Educational Technology encourage participation; and may change student

A. Understanding Relevant Concepts attitude and feelings.

Technology: may mean to be either a process, a product, or Educational Technology:
a combination of a process and product; by process, it refers  Also known as technology of education; refers to
to the systematic application of scientific or other organized the development, application, and evaluation of
body of knowledge to practical tasks; by product, it refers systems, techniques, and aids to improve learning
to physical equipment, facilities, (hardware) and the (and instruction).
programs or modular materials that result from the  Is commonly associated with the terms
application of technological process. “audiovisual media”, “interactive media”, “self-
Technology in Education: popularly referred to as instructional programs”, “integrated learning
audiovisual aids, the development of which involves the systems”, as all theses aim to facilitate instruction
hardware phase and the software phase. by making it individualized, accessible, and
A. Understanding Relevant Concepts economical.
Technology of Education: is commonly considered to be B. Chronology of the Use of Technology in Education
synonymous to educational technology, whose thrust is tied The use of print media in instruction dates back between
with the learning process, and whose important aspect is the 1600 (printed and/or illustrated books containing drawings,
software part of technology, that is, the design of teaching pictures, maps, and charts) and 1900 (chalkboards, slides,
and learning situations that enhance, and facilitate learning and stereoscopes.
in general. Audiovisual media were initially used in 1930’s, (through
Instructional Technology: refers to the aspects of phonograph records, radio broadcasts, and films), TVs and
educational technology that primarily concerned with language laboratories in 1950’s.
instruction as contrasted to design and operation of Use of teaching machines and programmed instruction
educational institutions. started in early 190’s.
Media: refers to mediating or intervening means through Presenting lessons through computers (earlier bulky and
which learning as a process is enhanced. expensive) began in the early 1960’s; the process improved
A. Understanding Relevant Concepts in 1970’s (with use of memory chips) until the present (with
Audiovisual Media: stresses the use of media for effective easy-to-use software).
communication/instruction. C. Theories Influencing the use of Educational
Audiovisual Technology: refers to the use of learning tools Technology
in the design, implementation, and evaluation of Communication theory: concerned with transmitting
instructional activities and materials. information effectively in the teaching-learning process in
Audiovisual aids: the educational tools that help in carrying such a way that the message sent is exactly the one received;
out instruction for learning purposes. calls attention to the need to develop encoding and decoding
Instruction: refers to the arrangement of information and skills among learners so that full understanding of
environment not only where learning takes place but also the messages/instruction occurs.
methods, media, and equipment needed to convey C. Theories Influencing the use of Educational
knowledge and skills. Technology
A. Understanding Relevant Concepts Learning theories that consider the nature of learning, the
Instructional Aids: principles on how people learn and how are these can be
 Used primarily to enhance learning used to design effective instruction, including the following:
 Considered to be an integral part of the learning  Information processing theory- involves
process as they help motivate and maintain student organizing and storing information learned; how to
interest to learn; enhance their understanding; store this knowledge for a long period of time may
reinforce learning; allow for different interest; depend on how well instruction is done with the
 use of such techniques as feedback to correct error their durability, and the number of the student-
and ample practice for mastery. users.
 Constructivist learning theory- refers to the 6. Breadth: the scope of materials must suit many
meaning or sense an individual makes out of the different types of learners and learning purposes.
newly acquired knowledge; requires rich prior 7. Ease in Handling: materials must be easy to
knowledge and experience for him to be able to use/operate so that their utilization is maximized.
construct these new ideas or meaning. F. General Guidelines in Using Educational/
 Discovery learning theory- posits that learning is Instructional Technology
most meaningful when students discover on their 1. Determine the purpose for which the instructional
own the relationship between new and past materials are to be used.
learning. 2. Define the objectives to determine the
D. Benefits from Using Educational Technology appropriateness of the materials to use.
Educational technology helps to improve the overall 3. Know the content of instructional materials to use.
efficiency of teaching-learning process by: 4. Exercise flexibility so that the materials satisfy
1. Increasing the quality of learning and the degree of different purposes.
its mastery through the use of special effects of 5. Consider diversity/variety/ appropriateness of
unique programming that are considered materials.
individualized, valid, and accessible; 6. Relate materials to age, ability, maturity and
2. Decreasing the time spent instruction for learners to interest of students.
achieve desired learning objectives; 7. Arrange the conditions so that the materials do not
3. Increasing efficiency of teachers; and interrupt the momentum of the lesson.
4. Reducing educational cost without affecting quality 8. Prepare the students for what they will see, hear,
of instruction. and do as lessons unfold.
