e n
b urn -> b urn t
learn —> l e a r n t keep kept b eat —> b e a t beaten
smell —> s m e l t sleep sl e p t bite —> b i t bitten
hid e —> h i d hid den
feel —> f elt
leave —> le f t
m e et m et eat —> a t e eaten
dre am —> d r e a m t (d re m t)* fall f ell fa lle n
m ean m e a n t (m e n t)* forget forgot forgotten
give -> g ave g iv e n
see sa w se e n
bring —> b r o u g h t (b ro rt)* take took taken
buy - » b o u g h t (b o rt)*
fig ht —> f o u g h t (f o rt)*
t h in k —> t h o u g h t (t h o rt)* b lo w —> b le w blo w n
gro w - > gre w gro w n
catch —» c a u g h t (k o rt)*
know -> knew known
teach t a u g h t (t o rt)*
thro w -> thre w thro w n
fly —> f le w f lo w n
dra w dre w dra w n
sell —> so l d
sh o w -> sh o w e d sh o w n
tell —> t o l d

fin d found
begin —> b e g an begun
have -> had
drin k —> d r a n k dru n k
hear -> heard
swim —> sw a m sw u m
hold -> held
read -> r e a d (re d)* ring -> ran g ru n g
say -> sa i d (se d)* sing -> sa n g su n g

run -> ra n ru n
pay —> p a i d
m ake —> m a d e

stan d —> st o o d com e ca m e co m e

u n d ersta n d —> u n d e rst o o d beco m e —> b e c a m e b eco m e

* pronunciation