Power Systems Electromagnetic

Transients Simulation 2nd Edition

Neville Watson
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IET ENERGY ENGINEERING 123

Power Systems
Electromagnetic Transients
Simulation
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Volume 30 Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) Y.-H. Song (Editor)
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Volume 32 High Voltage Engineering and Testing, 2nd Edition H.M. Ryan (Editor)
Volume 33 Overvoltage Protection of Low-Voltage Systems, Revised Edition P. Hasse
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Volume 37 Electrical Steels for Rotating Machines P. Beckley
Volume 38 The Electric Car: Development and future of battery, hybrid and fuel-cell cars M. Westbrook
Volume 39 Power Systems Electromagnetic Transients Simulation J. Arrillaga and N. Watson
Volume 40 Advances in High Voltage Engineering M. Haddad and D. Warne
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Volume 49 Electric Fuses, 3rd Edition A. Wright and G. Newbery
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Volume 59 Ultracapacitor Applications J.M. Miller
Volume 62 Lightning Electromagnetics V. Cooray
Volume 63 Energy Storage for Power Systems, 2nd Edition A. Ter-Gazarian
Volume 65 Protection of Electricity Distribution Networks, 3rd Edition J. Gers
Volume 66 High Voltage Engineering Testing, 3rd Edition H. Ryan (Editor)
Volume 67 Multicore Simulation of Power System Transients F.M. Uriate
Volume 68 Distribution System Analysis and Automation J. Gers
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Power Systems
Electromagnetic Transients
Simulation
2nd Edition

Neville Watson and Jos Arrillaga

The Institution of Engineering and Technology

Published by The Institution of Engineering and Technology, London, United Kingdom

The Institution of Engineering and Technology is registered as a Charity in England &

Wales (no. 211014) and Scotland (no. SC038698).

© The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2019

First edition published 2003

Second edition published 2018

This publication is copyright under the Berne Convention and the Universal Copyright
Convention. All rights reserved. Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research
or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and
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While the authors and publisher believe that the information and guidance given in this
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British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

A catalogue record for this product is available from the British Library

ISBN 978-1-78561-499-6 (hardback)

ISBN 978-1-78561-500-9 (PDF)

Typeset in India by MPS Limited

Printed in the UK by CPI Group (UK) Ltd, Croydon
 Contents

List of figures xiii

List of tables xxv
Preface xxvii
Acronyms xxxi

1 Definitions objectives and background 1

1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Classification of electromagnetic transients 2
1.3 Transient simulators 3
1.4 Digital simulation 4
1.4.1 State variable analysis 5
1.4.2 Method of difference equations 5
1.5 Historical perspective 6
1.6 Range of applications 8
References 8

2 Analysis of continuous and discrete systems 11

2.1 Introduction 11
2.2 Continuous systems 11
2.2.1 State variable formulations 12
2.2.2 Time-domain solution of state equations 20
2.2.3 Digital simulation of continuous systems 21
2.3 Discrete systems 29
2.4 Relationship of continuous and discrete domains 31
2.5 Summary 31
References 33

3 State variable analysis 35

3.1 Introduction 35
3.2 Choice of state variables 35
3.3 Formation of the state equations 37
3.3.1 The transform method 37
3.3.2 The graph method 40
3.4 Solution procedure 42
vi Power systems electromagnetic transients simulation

3.5 Transient converter simulation 44

3.5.1 Per unit system 45
3.5.2 Network equations 45
3.5.3 Structure of TCS 49
3.5.4 Valve switchings 49
3.5.5 Effect of automatic time-step adjustments 53
3.5.6 TCS converter control 56
3.6 Example 59
3.7 Summary 63
References 64

4 Numerical integrator substitution 67

4.1 Introduction 67
4.2 Discretisation of R, L, C elements 67
4.2.1 Resistance 67
4.2.2 Inductance 68
4.2.3 Capacitance 69
4.2.4 Components reduction 71
4.3 Dual Norton model of the transmission line 74
4.4 Network solution 76
4.4.1 Example: conversion of voltage sources to current sources 77
4.4.2 Network solution with switches 78
4.4.3 Example: voltage step applied to RL load 80
4.5 Non-linear or time varying parameters 88
4.5.1 Current-source representation 88
4.5.2 Compensation method 89
4.5.3 Piecewise linear method 91
4.6 Subsystems 92
4.7 Sparsity and optimal ordering 94
4.8 Numerical errors and instabilities 97
4.9 Summary 97
References 98

5 The root-matching method 99

5.1 Introduction 99
5.2 Exponential form of the difference equation 99
5.3 z-Domain representation of difference equations 102
5.4 Implementation in EMTP algorithm 104
5.5 Family of exponential forms of the difference equation 111
5.5.1 Step response 113
5.5.2 Steady-state response 115
5.5.3 Frequency response 116
5.6 Example 117
5.7 Summary 119
References 120
 Contents vii

6 Transmission lines and cables 121

6.1 Introduction 121
6.2 Bergeron’s model 121
6.2.1 Multi-conductor transmission lines 124
6.3 Frequency-dependent transmission lines 127
6.3.1 Frequency to time-domain transformation 130
6.3.2 Phase domain model 135
6.4 Overhead transmission line parameters 135
6.4.1 Bundled sub-conductors 137
6.4.2 Earth wires 138
6.5 Underground cable parameters 138
6.6 Example 143
6.7 Summary 153
References 153

7 Transformers and rotating plant 155

7.1 Introduction 155
7.2 Basic transformer model 155
7.2.1 Numerical implementation 157
7.2.2 Parameters derivation 158
7.2.3 Modelling of non-linearities 160
7.3 Advanced transformer models 162
7.3.1 Single-phase UMEC model 162
7.3.2 UMEC implementation in PSCAD/EMTDC 166
7.3.3 Three-limb three-phase UMEC 168
7.3.4 Fast transient models 171
7.4 The synchronous machine 172
7.4.1 Electromagnetic model 172
7.4.2 Electro-mechanical model 179
7.4.3 Interfacing machine to network 181
7.4.4 Types of rotating machine available 185
7.5 Summary 187
References 187

8 Control and protection 191

8.1 Introduction 191
8.2 Transient analysis of control systems 191
8.3 Control modelling in PSCAD/EMTDC 193
8.3.1 Example 196
8.4 Modelling of protective systems 203
8.4.1 Transducers 203
8.4.2 Electromechanical relays 206
8.4.3 Electronic relays 207
8.4.4 Microprocessor-based relays 207
8.4.5 Circuit breakers 208
viii Power systems electromagnetic transients simulation

8.4.6 Surge arresters 209

8.5 Summary 211
References 212

9 Power electronic systems 215

9.1 Introduction 215
9.2 Valve representation in EMTDC 215
9.3 Placement and location of switching instants 217
9.4 Spikes and numerical oscillations (chatter) 218
9.4.1 Interpolation and chatter removal 220
9.5 HVDC converters 227
9.6 Example of HVDC simulation 231
9.7 FACTS devices 231
9.7.1 The static VAr compensator 231
9.7.2 The static compensator (STATCOM) 239
9.8 State variable models 241
9.8.1 EMTDC/TCS interface implementation 241
9.8.2 Control system representation 244
9.9 Summary 246
References 246

10 Frequency-dependent network equivalents 249

10.1 Introduction 249
10.2 Position of FDNE 250
10.3 Extent of system to be reduced 250
10.4 Frequency range 250
10.5 System frequency response 251
10.5.1 Frequency-domain identification 252
10.5.2 Time-domain identification 260
10.6 Fitting of model parameters 260
10.6.1 RLC networks 260
10.6.2 Rational function 262
10.7 Vector fitting 264
10.8 Model implementation 264
10.9 Examples 265
10.10 Summary 273
References 275

11 Steady-state assessment 277

11.1 Introduction 277
11.2 Phase-dependent impedance of non-linear device 278
11.3 The time-domain in an ancillary capacity 281
11.3.1 Iterative solution for time invariant non-linear
components 281
11.3.2 Iterative solution for general non-linear components 282
 Contents ix

11.3.3 Acceleration techniques 284

11.4 The time-domain in the primary role 285
11.4.1 Harmonic assessment historically 285
11.4.2 Basic time-domain algorithm 286
11.4.3 Time-step 287
11.4.4 dc System representation 287
11.4.5 ac System representation 287
11.5 Discussion 290
References 292

12 Mixed time-frame simulation 295

12.1 Introduction 295
12.2 Description of the hybrid algorithm 297
12.2.1 Individual program modifications 299
12.2.2 Data flow 299
12.3 TS/EMTDC interface 299
12.3.1 Equivalent impedances 300
12.3.2 Equivalent sources 302
12.3.3 Phase and sequence data conversions 302
12.3.4 Interface variables derivation 303
12.4 EMTDC to TS data transfer 305
12.4.1 Data extraction from converter waveforms 305
12.5 Interaction protocol 306
12.6 Interface location 308
12.7 Test system and results 309
12.8 Discussion 311
References 312

13 Transient simulation in real-time 315

13.1 Introduction 315
13.2 Simulation with dedicated architectures 318
13.2.1 Hardware 319
13.2.2 RTDS applications 321
13.3 Real-time and near real-time on standard computers 323
13.3.1 Example of real-time test 324
13.4 Summary 325
References 325

14 Applications 329
14.1 Introduction 329
14.1.1 Modelling considerations 330
14.1.2 Time-step and plot-step 330
14.1.3 Avoiding singularities 331
14.1.4 Initialisation 331
x Power systems electromagnetic transients simulation

