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School Counseling Classroom Guidance

2
3
School Counseling Classroom Guidance
Prevention, Accountability, and Outcomes

Edited by

Jolie Ziomek-Daigle
University of Georgia

4
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6
Detailed Contents

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Detailed Contents
Series Editors’ Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgments
About the Editor
About the Contributors
Part I: The Specialty of School Counseling and Classroom Guidance as a Delivery Service
1. History of Counseling, Emergence of School Counseling, and Classroom Guidance
A Rich Histor
Vocational Guidance
Guidance as Integrated in School Systems
Exercise 1.1 Exploring Our Roots in Career and College Counseling
The Launch of Sputnik
Exercise 1.2 Explore How External Influences Impact the School Counseling Field
Guidance and Counseling in the Schools
Changes in State Certification
Exercise 1.3 Examining School Counselor Certification Requirements
Counseling Today
Accountability and the Transformed School Counselor
Exercise 1.4 Small Group Discussion
Current Focus on School-Based Prevention Programs
Classroom Guidance as a Delivery Service
Exercise 1.5 Examples of Evidence-Based Practices per Student Developmental Domain
Levels of Prevention Model
Exercise 1.6a Understanding the Very Early Stages of Prevention (Primordial Prevention)
Exercise 1.6b Understanding the Very Early Stages of Prevention (Primary Prevention)
Developmental Guidance Programming
Exercise 1.7 Connecting State Educational Standards to Classroom Guidance Programming
Professional Identity of School Counselors
Council for Accreditation of Counseling & Related Educational Programs
(CACREP) Standards
American School Counselor Association (ASCA)
Mindsets & Behaviors for Student Success: K–12 College- and Career-
Readiness Standards for Every Student
Exercise 1.8 Integrating CACREP National Standards with the ASCA Mindsets &
Behaviors for Student Success
School Counselor Competencies
Exercise 1.9 Understanding Your Personal Strengths and Challenges in Implementing

8
 Classroom Guidance Programming
The ASCA National Model
Ethical Codes
Exercise 1.10 Identifying Ethical Standards
Keystones
Summary
References
2. The Three Broad Domains: Academic, Career, and Social/Emotional
Attending to the Needs of K–12 Students in Three Developmental Domains
The ASCA Mindsets & Behaviors for Student Success
Academic Domain
Exercise 2.1 Thinking through the School Counselor’s Role in Academic Development
Exercise 2.2 Article Review: Evidence-Based Practice and Student Success
Exercise 2.3 Developing Student Learning Outcomes Related to the ASCA Mindsets &
Behaviors for Student Success (Academics)
Career Domain
Exercise 2.4 Developing Student Learning Outcomes Related to the ASCA Mindset &
Behaviors for Student Success (Career)
Social/Emotional Domain
Exercise 2.5 Evidence-Based Practices Aligned with the ASCA Mindsets & Behaviors for
Student Success (FRIENDS for Life)
Exercise 2.6 Evidence-Based Practices Aligned with the ASCA Mindsets & Behaviors for
Student Success (Coping Cat Curriculum)
Exercise 2.7 Developing Learning Outcomes Related to the ASCA Mindset & Behaviors
Focused on Student Success (Social/Emotional)
Exercise 2.8 Understanding the Power of Collaboration with Parents and Community
Members
Keystones
Summary
References
Part II Developmental and Contextual Considerations for Classroom Guidance
3. The Elementary School
Elementary School Students
Physical Development
Cognitive Development
Social/Emotional Development
Strengths and Challenges of Elementary School Students
Strengths-Based Counseling
Exercise 3.1 Case Conceptualization from a Strengths-Based Approach
Comprehensive School Counseling Programs at the Elementary Level

9
 Exercise 3.2 Creating a Classroom Guidance Lesson
Counseling Interventions with Elementary School Students
Primary Prevention
Exercise 3.3 Implementing an Effective Positive Behavior Interventions & Supports (PBIS)
Program
Bullying Prevention
What Is an Elementary School Like?
Keystones
References
4. The Middle School
Adolescent Development
Physical Development
Cognitive Development
Social Development
The Middle School
Classroom Guidance Programming: The Essential Component of Comprehensive School
Counseling Programs in Middle School
School Counseling Core Curriculum
Benefits of Classroom Guidance
Planning Classroom Guidance
Assessment
Classroom Guidance Goals and Objectives
School Counseling Facilitation and Leadership Skills for Classroom Guidance
Reflective Case Illustrations
Keystones
Additional Resources
Print Resources
Internet Resources
References
5. The High School
Selling Classroom Guidance
Developmental and Contextual Considerations
Physical Development
Cognitive Development
Social Development
Identity Development
Peer Relationships
Peer Pressure
Cyberbullying
Romantic Relationships

10
 Sexuality
Strengths and Challenges of Working with High School Students
Strengths
Challenges
Cultural Considerations
Career Development Considerations
First-Generation College Status
High-Achieving Students
Students with Disabilities
Keystones
References
Appendix 5.1
Smart Goals Worksheet
Appendix 5.2
Pre- and Posttest
Part III: Planning, Execution, and Evaluation of Classroom Guidance
6. Needs Assessment and Unit/Lesson Design
School Counseling Core Curriculum
Characteristics of Core Curriculum
Implementing the Core Curriculum
Action Plans for the Core Curriculum
Developing a School Counseling Core Curriculum
Needs Assessments
Exercise 6.1 Imagining a School Counseling Department with No Core Curriculum or
Recent Needs Assessment
Data-Driven Needs Assessments
Achievement Data
Behavior Data
School Counseling Data
Perception-Based Needs Assessments
Needs Assessment Content
Needs Assessment Format
Questionnaires
Inventories
Open-Ended Surveys
Focus Groups and Interviews
Data Collection
Electronic Needs Assessments
Paper-and-Pencil Needs Assessments
Frequency of Conducting Needs Assessments

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 Translating Data into Classroom Guidance Programming
Exercise 6.2 Prioritizing Different Needs as Perceived by Different Groups of School
Stakeholders
Identifying Standards
Developing a Unit
Writing Objectives
Developing Classroom Guidance Lessons
Exercise 6.3 Apply a Backward-Design Model to Create a Sample Classroom Guidance
Lesson
Developmental Guidance
Exercise 6.4 Alter the Same Lesson to Be Developmentally Appropriate for Students in
Different Grades
Multicultural Considerations
Defining Multiculturalism
Designing Multiculturally Competent Lessons
Working with Students with Special Needs
Preparation and Organization
Conclusion
Summary
Exercise 6.5a Synthesizing Your Knowledge of School Counseling Core Curriculum
Exercise 6.5b Synthesizing Your Knowledge of School Counseling Core Curriculum
Keystones
References
7. Delivery, Evaluation, Analysis, and Reporting
Presenting Classroom Guidance Programming
Differentiated Learning and Learning Styles
Data Collection
Evaluation of a Lesson or Unit of Lessons
Pre- and Posttests
Surveys
Formative and Qualitative Assessment
Examining Additional Data
Teacher Report/Assessment
Reporting to Stakeholders
Counselor Performance Appraisal
ASCA School Counselor Performance Appraisal as it Relates to Classroom Guidance
Programming
Keystones
References
Appendix 7.1

