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React and
Libraries
Your Complete Guide to the
React Ecosystem
—
Elad Elrom
React and Libraries
Your Complete Guide to
the React Ecosystem
Elad Elrom
React and Libraries
Elad Elrom
Montvale, NJ, USA
ISBN-13 (pbk): 978-1-4842-6695-3 ISBN-13 (electronic): 978-1-4842-6696-0

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-6696-0
Copyright © 2021 by Elad Elrom

This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the
material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation,
broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information
storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now
known or hereafter developed.
Trademarked names, logos, and images may appear in this book. Rather than use a trademark symbol with
every occurrence of a trademarked name, logo, or image we use the names, logos, and images only in an
editorial fashion and to the benefit of the trademark owner, with no intention of infringement of the
trademark.
The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are not
identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to
proprietary rights.
While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication,
neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or
omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the
material contained herein.
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detailed information, please visit www.apress.com/source-code.
Printed on acid-free paper
This book is dedicated to the reader who reaches higher,
never stops learning, and keeps being inspired.
Table of Contents
About the Author�� xiii
About the Technical Reviewer��xv

Introduction��xvii
Chapter 1: Learn React Basic Concepts�� 1

Getting Started with React �� 1
What Is React?�� 1
Why React?�� 2
Installing an IDE�� 2
Creating a Minimalistic Stand-Alone “Hello World” Program�� 4
What Is JSX, and Why Do We Need It?�� 5
Getting Started with TypeScript�� 10
Why Should You Integrate TypeScript into Your React Project?�� 10
TypeScript vs. JavaScript: What’s the Big Deal?�� 11
TypeScript Cheat Sheet�� 13
React Template Starter Project Options�� 18
Summary�� 19
Chapter 2: Starter React Project and Friends�� 21

Getting Started with the Create-React-App Starter Project �� 21
React Developer Road Map�� 22
How Can I Integrate These Tools into My ReactJS Project?�� 24
Prerequisites�� 25
Install Node and NPM on a Mac/PC�� 25
Download the Libraries: Yarn or NPM�� 26
Install Yarn on a Mac/PC�� 26
Summary�� 51
v
Table of Contents
Chapter 3: React Components�� 53

What Are React Components?�� 53
JavaScript Function and Class Components�� 54
TypeScript Components�� 60
Extending props for Router�� 69
Summary�� 77
Chapter 4: React Router and Material-UI�� 79

Integrate React Router�� 79
Why Do We Need a Router?�� 80
How Can We Integrate React Router into the ReactJS Project?�� 81
Step 1: Scaffolding�� 81
Step 2: Showing views, where we create the route logic and linking�� 87
Integrate the Material-UI CSS Framework�� 91
Why Do We Need a CSS Framework?�� 91
How Can We Integrate Material-UI into Our ReactJS Project?�� 92
Let’s Get Started�� 93
HeaderTheme Component�� 94
Header Subcomponent�� 95
React Event Handlers�� 105
Summary�� 112
Chapter 5: State Management�� 115

State Management Architecture�� 117
Why Do We Need a State Management Architecture?�� 117
Facebook Solution: Flux�� 118
Vanilla Redux�� 121
Redux Toolkit�� 129
Redux Toolkit Under the Hood�� 130
vi
Table of Contents
Implementing a Theme Using the Redux Toolkit�� 131

Model Enumeration Object: preferencesObject�� 132
Set the Theme as a Global Style: index.scss�� 133
Create a State Slice: preferencesSlice.ts�� 133
Redux Toolkit Store�� 135
Footer Architecture�� 135
Footer Subcomponent�� 136
Footer.styles.ts Styled Component�� 138
FooterTheme Wrapper Parent Component�� 141
HeaderTheme Parent Component�� 142
Header Subcomponent�� 143
AppRouter Refactoring�� 145
Redux DevTools Extension�� 146
Summary�� 147
Chapter 6: MERN Stack: Part I�� 149