14.2 Lightning studies 331

14.2.1 EMT modelling 332
14.2.2 Back-flashover modelling 336
14.2.3 Surge arrester modelling 337
14.2.4 Direct lightning strike to phase conductor 338
14.2.5 Lightning strike to ground wire or tower 338
14.3 Capacitor switching studies 341
14.3.1 Inrush 342
14.3.2 Back-to-back switching 351
14.3.3 Voltage magnification 356
14.4 Transformer energisation 363
14.4.1 Parallel sympathetic interaction 367
14.4.2 Other issues 372
14.4.3 Mitigation 372
14.4.4 Modelling 372
14.5 Transient recovery voltage studies 373
14.6 Voltage dips/sags 384
14.6.1 Examples 385
14.7 Voltage fluctuations 388
14.7.1 Modelling of flicker penetration 390
14.8 Voltage notching 393
14.9 Wind power 395
14.9.1 Type 3 WTG 398
14.9.2 Type 4 WTG 400
14.10 Solar photovoltaic farm 404
14.11 HVDC 409
14.11.1 HVDC using LCC 410
14.11.2 HVDC using VSC 416
14.12 Ferroresonance 419
14.13 Electric vehicle charging 424
14.14 Heat-pumps/air-conditioners 426
14.15 Battery storage 429
14.16 Summary 432
References 432

Appendix A: System identification techniques 435

A.1 s-Domain identification (frequency-domain) 435
A.2 z-Domain identification (frequency-domain) 437
A.3 z-Domain identification (time-domain) 439
A.4 Prony analysis 440
A.5 Recursive least-squares curve-fitting algorithm 442

Appendix B: Numerical integration 445

B.1 Review of classical methods 445
B.2 Truncation error of integration formulae 448
B.3 Stability of integration methods 450
 Contents xi

Appendix C: Test systems data 453

C.1 CIGRE HVDC benchmark model 453
C.2 Lower South Island (New Zealand) system 453

Appendix D: Developing difference equations 461

D.1 Root-matching technique applied to a first-order lag function 461
D.2 Root-matching technique applied to a first-order differential
pole function 462
D.3 Difference equation by bilinear transformation for RL series
branch 463
D.4 Difference equation by numerical integrator substitution for RL
series branch 463
D.5 Equivalence of trapezoidal rule and bilinear transform 466

Appendix E: MATLAB® code examples 469

E.1 Voltage step on RL branch 469
E.2 Diode-fed RL branch 470
E.3 General version of example E.2 472
E.4 Frequency response of difference equations 481

Index 485
This page intentionally left blank
 List of figures

Figure 1.1 Time frame of various transient phenomena 2

Figure 1.2 Transient Network Analyser 4
Figure 2.1 Impulse Response associated with s-plane pole locations 22
Figure 2.2 Step response of lead-lag function 28
Figure 2.3 Norton of a Rational Function in z-domain 30
Figure 2.4 Data sequence associated with z-plane pole locations 30
Figure 2.5 Relationship between the domains 32
Figure 3.1 Non-trivial dependent state variables 36
Figure 3.2 Capacitive loop 37
Figure 3.3 (a) Capacitor with no connection to ground and (b) Small
capacitor added to give a connection to ground 39
Figure 3.4 K matrix partition 41
Figure 3.5 Row echelon form 41
Figure 3.6 Modified state variable equations 42
Figure 3.7 Flow chart for state variable analysis 43
Figure 3.8 Tee equivalent circuit 45
Figure 3.9 TCS branch types 47
Figure 3.10 TCS flow chart 50
Figure 3.11 Switching in state variable program 51
Figure 3.12 Interpolation of time upon valve current reversal. (a) Detection
of negative current and interpolation to find time of current
zero-crossing and (b) Stepping forward from the point of
current zero-crossing 52
Figure 3.13 NETOMAC simulation responses. (a) 50 μs time-step and
(b) 1 ms time-step 54
Figure 3.14 TCS simulation with 1 ms time-step 54
Figure 3.15 Steady-state responses from TCS. (a) 50 μs time-step
and (b) 1 ms time-step 55
Figure 3.16 Transient simulation with TCS for a dc short-circuit at 0.5 s.
(a) 1 ms time-step and (b) 50 μs time-step 57
Figure 3.17 Firing control mechanism based on the phase-locked oscillator 58
Figure 3.18 Synchronising error in firing pulse 58
Figure 3.19 Constant αorder (15 degrees) operation with a step change
in the dc current 59
xiv Power systems electromagnetic transients simulation

Figure 3.20 RLC test circuit 60

Figure 3.21 State variable analysis with 50 μs step length 60
Figure 3.22 State variable analysis with 50 μs step length 61
Figure 3.23 State variable with 50 μs step length and ẋ check 62
Figure 3.24 State variable with 50 μs step length and step length
optimisation 62
Figure 3.25 Both ẋ check and step length optimisation 63
Figure 3.26 Error comparison 64
Figure 4.1 Resistor 68
Figure 4.2 Inductor 68
Figure 4.3 Norton equivalent of the inductor 69
Figure 4.4 Capacitor 70
Figure 4.5 Norton equivalent of the capacitor 70
Figure 4.6 Reduction of RL branch 73
Figure 4.7 Reduction of RLC branch 73
Figure 4.8 Propagation of a wave on a transmission line 74
Figure 4.9 Equivalent two-port network for a lossless line 75
Figure 4.10 Node 1 of an interconnected circuit 76
Figure 4.11 Example using conversion of voltage source to current source. 78
(a) Circuit and (b) Discretised equivalent circuit
Figure 4.12 Network solution with voltage sources 79
Figure 4.13 Network solution with switches 80
Figure 4.14 Block diagonal structure 80
Figure 4.15 Flow chart of EMT algorithm 81
Figure 4.16 Simple switched RL load 82
Figure 4.17 Equivalent circuit for simple switched RL load 82
Figure 4.18 Step response of an RL branch for step length of
(a) t = τ /10 and (b) t = τ 86
Figure 4.19 Step response of an RL branch for step length of
(a) t = 5τ and (b) t = 10τ 87
Figure 4.20 Piecewise linear inductor represented by current source 89
Figure 4.21 Pictorial view of simultaneous solution of two equations 90
Figure 4.22 Artificial negative damping 91
Figure 4.23 Piecewise linear inductor 92
Figure 4.24 Separation of two coupled subsystems by means of
linearised equivalent sources. (a) Original circuit and
(b) Partitioned system with linear sources interfacing
between the two systems 93
Figure 4.25 Interfacing for HVDC link. (a) Original HVDC link and
(b) Partitioned system 94
Figure 4.26 Example of sparse network 95
Figure 5.1 Norton equivalent for RL branch 105
Figure 5.2 Switching test system 106
Figure 5.3 Step response of switching test system for t = τ 106
 List of figures xv

Figure 5.4 Step response of switching test system for t = 5τ 107

Figure 5.5 Step response of switching test system for t = 10τ 107
Figure 5.6 Resonance test system 108
Figure 5.7 Comparison between exponential form and Dommel’s
method to a 5 kHz excitation for resonance test system.
t = 25 μs 108
Figure 5.8 Comparison between exponential form and Dommel’s
method to a 5 kHz excitation for resonance test system.
t = 10 μs 108
Figure 5.9 Comparison between exponential form and Dommel’s method 109
to a 10 kHz excitation for resonance test system
Figure 5.10 Response of resonance test system to a 10 kHz excitation, 109
blow-up of exponential form’s response
Figure 5.11 Diode test system 110
Figure 5.12 Response to diode test system (a) Voltage and (b) Current 110
Figure 5.13 Input discretisation which results in the following difference 111
equations. (a) Equation 5.18, (b) Equation 5.19, (c) Equation
5.20 and (d) Equation 5.21
Figure 5.14 Control or electrical system as first-order lag 112
Figure 5.15 Comparison of step response of switching test system for
t = τ 113
Figure 5.16 Comparison of step response of switching test system for
t = 5τ 114
Figure 5.17 Comparison of step response of switching test system for
t = 10τ 114
Figure 5.18 Root-matching type (d) approximation to a step 114
Figure 5.19 Comparison with ac excitation (5 kHz and t = τ ) 115
Figure 5.20 Comparison with ac excitation (10 kHz and t = τ ) 116
Figure 5.21 Frequency response for various simulation methods 117
Figure 6.1 Decision tree for transmission line model selection 122
Figure 6.2 Nominal PI-section 122
Figure 6.3 Equivalent two-port network for line with lumped losses 123
Figure 6.4 Equivalent two-port network for half line section 123
Figure 6.5 Bergeron transmission line model 124
Figure 6.6 Schematic of frequency-dependent line 127
Figure 6.7 Thevenin equivalent for frequency-dependent
transmission line 129
Figure 6.8 Norton equivalent for frequency-dependent
transmission line 130
Figure 6.9 Propagation function. (a) Magnitude and (b) Phase 133
Figure 6.10 Fitted propagation function. (a) Magnitude and (b) Phase 133
Figure 6.11 Characteristic impedance. (a) Magnitude and (b) Phase 134
Figure 6.12 Transmission line geometry 136
xvi Power systems electromagnetic transients simulation