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 ASCA National Model (2012): School Counselor Curriculum Results Report
Appendix 7.2
SOARING
Appendix 7.3
MEASURE
8. Facilitation Skills and Classroom Management
Group Counseling Skills in Classroom Guidance Programming
Group Process and Dynamics
Exercise 8.1 Addressing Group Dynamics
Group Stages
Group Facilitative Procedural Skills
Group Personal Leadership Style
Exercise 8.2 Leadership Style Quiz
Basic Counseling Skills in Classroom Guidance
Nonverbal Facilitative Skills
Eye Contact
Facial Expressions
Gestures
Space
Touch
Vocal Cues
Clothing
Exercise 8.3 Nonverbal Facilitative Skills
Verbal Facilitative Skills
Verbal Encouragers
Closed Questions
Open Questions
Exercise 8.4 Identifying Facilitative Skills
Reflecting Skills
Paraphrasing
Summarizing
Reflection of Feeling
Assessment Skills
Goal Setting
Exercise 8.5 Goal Setting
Feedback Skills
Exercise 8.6 Supportive and Challenging Feedback
Respect, Genuineness, Empathy, and Unconditional Positive Regard
Exercise 8.7 Integrating the Core Counseling Conditions
Integrating Your Theoretical Orientation

13
 The Basics of Teaching and Managing
Teaching Strategies
Classroom Management Strategies
Strategies for Handling Misbehavior and Misdirection
General Strategies for Misbehavior Used by the Counselor
Leaving the Ego at the Door
Empathy
Admiring Negative Attitudes and Behaviors
Praising Students for On-Task Behavior
Calming Strategies
Follow-Up
Positive Behavior Interventions & Supports (PBIS)
Technology in the Classroom
Technology Competencies
Learning Management System (LMS)
Web 2.0 Technologies
Synchronous Instruction Technologies
Social Networking Technologies
Productivity Technologies
Dropbox
Ethics in Classroom Guidance
Classroom Considerations
Use of Technology
Summary
Keystones
References
Part IV: Other Considerations in Classroom Guidance
9. School Counselor as Active Collaborator
Exercise 9.1 Collecting and Examining School Counselor Collaboration Narratives
Counselor Consultant
Consultation with Administrators
Consultation with Teachers
Consultation with Parents and Families
Exercise 9.2 Reflective Discourse: Shifting toward a Family-Centered Approach
Consultation with the Community
Integration into Broader Academic Curriculum
Exercise 9.3 Integrating Classroom Guidance into Broader Academic Curriculum
School Counselors and Multi-Tiered Systems of Support (MTSS)
Common Core Curriculum
Counselor in Leadership Roles

14
 Professional Learning Communities
Homeroom Advisory Programs
Extending Learning and Leadership from School Staff to the Community
Marketing Comprehensive School Guidance Programs
Keystones
Online Resources
Common Core State Standards
Community Strengths
Curriculum Design
References
10. Outcome Research and Future Directions of Classroom Guidance
Results of Effective Classroom Guidance Programming
Core Curriculum
Delivery
Best Practices and Research-Based Interventions
Prevention Rather than Intervention
Types of Prevention Addressed by Classroom Guidance Programming
Creating a Climate for Learning through Classroom Guidance
Classroom Meeting Training
Multi-Tiered Systems of Support
Prevention Topics Covered in Classroom Guidance
Teacher and Counselor Accountability
Program Evaluation
Consultation and Collaboration
College- and Career-Readiness Focus
Defining College and Career Readiness
College and Career Lessons
Engaging at the Elementary School and Middle School Levels
Components of College and Career Readiness
Diversity and Social Justice
Diversity
Social Justice
Virtual Education/Schools and the Online Environment
Presentation Tools
Mobile Applications
Social Media
Flipped Classroom Guidance
Global Learning
Keystones
Additional Resources

15
 References
Appendix A
Appendix B
Index

16
Series Editors’ Foreword: Introduction to the Series Counseling
and Professional Identity in the 21st Century

While school students in the 21st century are living in an exciting era, they also face more challenges than ever
before. These challenges are faced not only by them but also school teachers and school educational leader
teams. As pointed out by the American School Counselor Association (ASCA) on its website, to respond to
the challenges faced by today’s increasing diverse school student population school counselors have played a
pivotal role on the educational leadership team by providing valuable assistance to these students at
elementary, middle, and high schools and beyond. In order to deal with these challenges and provide quality
services school counselors must equip themselves with adequate counseling knowledge and skills and become
competent to meet the students’ needs. The primary purpose of School Counseling Classroom Guidance is to
assist school counseling students to gain evidence-based fundamental knowledge and skills that school
counselors need to conduct classroom guidance programming for comprehensive school counseling programs.

School Counseling Classroom Guidance is a blueprint of the valuable role that school counselors play in
responding to almost all challenges that the students face at school. Through reading this book school
counseling students will be able to gain a comprehensive understanding of classroom guidance as a delivery
service and student development pertinent to classroom guidance programming in academic, career, social,
and emotional areas. The book further targets the growth of school counseling students in helping them
develop a holistic comprehension of their role as school counselor through designing, delivering, assessing
classroom guidance programming as well as managing student behaviors and classroom dynamics.

Besides integration of outcome studies and identification of future directions for classroom guidance
programming School Counseling Classroom Guidance is the book which assists school counseling students to
develop their professional identity while they are in training. The text defines the nature of professional
identity, its value to the Profession and the Professional and ways to further develop one’s professional identity
while in training.

While we are proud of the depth and breadth of the topics covered within this text we are more than aware
that one text, one learning experience, will not be sufficient for the development of a counselor’s professional
competency. The formation of both your Professional Identity and Practice will be a lifelong process. It is a
process that we hope to facilitate through the presentation of this text and the creation of our series:
Counseling and Professional Identity in the 21st Century.

Counseling and Professional Identity in the 21st Century is a new, fresh, pedagogically sound series of texts
targeting counselors in training. This series is NOT simply a compilation of isolated books matching that
which is already in the market. Rather each book, with its targeted knowledge and skills, will be presented as
but a part of a larger whole. The focus and content of each text serves as a single lens through which a
counselor can view his/her clients, engage in his/her practice, and articulate his/her own professional identity.

Counseling and Professional Identity in the 21st Century is unique not just in the fact that it “packaged” a series

17
of traditional texts, but that it provides an integrated curriculum targeting the formation of the readers’
professional identity and efficient, ethical practice. Each book, within the series, is structured to facilitate the
ongoing professional formation of the reader. The materials found within each text are organized in order to
move the reader to higher levels of cognitive, affective, and psychomotor functioning, resulting in his/her
assimilation of the materials presented into both his/her professional identity and approach to professional
practice. While each text targets a specific set of core competencies (cognates and skills), competencies
identified by the Council for Accreditation of Counseling & Related Educational Programs (CACREP) as
essential to the practice of counseling, each book in the series will emphasize each of the following:

1. the assimilation of concepts and constructs provided across the text found within the series thus
fostering the reader’s ongoing development as a competent professional;
2. the blending of contemporary theory with current research and empirical support;
3. a focus on the development of procedural knowledge with each text employing case illustrations and
guided practice exercises to facilitate the reader’s ability to translate the theory and research discussed
into professional decision making and application;
4. the emphasis on the need for and means of demonstrating accountability; and
5. the fostering of the reader’s Professional Identity and with it the assimilation of the ethics and standards
of practice guiding the Counseling Profession.