E. General Principles/Criteria for Selection of 9. Operate equipment needed for efficient use.
Instructional Materials 10. Summarize experiences gained and follow up with
1. Appropriateness: materials must catch the general further relevant discussion.
and specific objectives of the lesson; must be 11. Evaluate the results of the use of materials together
appropriate to the: with the instructional process, to determine
 Difficulty of concepts taught effectiveness.

 Vocabulary level of students G. Questions To Ask In Evaluating Instructional

 Methods used in teaching Materials

Do the materials fit the objective(s)?
 Interest of learners
Are the materials well organized?
2. Authenticity: material must present accurate, up-
Do the materials prepare the students for the lesson?
to-date, and reliable information.
Are the materials well designed? (with appropriate size?
3. Interest and appeal to users: materials have the
Attractive? With margins? Legible? Readable typeface?
power to catch the interest of users, motivate them
Readable print? Appropriate for intended use?)
learning and stimulate.
Have the materials been presented appropriately?(decorative
E. General Principles/Criteria for Selection of
but informative? Relevant? With unnecessary elements? Too
Instructional Materials
much/little design?)
4. Organization and balance: materials must be very
Do the materials enhance understanding? (do they suit the
clear, well-organized, logically sequenced.
student reading level? Is the difficulty level of the material
5. Cost Effectiveness/Economy: materials used must
appropriate to the student abilities?)
be relative to the cost of other similar materials,
G. Questions To Ask In Evaluating Instructional
Materials
Other questions to answer: is there a need for the
material?/Does it further the lesson? Contribute meaningful
content to the lesson. Build on previous learning? Relate to
present learning? Is it current? Accurate? Defensible?
Appropriate for age/experience. Are the ideas/concepts well
expressed? Is the physical presentation acceptable? Are
there appropriate heading, margins, summaries, reviews,
examples, question? Does it allow reflection and review? Is
it suited for individual or group instruction? Can it
conductive to the use of the materials? Are they worth the
time, effort, expense? Will it last over a period of time?
H. Commonly Use Media/Materials For Instruction
1. Print media/materials:
 Considered to be the most dominant and the
primary means of communicating subject matter to
the students; the principal aid to teaching and
learning.
 Consists of school books, textbooks; periodicals,
such as newspaper magazines journals guides tests
handouts manuals, and workbooks; reference
materials such as dictionaries and encyclopedia
maps imaginative literature such as poems and
stories programmed instructional workbooks
microform (stored simplified documents)
 Relatively cheap and convenient to use self-paced
and easy to acquire.
2. Still pictures and graphics (visual)
 A useful means of expressing ideas; employ lines,
patterns, colors, and shades to convey information;
an aid in instruction; serve as an efficient substitute
for first-hand experience.
Pictures help instruction by attracting students’ attention;
providing realistic images; documenting unique by attracting
unique events; giving precise expressions to verbal
descriptions; helping the deaf and those unable to read;
promoting the transfer of learning to contexts outside the
classroom; illustrating of sequence of actions.
 Graphics present the world in simple, clear, and
appealing symbols; come in the form of maps,
diagrams, charts, graphs, posters, cartoons; as
condense data, they are readily interpreted for
clearer understanding.