Figure 6.13 Matrix elimination of sub-conductors. (a) IR introduced in

place of IA1 , (b) Subtraction of row A1 from rows A2, A3
and A4 and making use of the fact dV/dx is the same in
sub-conductors, (c) Partitioning the matrix and (d) Application
of Kron reduction to obtain the reduced equation 139
Figure 6.14 Cable cross-section 140
Figure 6.15 Step response of a lossless line terminated by its
characteristic impedance 144
Figure 6.16 Step response of a lossless line with a loading of double
characteristic impedance 144
Figure 6.17 Step response of a lossless line with a loading of half its
characteristic impedance 145
Figure 6.18 Step response of Bergeron line model for characteristic
impedance termination 146
Figure 6.19 Step response of Bergeron line model for a loading of half
its characteristic impedance 146
Figure 6.20 Step response of Bergeron line model for a loading of
double characteristic impedance 147
Figure 6.21 Comparison of attenuation (or propagation) constant 148
Figure 6.22 Error in fitted attenuation constant 148
Figure 6.23 Comparison of surge impedance 149
Figure 6.24 Error in fitted surge impedance 149
Figure 6.25 Step response of frequency-dependent transmission line
model (load=100) 151
Figure 6.26 Step response of frequency-dependent transmission line
model (load=1, 000) 151
Figure 6.27 Step response of frequency-dependent transmission line
model (load=50) 152
Figure 7.1 Equivalent circuit of the two winding transformer 156
Figure 7.2 Equivalent circuit of the two winding transformer, without the
magnetising branch 157
Figure 7.3 Transformer example 157
Figure 7.4 Transformer equivalent after discretisation 159
Figure 7.5 Transformer test system 159
Figure 7.6 Non-linear transformer 160
Figure 7.7 Non-linear transformer model with inrush 161
Figure 7.8 Star/delta three-phase transformer 161
Figure 7.9 UMEC single-phase transformer model (a) Core flux paths
and (b) Unified magnetic equivalent circuit 163
Figure 7.10 Magnetic equivalent circuit for branch 163
Figure 7.11 Incremental and actual permeance 164
Figure 7.12 UMEC Norton equivalent 166
Figure 7.13 UMEC implementation in PSCAD/EMTDC 167
 List of figures xvii

Figure 7.14 UMEC PSCAD/EMTDC three-limb three-phase transformer

model (a) Core and (b) Electrical equivalents of core flux paths 169
Figure 7.15 UMEC three-limb three-phase Norton equivalent for blue
phase (Y-g/Y-g) 171
Figure 7.16 Cross section of a salient pole machine 173
Figure 7.17 Equivalent circuit for synchronous machine equations 176
Figure 7.18 The ac machine’s equivalent circuit: (a) d-axis and (b) q-axis 178
Figure 7.19 d-Axis flux paths 179
Figure 7.20 Multi-mass model 181
Figure 7.21 Interfacing electrical machines 183
Figure 7.22 Electrical machine solution procedure 184
Figure 7.23 The ac machine system 185
Figure 7.24 Block diagram synchronous machine model 186
Figure 8.1 Interface between network and TACS solution 192
Figure 8.2 Continuous system model function library (PSCAD/EMTDC) 194
Figure 8.3 First-order lag 196
Figure 8.4 Simulation results for a time-step of 5 μs 199
Figure 8.5 Simulation results for a time-step of 50 μs 200
Figure 8.6 Simulation results for a time-step of 500 μs 200
Figure 8.7 Simple bipolar PWM inverter 202
Figure 8.8 Simple bipolar PWM inverter with interpolated turn-ON
and -OFF 202
Figure 8.9 Detailed model of a current transformer 204
Figure 8.10 Comparison of EMTP simulation (solid line) and laboratory
data (dotted line) with high secondary burden. (a) Without
remanence in the CT and (b) With remanence in the CT 205
Figure 8.11 Detailed model of a capacitive voltage transformer 206
Figure 8.12 Diagram of relay model showing the combination of electrical,
magnetic and mechanical parts 207
Figure 8.13 Main components of digital relay 208
Figure 8.14 Voltage–time characteristic of a gap 209
Figure 8.15 Voltage–time characteristic silicon carbide arrester 210
Figure 8.16 Voltage–time characteristic of metal oxide arrester 210
Figure 8.17 Frequency-dependent model of metal oxide arrester 211
Figure 9.1 Equivalencing and reduction of a converter valve 216
Figure 9.2 Current chopping 219
Figure 9.3 Illustration of numerical chatter 220
Figure 9.4 Numerical chatter in a diode-fed RL load (RON = 10−10 ,
ROFF = 1010 ) 221
Figure 9.5 Forced commutation benchmark system 221
Figure 9.6 Interpolation for GTO turn-OFF (switching and integration
in one step) 222
Figure 9.7 Interpolation for GTO turn-OFF (using instantaneous
solution) 222
Figure 9.8 Interpolating to point of switching 224
xviii Power systems electromagnetic transients simulation

Figure 9.9 Jumps in variables 224

Figure 9.10 Double interpolation method (interpolating back to the
switching instant) 225
Figure 9.11 Chatter removal by interpolation 226
Figure 9.12 Combined zero crossing and chatter removal by interpolation 227
Figure 9.13 Interpolated/extrapolated source values due to chatter removal
algorithm 228
Figure 9.14 (a) The six-pulse group converter and (b) Thyristor and
snubber equivalent circuit 228
Figure 9.15 Phase-vector phase-locked oscillator 229
Figure 9.16 Firing control for the PSCAD/EMTDC valve group model 230
Figure 9.17 Classic V –I converter control characteristic 230
Figure 9.18 CIGRE benchmark model as entered into the PSCAD draft
software 232
Figure 9.19 Controller for the PSCAD/EMTDC simulation of the CIGRE
benchmark model 233
Figure 9.20 Response of the CIGRE model to five-cycle three-phase fault
at the inverter bus 234
Figure 9.21 SVC circuit diagram 235
Figure 9.22 Thyristor switch-OFF with variable time-step 236
Figure 9.23 Interfacing between the SVC model and the EMTDC program 236
Figure 9.24 SVC controls 238
Figure 9.25 Basic STATCOM circuit 239
Figure 9.26 Basic STATCOM controller 240
Figure 9.27 Pulse width modulation 240
Figure 9.28 Division of a network. (a) Network to be subdivided and
(b) Divided system 242
Figure 9.29 The converter system to be divided 243
Figure 9.30 The divided HVDC system 243
Figure 9.31 Timing synchronisation 245
Figure 9.32 Control systems in EMTDC 245
Figure 10.1 Curve-fitting options 251
Figure 10.2 Current injection 252
Figure 10.3 Voltage injection 253
Figure 10.4 PSCAD/EMTDC schematic with current injection 254
Figure 10.5 Voltage waveform from time-domain simulation 255
Figure 10.6 Typical frequency response of a system 256
Figure 10.7 Reduction of admittance matrices 257
Figure 10.8 Multi-frequency admittance matrix 258
Figure 10.9 Frequency response 259
Figure 10.10 Two-port frequency-dependent network equivalent
(admittance implementation) 259
Figure 10.11 Three-phase frequency-dependent network equivalent
(impedance implementation) 260
 List of figures xix

Figure 10.12 Ladder circuit of Hingorani and Burbery 261

Figure 10.13 Ladder circuit of Morched and Brandwajn 261
Figure 10.14 Magnitude and phase response of a rational function 266
Figure 10.15 Comparison of methods for the fitting of a rational function 267
Figure 10.16 Error for various fitted methods 267
Figure 10.17 Small passive network 268
Figure 10.18 Magnitude and phase fit for the test system 269
Figure 10.19 Comparison of full and a passive FDNE for an energisation
transient 270
Figure 10.20 Active FDNE 270
Figure 10.21 Comparison of active FDNE response 271
Figure 10.22 Energisation 271
Figure 10.23 Fault inception and removal 272
Figure 10.24 Fault inception and removal with current chopping 272
Figure 10.25 Capacitor bank switching transient 273
Figure 10.26 Fault inception and removal (at Tiwai 220 kV) 274
Figure 11.1 Perturbation to determine the phase dependency of the
impedance 280
Figure 11.2 Norton equivalent circuit 282
Figure 11.3 Description of the iterative algorithm 283
Figure 11.4 Test system at the rectifier end of a dc link 288
Figure 11.5 Frequency-dependent network equivalent of the test system 289
Figure 11.6 Impedance/frequency of the frequency-dependent equivalent 290
Figure 11.7 Injected current waveform 290
Figure 11.8 Harmonic current injection (phase A) 291
Figure 12.1 The hybrid concept 296
Figure 12.2 Example of interfacing procedure. (a) System and
(b) Partitioned into subsystems 297
Figure 12.3 Modified TS steering routine 298
Figure 12.4 Hybrid interface 300
Figure 12.5 Representative circuit 300
Figure 12.6 Derivation of Thevenin equivalent circuit. (a) Power-flow
circuit and (b) Fault circuit 301
Figure 12.7 Comparison of total RMS power, fundamental frequency
power and fundamental frequency positive sequence power 306
Figure 12.8 Normal interaction protocol 307
Figure 12.9 Interaction protocol around a disturbance 307
Figure 12.10 Rectifier terminal dc current comparisons 310
Figure 12.11 Power across the interface. (a) Real and (b) Reactive 310
Figure 12.12 Machine variables – TSE (TS variables) 311
Figure 13.1 Testing arrangements. (a) Physical controller tested with
physical hardware, (b) Physical hardware and simulated
controller, (c) Physical controller and simulated hardware and
(d) Both hardware and controller simulated 316
xx Power systems electromagnetic transients simulation