We are proud to have served as co-editors of this series feeling sure that all of the books included, just like
School Counseling Classroom Guidance, will serve as a significant resource to you and your development as a
professional counselor.

Richard Parsons, PhD

Naijian Zhang, PhD

18
Preface

It is recommended that at least 80% of the school counselor’s time be spent providing direct and indirect
services to students.1 Classroom guidance programming is one of the delivery systems in which counselors
design structured lessons as a part of the larger school’s academic curriculum to help students gain
competencies, skills, and knowledge. Classroom guidance programming is an integral component to a
comprehensive school counseling program where lessons are built in collaboration with teachers and
administrators. School counselors are fortunate to have access to children for seven hours each day, and
classroom guidance programming offers the best chance for counselors to work with all kids and provide
universal interventions.

Counselor education programs have been remiss over the years and do not provide nor capture opportunities
for students to learn, practice, and refine the skills necessary to deliver classroom guidance programming. You
will not find classroom guidance programming as a stand-alone class. It may be a section covered in a
foundations and seminar course or later, during internship. There is certainly an expectation that students will
deliver classroom guidance programming during practicum and internship, and evaluations of fieldwork will
always include items on classroom guidance programming. A disconnect remains between what is expected of
our students during field placement and as practitioners and the content we include in the curriculum. In
other courses, students learn skills related to group work, interpersonal relationships, and advocacy, and this
learning is applied during field placement. Students need to learn the skills specific to classroom guidance
programming to help ensure that this delivery and their overall comprehensive school counseling program is
effective.

The book is targeted as a text to teach fundamentals, strategies, and research outcomes of classroom guidance
programming for comprehensive school counseling programs. Prevention and preventative care is increasingly
being recognized by federal and state agencies as a way to improve and promote wellness. Classroom guidance
programming is unique in that programming can also be rooted in promotion and prevention. Programming
can also be universal and expose 100% of the student population to the same content, skill sets, and
competencies.

The book is divided into four major parts. In Part I, the history of school counseling, classroom guidance as a
delivery service, and the American School Counselor Association’s (ASCA) three broad domains of student
development (academic, career, and social/emotional) relating to classroom guidance programming will be
presented. Part II discusses the contextual and developmental considerations of classroom guidance
programming and the unique challenges the different grade levels offer. In Part III, the nuts and bolts of how
to design, deliver, and assess classroom guidance programming will be described along with ways to manage
student behavior and classroom dynamics. Finally, in Part IV, sections on school counselor as active
collaborator, outcome studies, and future directions of classroom guidance programming are included.

Further, multiple-choice questions and responses and short essay questions are provided with each chapter to

19
help guide instructors with assessment for this learning. It is my hope that this book fills a gap in school
counseling training programs and provides professional development to those already in practice. Trainees and
practitioners need to be comfortable and skilled in delivering classroom guidance programming. As I have
always said, “School counselors are the luckiest people on earth to have access to kids seven hours every day.”
Let’s make that time count, let’s reach more kids, and let’s make the school safer and better for everyone.

1 American School Counselor Association (ASCA). (2009). The ASCA national model: A framework for school
counseling programs. Alexandria, VA: Author.

20
Acknowledgments

I would like to recognize a number of individuals who have provided valuable support, encouragement, and
feedback as I wrote this book. I carefully selected all of the chapter authors and all have added immensely to
the overall success of this book. They are a group of talented practitioners and researchers and I am so grateful
for their trust in me. Kassie Graves and Carrie Montoya have been instrumental in shaping this text and this
first-time book author could not have picked a better home than with these women and SAGE. Also, I would
like to thank the reviewers, who provided excellent suggestions and generated new ideas for me to consider.

I would also like to acknowledge my colleagues and students at the University of Georgia and my mentors.
Throughout my career, I have been especially fortunate to have opportunities to learn from the very best,
including my professors, site supervisors, counselor colleagues, peers and friends from my graduate training,
colleagues at UGA and other institutions, counselors in Clarke County School District and throughout
Georgia, inspiring doctoral students, excited master’s students, and supportive staff. Finally, I would be remiss
if I did not acknowledge my family for giving me opportunities to do the work I love and for providing the
very best of case examples I use in class.

SAGE wishes to acknowledge the contributions of the following reviewers: Tiffany L. W. Bates, Louisiana
Tech University; Kathy Fuller, UCLA Extension; Chris Hennington, Lubbock Christian University; Rochelle
L. Hiatt, Northwest Missouri State University; Ken Jackson, University of Georgia; and Jeannine R. Studer,
University of Tennessee, Knoxville.

21
About the Editor

Jolie Ziomek-Daigle
PhD, LPC, graduated with a master’s degree in guidance and counseling from Loyola University New
Orleans in 1997. While completing her graduate coursework, she was employed as a psychiatric
technician at DePaul/Tulane Behavioral Health Center and worked with acute and inpatient children
and adolescents. In 1998, Dr. Ziomek-Daigle became employed with New Orleans Public Schools and
worked as a school counselor at a secondary career academy. In her final year of employment with New
Orleans Public Schools (2004–2005), she worked as an elementary school counselor. In 2002, Dr.
Ziomek-Daigle began doctoral studies at the University of New Orleans. She graduated in 2005 with a
doctoral degree in counselor education and supervision with a minor in school counseling and emphasis
in play therapy. Additionally, in 2005, she accepted a position as an assistant professor in the school
counseling program at the University of Georgia. In 2011, she was promoted to associate professor with
tenure and assumed coordination of the master’s in education program in school counseling. She has
published extensively on remediation and retention issues in counselor education, the clinical
preparation of school counselors, school-based counseling interventions, and school-based play therapy
services in the following journals: Journal of Counseling and Development, Professional School Counseling,
Guidance and Counselling, Middle School Journal, and The Family Journal, among others. Dr. Ziomek-
Daigle teaches clinical core courses such as interpersonal skills, counseling children and adolescents,
psychodiagnosis, play therapy, service learning, and internship. Currently, she serves in the role of
Professor-in-Residence for Northeast Georgia Regional Sharing Agency (NE GA RESA) and Rutland
Academy, which is the area’s educational therapeutic school site. In this position, Dr. Ziomek-Daigle
coordinates a two-semester service-learning program, provides supervision to master’s and doctoral
students who are practicing on-site, and expands the therapeutic model through grants and contracts.
She is the 2014 recipient of the 2014 Association for Counselor Education and Supervision (ACES)
Counseling Vision and Innovation award and is currently a service-learning fellow at the University of
Georgia.