Update Preferences with Recoil�� 150
What Is the MERN Stack?�� 150
What Is Recoil?�� 150
Why Use Recoil?�� 151
Share the User’s Preference State with Recoil�� 152
Create a Members-Only Area with the MERN Stack�� 166
How Do We Build a Members-Only Area with the MERN Stack?�� 166
Front End�� 166
Toast Message Component�� 167
Exclusive Members Area�� 178
Login Recoil Logic�� 179
Login Page�� 184
Members Page�� 191
Summary�� 195
vii
Table of Contents
Chapter 7: MERN Stack: Part II�� 197

What We’ll Be Building�� 197
Why Node.js?�� 198
Why Express?�� 199
Why Should You Use MongoDB?�� 199
Building the Back End�� 200
Database Schema�� 200
Validate Service API�� 201
Express Framework�� 206
Local MongoDB�� 208
Setting Up MongoDB Authentication�� 213
Full Login Register System�� 217
Register Model�� 217
Register Atom�� 218
Register Selector�� 218
Refactor Login�� 221
Register View Layer�� 222
Register User Service API�� 230
Summary�� 237
Chapter 8: React Deployment: MERN Stack�� 239

Setting Up a Git Repo for Your Projects�� 239
Setting Up a Ubuntu Server as a Production Server�� 240
Why Ubuntu Server?�� 240
Ubuntu 16.04, 18.04, or 20.04?�� 241
How to Install the MERN on Ubuntu 18.04/20.04?�� 241
Setting Up the Ubuntu Server for MERN�� 241
Publishing with the Grunt Script�� 259
Why Grunt?�� 259
How to Publish Your Script with Grunt?�� 262
Publishing Content with Grunt�� 262
Summary�� 271
viii
Table of Contents
Chapter 9: Testing Part I: Unit Test Your React App�� 273

Setting Up the Project�� 273
What Is the Jest Library?�� 275
What Is Jest-dom?�� 276
What Is Enzyme?�� 276
What Is Sinon?�� 276
Why Should You Learn Jest and Enzyme?�� 277
How Can You Learn Jest and Enzyme?�� 277
Creating and Testing the Calculator Component�� 278
Step 1: Setting Up and Configuring Our Project�� 278
Step 2: Creating Our Custom Component�� 279
Step 3: Testing the Code�� 287
Under the Hood�� 298
Mounting�� 298
Shallow�� 299
Render�� 299
enzyme-to-json�� 299
Jest Matchers�� 300
Sinon Library�� 300
Testing Router Pages�� 303
Summary�� 304
Chapter 10: Testing Part II: Development and Deployment Cycle�� 305
Performing End-to-End Testing�� 305
Why Should you Care About E2E Testing?�� 305
Why TypeScript?�� 306
Why Puppeteer?�� 306
Why Jest and Jest Puppeteer?�� 308
How Can I Integrate E2E Testing into My CRA React App?�� 308
Step 1: Setting Up and Configuring Our Project�� 308
ix
Table of Contents
Step 2: Writing Code�� 314

Step 3: Performing E2E Testing�� 317
Automating Development and Using a Continuous Integration Cycle�� 319
Motivation�� 321
Structure�� 321
Setting Up the Project�� 321
Setting Up Git Hooks with Husky�� 325
Setting Up a Workflow with GitHub Actions�� 326
Test Coverage with Codecov.io�� 330
CI with Travis�� 331
Tracking Code Coverage with Coveralls�� 333
Checking the Quality of Your Code with DeepScan�� 335
Summary�� 336
Chapter 11: Debug and Profile Your React App�� 337

Debugging Your React App�� 337
Breakpoints�� 338
Using the Console�� 343
Using a Debugger Statement�� 344
Debugging Jest Tests�� 344
Using Chrome DevTools�� 350
Viewing the DOM Elements�� 351
Setting Breakpoints on DOM Changes�� 352
Using Chrome DevTools Extensions�� 354
Using a Web Proxy�� 359
Using Charles�� 360
Using a Network Protocol Analyzer�� 361
Wireshark�� 361
Profiling Your React App�� 362
How to Profile My React App?�� 362
Activity Monitor/Windows Task Manager�� 363
x
Table of Contents
Browser’s Profiling Tools�� 364