Figure 13.2 Schematic of real-time digital simulator being used for HIL
testing 316
Figure 13.3 Splitting of conductance matrix into subsystems 317
Figure 13.4 Prototype real-time digital simulator 319
Figure 13.5 New RTDS 319
Figure 13.6 RTDS relay set-up 321
Figure 13.7 Phase distance relay results 322
Figure 13.8 HVDC control system testing 323
Figure 13.9 Typical output waveforms from an HVDC control study 323
Figure 13.10 Test system 324
Figure 13.11 Current and voltage waveforms following a single-phase
short-circuit 325
Figure 14.1 Plot-step demonstration 330
Figure 14.2 1.5/50 μs voltage test waveform 332
Figure 14.3 Ground shield wires on overhead line 333
Figure 14.4 Lightning strike to overhead line. (a) Tower and (b) Mid-span 333
Figure 14.5 8/20 μs current test waveform 334
Figure 14.6 Lightning test system 335
Figure 14.7 GIS representation 336
Figure 14.8 Insulator flashover 336
Figure 14.9 Surge arrester characteristics 338
Figure 14.10 Voltage at transformer terminals due to lightning strike of
phase ‘a’ at tower 2 339
Figure 14.11 Direct phase strike at tower 2. (a) Voltages and (b) Surge
arrester 1 current 339
Figure 14.12 Lightning strike to the ground-wire. (a) Voltage at transformer 340
terminals and (b) Surge arrester current
Figure 14.13 Comparison of voltage at transformer terminals 340
Figure 14.14 Lightning strike to ground-wire (no arresters) 341
Figure 14.15 Capacitor switching test system 342
Figure 14.16 Capacitor switching (Case 1) 344
Figure 14.17 Three-phase voltage source model 344
Figure 14.18 Capacitor switching (no detuning reactor) 345
Figure 14.19 ac Source impedance magnitude and angle 345
Figure 14.20 AC source effective resistance and inductance 346
Figure 14.21 Capacitor switching (with detuning reactor) 347
Figure 14.22 Weak ac system (no detuning reactor) 347
Figure 14.23 Low loss ac system (no detuning reactor) 348
Figure 14.24 Comparison of phase C transients 349
Figure 14.25 Double star capacitor bank: (a) With line-side reactors
and (b) With reactors at star-point 349
Figure 14.26 Reduction of an Rs –Rp /Lp branch to a Norton equivalent 350
Figure 14.27 Back-to-back switching test system 351
Figure 14.28 Capacitor currents ( for L = 0.3 mH) 352
 List of figures xxi

Figure 14.29 Supply voltage waveform and source current waveforms

(for L = 0.3 mH) 352
Figure 14.30 Capacitor current waveforms (for L = 3 mH). (a) C1 and
(b) C2 353
Figure 14.31 Supply voltage waveform and source current waveforms
(for L = 3 mH) 353
Figure 14.32 Supply voltage and current in C2 waveforms for phase C 354
Figure 14.33 Current in C2 (L = 3 × 10−2 mH). (a) R=0.0 and
(b) R=0.01  354
Figure 14.34 Parallel branch test circuit 355
Figure 14.35 Capacitor currents when identical branch parameters are used 355
Figure 14.36 Voltage and source currents when identical branch parameters
are used 356
Figure 14.37 Capacitor currents when non-identical branch parameters
are used 357
Figure 14.38 Voltage and source currents when non-identical branch
parameters are used 357
Figure 14.39 Schematic of a distribution system 358
Figure 14.40 11 kV Capacitor bank switching (no load and 415 V capacitor
out of service) 359
Figure 14.41 415 V Capacitor bank switching (no load) 359
Figure 14.42 415 V Capacitor bank switching (loaded) 360
Figure 14.43 415 V Capacitor bank switching with detuning reactor
installed and loaded 360
Figure 14.44 Simplified circuit 361
Figure 14.45 Voltage waveforms for 11 kV capacitor bank switching and
415 V capacitor in service (loaded) 361
Figure 14.46 Current waveforms for 11 kV capacitor bank switching and
415 V capacitor in service (loaded) 362
Figure 14.47 Transformer saturation characteristics 364
Figure 14.48 Transformer magnetising current 365
Figure 14.49 Effect of point-on-wave (POW) energisation 365
Figure 14.50 Energisation of one transformer 366
Figure 14.51 Transformer energisation. (a) Source current and
(b) Flux-linkage 367
Figure 14.52 Sum of flux-linkage 368
Figure 14.53 Sympathetic interaction circuit 368
Figure 14.54 Magnetising current 371
Figure 14.55 Expanded view of magnetising current 371
Figure 14.56 TRV of a circuit breaker 373
Figure 14.57 Typical TRV for a power system 374
Figure 14.58 TRV for R, L and C circuits. (a) Resistive, (b) Inductive and
(c) Capacitive 375
Figure 14.59 TRV inductor load switching circuit 376
Figure 14.60 TRV, source and loadside voltages 376
xxii Power systems electromagnetic transients simulation

Figure 14.61 Expanded view of TRV, source and

loadside voltages 377
Figure 14.62 Source and capacitor current waveforms 378
Figure 14.63 TRV test circuit 378
Figure 14.64 TRV for C1 = 500 pF 379
Figure 14.65 Comparison of TRV for C1 = 500 pF and C1 = 2 nF 379
Figure 14.66 Comparison of TRV for different line lengths 380
Figure 14.67 Test circuit for effect of ungrounded system 380
Figure 14.68 TRV for a load which is (a) Grounded and (b) Ungrounded 381
Figure 14.69 Neutral voltage for an ungrounded load 381
Figure 14.70 TRV iCB ungrounded 382
Figure 14.71 Transformer model 382
Figure 14.72 Test system for voltage escalation 383
Figure 14.73 Voltage escalation due to capacitor switching 384
Figure 14.74 Voltage sag at a plant bus due to a three-phase fault 386
Figure 14.75 Test circuit for transfer switch 387
Figure 14.76 Transfer for a 30 per cent sag at 0.8 power factor with a
3,325 kVA load 387
Figure 14.77 EAF system single line diagram 388
Figure 14.78 EAF without compensation 389
Figure 14.79 EAF with SVC compensation 389
Figure 14.80 EAF with STATCOM compensation 390
Figure 14.81 Test system for flicker penetration (busbar numbers
are in circles and transmission line numbers
in squares) 391
Figure 14.82 Comparison of Pst indices resulting from a positive sequence
current injection at Tiwai. PSCAD/EMTDC results are shown
as solid lines (phases a, b, c), frequency-domain results as
dash-dotted lines (phases a, b, c). (a) Manapouri 220 kV,
(b) Roxburgh 220 kV, (c) Tiwai 220 kV, (d) Invercargill 220 kV,
(e) Roxburgh 11 kV and (f) Invercargill 33 kV 392
Figure 14.83 Test system for the simulation of voltage notching 394
Figure 14.84 Impedance/frequency spectrum at the 25 kV bus 395
Figure 14.85 Simulated 25 kV system voltage with drive in operation 395
Figure 14.86 Simulated waveform at the 4.16 kV bus (surge capacitor
location) 396
Figure 14.87 Overview of wind turbine generator types 397
Figure 14.88 Overview of dynamic model connectivity 398
Figure 14.89 Type 3 WTG rotor circuit 399
Figure 14.90 Wind power test systems 399
Figure 14.91 RMS voltage and phase angle at point of interconnection
to the grid 400
Figure 14.92 Frequency and torque 401
Figure 14.93 Real and reactive power output from one WTG 401
 List of figures xxiii

Figure 14.94 Voltage at PCC and contribution from one WTG 402
Figure 14.95 Speed and trip-speed ratio 402
Figure 14.96 Rotor circuit 403
Figure 14.97 Wind turbine speed and power 403
Figure 14.98 Cp , λ and torque response 404
Figure 14.99 Real and reactive power delivered by the wind-farm 405
Figure 14.100 Voltage and current waveforms at the POI 405
Figure 14.101 Current contribution of one WTG and RMS voltage 406
Figure 14.102 Chopper power and capacitor voltage 406
Figure 14.103 Solar PV farm 407
Figure 14.104 PV cells, modules and strings 407
Figure 14.105 Voltages and currents for a grid fault 408
Figure 14.106 RMS voltage and current contributions (grid, inverter,
PV string) 408
Figure 14.107 Power and dc voltages 409
Figure 14.108 Control system for LCC-based HVDC. (a) Rectifier control
block, (b) Inverter control block 1 and (c) Inverter control
block 2 410
Figure 14.109 RMS voltage and current at converter terminals (ac fault) 411
Figure 14.110 Inverter terminal waveforms (ac fault) 411
Figure 14.111 The dc voltages and currents (ac fault) 412
Figure 14.112 Real power and firing angle (α) (ac fault) 413
Figure 14.113 RMS voltage and current at converter terminals (dc fault) 413
Figure 14.114 The dc voltages and currents (dc fault) 414
Figure 14.115 Expanded view of dc voltages and currents (ac fault) 414
Figure 14.116 Real power and firing angle (α) 415
Figure 14.117 Inverter terminal waveforms (dc fault) 415
Figure 14.118 HVDC VSC test system 416
Figure 14.119 HVDC VSC test system controls. (a) Sending end
Q control, (b) Receiving end ac voltage control, (c) Sending
end ac P control and (d) Receiving end dc voltage control 417
Figure 14.120 RMS terminal voltages and rectifier dc current (for an ac
fault at the receiving end) 417
Figure 14.121 Modulation index of converters and machine angle (for an
ac fault at the receiving end) 418
Figure 14.122 dc Currents and voltages (for an ac fault at the receiving end) 418
Figure 14.123 Real and reactive power (for an ac fault at the receiving end) 419
Figure 14.124 Structure of a modular multi-level converter (MMC).
(a) MMC converter schematic, (b) Sub-module and
(c) States of sub-module 420
Figure 14.125 Output voltage (5-level) and switch positions 421
Figure 14.126 MV distribution system 421
Figure 14.127 Ferroresonance when one pole is open 422
Figure 14.128 Ferroresonance when two poles are open 422
xxiv Power systems electromagnetic transients simulation