22
About the Contributors

Kristin Avina
works for the District of Columbia Public Schools as a professional school counselor and team leader at
Truesdell Education Campus. She received her bachelor’s degree in psychology from the University of
California, San Diego, and her master’s in education and human development from George
Washington University. Kristin has a passion for group work and instilling a growth mindset in her
students.
Stephanie Eberts
is an assistant professor in the professional counseling program at Texas State University. Dr. Eberts
received her bachelor’s degree in foreign language education from the University of Georgia and her
master’s in professional counseling from Loyola University in New Orleans. Dr. Eberts worked as a
school counselor (at both the elementary and middle school levels) in New Orleans for six years prior to
returning to school. During her doctoral training she worked with Safe and Drug-Free Schools of
Gwinnett County in Georgia. After completing her PhD program at Georgia State University in 2010,
she moved to Austin to work at Texas State University. In fall of 2015 she will begin working as a
school counselor educator at Louisiana State University.
Melinda M. Gibbons
is an associate professor in counselor education in the Department of Educational Psychology and
Counseling at The University of Tennessee. Her research interests include career development for
underserved populations and counselor identity development. Her work has been published in scholarly
journals including Professional School Counseling, Career Development Quarterly, and Journal of College
Counseling. She is currently the associate editor for Professional School Counseling, a peer-refereed journal.
She earned her PhD from University of North Carolina at Greensboro.
Natoya Hill Haskins
is an assistant professor at the University of Georgia. She holds a doctorate from the College of William
and Mary, a master’s of education from Virginia Commonwealth University, and a master’s of divinity
from Virginia Union University. She has worked with urban and suburban adolescent populations as a
secondary school counselor. Her lines of inquiry include professional and educational supports and
challenges for faculty of color and students of color, school counselor advocacy, and supervision with
counselors in training.
Amber N. Hughes
is an assistant professor in the School of Professional Counseling at Lindsey Wilson College. Her
research interests include career counseling with underserved populations, online teaching in counselor
education, and technology in counseling. Her work has been published in Career Development Quarterly,
Adultspan, and Wisconsin Counseling Journal. She earned her PhD from The University of Tennessee at
Knoxville.
Christopher Janson
is an associate professor and interim Chair of the Department of Leadership, School Counseling, and

23
 Sport Management at the University of North Florida. Prior to his work in academia, Janson was a
public school teacher and counselor. His scholarly interests include school practitioner development;
educational leadership; career, academic, and motivational development of urban school students; and
community-based development and learning. Janson was a national leadership team member of the
Community Learning Exchange (CLE), a W. K. Kellogg Foundation initiative seeking to build
collective leadership capacity within and among historically marginalized communities. The
transformational practices for community development through the CLE process are described in a
forthcoming book Dr. Janson has co-authored, titled Reframing Community Partnerships in Education:
Uniting the Power of Place and Wisdom of People. Janson has published in journals such as Professional
School Counseling, Journal of School Leadership, Journal of Research in Leadership Education, Education and
Urban Society, and the Journal of Special Education Leadership. He received his bachelor’s and master’s
degrees from Central Michigan University, his teaching certification from Michigan State University,
and his PhD from Kent State University.
Dana Jenkins
works for Chicago Public Schools as a professional school counselor. He is the multi-tiered systems of
support (MTSS) and social emotional learning (SEL) specialist for PK–8th-grade students. He received
his bachelor’s in sociology and Spanish from Knox college and his master’s in education and human
development from George Washington University.
Andrew J. Knoblich
is a professional school counselor at the secondary level in Alexandria, Virginia, with Fairfax County
Public Schools. His research interests include student engagement, adolescent career development, and
dropout prevention. He earned his master’s of education from the University of Georgia.
Christy W. Land
is an assistant professor at the University of West Georgia in the clinical and professional studies
department. Dr. Land has twelve years’ experience as a professional school counselor at the elementary
and middle school levels. Dr. Land also maintains a small private practice, where her work focuses on
clients through counseling, consultation, and supervision. Her areas of expertise include bullying
prevention, stress and anxiety management with children and adolescents, group counseling, and
supervision. Dr. Land prides herself in working as a change agent for the field of counseling, particularly
in the school setting, to best support and advocate for/with all clients.
E. C. M. Mason
is an associate professor in the counseling program at DePaul University in Chicago. Erin is active in
professional school counseling organizations and legislative work at both state and national levels. She
has published in scholarly journals with a focus on the professional identity of school counselors. She is
the co-author of the 2013 book 101 Solutions for School Counselors and Leaders in Challenging Times. Erin
is a regular presenter in her field on a variety of topics and served as the 2012–2013 president of the
Illinois School Counseling Association. In recent years, Erin’s work has turned to the use of technology
in school counseling. Erin developed SCOPE, School Counselors’ Online Professional Exchange
(www.scope4scs.org), as a site for highlighting practical tech tools for school counselors with concrete
examples of how they are being used in the field.

24
Sophie Maxis
is an assistant professor of school counseling in the Department of Leadership, School Counseling and
Sport Management at the University of North Florida. Dr. Maxis’s current work as a counselor educator
is embedded in local schools and emphasizes the culturally responsive ways in which professional school
counselors engage school communities for the best interests of students and their families. Many of her
research interests are informed by her background as a secondary school educator and her affiliation with
university–urban school partnerships, college access outreach, and retention initiatives on behalf of
historically minoritized populations in higher education. She integrates culture-centered pedagogies and
community-centered approaches in her research frameworks and teaching practices. Dr. Maxis primarily
uses Q methodologies and survey methods for research inquiries.
Clare Merlin
is an assistant professor in the department of counseling at the University of North Carolina at
Charlotte. Her research focuses on multicultural education and school counseling, with an emphasis on
prejudice reduction in K–12 schools. She also studies social justice practices in counselor education
programs. She received her PhD in counselor education and supervision from the College of William
and Mary.
Joy Rose
is a professional school counselor at Columbia Heights Education Campus in Washington, DC, where
she directs a middle school counseling program. She received her bachelor’s in psychology from the
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and her master’s in education and human development
from George Washington University. Joy has published and presented on school counseling and
achievement issues and is currently doing research on group work with middle school ELL students.
Sam Steen
has extensive experience in research and practice in public schools. He served as a K–12 professional
school counselor for ten years at both elementary and secondary schools. One goal of his research is to
close the achievement gap for students of color and those from low-income backgrounds through
evidence-based group counseling interventions. One of Dr. Steen’s publications,“The Preparation of
Professional School Counselors for Group Work,” was awarded the Best Research Article of the Year by
the Journal for Specialists in Group Work, Dr. Steen has published over 25 articles and book chapters.
Most recently, Dr. Steen won two research grants that culminated in a complete training and
preparation video funded by the Association for Specialists in Group Work (ASGW), an American
Counseling Association (ACA) division that focuses on infusing multicultural considerations in group
counseling for children.
Amy W. Upton
is an assistant professor and the school counseling coordinator at University of South Alabama. Prior to
moving into higher education in 2013, Dr. Upton spent 16 years working as a middle and high school
counselor and supervisor. Her research and teaching interests are in school counselor development and
professional identity, school counselor program development and implementation, school counselor
leadership, and student resiliency.
Lauren Stern Wynne

25
is an assistant professor of counselor education at Longwood University in Farmville, Virginia. Prior to
moving to Virginia, she was an elementary and high school counselor for 9 years in Gwinnett County,
Georgia, served as a clinical assistant professor in the school counseling program at Georgia State
University, and worked with children and families in private practice at the Anxiety and Stress
Management Institute in Atlanta. She has trained school- and community-based mental health
practitioners in school-based mental health and play therapy locally, regionally, and nationally with the
goal of encouraging collaborative and developmentally/multiculturally appropriate approaches to help all
students achieve. Her research and training interests include school-based group work, play therapy, and
consultation/collaboration as well as best practices in school counselor education and supervision. She
earned her master’s and EdS degrees in mental health counseling from the University of Florida and her
K–12 school counseling endorsement and PhD in counseling from Georgia State University.