React Profiler API�� 368
Summary�� 370
Chapter 12: Optimize Your React App�� 371

Why Do We Need to Optimize?�� 371
What Will You Learn?�� 372
How Can I Optimize My App?�� 372
Analyzer Bundle�� 375
Use PureComponent as a Class Component As Much As Possible�� 376
Re-re-re-re-render�� 378
Lazy Loading�� 378
Prerendering Static Pages�� 381
How to Get react-helmet to Generate a Title for Each Page?�� 385
Precache: Working Offline�� 386
What Does It Mean?�� 386
How Is Your App Working Offline?�� 388
Code Splitting�� 388
Dynamically Import�� 388
Module Federation�� 391
Tree Shaking�� 391
Import Required Modules vs. Using an import Statement with No Specifiers�� 394
Reducing Media Size�� 396
Prefetching�� 397
Cleaning Up Unused Event Handlers�� 399
Setting Up Side Effects in the useEffect Hook�� 399
Cleaning Up Side Effects�� 401
My Final Notes�� 401
Summary�� 402
Index�� 403
xi
About the Author
Elad Elrom is a technical coach. As a writer, he has authored
and co-authored several technical books. Elad has consulted
for a variety of clients, from large corporations such as AT&T,
HBO, Viacom, NBC Universal, and Weight Watchers, to
smaller startups. In addition to coding, Elad is a PADI diving
instructor and a pilot.
xiii
About the Technical Reviewer
Alexander Chinedu Nnakwue has a background in
mechanical engineering from the University of Ibadan,
Nigeria, and has been a front-end developer for more than
three years working on both web and mobile technologies.
He also has experience as a technical author, writer,
and reviewer. He enjoys programming for the Web, and
occasionally, you can also find him playing soccer. He was
born in Benin City and is currently based in Lagos, Nigeria.
xv
Introduction
Congratulations on deciding to learn React (also known as ReactJS)! There are plenty of
ways to learn, such as training courses, YouTube videos, and blog posts, among many
others.
Much of the information out there is good quality. However, developers often
get confused because each piece of content is based on a different technology stack,
and they need to adjust to a different writing style or piece things together with other
information to understand the topic. For these reasons, using a book like this one is a
better choice when you want to understand the concepts at a deeper level.
For this book, it makes the most sense to read the chapters in chronological order.
I will be building on each topic as we go, and it will be an exciting development journey.
Additionally, there are thousands of React libraries that can help expedite your
development effort and make your life easier. It can be confusing to decide what libraries
to learn and use. Therefore, in this book, one of my goals is to ease that pain and not only
help you pick the best and most popular libraries but also give you a rundown of the
other options.
My aim is not just to teach you React. The book will put you on the road to success by
learning how to use other tools and libraries. You’ll be part of the React community that
utilizes the latest and best libraries.
From my experience, the tools that have a steep learning curve are the ones that
are usually worth the time and make you more valuable. A good example is choosing
TypeScript or JavaScript to write your code. I hear that many professional JavaScript
developers want to learn TypeScript one day. However, that day never comes. However,
by starting with TypeScript, you set yourself up for not just increasing the quality of your
code, but for potentially earning more as a developer because you have mastered the
harder language to learn. You also gain the satisfaction of writing quality code.
Although it is good to be comfortable using HTML, JavaScript, and CSS, it is not a
requirement that you know these languages in the book.
xvii
Introduction
In terms of the book’s organization, we will create a project that includes commonly
used components and architecture. I will give you helpful libraries and show you the
complete full development cycle. I will describe how to publish your app on a server as
well as ensure the quality of the code.
You can download the book’s code examples from here:
https://github.com/Apress/react-and-libraries
You should follow the steps in the book and examples to completion. Not only will
you become a full-stack React developer able to complete projects and publish them in
the wild, but you will be able to take on any other React-related library that comes your
way with confidence.
Lastly, as a bonus to you, the reader, and as a thank-you for purchasing this book,
you can sign up to receive a free ebook that includes many typical React interview
questions. With these questions, you can increase your knowledge as well as practice for
a job interview. You can sign up here:
https://elielrom.com/ReactQuestions
If you find errors in the book, do not hesitate to point them out. You can also stay in
touch at elad.ny@gmail.com. Additionally, I would love to hear about your projects and
if this book has helped you.
Thanks for purchasing this book. Now it’s time to get started on your development
journey.
xviii
CHAPTER 1
Learn React Basic Concepts