Figure 14.129 Ferroresonance 423

Figure 14.130 Current paths for one and two phases open. (a) One phase
energized and (b) Two phases energized 423
Figure 14.131 Schematic of an EV 424
Figure 14.132 Overview of EV charging levels 1 and 2 424
Figure 14.133 Schematic of onboard EV charger for simulation 425
Figure 14.134 Fault waveforms for EV onboard charger fault 425
Figure 14.135 Residual current waveforms for faults as locations B, C
and D 426
Figure 14.136 Heat-pump circuits 427
Figure 14.137 Heat-pump comparisons. (a) Heat-pumps A25 A50,
(b) Heat-pumps B and D and (c) Heat-pump E 428
Figure 14.138 Supply and residual current waveforms for insulation failure
in heat-pump D 429
Figure 14.139 Single-phase battery storage system 429
Figure 14.140 Battery variables 430
Figure 14.141 Real and reactive converter power 431
Figure 14.142 Source voltage and converter voltage waveforms.
(a) Discharge, (b) Idle and (c) Charging 431
Figure B.1 Numerical integration from sampled data viewpoint 447
Figure C.1 CIGRE HVDC benchmark test system (all components in
, H and μF) 454
Figure C.2 Frequency scan of the CIGRE rectifier ac system impedance 456
Figure C.3 Frequency scan of the CIGRE inverter ac system impedance 456
Figure C.4 Frequency scan of the CIGRE dc system impedance 457
Figure C.5 Lower South Island of New Zealand test system 457
 List of tables

Table 1.1 EMTP-type programs 7

Table 1.2 Other transient simulation programs 8
Table 2.1 First eight steps for simulation of lead-lag function 28
Table 3.1 State variable analysis error 61
Table 4.1 Norton components for different Integration formulae 71
Table 4.2 Step response of RL circuit to various step lengths 84
Table 5.1 Integrator characteristics 100
Table 5.2 Exponential form of difference equation 104
Table 5.3 Response for t = τ = 50 μs 118
Table 5.4 Response for t = 5τ = 250 μs 118
Table 5.5 Response for t = 10τ = 500 μs 119
Table 6.1 Parameters for transmission line example 143
Table 6.2 Single-phase test transmission line 143
Table 6.3 s-Domain fitting of characteristic impedance 150
Table 6.4 Partial fraction expansion of characteristic admittance 150
Table 6.5 Fitted attenuation function (s-domain) 152
Table 6.6 Partial fraction expansion of fitted attenuation function
(s-domain) 152
Table 6.7 Pole/Zero information from PSCAD V2 (characteristic
impedance) 153
Table 6.8 Pole/Zero information from PSCAD V2 (attenuation function) 153
Table 9.1 Overheads associated with repeated conductance matrix
refactorisation 217
Table 10.1 Numerator and denominator coefficients 266
Table 10.2 Poles and zeros 266
Table 10.3 Coefficients of z −1 (no weighting factors) 268
Table 10.4 Coefficients of z −1 (weighting-factor) 269
Table 11.1 Frequency-dependent equivalent circuit parameters 289
Table 14.1 Surge parameters 335
Table 14.2 Parameters for Leader progression method 337
Table 14.3 Surge arrester parameters 337
Table 14.4 Capacitor bank parameters 343
Table 14.5 Summary of capacitor inrush data 349
Table 14.6 Transformer parameters to excitation study 366
Table 14.7 Transformer parameters 370
Table 14.8 Typical stray capacitance values 376
xxvi Power systems electromagnetic transients simulation

Table B.1 Classical integration formulae as special cases of the tunable

integrator 447
Table B.2 Integrator formulae 448
Table B.3 Linear inductor 448
Table B.4 Linear capacitor 448
Table B.5 Comparison of numerical integration algorithms (T = τ /10) 449
Table B.6 Comparison of numerical integration algorithms (T = τ ) 450
Table B.7 Stability region 450
Table C.1 CIGRE model main parameters 455
Table C.2 CIGRE model extra information 455
Table C.3 Converter information for the Lower South Island test system 458
Table C.4 Transmission line parameters for Lower South Island test system 458
Table C.5 Conductor geometry for Lower South Island transmission lines
(in m) 458
Table C.6 Generator information for Lower South Island test system 458
Table C.7 Transformer information for the Lower South Island test system 459
Table C.8 System loads for Lower South Island test system (MW, MVar) 459
Table C.9 Filters at the Tiwai-033 busbar 459
Table D.1 Coefficients of a rational function in z-domain for admittance 464
Table D.2 Coefficients of a rational function in z-domain for impedance 465
Table D.3 Summary of difference equations 466
 Preface (2003)

The analysis of electromagnetic transients has traditionally been discussed under

the umbrella of circuit theory, the main core course in the electrical engineering
curriculum, and therefore the subject of very many text books. However, some of the
special characteristics of power plant components, such as machine non-linearities
and transmission line frequency dependence, have not been adequately covered in
conventional circuit theory. Among the specialist books written books to try and
remedy the situation are H.A. Peterson’s Transient Performance in Power Systems
(1951) and A. Greenwood’s Electric Transients in Power Systems (1991). The former
described the use of the Transient Network Analyser to study the behaviour of linear
and non-linear power networks. The latter described the fundamental concepts of
the subject and provided many examples of transient simulation based on Laplace
transform.
By the mid-1960s, the digital computer began to determine the future pattern
of power system transients simulation. In 1976, the IEE published an important
monograph, Computation of Power System Transients, based on pioneering computer
simulation work carried out in the UK by engineers and mathematicians.
However, it was the IEEE classic paper by H.W. Dommel Digital Computer Solu-
tion of Electromagnetic Transients in Single and Multiphase Networks (1969) that
set up the permanent basic framework for the simulation of power system electro-
magnetic transients in digital computers. Electromagnetic transient programs based
on Dommel’s algorithm, commonly known as the EMTP method, have now become
an essential part in the design of power apparatus and systems. They are also being
gradually introduced in the power curriculum of electrical engineering courses and
play an increasing role in their research and development programs.
Applications of the EMTP method are constantly reported in the IET (formerly
IEE), IEEE, and other international journals, as well as in the proceedings of many
conferences, some of them specifically devoted to the subject, like IPST (Interna-
tional Conference on Power System Transients) and International Conference on
Digital Power System Simulators (ICDS). In 1997, the IEEE published a volume
entitled Computer Analysis of Electric Power System Transients, which contained a
comprehensive selection of papers considered as important contributions in this area.
This was followed in 1998 by the special publication TP-133-0 Modeling and Analy-
sis of System Transients Using Digital Programs, a collection of published guidelines
produced by various IEEE task forces.
xxviii Power systems electromagnetic transients simulation

Although there are well-documented manuals to introduce the user to the various
existing electromagnetic transients simulation packages, there is a need for a book
with cohesive technical information to help students and professional engineers to
understand the topic better and minimise the effort normally required to become
effective users of the EMT programs. Hopefully, this book will fill that gap.
Basic knowledge of power system theory, matrix analysis and numerical tech-
niques is presumed, but many references are given to help the readers to fill the gaps
in their understanding of the relevant material.
The authors would like to acknowledge the considerable help received from many
experts in the field, prior to and during the preparation of the book. In particular,
they want to single out Hermann Dommel himself, who, during his study leave in
Canterbury during 1983, directed our early attempts to contribute to the topic. They
also acknowledge the continuous help received from the Manitoba HVDC Research
Centre, especially the former director Dennis Woodford, as well as Garth Irwin, now
both with Electranix Corporation. Also thanks are due to Prof. A.M. Gole of the
University of Manitoba for his help and for providing some of the material covered
in this book. The providing of papers by K. Strunz is also appreciated. The authors
also wish to thank the contributions made by a number of their colleagues, early on at
UMIST (Manchester) and later at the University of Canterbury (New Zealand), such
as J.G. Campos Barros, H. Al Kashali, Chris Arnold, Pat Bodger, M.D. Heffernan,
K.S. Turner, Mohammed Zavahir, Wade Enright, Glenn Anderson and Y.-P. Wang.
Finally J. Arrillaga likes to thank the Royal Society of New Zealand for the financial
support received during the preparation of the book, in the form of the James Cook
Senior Research Fellowship.

Preface (2018)