26
This book is dedicated to my husband, Chris; my children, Brennan, Chance, and Vivienne; and my family. Every
day, you continue to inspire me, fuel my passion, challenge me to be my very best.

“I have looked at you in millions of ways and I have loved you in each.”

27
Part I The Specialty of School Counseling and Classroom
Guidance as a Delivery Service

28
Chapter 1 History of Counseling, Emergence of School
Counseling, and Classroom Guidance

Jolie Ziomek-Daigle University of Georgia

The Bureau does not attempt to decide for any boy what occupation he should choose, but aims to help him
investigate the subject and come to a conclusion on his own account, that is much more likely to be valid and
useful than if no effort were made to apply scientific methods to the problem. Our mottoes are Light, Information,
Inspiration, Cooperation.

(Parsons, 1909, p. 92)

The quote that opened the chapter points to our profession’s commitment to facilitating development and the
empowerment of clients, even in the very early days of counseling.

This chapter will present a brief history of the counseling profession, the school counseling specialty, and the
trends in the profession over the last century. Accountability measures and shifting from day-to-day crisis
work to prevention programs will be further discussed. A review of accreditations standards, professional
standards, and ethical codes and the inclusion of developmental classroom guidance programming in these
standards will follow.

After reading this chapter, the reader will be able to

understand the emergence of counseling, school counseling, and classroom guidance programming over
the course of the last century,
describe the changes in school counselor certification and the tightening of the field as a result of
accountability measures,
explain prevention models and how these models can be applied to classroom guidance programming,
and
understand the Council for Accreditation of Counseling & Related Educational Programs (CACREP)
2009 standards and the American School Counselors Association (ASCA) Mindsets & Behaviors for
Student Success as they relate to classroom guidance programming.

29
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
and every time he gave a particularly fervent bite, the bell rang. I
hope it scared him as much as it did me, but if so, his hunger
triumphed over his fear, for he kept returning to the feast.
On another occasion I was out shooting in a desolate place in
Michigan. I was accompanied by my friend, A. K. Merritt, now
Registrar of Yale College, who will vouch for the truth of the story.
Dusk was falling; there was no wind. We had wandered into a scene
of stagnant desolation. Dead trees had fallen in rotten ruin across
the trail, and the swampy pools were covered with a green mantle of
decay. Merritt was walking in front and I close behind him. The gloom
and depression of the scene in the deepening dusk had affected our
spirits, so that we had not spoken for some time. Suddenly I thought
of the scenery of Browning’s poem, Childe Roland. The lines of that
masterpiece of horror would well describe this place, I thought; and I
began to repeat them in my mind without saying a word aloud. Then
methought there was only one thing needed to make the picture
complete. That was the horrible horse, which in the poem stood
alone and sinister in the gathering night. If that horse were here, I
said to myself, this would indeed be the veritable country of Childe
Roland. Something impelled me to look behind my back, and, to my
unutterable surprise and horror, I found myself looking directly into
the eyes of a forlorn old horse. I let out a yell of sheer uncontrollable
terror.
Merritt was as startled by the yell as I had been by its cause. I
asked him if the horse was really there. It was bad to have him there,
but worse if he were not. Merritt reassured me on that point.
I suppose the poor old horse had been pensioned off by some
farmer, and had silently followed us on the spongy ground, either
because he was lonesome or because he wanted salt. But he gave
me the shock of my life.
I have thought much about it since, and I am unable to
determine whether the appearance of the horse at the precise
moment when I was thinking of him was a coincidence—or was I all
the time subconsciously aware of his presence? That is to say, did
the nearness of the horse, even though I had no conscious
knowledge of it, suggest to my subconscious mind the lines from the
poem? I wish I knew.
 XLII
TRIAL BY JURY

When I was an undergraduate at Yale, we were fortunate in

having as one of our professors Edward John Phelps, who was
unexpectedly appointed minister to England by Grover Cleveland,
and who, after making a fine impression at the Court of St. James—
do you know why it is called that?—returned to his professorship. He
was fond of making general statements, not only concerned with his
specialty, the law, but on anything that rose to the surface of his
mind; so that to take his course was in itself a liberal education.
I well remember his beginning one lecture by saying
emphatically, “Trial by jury is a good thing which has outlived its
usefulness.”
I believe that when he made that statement, he spoke the truth.
If it was true then, it is certainly true now; nothing has happened
since to improve the situation, or to make jury trials fairer or less
expensive to the state. In America, we have two pieces of obsolete
machinery—the electoral college and trial by jury. When I began
university teaching, one of my freshman pupils made the only
interesting contribution to the workings of the electoral college that I
have ever seen. I gave out as a theme subject, “The Electoral
College,” and the first theme handed in opened with this sentence
—“I do not believe in the Electoral College.” Well, neither did I, so
thus far I agreed with my pupil; I read the next sentence to get his
reasons; it was the next sentence that contained the original
contribution to the subject, “The trouble is,” wrote the freshman, “that
in the Electoral College everybody chooses snap courses.”
 Now the original idea on which the scheme of trial by jury was
founded was as good as human ingenuity could devise. Any person
accused of anything involving legal punishment was to be tried by a
jury of his peers—twelve average, common-sensible, fair-minded
men, who, after hearing all the evidence and the pleas of the
lawyers, would bring in a verdict, which presumably would be in
accordance with the facts, and therefore just. But in the course of
time, although human nature has not changed, circumstances have,
and it is difficult to avoid today the conclusion that the chief
qualification for a member of a jury is that he should not be fit to
serve. Unfitness is the only fitness. Anyone who has an opinion is
barred; in order therefore for one to be eligible he must be one who
knows little of the world in which he lives and who is curiously
insensitive to what everybody is talking about. In a recent editorial in
the New Haven Journal-Courier, the point is well made.

An intelligent man even with prejudice would appear to be a

better person to entrust the decision of life or death with, after
the presentation of the evidence and the interpretation of it by
counsel and the judge’s charge, than an ignorant person who
knows too little of current life to form any opinions whatever
upon any subject.

