Exercise Answers – Binary & Subnetting

Complete the exercises below.

1. Binary Conversion
Convert the following decimal IP addresses to their binary forms (Show calculations)
1. 192.168.5.89
192:
a. 192 requires 128 + 64 (no other combinations are needed).
b. Binary: 11000000
168:
c. 168 requires 128 + 32 + 8 (128 + 32 + 8 = 168).
d. Binary: 10101000
1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
5:
e. 5 requires 4 + 1.
f. Binary: 00000101
89:
g. 89 requires 64 + 16 + 8 + 1 (64 + 16 + 8 + 1 = 89). 128 + 64 = 192
h. Binary: 01011001

Result: 11000000.10101000.00000101.01011001
To convert decimal number 192 to binary,
from left to right, begin placing 0s and 1s
until you reach decimal number 192. You
will enter 1s for numbers that are part of
the calculation, and 0s for the numbers
2. 10.0.0.1 = 00001010.00000000.00000000.00000001 that are not part of the calculation.
3. 127.0.0.1 = 01111111.00000000.00000000.00000001
4. 223.254.127.0 = 11011111.11111110.01111111.00000000

Convert the following binary IP addresses to their decimal forms (Show calculations)
1. 11000000.10101000.00000001.00000001
Breaking down each octet:
11000000
 Calculate as follows:
 1×27 + 1×26 + 0×25 + 0×24 + 0×23 + 0×22 + 0×21 + 0×20
 1×128 + 1×64 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0
 128 + 64 = 192
10101000
 Calculate as follows:
 1×27 + 0×26 + 1×25 + 0×24 + 1×23 + 0×22 + 0×21 + 0×20
 1×128 + 0 + 1×32 + 0 + 1×8 + 0 + 0 + 0
 128 + 32 + 8 = 168
00000001
 Calculate as follows:
 0×27 + 0×26 + 0×25 + 0×24 + 0×23 + 0×22 + 0×21 + 1×20
 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 1×10
 1
00000001 (same calculation as above)
 1
Combining the octets into an IP address:
Thus, the binary IP address 11000000.10101000.00000001.00000001 converts to the decimal IP address 192.168.1.1.
 2. 00001010.00000000.00000000.00000001 = 10.0.0.1
3. 10101100.00010000.11111110.00000011 = 172.16.254.3
4. 11011111.11111111.01111111.00000000 = 223.225.127.0

2. Subnetting
Steps to Complete:
1. Identify the given IP Address Space
2. Identify the Number of Required Subnets
3. Determine the Number of Bits to Borrow
4. Determine the Number of Hosts per Subnet
5. Calculate the New Subnet Mask and Prefix
6. Apply the Subnet Mask to the IP Space

Note: Use the examples in the practical document as a gauge of how much information is required for each row

1. Given the IP address space 209.54.23.0/24, complete the steps and fill out the table.
1 Given IP address Space 209.54.23.0/24
2 # of Required subnets 4 subnets
3 Number of Bits to Borrow To create 4 subnets from a /24 network, you need to borrow 2 bits
(since 22 = 4)
4 Determine number of Hosts Borrowing 2 bits for subnetting leaves 6 bits for host addresses (26 – 2
per Subnet = 62 hosts per subnet, subtracting 2 for the network and broadcast
addresses.)
5 Calculate new subnet mask  Original mask: /24 (255.255.255.0)
and prefix  New mask after borrowing 2 bits: /26 (255.255.255.192)
6 Apply subnet mask to IP  Subnet 1: 209.54.23.0/26
space  Subnet 2: 209.54.23.64/26
 Subnet 3: 209.54.23.128/26
 Subnet 4: 209.54.23.192/26
This setup with /26 subnetting allows for 4 separate subnets within the original 209.54.23.0/24 network,
each capable of supporting up to 62 usable host addresses.

2. Given the IP address space 147.87.0.0/16, complete the table below.

1 Given IP address Space 147.87.0.0/16
2 # of Required subnets 4 subnets
3 Number of Bits to Borrow To create 4 subnets from a /16 network, you need to borrow 2 bits
(since 22 = 4)
4 Determine number of Hosts Borrowing 2 bits for subnetting from a /16 network leaves 14 bits for
per Subnet host addresses (214 – 2 = 16382 hosts per subnet, subtracting 2 for
the network and broadcast addresses).
5 Calculate new subnet mask  Original mask: /16 (255.255.0.0)
and prefix  New mask after borrowing 2 bits: /18 (255.255.192.0)
6 Apply subnet mask to IP  Subnet 1: 147.87.0.0/18
space  Subnet 2: 147.87.64.0/18
 Subnet 3: 147.87.128.0/18
 Subnet 4: 147.87.192.0/18
This configuration allows for 4 separate subnets within the original 147.87.0.0/16 network, each capable
of supporting up to 16,382 usable host addresses. Each subnet covers a 64-block increment in the third
octet of the IP address (starting from 0, 64, 128, and 192), ensuring optimal utilization of the address
space.
3. Variable Length Subnet Masking
1. Given each of the host IP address and subnet mask below:

Step 1: Identify the least significant bit (LSB) of the subnet mask.
Step 2: Determine the subnet to which the host belongs.
Step 3: Calculate the broadcast address for the subnet.
Step 4: Identify the usable range of host IP addresses.

 192.168.15.123 /24

Step 1: Identify the LSB of the subnet mask.

Subnet mask for /24 is 255.255.255.0, so the LSB is in the fourth octet.

Step 2: Determine the subnet to which the host belongs.

The network address is 192.168.15.0 because the subnet mask /24 indicates that the first three
octets define the network.

Step 3: Calculate the broadcast address for the subnet.

The broadcast address is 192.168.15.255 since all host bits (fourth octet) are set to 1.

Step 4: Identify the usable range of host IP addresses.

Usable range is from 192.168.15.1 to 192.168.15.254.

 172.16.23.88 /28

Step 1: Identify the LSB of the subnet mask.

Subnet mask for /28 is 255.255.255.240, so the LSB is in the fourth octet, specifically the last 4
bits (1111).

Step 2: Determine the subnet to which the host belongs.

With a /28, the subnet is divided into blocks of 16 IPs. 172.16.23.88 belongs to the subnet
172.16.23.80 (172.16.23.80 to 172.16.23.95).

Step 3: Calculate the broadcast address for the subnet.

The broadcast address for 172.16.23.80 /28 is 172.16.23.95.

Step 4: Identify the usable range of host IP addresses.

Usable range is from 172.16.23.81 to 172.16.23.94.

 130.43.34.55 /26

Step 1: Identify the LSB of the subnet mask.

Subnet mask for /26 is 255.255.255.192, which means the last 6 bits of the fourth octet are used for
hosts.

Step 2: Determine the subnet to which the host belongs.

With a /26, each subnet includes 64 IPs. 130.43.34.55 belongs to the subnet 130.43.34.0
(130.43.34.0 to 130.43.34.63).

Step 3: Calculate the broadcast address for the subnet.

The broadcast address for 130.43.34.0 /26 is 130.43.34.63.

Step 4: Identify the usable range of host IP addresses.

Usable range is from 130.43.34.1 to 130.43.34.62.