 Include visual display devices such as childboards,
motherboards, felt boards, book-and-loop boards,
magnetic boards, bulletin boards, and flip charts
 Also include projection devices such as slide and
filmstrip projectors, opaque projectors ; overhead
projectors
 Also include visual representation such as realias,
modals photographic prints, photographic
transparencies, drawings, illustration in text
3. Sound Recordings and Radio (audio)
Portable, ,easy to use/prepare, capture real sound, allow
repeated recording/listening
Include the following:
 Phonograph records- can accompany printed
materials such as textbooks and illustrated books,
providing a multimedia introduction to reading,
social studies and other content areas and
facilitating learning; cover many subjects and easy
to play;
 Audiotapes: through these, students absorb more
information than is conveyed at the normal
speaking rate; print-handicapped students may
benefit from the playback of tapes of lectures, radio
broadcasts, language activities, musical
performances, etcetera, for later study and
enjoyment;
 Radio – helps in instruction as it is cheap and
timely and engages students through a combination
of the elements of music, human, story telling and
news in learning math, history, health and other
subjects; in listening to experts “in person” discuss
their work related to school work; in providing
cognitive and literary skills; in affecting behavior
or ever in advocating in social, political, and
economic condition.
4. Film and Television
 Enrich students lives, provide opportunities for
creative expression, and can be effectively used in
the classroom but only when the messages derived
are received, analyzed and interpreted with the
guidance of skilled teachers.
 May be better used as instructional help, in contrast
to their being primarily for entertainment purpose if
viewing has follow-up discussions/activities, and
 that students are made ready for what will be
viewed and taught to watch critically, including
their emotional content, if possible questions to
follow.
 Should always be related to lesson objectives
5. Video Recording- makes possible efficient and
case in the delivery of TV programming to homes
and schools, but its use for instruction should
reflect appropriate instructional objectives, subject
matter expertise, and sound pedagogy.
 Videotapes and discs provide access to most TV
programs; capture and preserve images and sound
of educational value; relatively inexperienced to
duplicate, edit, or store; may be viewed many
times, sometimes at students’ leisure
 Cable and Satellites provide wider access either to
enlighten or entertain
 Camcorders have the advantage of easing editing.
6. Computer-based learning (CBL)
 Enables students to study almost anytime at
convenient locations with varying ability levels.
 Provides specially abled interactive instruction,
practice and testing that in turn helps teachers
further in terms of diagnosis and guidance.
I. Productivity tools/software used in teaching and
learning
1. Word processing helps in the use of transparencies,
activity sheets, study guides, class notes, and class
reports.
2. Presentation software aids in creating
lectures/reports that feature audio and visual
elements with special effects
3. Electronic spreadsheets are a good method for
tracking and analyzing data and creating charts for
it.
4. Database management systems provide support for
students tracking data; organize and allow easy
access of lists of academic resources.
J. Guidelines in using Specific Instructional Materials
1. Guidelines for using Textbooks
 Do not become so hypnotized by textbooks that
you follow it rigidly
 Before they begin to read, questions students about
their knowledge of what is to be read.
 Adapt the textbook to the needs of the students the
objectives of the lesson.
 Teach students how to interpret and use aids in the
text, such as table of contents, headings, marginal
notes, illustrations and lines.
 With another teacher or chairperson, learn to
appraise the worth of the textbook.
2. Guidelines for using Workbooks
The following should be taken into consideration when
using workbooks:
 Objectives
 Readability
 Utility
 Cognition
 Teaching training
 Pedagogical aids
 Content coverage
 Audio-visuals
 Physical characteristics
3. Guidelines for using the Chalkboard
 Write legibly and large enough for all to see.
 Use the chalkboard as if you were writing on a
paper
 While writing, stand to one side to the board as
much as possible so you can maintain eye contact
with the students.
 Don’t talk toward the chalkboard while writing on
it.
 Organize your chalkboard work ahead of time.
 Don’t get embarrassed or show resentment if you
make a mistake and a student corrects.
 Erase the chalkboards completely after you finish,
and keep them clean
 If you are working with young or low achievers
write in complete sentences.