Furthermore, it frequently happens that after a trial lasting for

months the jury disagree, making another trial necessary, and
involving an enormous waste of public money. There ought to be
some better way of reaching a decision.
Then the very fact that the members of a jury are apt to be below
rather than above the average person in intelligence, makes them
particularly susceptible to emotional response when skilfully handled
by a clever criminal lawyer. Only a short time ago a jealous woman
deliberately murdered her husband and the woman she suspected,
although neither then nor at any time were they caught in a
compromising situation; at the trial the evidence certainly looked
black because it was all against the murderess. She was, however,
an attractive physical specimen. Her lawyer stood her up in front of
the jury, put his arm around her, and defiantly asked the jury if they
were going to put to death this beautiful woman whose only offence
was that she was a defender of the ideals of the home, American
ideals. Should she, who stood so nobly and resolutely for family
purity, be slaughtered? The jury acquitted her.
Furthermore, jury verdicts, instead of being in accordance with
the evidence and with the law, are often determined by local
sentiment. I remember two events in America at the same time, only
in widely separated parts of our country. In the first instance, a
husband who had for some time suspected his wife, happened to
stumble upon the unmistakable proof of guilt; in a transport of rage,
he killed his man. He was convicted of murder in the first degree, but
the death sentence was commuted to imprisonment for life. He is in
prison now. In the second instance, a husband hearing that his wife
had gone to a hotel with another man, deliberately armed himself,
went thither and killed both. The local jury instantly acquitted him,
and he was a popular hero.
I do not believe in capital punishment, and should like to see it
abolished. But its sole merit, acting as a deterrent to crime, can be
realised only in a country like England, where trials are conducted
with absolute formality, where a decision is speedily reached, and
where the verdict of guilty is speedily followed by execution. In the
United States the murderer is too often a romantic hero, and has a
long career as a great actor, whether or not he is convicted.
It seems to me that the best judges of any case are those who
by education and training are best qualified to judge. It is significant
that in Connecticut the prisoner may now choose to be tried by three
professional judges rather than by twelve incompetent men. In a
recent famous instance the prisoner did make that choice.
Too often a public trial by jury becomes a public scandal; of
greater harm to the community and to the state than the crime of
which the prisoner is accused.
Mark Twain said: “We have a criminal jury system which is
superior to any in the world; and its efficiency is only marred by the
difficulty of finding twelve men every day who don’t know anything
and can’t read.”
 XLIII
ATHLETICS

The whole world, with the exception of India, China, Siberia and
a few other countries, has gone wild over athletics. Although new
stadiums and amphitheatres are in process of construction
everywhere, it is impossible to accommodate the crowds. Millions of
people have apparently the money and the time to devote to these
spectacular contests, and many more millions “listen in” on the radio.
In England last June Wimbledon was not half large enough to hold
the frantic crowd that wished to see the tennis matches; the same is
true of France. At a recent wrestling contest in Austria, after all the
seats were taken, the gates were broken down by the mob of
spectators who wished to enter; about 150,000 people saw a prize
fight in Chicago and it is significant of the times that the only vacant
seats were the cheapest.
Every newspaper devotes an immense amount of space to
sporting news; and all the leading daily journals employ a highly paid
staff of experts on sports, who keep the public agog with excitement
before every contest and who endeavour to satisfy its curiosity after
the battle is over.
Now there are some pessimistic philosophers who look upon all
this athletic fever as a sign of degeneration, as evidence of the
coming eclipse of civilisation. They point out that during the decay of
the Roman Empire there was a universal excitement over sports,
and they draw the inference that European and American civilisation
is headed toward disaster.
No one can read the future, although innumerable fakers are
paid for doing so. But it is at least possible that the ever-growing
interest in athletics, instead of being a sign of degeneration, is in
reality one more proof of the gradual domination of the world by
Anglo-Saxon language, customs and ideas.
Extreme interest in athletics, though it cannot be defended on
strictly rational grounds, is not necessarily accompanied by a lack or
loss of interest in intellectual matters. If one had to name the place
and the time when civilisation reached its climax, one might well
name Athens in the fifth century before Christ. If one compares
Athenian public interest in the tragedies of Sophocles with New York
public interest in musical comedy, the contrast is not flattering to
American pride. Yet that intellectual fervour in Athens was
accompanied by a tremendous interest in track athletics. Every
Greek city was a separate state; their only bond of union was the
track meet held every four years and called the Olympic Games, to
which the flower of youth from every Greek town contributed; and the
winner of each event—a simon-pure amateur, receiving as prize only
a laurel wreath—was a hero for at least four years.
From the strictly rational point of view it is impossible to defend
or even to explain the universal ardour over athletics, but it is best to
regard it as a fact, and then see what its causes are.
The majority of Anglo-Saxons have always had sporting blood,
and the Latin races are now being infused with it. I well remember a
train journey near Chicago during the darkest days of the World War.
We were all awaiting the newspapers. Suddenly a newsboy entered
and we bought eagerly. The man sitting next to me was a clergyman
in Episcopal uniform. He looked not at the front part of the paper, but
turned feverishly to the sporting page, which he read carefully. When
I called on the Very Reverend Dean of Rochester Cathedral, in
England, Dean Hole, I was shown into a room containing several
thousand books. I glanced over these and all I saw dealt exclusively
with sport.
Many excellent men without sporting blood have protested
against the domination of athletics. The famous English novelist,
Wilkie Collins, published a novel, Man and Wife, which was a protest
against the British love of sports, in which both athletes and the
public were ridiculed. Why should thousands pay money to see two
men run a race? What difference did it make to civilisation which
man won?
Yet, although it is easy to overdo excitement about athletics, the
growing interest in sport which has been so characteristic of France,
Germany and Italy during the last ten years is a good thing for the
youth of these countries and for their national and international
temper.
Years ago, the space occupied in England and in America by
fields devoted to various outdoor sports was in Germany and France
used for public gardens, where people sat and drank liquor while
listening to a band or watching some vaudeville. When I first
travelled on the Continent, I found only one tennis court and that was
at Baden-Baden. Today one finds everywhere in France and
Germany tennis courts, golf links and football fields.
It is surely not a change for the worse that a German student
who used to test his physical endurance by the number of quarts of
beer he could drink at a sitting tests it today in tennis, rowing and
football, and that the French students with silky beards, who used to
strain their eyes looking at women, now, clean-shaven and alert, are
looking at the tennis ball.
It is, of course, irrational to take an eager interest in a prize fight,
but if you have sporting blood you cannot help it. My father was an
orthodox Baptist minister. As I had never heard him mention prize
fighting, I supposed he took no interest in it.
But the day after a famous battle, as I was reading aloud the
newspaper to him, I simply read the headline, “Corbett Defeats
Sullivan,” and was about to pass on to something important when my
father leaned forward and said earnestly, “Read it by rounds.”
 XLIV
A PRIVATE LIBRARY ALL YOUR OWN