Over the decade and a half since the first edition, electromagnetic transient simulation
has moved from being a specialist tool to a routine one. It has become the backbone
for the design and planning of the power system, as well as for the investigation
of problems. EMT studies will continue to gain importance due to the increasing
complexity of modern power systems, and the inability of phasor methods in this
regard. The simulation of EMTs remains an important research topic; in recognition
of this, IEEE published Special Issue on Advances in the Simulation of Power System
Transients in IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery (Vol. 31, No. 5, Oct. 2016).
The proliferation of research papers in electromagnetic transient simulation
testifies to the growing interest in this area, along with a number of guidelines
and books. Since the first edition, no less than eight books on various aspects of
electromagnetic transient simulation have been published. In 2005 IEEE Transaction
on Power Delivery published a set of seven articles: ‘Parameter Determination for
Modeling System Transients – Part I: Overhead Lines – Part II: Insulated Cables –
Part III: Transformers – Part VI: Rotating Machines – Part V: SurgeArresters – Part VI:
Circuit Breakers – Part VII: Semiconductors’. At the IEEE Power & Energy Society’s
General Meeting in Minneapolis (July 2010) a tutorial course was run on ‘Transient
Analysis of Power Systems: Solution Techniques, Tools and Applications’.
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“Unless,” he resumed, “the fates were so miraculously thoughtful
as to provide such a man with somebody whose dreams and hopes
and ambitions were in mystic harmony with his own.... And that, of
course, is a miracle not to be expected once in a hundred years....”
Pause.
“And it is such a confoundedly casual business too,” he went on.
“Falling in love, I mean. It’s about as sudden and spontaneous and
unreasonable and unthought-out as walking down a railway platform
beside a train of empty carriages and selecting one compartment in
preference to all the others.... And think of the horror of falling in
love, not merely with somebody you don’t like, but with somebody
you actively dislike. Oh, I assure you, it’s quite possible. Some
wretched creature with whom fate had capriciously made you
infatuated! Someone who would monopolize selfishly everything in
you that was free and open to all; someone who would divert
everything high and noble in you to swell that tragic outflow of
wasted ambitions, warped enthusiasms, cramped souls and stunted
ideals! And someone, moreover, who would make it hard for you to
value the people you liked but did not love! Think of it—all your life
thrown out of perspective by something as casual and involuntary as
a hundred unremembered things one does every day of one’s life!”
They had entered the station-yard. It was beginning to rain in big,
cold drops.
“I suppose you think intellectual attachments are all right?” she
remarked.
He grunted.
“If you want to know my candid opinion,” he replied gruffly,
“intellectual attachments, so called, are all bosh. If you like a clever
woman (or a clever man, for that matter), the feeling is not, properly
speaking, intellectual. And if you merely feel æsthetic admiration for
somebody’s nimble intellect, then I should say there was no real
attachment.”
“But I presume you prefer a woman should not be too intensely
sexual?”
“If you mean do I prefer a woman who is half a man as well as
not quite half a woman, I certainly do not. The best women, let me
tell you”—(he began fishing out money from his pocket and
advanced to the ticket office. Their conversation went spasmodically)
—“are all sex.” (He took the tickets and rejoined her slowly, counting
his change as he did so.) “Let me see, what was I saying? Oh yes, I
remember.... Well, the best women, as I say, are all sex—but—
but”—(interruption while the man punched their tickets at the top of
the steps)—“but not always.... All sex, but not always.... That’s how it
appears to me.... There’s the train just coming in. Hurry along, or we
shall have to get in anywhere....”

§6
They were in time to select an empty first-class compartment.
There the conversation was resumed, though not precisely where it
had been broken off.
“You see,” he went on, “there is a part of me that in the ordinary
sense neither is nor could be in love with anybody. And that’s this ...”
he touched his head. “My head is always capable of stepping in at
the most awkward moments to tell me what a damn fool I am.... And
I am so queerly constituted that I care more for what my head tells
me than for any other advice in the world. I could not ignore its
directions and still keep my own self-respect.... I said just now that
providence had contrived that when a man can’t get what he wants
he can be induced to want what he gets by the mere incidental
process of falling in love.... That’s true enough generally, but it isn’t in
my case. All my life I’ve been wanting what I can’t get. Dreams
bigger than the world, ambitions beyond my own capabilities, visions
higher than the stars—every idealist knows what that is. But I’m not
merely an idealist. I like Debussy’s stuff, but I like Bach’s more,
because Bach always knows what he’s talking about. As an
economist, I dislike froth and sentiment, which always obscures
truth, and that’s why I can’t stand a lot of the music that would send
the average idealist into the seventh heaven. Contrariwise, as you
might say, my idealism creeps into my economic work and makes
me see behind all the figures and documents the lives of men and
women. And that’s what a lot of economists can’t see.”
Pause.
“You see it’s not in my power to want what I can get. I shall
always be reaching for the impossible.”
“Then you will never be satisfied,” she said.
 “No, never,” he replied, “not even if I got what I wanted.... But you
can’t understand that, can you?”
She reflected.
“I don’t know,” she answered, hesitating, “whether I understand it
or not.”
And she thought passionately as she listened to him: Why can’t I
understand? Why am I not like him? Why is he on a plane different
from mine? Why has providence brought us together when we are
so far apart?

§7
On a dull December afternoon, Catherine stood in a tiny room at
the back of the Guildhall at Cambridge. She was to play at a
combined violin and pianoforte recital, arranged by the University
Musical Society. She was tired, for the journey down had been
tedious. Verreker was at York: he had discovered a pianoforte genius
of twelve years old amongst the northern moors, and was very much
engrossed in her. “Superb child,” he had said of her to Catherine,
and Catherine, knowing the rarity of his praise, had felt angrily
jealous of her. Yet she knew that his enthusiasm was strictly
professional: the girl was nothing to him: it was only her genius that
counted.
Through the half open door that led to the platform Catherine
could see the audience filtering in. Loosely dressed undergraduates
and senile professors formed the bulk. From the drab walls the
portraits of gaily caparisoned mayors and aldermen looked down in
vacuous reproach. Queen Victoria presented her angular profile
chillingly at one side of the platform: the only cheerful thing in the
entire building was a large open fire, in front of which a crowd of
undergraduates were standing.... Slowly the clock at the back of the
hall climbed up to three. Catherine sighed. It was not often she felt
uninterested in her work. But this afternoon the huge bulk of the
Kreutzer Sonata loomed in front of her as burdensome as a cartload
of stones to be shifted. She knew that her hands would perform their
duty, just as a tired walker knows that his legs will assuredly carry
him the last long mile. But at the thought of the Sonata, with all its
varying movements and repetitions of theme, the greatest violinist in
England scraping away beside her, and a front row composed of
doctors and bachelors of music, she shivered. She was annoyed at
the ominous fact that she was not the least interested in music that
afternoon. She was annoyed at the spiritless architecture of the
Guildhall. She was annoyed because she knew she would have to
start punctually at three.
Just as the minute hand of the clock was almost on the point of
twelve, the door at the back of the room opened suddenly, and she
caught a swift glimpse of a man in a huge fur overcoat and gloves.
She was about to ask him his business when he turned his face to
her. She started. A rush of overmastering joy swept over her. It was
Verreker. The moment was delectable. To see him there when she
had not expected him, when she did not know why he had come!
Never in all her life was she so happy as in that moment. She was
too joyful to speak to him. She just looked up into his face smilingly
and took the hand he offered.
“Surprised to see me?” he began, and from his tone she knew he
was in an unusually good humour.
“Yes. I thought you were at York.”
“So I was till this morning. The child-genius is a fake.... I came
down here to give a lecture on Economics ... five o’clock in the Arts
School....”
“So you’ll stay to hear me, then?”
“As long as I can stand it.... I’ve heard the Kreutzer till I’m sick of
it. Still, it suits a Cambridge audience.... What’ll you play if they ask
for an encore?”
“I don’t know ... Debussy, maybe.”
“Not after the Kreutzer. Give them something sweet and sugary.
The adagio out of the Sonata Pathétique, for instance.”
The conversation developed on technical lines.
 Then the clock showed three. Catherine had to appear on the
platform. Verreker disappeared by the back door and reappeared
shortly in the stalls as a member of the audience. The greatest
violinist in England commenced to tune up. The secretary of the
University Musical Society placed Catherine’s music on the music
rest, and prepared himself for the task of turning over the pages.
Then the Kreutzer commenced. For over half an hour the performers
worked hard, and then tumultuous applause indicated that
Cambridge appreciated the sacrifice offered up at the altar of the
academic muse. Beethoven had finally routed Debussy.
Catherine’s solo was the Rondo Capriccioso. It was encored, and
she played a simple minuet of Beethoven. Afterwards a Haydn
Concerto was laboriously worked through, and by the conclusion of
that the concert was over and the time a quarter to five.
Verreker saw her at the back entrance. He was in a hurry and
had only time to say: “See me at the ’Varsity Arms Hotel at seven to-
night.” Then he snatched up a bundle of lecture notes and departed
down Bene’t Street.