This chapter serves as the ground school before we take off and start flying with React.
We will create a minimalistic, stand-alone React application called “Hello World.” Then
we will review how it works and see what’s happening under the hood. We will also learn
about TypeScript and the starter template projects we can use to expediate development.
This chapter is the basis for understanding React, and although we are not building
a flashy application here, the concepts that are covered are crucial. Feel free to return to
the chapter again once you complete the book or even while reading later chapters if you
need to reference some of the basic concepts.
Let’s get started!
Getting Started with React

In this section, we will create a minimalistic, stand-alone “Hello World” React example.
We will be installing an integrated development environment (IDE), and we will cover
crucial concepts such as JSX, the DOM, the React virtual DOM, Babel, and ES5/ES6.
First, though, we’ll talk about what React is and why to use it. Although it may
be more gratifying to jump right in and start writing code, paying attention to the
key concepts will help you understand React better. The entire book relies on you
understanding the ideas in this section.
What Is React?
React (also known as ReactJS) is a JavaScript library developed by Facebook (https://
github.com/facebook/react) to create user interfaces for the Web. React was
invented by Jordan Walke, who was working at Facebook Ads at the time. It competes
with other front-end development frameworks and libraries such as jQuery, Angular,
Vue.js, Svelte, etc.
1
© Elad Elrom 2021
E. Elrom, React and Libraries, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-6696-0_1
Chapter 1 Learn React Basic Concepts
In its previous version, React 16.x, which was released in September 2017, the React
team added more tools and development support and eliminated bugs. React 17 was
released in October 2020.
Note React 17 is a “stepping-stone” release, and the release is primarily focused

on making it easier to upgrade React in future versions as well as improving
compatibility with browsers. React team’s support shows that the library has great
momentum and is not going away anytime soon.
W
hy React?
Did you know?
–– React is a favorite among developers. In fact, according to a StackOverFlow
survey (https://insights.stackoverflow.com/survey/2020), React.js
has been the “most loved” web framework for two consecutive years.
–– The need for React developers has ballooned; according to Indeed.com
(https://www.indeed.com/q-React-jobs.html), there are close to
56,000 open React developer positions.
–– The React library itself is lighter than competing Web frameworks
such as Ember or Angular, see here: https://gist.github.com/
Restuta/cda69e50a853aa64912d (around 100KB) and fast.
–– React is easy to get started with.
I nstalling an IDE
When working with code, it’s recommended that you use an IDE.
Why Do I Even Need an IDE?

You don’t “need” an IDE; you can always write your code with a text editor. However,
an IDE helps write people code and increases productivity. This is done by providing
common needed functionality for writing code, such as source code editor, build
automation tools, and a debugger, as well as many other functionalities.
When it comes to IDEs, there are many to choose from. Some examples are Microsoft
Visual Studio, IntelliJ IDEA, WebStorm, NetBeans, Eclipse, and Aptana Studio.
2
For this book, I selected Visual Studio Code (VS Code) since it’s a lightweight, free,
cross-platform (Linux, macOS, Windows) editor that can be extended with plugins. You
may be working for a company that will provide you with a specific IDE, or you may
decide to invest and buy a top-rated IDE license. Most top IDEs mentioned offer similar
functionalities, so it boils down to what you are used to using, licenses, etc.
Note Choosing an IDE depends on many factors that I will not get into. You can
install or use whatever IDE you are used to using; VS Code is just a suggestion.
You can also pick the Microsoft Visual Studio Express version instead of VS Code,
which has reduced functionality compared to Microsoft Visual Studio.
How to Install VS Code?