A borrowed book is like a guest in the house; it must be treated

with punctiliousness, with a certain considerate formality. You must
see that it sustains no damage; it must not suffer while under your
roof. You cannot leave it carelessly, you cannot mark it, you cannot
turn down the pages, you cannot use it familiarly. And then, some
day, although this is seldom done, you really ought to return it.
But your own books belong to you; you treat them with that
affectionate intimacy that annihilates formality. Books are for use, not
for show; you should own no book that you are afraid to mark up, or
afraid to place on the table, wide open and face down. A good
reason for marking favourite passages in books is that this practice
enables you to remember more easily the significant sayings, to refer
to them quickly, and then in later years, it is like visiting a forest
where you once blazed a trail. You have the pleasure of going over
the old ground, and recalling both the intellectual scenery and your
own earlier self.
Everyone should begin collecting a private library in youth; the
instinct of private property, which is fundamental in human beings,
can here be cultivated with every advantage and no evils. One
should have one’s own bookshelves, which should not have doors,
glass windows, or keys; they should be free and accessible to the
hand as well as to the eye. The best of mural decorations is books;
they are more varied in colour and appearance than any wall-paper,
they are more attractive in design, and they have the prime
advantage of being separate personalities, so that if you sit alone in
the room in the firelight, you are surrounded with intimate friends.
The knowledge that they are there in plain view is both stimulating
and refreshing. You do not have to read them all. Most of my indoor
life is spent in a room containing six thousand books; and I have a
stock answer to the invariable question that comes from strangers.
“Have you read all of these books?” “Some of them twice.” This reply
is both true and unexpected.
There are of course no friends like living, breathing, corporeal
men and women; my devotion to reading has never made me a
recluse. How could it? Books are of the people, by the people, for
the people. Literature is the immortal part of history; it is the best and
most enduring part of personality. But book-friends have this
advantage over living friends; you can enjoy the most truly
aristocratic society in the world whenever you want it. The great
dead are beyond our physical reach, and the great living are usually
almost as inaccessible; as for our personal friends and
acquaintances, you cannot always see them. Perchance they are
asleep, or away on a journey. But in a private library, you can at any
moment converse with Socrates or Shakespeare or Carlyle or
Dumas or Dickens or Shaw or Barrie or Galsworthy. And there is no
doubt that in these books you see these men at their best. They
wrote for YOU. They “laid themselves out,” they did their ultimate
best to entertain you, to make a favourable impression. You are
necessary to them as an audience is to an actor; only instead of
seeing them masked, you look into their inmost heart of heart. The
“real Charles Dickens” is in his novels, not in his dressing-room.
Everyone should have a few reference books, carefully selected,
and within reach. I have a few that I can lay my hands on without
leaving my chair; this is not because I am lazy, but because I am
busy.
One should own an Authorised Version of the Bible in big type, a
good one-volume dictionary, the one-volume Index and Epitome to
the Dictionary of National Biography, a one-volume History of
England and another of the United States, Ryland’s Chronological
Outlines of English Literature, Whitcomb’s Chronological Outlines of
American Literature, and other works of reference according to one’s
special tastes and pursuits. These reference books should be, so far
as possible, up to date.
 The works of poets, dramatists, novelists, essayists, historians,
should be selected with care, and should grow in number in one’s
private library from the dawn of youth to the day of death.
First editions are an expensive luxury, but are more interesting to
the average mind than luxurious bindings. When you hold in your
hand a first edition of the seventeenth century, you are reading that
book in its proper time-setting; you are reading it as the author’s
contemporaries read it; maybe your copy was handled by the author
himself. Furthermore, unless you have paid too much for it, it is
usually a good investment; it increases in value more rapidly than
stocks and shares, and you have the advantage of using it. It is great
fun to search book-catalogues with an eye to bargains; it is exciting
to attend an auction sale.
But of course most of us must be content to buy standard
authors, living and dead, in modern editions. Three qualities are well
to bear in mind. In getting any book, get the complete edition of that
book; not a clipped, or condensed, or improved or paraphrased
version. Second, always get books in black, clear, readable type.
When you are young, you don’t mind; youth has the eyes of eagles.
But later, you refuse to submit to the effort—often amounting to pain
—involved in reading small type, and lines set too close together.
Third, get volumes that are light in weight. It is almost always
possible to secure this inestimable blessing in standard authors.
Some books are so heavy that to read them is primarily a gymnastic,
rather than mental exercise; and if you travel, and wish to carry them
in your bag or trunk, they are an intolerable burden. Refuse to submit
to this. There was a time when I could tell, merely by “hefting” it,
whether a book had been printed in England or in America; but
American publishers have grown in grace, and today many American
books are easy to hold.
Some books must be bought in double column; but avoid this
wherever possible, and buy such books only when economy makes
it necessary to have the complete works of the author in one volume.
A one-volume Shakespeare is almost a necessity; but it should be
used for reference, as we use a dictionary, never for reading. Get
Shakespeare in separate volumes, one play at a time. It is better to
have some of an author’s works in attractive form, than to have them
complete in a cumbrous or ugly shape.
Remember that for the price of one ticket to an ephemeral
entertainment, you can secure a book that will give strength and
pleasure to your mind all your life. Thus I close by saying two words
to boys and girls, men and women: BUY BOOKS.
 XLV
THE GREATEST COMMON DIVISOR

Some distinguished novelists are like lofty peaks. Few ascend

them and those who do breathe rarefied air. There are writers whose
fame is apparently secure who have never had many readers, and
there are writers who have an enormous public and no fame. George
Meredith and Henry James were men of genius, and there will
always be enough people of taste to save some of their books from
oblivion; but neither of these authors made much money. Both
Meredith and James would have liked to have a million readers;
perhaps it is to their credit that they made no compromises to
increase the sales of their works, perhaps they could not have
succeeded in such an undertaking had they tried.
While in the long run it is popularity that determines a writer’s
fame—not only Shakespeare, but every first rate English poet has
today many thousands of readers—there are also “trashy” books
which sell like gasolene, and there are trashy books which do not
sell at all. It is a comforting thought that the majority of trashy books
have a smaller sale than masterpieces, and that the best book ever
written has had, has, and will have the largest sale of all.
It won’t do to prefer posterity to popularity; posterity is more cruel
to the average writer than are his contemporaries. Shakespeare was
the most popular Elizabethan dramatist; Ben Jonson, the foremost
press agent of his time, said that his friend Shakespeare had
surpassed all the writers of Greece and Rome, which was exactly
what John Dryden, the foremost press agent of his time, said of his
contemporary, Milton. Gray’s Elegy, Byron’s Childe Harold,
Tennyson’s In Memoriam, Kipling’s Recessional, were popular two
weeks after their publication, and they are popular now. In the long
run the best books have the largest sales.
In every age, however, there are certain novelists of prodigious
vogue, whose works nevertheless are to readers of good taste
negligible. The common people read them gladly and the Scribes
and Pharisees regard them with scorn. When our high school
teachers and junior college professors wish to relieve their systems
of accumulated bile, they pour out before their sceptical pupils bitter
denunciations of Harold Bell Wright, the late Gene Stratton Porter
and Zane Grey. They try to persuade their flocks that the books by
these writers are not interesting; but the flocks know that they are,
and instead of despising these novelists, they lose confidence in
their instructors.
Far be it from me to pretend that Mr. Wright and Mr. Grey are
literary artists, or to enter the lists as a champion of their works.
What I have read of them has not left me with an insatiable appetite
for more. But here is a fact of interest to students of books and of
human nature—of the “works” of Porter and of Wright over nine
million copies have been sold, and as we rate five readers to every
copy, each of these two worthies has an audience of forty-five million
readers. What does this mean? Many will say it means that the
public loves trash. I don’t believe it; the majority of books are trash,
and the majority of books do not sell. Some critics and some
unsuccessful writers say that they could write just the same sort of
thing if they would stoop to it; I don’t believe it. The financial rewards
of popularity are so great that many writers would produce tales of
adventure if they were sure of a million readers.
It is possible that boys and girls read these books because of
their good qualities rather than because of their defects. Why is it
that these authors are Greatest Common Divisors? Why do they
make the largest appeal to the largest number of people?
Well, in the first place they are novelists, and the foremost of
recent novelists, Thomas Hardy, says that the novel should tell a
story. The average school-boy knows that a book by Wright, Porter
or Grey will have a good story. The majority of our novelists either
will not or can not tell a story. All they have is a time-plot, beginning
with the smells the baby had in his cradle, of no interest to any one
except the novelist, going on with his fights and loves at school, etc.,
etc. Most people are like the Sultan in the Arabian Nights, they love
a good story; Wright, Porter and Grey furnish it. The lives of most
boys and girls are not romantic or unusual; in the novel they get an
escape from life, a change of air, a vacation; and there is nothing
boys love more than a vacation. Again, however deficient in conduct
boys and girls may be, they instinctively love courage, honour, truth,
beauty, magnanimity; the novels of the Terrible Three all work for
righteousness. In the eternal conflict between good and evil, these
Greatest Common Divisors are on the right side; even if they do not
know much about style, or much about psychology, or much about
subtlety of motive, they do know the difference between right and
wrong, something that some much bepraised novelists seem to have
forgotten or to think unimportant.
I do not believe the majority of supercilious critics and other
cultivated mature readers began in early youth by reading great
books exclusively; I think they read Jack Harkaway, and Old Sleuth,
and the works of Oliver Optic and Horatio Alger. From these
enchanters they learned a thing of importance—the delight of
reading. Once having learned that having found that a book, easily
procurable, is the key to happy recreation, they obtained a never-
failing resource of happiness.
A similar thing is observable in poetry. If a boy learns to love
highly exciting narrative poetry, or pretty sentiments set to easy
tunes, it is more probable that he will later love great poetry than if
he never caught the lilt of words in youth.
Nothing that I have said is at variance with one of my oft-
expressed beliefs—those parents who are not only interested in the
welfare of their children, but are capable of setting them a good
example, do not need to use the Greatest Common Divisor so often.
They can by sympathetic intercourse with their children, and by
patience, bring them up from the start on the Bible, Shakespeare,
Bunyan, Swift, Defoe and other writers of genius; but a large number
of boys and girls come to our schools from uncultivated homes, and
from parents who are stupid, or selfish, or silly; these children must
learn the magic of books, and it is my belief that the makers of
exciting stories, with sentiment laid on thick, with heroes and
heroines who are brave, honourable and virtuous are performing a
public service.
 XLVI
THE GREAT AMERICAN GAME