4. Guidelines for using Films, Filmstrips, and Film
Slides
 Keep the film lists up to date
 Preview the film to make sure it is appropriate to
the students’ interest and maturity level and to
familiarize yourself with the material
 Be sure all students can see the screen
 Prepare the students for the presentation
 Use the equipment properly
 View the film without interruption, if possible  If only one computer is available for class use, you
 Allow time for the discussion of the film. will have to devise large group instruction or
5. Guidelines for using overhead projectors device the class into smaller groups that take turns
 Keep the material up-to-date at the computer

 Arrange ahead of time to have projectors and other  Establish criteria for use based on the objectives of
necessary materials available when you need them your subject and the abilities and needs of your

 Prepare the materials before class begins. students

 Labels materials properly for filing and reshowing  The software should be capable of being integrated

 Explain and discuss each of the projected materials
 Shut off the machine when it is not in use during
the discussions
6. Guidelines for using Television
 Select programs to coincide with the learners’ level
of interest and maturity and with instructional
objectives
 The classroom television should have at least a 21-
inch screen
 There should be no glare or reflected light on the
screen
 Before a program is viewed give students any
necessary background data and tell them what to
with their software and with traditional materials
into a comprehensive curriculum and instructional
package
 You should know what supporting materials are
available that can interface with your computer
hardware and software
 Periodically, review and evaluate the software for
quality and variety on a team basis.
9. Guidelines for using telecommunications
 Decide just what you want the system to do.
 Consider use of the system in relation to the
abilities, needs, an interest of your students
 Be sure that the system is manageable- that is not

expect. only will you know how to use it, but also you will
be able to supervise students at the same time they
 Avoid using the program as a lecturing device or a
use it.
substitute for instruction.
 Consider both the cost and reputation of the
 Ask students to save questions until the end of the
company who will install and repair the equipment.
program
K. Ten (10) Commandments for Creating
 The ideal program lasts no longer than two-thirds
Learning/Presentation Materials
of the subject period so there is time for
1. Don’t overcrowd
introduction and summary.
2. Be consistent in format, layout and conventions
7. Guidelines for using Video Systems
3. Use appropriate typefaces and point uses
 Be sure the use of video systems is compatible with
4. Use bold and italics for emphasis, but dot overuse
the leads to the attainment of course objectives
them.
 Preview the most promising systems and programs
5. Use titles, headings, and subheadings to clarify and
 Find out what supporting services and support the
guide
supplier equipment and materials will provide
6. Use numbers to direct through sequences
 Monitor student responses in interactive programs
7. Use graphics and illustrations to reinforce ideas
for purposes of diagnosis and evaluation
8. Use symbols and icons as identifying makers
 Be sure the video accomplishes your instructional
9. Use color/audio/music to stimulate but not to
purpose.
overpower, the source
8. Guidelines for using Computer Software
10. Produce the materials with technical excellence
 A company that produces, distributes, or sells
good quality, good audio, clear, etc.
computers or computer materials should be willing
to provide a number of services.
 d. Encyclopedia
ASSESSMENT 8. To what type of instructional media do compact disks
1. For teaching, Mr. Yap chooses instructional materials that belong?
suit readiness and maturity levels of his students. Which a. Still pictures
factor in selecting instrumental material does he consider? b. Sound recording
a. Economy c. Video recording
b. Ease in handling d. Print
c. Durability 9. Which instructional media allows students to study almost
d. Appropriateness anything at convenient locations and with varying ability
2. The more common type of graphic materials used in levels?
dealing with geographic locations is the _____. a. Videotapes
a. Map b. Film and television
b. Compass c. Radio
c. Locator d. Computer-based learning
d. Pictograph 10. What alternative would you take if, because of financial
3. Which is used as a better medium for overhead or video problems, habitats such as those in a zoo?
projector? a. Describe animals’ behavior in their natural habitat
a. Cloth board during discussion
b. Magnetic board b. Show a videotape behavior animals seen in a zoo
c. Multipurpose board c. Show pictures of animal movements in their
d. Flip chart environment
4. For effectiveness. Visuals should be____. d. Go to the zoo yourself and tell the class what you
a. Cluttered saw
b. Simple 11. When does an instructional material become less
c. Disorganized effective?