To get started, go to the VS Code download page:
https://code.visualstudio.com/download
Choose your platform, and once the download is complete, open VS Code. You
should see the Welcome page shown in Figure 1-1.
Figure 1-1. Visual Studio Code Welcome page

3
reating a Minimalistic Stand-Alone “Hello World”

C
Program
It’s time to create our new “Hello World” app and run the project in our browser. To
create a new file in VS Code, select New File. Then, paste in the following code and save
the file anywhere you want:
<html>
<head>
<meta charSet="utf-8">
<title>Hello world</title>
<script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/react/17.0.0/
umd/react.production.min.js"></script>
<script src="https://unpkg.com/react-dom@17.0.0/umd/react-dom.
production.min.js"></script>
<script src="https://unpkg.com/@babel/standalone/babel.min.js">
</script>
</head>
<body>
<div id="app"></div>
<script type="text/babel">
ReactDOM.render(
<h1>Hello World</h1>,
document.getElementById('app')
);
</script>
</body>
</html>
You can download this code from the book’s GitHub location:
https://github.com/Apress/react-and-libraries/tree/master/01/index.html
Note You can download all the code and exercises you see in this book from
the book’s GitHub location (https://github.com/Apress/react-and-
libraries). The files are organized by chapter.
4
Now that we have created the file, rename it to index.html and open it with your
favorite browser (see Figure 1-2).
Figure 1-2. React “Hello World” index.html app in the browser
Congratulations, you just created your first React application!

Now, let’s decode this example to understand what’s happening here.
Look at the ReactDOM.render function we created. It looks like this:
ReactDOM.render(
<h1>Hello World</h1>,
document.getElementById('app')
);
Although the code looks like HTML, it is not. It’s JavaScript eXtension (JSX) code.
Note JSX is a React extension that uses JavaScript tags to mimic HTML code, so
the code is similar to HTML but not the same.
What Is JSX, and Why Do We Need It?

To understand why React is using JSX instead of just HTML, we first need to talk about
the Document Object Model (DOM). The quick answer is that React processes your JSX
code in the background before committing these changes to the user’s browser to speed
up how quickly the user’s page loads. Let’s dive deeper into that process.
Note The DOM in HTML stands for Document Object Model. It is an in-memory

representation of HTML and is tree-structured.
5
D
OM
The Document Object Model is the API for HTML and even XML documents such as
SVG images. The API describes the document by including interfaces that define the
functionality of the HTML’s elements as well as any interfaces and types they rely on. The
HTML document includes support and access to various things such as interacting with
users such as event handlers, focus, copy and paste, etc.
The DOM document consists of a hierarchical tree of nodes (https://developer.
mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Node), and the node interface allows access not just
to the document but to each element, as shown in Figure 1-3.
Figure 1-3. A DOM document consists of a hierarchical tree
Use Chrome’s DevTools Console inspector (right-click a web page and select Inspect
➤ Console) and type this in the console:
window.document
6
Figure 1-4 shows the result. You can access the document hierarchical tree structure
and the elements that make that tree.
Figure 1-4. Chrome’s DevTools Console inspector showing the DOM document
DOM manipulation is the core of modern interactive web pages and can dynamically
change the content of a web page. Technically speaking, this can be done using
JavaScript with methods such as getElementById and getElementsByClassName as well
as removeChild and getElementById("myElement").remove();. These APIs are exposed
by the HTML DOM and intended to provide the ability to change code during runtime.
React determines what changes to make to the actual DOM based on the React
element representation and do the changes in the background inside a virtual DOM. You
can think of the React virtual DOM as a simulation.
Then it commits only needed changes to the actual user’s DOM (browser). The
reason behind this process is to speed up performance.
7
It’s crucial that the actual DOM tree-structured manipulation be as quick as possible.
For example, say we have a product page, and we want to update the first item of our
product’s list. Most JavaScript frameworks would update the entire list just to update one
item, which may contain hundreds of items.
Most modern web pages hold large DOM structures, and this behavior taxes the user
too much, resulting in slower-loading HTML pages.
React Virtual DOM Under the Hood