Baseball is American in its origin, development and area. It is

also American in its dynamic qualities of speed and force, and in the
shortness of time required to play a full game and reach a decision.
Americans do not love serial games like cricket; in literature they are
better at writing short stories than at novels, and they enjoy games
where a verdict is soon reached.
Looking back over the history of this national pastime, I can
remember when the pitcher was allowed nine balls before losing his
man, and one year in the last century it took four strikes to retire the
batsman. I can also remember when a foul ball caught on the first
bound was “out,” when a foul tip—often successfully imitated by
clever catchers—was “out,” and I played the game many years
before an uncaught foul was a strike. In order to have a wider radius
for fouls, the catcher used to stand far back, moving up behind the
bat only after the second strike, or when bases had the tenancy of
opponents. Every advance in the rules has been in the direction of
speed; and at present the game seems unimprovable.
Nearly every game has some inherent defect; as putting is sixty-
five per cent of golf, so pitching is sixty-five per cent of baseball.
Moral: Be a good putter, and see that your nine has a good pitcher.
Pitching seems to be a greater physical and mental strain than in
the last century, although the box artist does not pitch so many balls
in the average game as he used to. In spite of that fact, Radbourne
of Providence, who was the greatest professional pitcher I ever saw,
won the national championship for his team in 1884 by pitching
every day for a long period. And his team-mate, the late John M.
Ward, who afterwards joined New York, told me that in 1879 he
pitched sixty-six consecutive games! The universal disease of
nerves, from which no twentieth century American is exempt, is
probably responsible for the more careful treatment of pitchers today.
On July 23, 1884, the Providence club, then in the National
league, was crippled for pitchers. Radbourne went into the box from
that date until September 26 when he had won the National league
pennant, daily, except August 2, 18, 20. He pitched thirty-six games
during that period, twenty-two on consecutive days, and winning
eighteen. Of the thirty-six, he won thirty-one, lost four, and tied one.
Tim Keefe in 1888 broke Radbourne’s record for straight games
won, by winning nineteen, and Marquard in 1912 equalled Keefe’s.
Next to Radbourne comes Joe Wood, with sixteen straight, won in
1912.
Radbourne’s total feat for the 1884 season of pitching seventy-
seven games (seventy-four National league championships and
three world series, winning three straight in the world series—no
other pitcher was used) is another record that stands.
The greatest baseball player of all time is Tyrus Raymond Cobb,
of Georgia. He not only holds an unexampled batting record, his
speed in the outfield was so great that he was moved from right to
centre, and in his base-running it is not much to say that he raised
the art to a higher plane. Ordinarily, the best of players was content
to steal second, but if Cobb saw that the ball was not going to beat
him to the second bag, he kept right on to third. The bewildered
second baseman, who naturally had a psychological caesura when
the attempted play failed, had to begin all over again in order to
catch his parting guest at third. And, flustered as he was by the
sheer audacity of the thing, he was apt to be wild. Cobb capitalised
his reputation; he knew the basemen were all “laying for him,” and
owing to that curse which has always afflicted humanity, which
makes it more difficult to do a thing in proportion to one’s desire to
do it, they found it more of a task to retire Cobb than to retire anyone
else. If they had not known it was Cobb, they could have got him. Mr.
Cobb told me once that it was largely a matter of mind reading; he
had to out-guess his opponents, he had to know what they were
going to do. Certainly his stealing of bases has been phenomenal;
he would steal first base if he could.
His ambitious, fiery, high-strung disposition, which is largely
responsible for his success, has also caused him to lose his temper
on the field. This is regrettable, and of course, must be punished.
And yet I have some sympathy for these lapses, and do not
condemn them unqualifiedly as some colder judges do. The anxiety
to win is what enrages a player when things go wrong, and I fully
understand it though I recognise its sinfulness. Although I myself
was very carefully brought up by a pious father and mother, and
although I had the unspeakable advantage of being a Yale graduate,
I once threw a bat at an umpire when he called me out on strikes. In
order to atone for this sin, I have often—like Doctor Johnson—stood
unprotected in the rain, when I had no umbrella.
The greatest baseball pitcher in Yale’s history was Amos Alonzo
Stagg, of the class of 1888. He won the championship over both
Harvard and Princeton five successive years, pitching in every
championship game. He headed the batting order, was a fine base-
runner, and in minor games, played behind the bat, on the bases and
in the outfield. He knew baseball thoroughly. He never had great
speed, or wide curves; but he had marvellous control and a memory
that was uncanny. If a batsman faced him once, Stagg never forgot
him, and thereafter never gave that batsman anything he wanted.
Carter, of the class of ’95, was a great pitcher and all-round ball
player, as different in other respects from Stagg as could well be
imagined. Stagg was very short; Carter was six foot four. Carter had
blinding speed with tremendous curves. But if you compare his
record of championships with that of his predecessor, you will see
why I rate him second to Stagg. These two men, are, I think, Yale’s
foremost box heroes.
Baseball is not so spectacular as football, but in one respect it
has a great advantage over its more lusty rival. Everyone sees what
happens in baseball; the spectator sees every play, and he knows
instantly the reason for every success and every failure. In football