§8
In Downing Street that afternoon she met Buckland, one of the
leading professors of Economics. They had met several times before
at Verreker’s house at Upton Rising. After a few insignificant remarks
Catherine said:
“So you have asked Verreker to come up and lecture, I notice?”
Buckland smiled.
“Well, we didn’t exactly ask him. He asked himself. Of course, we
are very glad to get him. As a matter of fact, he wrote to me saying
he should be in Cambridge to-day and suggesting that I should fix up
a lecture appointment for him. Only I’m afraid it won’t be well
attended: there has been such short notice.”
The rest of Buckland’s remarks were comparatively of no
significance at all. All that mattered to Catherine was this sudden
amazing revelation of something that Verreker had done. He had
come to Cambridge, not primarily to deliver a lecture on Economics,
but for something else. He had intended to come to Cambridge on
this particular date, even if a lecture could not be arranged for. What,
then, could be the real, the primary, the basic object of his visit?
Obviously it was her concert that attracted him, and how could it be
her concert? He had scores of opportunities of visiting her concerts
in London. He was not (he had frequently asserted) an admirer of
her playing. He knew she was going to play the Kreutzer Sonata,
and he hated the Kreutzer Sonata. The Guildhall he had declared
unequivocally to be the ugliest building in England. It could not be
the concert that brought him to Cambridge. Then what could it be?
All the way from the café in Sidney Street to the University Arms
Hotel, Catherine debated that question.
Could it be herself, for instance?
That was a very daring thought for her to think. For all the past
was strewn with the memories of occasions on which he had insulted
her, avoided her, ignored her, shown her as much consideration as if
she were no more than the dust he trod on. And yet (it was strange
that this had never entirely occurred to her before) this was no worse
than the treatment he accorded to everybody. She had never known
him to be polite. Even when he was trying to be so it was for him so
consciously an effort that he appeared sarcastically urbane and
nothing more. She had suffered his vagaries of temper no more than
others who knew him. And their arguments! Was it not a subtle mark
of his appreciation of her that he condescended to spend irritating
hours explaining to her what a fool she was? Was not the very pain
she had suffered something she might have treasured as indicating
his deep and abiding interest in her?
He was standing at the entrance of the hotel when she came in
sight. Not often since that night at the Forest Hotel had she seen him
in evening dress, and now she was reminded poignantly of that far-
off occasion with all its strangely distorted memories. He descended
the steps to meet her. His handshake was cordial. The whole of his
attitude towards her seemed different from anything she had
previously experienced.
“Come into the lounge,” he said, and took her arm. “I’ve been
waiting for you.”
She was ten minutes late, and was glad to think he had noticed it
and had been kept waiting. And besides that, she was amazed at his
cordiality, at the sudden phase of courtliness which prompted him to
take her arm as they strolled down the hotel lobby. She felt that her
arm touching his was trembling, and she summoned every effort,
mental and physical, to curb this manifestation of her excitement.
They entered the lounge and occupied adjacent positions on a
chesterfield. The room was comfortably full of fashionably dressed
men and women. Catherine felt that many eyes of recognition were
upon her. But that caused her no thrill of pleasurable triumph. Her
mind and soul were centred on this unique phenomenon that was
unfolding itself to her by degrees—Verreker, the curt, the abrupt, the
brutally direct, transformed into a veritable grandee of courtliness.
In the dining-hall they had a table to themselves that overlooked
the dark spaciousness of Parker’s Piece. Once again she was
quaintly fascinated by the peculiarities of his table manners. In this
respect, at any rate, he was still himself, and she marvelled at the
intense personality that crowded into every movement, however
bizarre and unconventional, of his knife and fork. Evening dress
gave his weird facial expressions a touch of sublimity. She looked
round at the other tables and compared him with men there. There
was scarcely one that was not more handsome than he, certainly
none whose table manners were not infinitely smoother and more
refined. There were men whose cheeks and chin were smooth as a
shave ten minutes ago could make them. A glance at Verreker
showed that a razor had not touched him for at least twenty-four
hours. Other men had hair carefully brushed and pomaded,
artistically parted in the middle or at the side, compelled into spray-
like festoons above the ears. But Verreker’s hair was black and thick,
coarse, horsey hair, innocent of pomade and parting, hair that he
occasionally ran his fingers through without in any real sense
disturbing. Other men in the room were smiling with rows of white
symmetrical teeth, speaking in cultured university accents, gazing
with animated eyes at their fellow-diners. And yet she knew that
compared with him they were all as nothing. The whole secret of him
flashed out upon her. He was a man. His personality invaded
everything he did and everything that belonged to him: it overflowed
like a bursting torrent into his most trivial actions. With all his facial
ugliness, his abrupt manners, his disposition, which people called
“difficult,” he was the towering superior of any man she knew. And
not all the oiled and manicured youths in the world could give her
what he could give. She looked triumphantly round the room as if to
say: This man here, whom you all think is so ugly and ill-mannered,
is, if only you knew it, the personal superior of every one of you! ...
She was proud to be with him, proud of every bizarrerie in him of
which others might be ashamed.
After dinner he led her into the lobby and said: “I want you to
come up into my room for a little while. I have engaged a room with a
piano in it.”
Thrilled and excited, she went with him. The room was heavily
and tastelessly furnished, the piano upright and metallic.
He did not seem particularly conversational.
After a silence he said:
“Oh, what was that little piece you played as an encore this
afternoon?”
“One of Beethoven’s Minuets.”
“Oh?—I don’t remember ever having heard it. Play it now, will
you?”
His courtliness had vanished, for he let her carry a chair to the
piano unassisted.
Towards the conclusion of the piece he rose and stood at her
elbow, leaning on the top of the piano. She could see him frowning.
When she had finished, she was expecting some ruthless technical
criticism of her playing.
But he stood for a long while in silence. Then he said gruffly:
 “Damned sentimental. I thought as much.”
“What do you mean?” she asked quietly.
He paused and commenced to walk about the room with his
hands in his pockets.
“Look here,” he began irritably, “when I heard that piece this
afternoon I liked it very much. Then I asked myself why I liked it, and
found it difficult to say. A sensible man should, of course, be
prepared to give reasons for his likes and dislikes. ‘Is it possible,’ I
asked myself, ‘that you like the thing because it is sentimental?’ I
shuffled basely by telling myself: ‘I don’t know: I don’t even
remember if the thing was sentimental.’ ... Well, now I’ve heard it a
second time and I know for certain. It is sentimental—damned oozy,
slimy, slithery sentiment from beginning to end. And the question is:
What the devil’s the matter with me that I should have liked it this
afternoon?”
She turned round to face him and laughed.
“How should I know?” she replied. “Perhaps you’re getting
sentimental.”
“Heaven preserve me from such a fate,” he muttered gruffly. “Play
me a Bach’s fugue to take that beastly sugary taste away.”
She did so, but if ever an attempt was made to infuse sentiment
into a Bach’s fugue, it was on that occasion. All the while her soul
was revelling in a strange airiness.
“Bach would turn in his grave if he could hear,” was his sole
comment when she had finished. “Get up and I’ll show you how to do
it.”
Once again the relationship of master and pupil had ousted every
other.
He played the same fugue over again, and she was lost in
admiration of his supreme technical facility. Obviously this was Bach
as he should be played, Bach as he was meant to be played, every
note mathematically in place and in time; every arpeggio like a row
of stones in one triumphant mosaic. She was not fond of Bach, and
in her deepest self she knew that she disliked him for precisely the
reason that Verreker liked him: he was so totally devoid of
sentimentality. Yet she could not but admire the stern purposefulness
of his style: the lofty grace of his structures, that serene beauty of
which, because it is purely æsthetic, one never tires.
When he had finished she said: “I want you to play some
Debussy.”
At first he seemed disinclined to accede to her request, but after
a few seconds’ pause he started a slow sarabande movement. She
listened enraptured till the end.
“Isn’t that sentiment?” she asked.
“No,” he replied curtly.
“Then what is it?”
He ground his teeth savagely.
“Passion,” he snapped.
“And what,” she asked softly—her voice was trembling—“is the
difference between sentiment and passion?”
He looked at her searchingly.
“Don’t you know?”
“I may do—I’m not certain.”
“Well, if you do know, you don’t need me to tell you, and if you
don’t know, I can’t tell you.”
At a quarter past nine they went downstairs. Catherine was
leaving by the 9.30 train to Liverpool Street. They left by taxi to the
station. Fortunately the train was late, or they would have missed it.
In the alcove formed by two adjacent open carriage doors Catherine
and he stood and talked till the guard whistled for the departure of
the train.
Their farewell was curious. She was leaning out of the window so
that her head was above his. He sprang on to the foot-board as the
train was moving and seized her hand. She wondered what he was
going to do. She thought perhaps he might be going to kiss her. She
waited for what seemed hours and then he suddenly vanished into
the gloom of the station platform. Almost simultaneously she heard a
porter’s raucous voice crying out: “Clear away there! What d’yer
think yer doin’——” The rest trailed into inarticulate sound. Obviously
he had been pulled down.
The whole incident was somewhat undignified.
Yet all the way to Liverpool Street she was speculating on what
he had been about to do when the porter pulled him away.
And she was happier than she had ever been in her life.

§9
In the bedroom of her cottage at High Wood, Catherine stood in
front of the cheval glass and eyed herself critically. It seemed to her
in that moment that a miracle had happened, a door unlocked to her
that she thought would be for ever closed, a dream which she had
scarcely dared to glimpse, even from afar, brought suddenly and
magically within her grasp. A miracle indeed, and yet the very ease
with which she acclimatized herself to new conditions gave almost
the impression that the miracle had been to some extent anticipated,
that she had so prepared and organized her soul that she could slip
into the new scheme of things with a minimum of perturbation.
Standing before the mirror, she was surprised at her own
calmness. And the more she pondered, the more stupendous
seemed the miracle, and consequently the more amazing her own
attitude. Already it seemed that she was beginning to take for
granted what a day before had been a dream so far from fulfilment
that she had scarcely dared to admit it into coherent form. A day ago
the idea that her affection for Verreker was reciprocated seemed the
wildest phantasy: she had not dared even to think of such a thing
hypothetically, for fear it should grow into her life as something
confidently expected: yet dim and formless it had lurked behind all
her thoughts and ideas; shadowy and infinitely remote, it had guided
and inspired her with greater subtlety than she knew. But now it need
no longer be dim and formless: it entered boldly into the strong light
of day, into the definition of word and sentence: she could ask
herself plainly the question, “Does he love me?” because deep down
in her heart she knew that he did. Her instinct told her that he did,
but she was quite prepared to doubt her own instinct. She did not
know that her feminine instinct in such a matter was nearly infallible.
But she was no longer afraid of treating herself to the random luxury
of thinking and dreaming.
All at once she was seized with a terrible sense of absurdity and
incongruity. Was it possible, was it even remotely conceivable that
he should love her? She did not know that she was on the brink of
the perennial mystery that has surprised millions of men and women:
she felt that her question was singularly acute and penetrating. What
was there in her that could attract him? Not her intellect, for he knew
full well the measure of that. Not her musical genius, for he was not
an admirer of it. Not her sympathies and ideals common to his, for
she was incapable of understanding the major part of him. Nor even
her beauty, for she was not beautiful. What, then, could it be? And
the answer was that love, the force he despised, the elemental thing
to which he conceived himself superior, had linked him to her by
bonds that he had not the power to sever. The strong man had
toppled. He suddenly ceased to be a god in the clouds and became
a human being on her earth. Would his ideals crumble to dust at the
touch of this mighty enslaving force? Would he shatter the dreams of
a lifetime, those mighty dreams of his that had nothing to do with
love, would he shatter them and lay the ruins at her feet? How would
he reconcile the iron rigidity of his theories with the impulse of his
passion?
There had been a time when she thought: All I want is his
friendship, his sympathy, his understanding, the consciousness that
our souls are affinite. Intellectual and spiritual sympathy with him,
she had argued, is the summit of my ambition. To talk with him on
terms of candid intimacy, to be the sharer of his deepest
confidences, to realize in their relationship something of the glorious
male ideal of camaraderie, that had been her grand aim. She had
deceived herself. That was not so. In the moment that he stood on
the foot-board of the departing train at Cambridge every vestige of
the platonic camouflage was torn from her. There was one thought
that was infinitely more rapturous, infinitely more seductive and
alluring, than even the thought that he and she were on terms of
deep intellectual and spiritual intimacy. And that was the thought that
whilst he was standing there on the foot-board he was wondering
whether to kiss her. If now her platonic dreams were to be fulfilled,
she would be strangely and subtly disappointed. Deep communion
with a god-like personality was fine. But she preferred the impulse
that changed the deity into a man, that dragged him from the stars
into the streets, that caused all his dreams and ideals to be obscured
by that single momentous triviality, the desire to kiss her.
She was cruel, merciless in her hour of seeming triumph. She
loved him more passionately than ever now that he was a being
dethroned from heaven. She had thought formerly: I cannot
understand him: we are on a different plane. But now she thought:
He has come down to my plane. One thing at least I can understand:
I can understand why he wanted to kiss me. And that crude fragment
of understanding was more precious to her than all the subtleties
and spiritual nuances which had made his soul a hitherto uncharted
sea.
If she could break his ideals, if she could shatter everything in
him that had nothing to do with her, she would be glad. Already, not
content with the footing she had gained on what had seemed an
unscalable cliff, she wanted to dominate the heights and destroy
everything that was independent of her. Never had the essential
selfishness of her nature so revealed itself. She grudged him every
acre of his soul that was not sown with seeds of her own planting.
She wanted him, all of him, passionately, selfishly: his soul and
intellect would be for ever beyond her, so she was jealous of their
freedom. That he should fall from the lofty heights of his idealism
was epic, a thing of high tragedy, yet thrilling with passion: that she
should be the means of it was something that convulsed her with
rapture. Her passion was terrible and destructive. She wanted it to
scorch his soul until he desired nothing save what she could give.
She wanted entire possession of him: she grudged him everything
that was beyond her comprehension.