d. Complex a. When learning is facilitated
5. Which refers to the “application scientific knowledge in b. When students master the lesson
designing, developing, and evaluating instructional systems” c. When it increases the time normally sent in earning
and educational hardware devices? d. When more student understand what is taught
a. Technology in education 12. Which statement best shows what educational
b. Audio-visual technology technology is all about?
c. Educational technology a. Educational technology involves primarily the
d. Instructional development designing of aspects of the teaching learning
6. Which instructional aid provides realistic images and process, using available, appropriate resources
gives precise expression to verbal description? b. Educational technology concerns itself with
a. Graphics development, application, and evaluation of
b. Maps materials to improve learning and teaching
c. Pictures c. Educational technology is synonymous to
d. Cartoons technology in education, which is particularly
7. All these are part of the print media, EXCEPT ONE. referred to ad audio visual aids.
Which is this? d. Educational technology refers to the design and
a. Textbooks operation of educational institutions
b. Charts 13. Which technology among the following provides iconic
c. Manual experiences?
 a. Pictures and television d. Yes, because they could access endless information
b. Slides and verbal symbols through the internet
c. Printed and audio materials 20. In selecting a documentary film to help out teachers in
d. Radio and programmed instruction class discussion about Philippine ethnic groups, which of the
14. Mrs. Padilla provides her class with manipulative following factors will be the LEAST helpful?
materials, worksheets, set of activities to do for her math a. Students’ knowledge about ethnic groups
lessons. What principles does she consider? b. Students’ attitude toward ethnic groups
a. Appropriateness c. Students’ physical characteristics
b. Balance d. Students’ developmental level
c. Breadth 21. An English class watched the film “My Fair Lady” in
d. Variety order to learn how the use of the English language may be
15. One of these question is not appropriate to ask when learned correctly. In this case, how was the technology
selecting the content of an instructional material. Which is used?
it? a. For entertainment
a. Is it current? b. To obtain information
b. Is it desirable and audible? c. For instruction
c. Does it match the instructional objective? d. For both B and C
d. Is it appropriate to the learners’ level? 22. Which type of instructional materials can best be used in
16. Which teacher action is effective using photographs in teaching the correct pronounciation of identified words?
teaching? a. Audio
a. Photocopy the pictures b. Visual
b. Transform the picture into slide c. Print
c. Have the students pass the photographs around d. Filmstrips
d. Mount all photographs on the board 23. If a student wants to discuss curriculum-based projects
17. What would you do if you found that the instructional with other students from another region, which instructional
materials you plan to use do not match the lesson objective? aid may be used for good results?
a. Modify the materials a. Computer software
b. Teach the lesson again b. Internet
c. Change objective to match the lesson materials c. Television
d. Carry out the lesson as planned d. Video system
18. Which is not an effective way of presenting visuals? 24. A class was shown a taped episode of the Knowledge
a. Show visual with an element of suspense Channel series. Which generalization in the utilization of
b. Switch off the overhead projector if explanation is this taped instructional material was observed?
long a. Indirect teaching material should be used to teach
c. Erase irrelevant writing on the board cognitive skill
d. Have as may visuals as you can, simultaneously, to b. Children learn by observing and imitating
hold learners’ interest c. Instruction may be reduced to entertainment
19. If possible, should you allow your pupils to use the d. The TV teacher is more acceptable to children.
schools’ internet connection while teaching a Science 25. Appropriateness is one criterion used in selecting
lesson? Why? instructional materials. Instructional materials can be
a. No, because the students might chat with friends considered appropriate to the intended level in terms of
b. Yes, because they sent messages via email ____.
c. No, because they could receive messages from a. Vocabulary and difficulty levels of the lesson
friends b. Methods used in developing the lesson
 c. Interest and appeal to the users b. Content and objective match
d. All of the above c. Readability level
26. The most important factor to consider in using an d. Physical characteristics
instructional material is its ____. 35. Which of the following principles in selecting
a. Cost instructional materials is the most essential?