The virtual DOM (VDOM) is a programming concept where an ideal, or virtual,
representation of a UI is kept in memory and synced with the “real” DOM by a library
such as ReactDOM. This process is called reconciliation. The React VDOM’s aim is to
speed up this process.
React holds a copy of the HTML DOM (that’s the virtual DOM). Once a change is
needed, React first makes the change to the virtual DOM, and it then syncs the actual HTML
DOM, avoiding the need to update the entire HTML DOM, which speeds up the process.
For example, when we render a JSX element, every single virtual DOM object gets
updated. This process of updating the entire virtual DOM instead of the actual HTML
DOM is faster. In the reconciliation process, React needs to figure out which objects
changed, and this process is called diffing. Then React updates only the objects in the
real HTML DOM that need to be changed instead of the entire DOM tree.
In our code, the JSX code is wrapped inside a ReactDOM.render method. To further
dig into the process behind the scenes and understand what’s happening under the
hood, we also need to understand Babel and ES5/ES6.
Babel and ES5/ES6

The JSX code we write is just a terser way to write the React.createElement()
function declaration. Every time a component uses the render function, it outputs a
tree of React elements or the virtual representation of the HTML DOM elements that
the component outputs.
ECMAScript version 5 (ES5) is plain old “regular JavaScript,” which was finalized
in 2009. It is supported by all major browsers. ES6 is the next version; it was released in
2015, and it added syntactical and functional additions. ES6 is almost fully supported by
all major browsers at the time of writing. In fact, the React team in version 17 made many
changes to be more consistent and compatible with ES6.
8
We want to take advantage of ES6 functionality; however, at the same time, we want
to be backward compatible with the old ES5 so we can be compatible in all versions of
browsers. To do that, we use Babel.
Babel is the library that transpiles ES6 to ES5 (needed for browsers that don’t
support ES6). The ReactDOM.render() function, as the name suggests, renders the
DOM. The render function is expected to return a virtual DOM (representation of
browser DOM elements).
Note Starting from Babel 8, React gets a special function. The render method
was changed to jsx.
Note that starting from Babel 8, React gets a special function called jsx to replace
the render function. In Babel 8, it also automatically imports react (or other libraries
that support the new API) when needed, so you don’t have to manually include them
anymore if you write to Babel directly.
For example, look at this input:
function Foo() {
return <div />;
}
Babel will turn the code into this:
import { jsx as _jsx } from "react/jsx-runtime";

function Foo() {
return _jsx("div", ...);
}
Also starting from Babel 8, jsx will automatically be the default runtime. You can
read more about these changes in my article on Medium: http://shorturl.at/bxPZ7.
Now that you understand what React is doing under the hood and Babel’s role, you
can look back at our code example. Notice that we imported three libraries.
–– React version 17: We use React to define and create our elements, for
example to use lifecycle hooks (more about hooks later in the book).
9
–– ReactDOM version 17: This is used for web applications (there is

React Native for mobile devices). That’s why there is a split in the
code between React and ReactDOM. ReactDOM is the glue between
React and the DOM. It includes features that allow us to access the
DOM, such as ReactDOM.findDOMNode() to find an element or
ReactDOM.render() to mount our component.
–– Babel version 8: As we explained, Babel is the library that transpiles

ES6 to ES5.
Now that we have looked at the React “Hello World” code, we understand why we
imported these libraries and what’s happening under the hood. These key concepts are
crucial to understanding React. Feel free to return to this chapter if you need a refresher.
In this section, we created a minimalistic stand-alone React application called “Hello
World” and reviewed how to works. We installed the VS Code IDE and learned about
crucial concepts such as JSX, DOM, the React virtual DOM, Babel, and ES5/ES6.
Getting Started with TypeScript

When it comes to writing React code, there are two options. You can write your code
using JavaScript (JS) or TypeScript (TS). TypeScript is a transpiler, meaning ES6
doesn’t understand TS, but TS gets compiled down to standard JS, which can be done
with Babel. We will configure our project to accept TS files as well as ES6 JS files in the
next chapter.
hy Should You Integrate TypeScript into Your React

W
Project?
Here are a few interesting facts:
• Did you know that TypeScript is an open source programming

language developed and maintained by Microsoft?
• According to a 2020 StackFlow survey, the TypeScript programming

language is second in popularity, surpassing Python!
10
• The ReactJS framework is second at 35.9 percent and on its way to

bypassing the “king” jQuery.
• At the same time, 32.9 percent of respondents said that they actually
dreaded TypeScript.
The question is, why TypeScript is so popular?
TypeScript vs. JavaScript: What’s the Big Deal?