§ 10
All this was somewhat premature.
As yet he had not spoken a word save what was easily
compatible with disinterested friendship. He had treated her many
times with such curtness and incivility that it seemed absurd on the
face of it to imagine that he could love her. And yet there was in her
that strange instinct which told her that he did.
After her return from Cambridge she began to wonder when she
should see him again. Since she had left Mrs. Carbass and had
taken the cottage at High Wood, he had been a moderately frequent
visitor. He liked the situation of “Elm Cottage,” he liked to sit in a
deck-chair on the lawn and watch the sun dipping down over the
roofs of Upton Rising. The æsthetic pleasure made him talkative and
companionable. In the summer time she would open the windows
and play Debussy on the baby grand piano she had bought. She had
furnished the interior in masculine taste. There were great brown
leather armchairs of the kind common enough in clubs, and
innumerable facilities for smoking (she was not a great smoker
herself), and a general atmosphere of freedom and geniality. She
had bought an expensive club-fender with leather seats at either end
and a leather rail, because she had noticed that at his own house he
liked to sit with his back to the flames. The front room was really very
comfortable and cosy, though she was lost when she sat in either of
the two great armchairs.
There was no particular business reason why he should see her,
yet for several nights after his return to Upton Rising she expected
him to come. She laid in a stock of his favourite cigarettes: she
diligently learned a little known and mathematical work of Bach
because she knew he would appreciate it. But he did not come.
Then she had a spell of concerts which kept her in town until nearly
midnight: he did not come to see her after the performance, as he
sometimes did, so that she did not know if he had been among the
audience or not. She knew that he had returned from Cambridge,
and she knew that an abstruse work on sociology was occupying a
good deal of his time and attention. Yet it seemed strange that he did
not visit her. Their farewell on Cambridge platform was already past
history, and she sometimes found it hard to believe it had taken
place at all. She wanted further proof that it was no delusion. She felt
that every day made that incident more isolated, more inconsistent,
more meaningless. And in another sense every day was adding to its
tremendous significance.
A fortnight passed and still he did not come. She did not want to
go and see him. She wanted him to come and see her. She made a
vow: I am not going to see him; I am going to wait till he comes to
see me: if he doesn’t want to, he needn’t. And she was glad when a
concert or other engagement kept her busy in the evenings, for the
temptation to break her vow was strong if she were alone at “Elm
Cottage.”
On Christmas Day the temptation was overmastering. An offer
from a Scotch concert agency had come by post that morning, and
she found it easy to persuade herself that she had to visit him to talk
it over.
Snow was falling through the skeleton trees on the Ridgeway as
she approached “Claremont.” Through the window of the front room
she could catch the glow of leaping flames. That indicated that he
was at home. He had no relatives and no friends of the kind that
would share Christmas Day with him. Besides, he was quite
impervious to the Christmas type of sentimentality. Yet possibly he
would be pleased to see her.
She found him sitting on the club-fender with the fire behind him.
He was reading long proof-slips. As she entered he merely glanced
up casually.
“Come in,” he drawled, and went on correcting until he had
finished the slip.
There are no words to convey how deeply that annoyed her.
 “Well,” he began, when the last marginal correction had been
inserted, “and how are you getting on?”
“All right,” she asserted, with some pique. Then, in a spitefully
troubled tone: “What have you been doing with yourself since you
came back from Cambridge?”
He pointed to the litter of proof-slips on the floor.
“Working,” he replied.
“I half expected you’d come and see me,” she remarked
tentatively.
“So did I,” he replied quietly, “but I didn’t after all....”
“What d’you mean?”
“I mean I half thought I might visit you. I really didn’t know....”
“I suppose you didn’t want to.”
“On the contrary, I wanted to very much. That was just why I
didn’t.”
“I don’t quite——”
“Listen. Did I ever tell you that I detest worms?”
“No, but what——?”
“Well, I do. I can’t stand them at any price.”
“Nor can I, but how——”
“Listen. When I was a tiny boy it used to send me almost into
hysterics if I touched one, even by accident. Well, when I grew older,
I used to despise myself for being so weak-minded. I used to gather
all the worms I could find, fat juicy ones, you know, with red bellies,
put them all into one single writhing heap and run my fingers through
the lot! My flesh crept with the loathsomeness of it: I was often sick
and gasping with horror after I had done it. But it gave me
confidence, because it taught me I wasn’t at the mercy of arbitrary
feelings. It showed me that I had myself under iron control....”
“Well?”
 “Since I returned from Cambridge I have wanted to see you so
often and so intensely that it seemed to me a capital opportunity for
finding out if that iron control had at all relaxed.... I am pleased to say
that it has not done so.”
“But you wanted to see me?”
“I did.”
“Then what on earth was there to keep you from coming to visit
me?”
“Nothing at all except this—my own desire to be complete master
of myself—greater even than my desire to see you.”
“Why did you want to see me?”
“I could think of no sensible reason for desiring to see you, and
that was why I decided not to.”
“Are you glad I have come now?”
“No. I am sorry. You have interrupted my work.”
“Have I? Thanks for telling me. Then I’ll go——”
“Your going would not alter the fact that my work has been
interrupted. I shall do no more work to-day, whether you go or not. I
—I”—his voice became thick with anger, or scorn, or some complex
combination of the two—“I have—been—spiritually interrupted!”
She took off her thick furs and muff.
“I’m going to stay,” she said quietly, “and we’re going to have tea
and then go for a walk. I think you and your arguments are very silly.”
It was immensely significant, that final sentence of hers. Before,
she would never have dared to say such a thing to him. But now she
felt he was in some strange way delivered into her power: she was
not afraid of treating him like a baby. The truth was, he was no
longer a god to her. And her task was, if possible, to strip from him
the last remnants of his divinity. His strange conversation she had
but half understood: but it immensely reassured her as to this subtle
and mysterious power she possessed over him. But she divined that
her task was difficult: she feared an explosion that would be
catastrophic. The atmosphere was too tense for either comfort or
safety: she would have to lower the temperature. And all the time her
own heart was a raging furnace within her.
“Mrs. Tebbutt is out,” he said gruffly. “I’m hanged if I know where
anything is. I was going to go out to tea at Mason’s.” (Mason’s was
the café in the Bockley High Street.)
“How like a man not to know where anything is!” she commented
lightly, removing her hat. “Never mind, I’ll soon find out. And you’ll be
saved the trouble of going to Mason’s.”
She discovered it was absurdly easy to treat him like a baby.
She found crockery and food without much difficulty, and while
she was making tea he followed her about from room to room,
chatting quite genially. His surliness seemed to vanish entirely: he
became charmingly urbane. Evidently her method of treatment bad
been completely successful. The tension of the atmosphere had
been very much lowered, and he seemed quite schoolboyish in his
amateur assistance at what he called “indoor picnicking.” As she
emerged from cupboards carrying cups and plates and fancy cakes
he looked at her very much as if she were a species of conjurer.
They behaved just like a couple of jolly companions as they sat
round the fire and had tea.

§ 11
Afterwards he became less conversational.
“Leave the things,” he commanded. “Mrs. Tebbutt will see to them
when she gets back.”
“All right,” she agreed. “Now we’re going for a walk, eh?”
“I’ve got heaps of work——” he began.
“Not on Christmas Day,” she urged.
“Oh, that makes no difference.”