b. Fit with the objective a. Cost effectiveness
c. Learning benefits b. Appropriateness
d. Appeal c. Breadth
27. Which is the overriding question to ask in selecting d. Responsiveness
instructional material? 36. Who could best from the use of appropriate of
a. Do the materials enhance understanding? Educational Technology?
b. Are the materials well organized? a. Teachers
c. Do they meet the needs of the teachers? b. Manufacturers
d. Can the materials meet many of her purposes? c. Learners
28-31. In the box below are the randomly stated steps d. School
commonly followed in developing instructional materials. 37. Which statement best captures the importance of
Study them and answer the questions after the box. instructional materials to teaching-learning process?
a. Select media and materials a. Teachers become more efficient
b. Evaluate and revise materials b. In less time, learning is maximized
c. Define lesson objective c. The possibility of mastering learning is increased
d. Utilize media and materials d. All of the bove.
32. In using the chalkboard to teach a science lesson, Mrs. 38. Mrs. Uy, a Social Studies teacher, plans to discuss on
Guillermo write many different keywords or phrases on all population growth, including a “pyramid” of population by
available space as she explains the lesson. What guidelines se an age groups. What print material will she use to an
did she not consider? effective aid in teaching?
a. Don’t “talk to the chalkboard”, while writing on it a. Charts and diagrams
b. Write in complete sentences especially when b. Pictures
working with young or low-achieving students c. Films
c. Organize chalkboard work ahead of time d. Graphics
d. Don’t clutter the board 39-40. If you were to select the content of print materials for
33. Mrs. Alhambra, a teacher in her 60’s does not have the instruction, which TWO most important considerations
interest nor inclination to use computers for instruction. She, should you make?
however, knows the many benefits that computers provide. a. Accuracy
What could be the most plausible reason for not using them b. References
in teaching ? c. Scope
a. The students are technophobic d. Match with objectives
b. She doesn’t have personal computers 41. Mr. Tan watched the documentary film on human
c. The schools does not allow use of too many electric reproductive system before using it for instruction. What
devices in teaching could be the most reasonable guideline he considered for
d. The teacher is not computer literate. doing so?
34. Most teachers use workbooks to reinforce classroom a. He wanted to see if the film is up-to-date.
learning. For young children, which of the following would b. He wanted to enjoy it in private.
be the overriding consideration to make? c. He would like to be familiar with the proper use of
a. Illustration used the material
 d. He was making sure the scenes match his students’ 49-50. Which TWO recent events helped pave the use of
interests and ability technology in the classroom?
42. One important guideline that you should consider in a. Audi-visual media
using the textbook for instruction is that you need to b. software
appraise its worth. This means that you should _____. c. Computers and Memory chips
a. Know and compare its cost with other similar d. Teaching Machines
textbooks
b. Adapt it to your student level
c. Use what it contains strictly
d. Determine whether or not it can help increase the
quality of learning.
43. Although expensive and difficult to acquire, this type of
educational technology exposes students to a wide range of
online publications that can enrich learning. Which one is
this?
a. Televisions
b. Print materials
c. Internet
d. Computers
44-45. These TWO instructional materials are categorized
under software tools. Which are these?
a. Internet
b. Electronic Spreadsheets
c. Computers
d. Word processing
46. Which statement shows that the instructional used has
been LEAST helpful in the teaching-learning process?
a. When it has facilitated learning
b. When it increased the degree of mastery of learning
c. When it increased the time for learners to master
the lesson
d. When it increased the efficiency of teachers in
terms of the number of learners taught
47-48. TWO of the following learning theories have some
influence on educational technology. Which are these?
a. Behaviorist theory, which focuses on shaping
behavior through conditioning strategies.
b. Constructivist theory, which requires rich prior
knowledge so that the learner can construct sense
out of the new one.
c. Communications theory, which requires learners to
have good encoding and decoding skills.
d. Discovery theory, which helps students find the
relationship between new and previous learning.