JavaScript is a scripting language, while TypeScript (TS) is a full-blown programming
language. TS, as the name suggests, is all about having more types. TS is easier to debug
and test than JS, and TS prevents potential problems by describing what to expect (you
will see this in action when we test our components later in this book). Having a full-
blown object-oriented programming (OOP) language and modules brings JS to an
enterprise level and increases code quality.
These are the advantages of TypeScript over JavaScript:
• TypeScript is an OOP language; JavaScript is a scripting language.
• TypeScript uses static typing following the ECMAScript specification.
• TypeScript support modules.
Note A type system associates a type to each value. By examining the flow of
these values, it ensures there are no type errors.
Static typing means that types are checked before runtime (allowing you to track
bugs before runtime). JS includes only the following eight dynamic (at runtime) types:
BigInt, Boolean, Integer, Null, Number, String, Symbol, Object (objects, functions, and
arrays), and Undefined.
Note All these types are called primitive types, except for Object, which is
a nonprimitive type. TS adds static types to JavaScript by setting a compiler to
type-checking the source code to turn it into dynamic code.
11
React and TypeScript work nicely together, and by using TypeScript and describing
the types your code quality improves the code quality of your app using OOP best
practices, it’s worth the learning curve.
In the next chapter, we will create a startup project with TypeScript; however, you
can start experimenting with TypeScript right now and learn the basics.
This step gives you a good overview of the types of TS and how you can harness the
power of TS in your code.
TS is at version 4. To play around with coding TS, you can run actual TS code in the
TS Playground, available at https://tc39.github.io/ecma262/#sec-ecmascript-
language-types, as shown in Figure 1-5.
Figure 1-5. TS Playground
The left side of the Playground is TS, and the right side is the same code compiled
into JS. Next, open the JavaScript Console and hit Run to see the code running.
The Playground site has plenty of examples that can help you better understand TS.
I recommend exploring the examples.
Notice the example uses “strict,” and in the Config menu item, you can set the
compiler options from the Config link. The different compiler options are at https://
www.typescriptlang.org/docs/handbook/compiler-options.html.
It may be antagonizing writing your code with errors popping up left and right, but it
will avoid issues later when the compiler can’t figure out the types. I mentioned that TS
is OOP and follows the ECMAScript specification; however, the specification is a living
thing and changes often, so you can specify the ECMAScript (ES) target. See Figure 1-6.
12
Figure 1-6. Specifying the ECMAScript (ES) target in TS Playground
TypeScript Cheat Sheet

A great place to start working with TypeScript is to understand the power of TS by
looking at the different types available. My programming style is to follow the function
naming conventions of coding like Shakespeare and having the names of the method
self-explain themselves.
To try TypeScript, paste the TypeScript cheat sheet code shown here into the TS
Playground at https://www.typescriptlang.org/play/. Then you can follow along
and look at the results of the JS compiler and run the code. As you can see, I split my
examples into primitive types and nonprimitive types.
// primitive types
// The most basic datatype - true/false switch
const flag1: Boolean = true;
// inferred-type
const flag2 = true;
13
// Be a programming god - create your own type

type Year = number;
const year: Year = 2020;
// Undefined and null not included in types like js, to

// get a null you will set it as either null or number
let willSetValueLater: null | number = null;
console.log('willSetValueLater: ' + willSetValueLater);
willSetValueLater = 2020;
console.log('willSetValueLater: ' + willSetValueLater);
// none-primitive
// Arrays
let arrayNumber: number[] = [];
let myCastTypeArrayNumber: Array<number> = [];
myCastTypeArrayNumber.push(123);
console.log('myCastTypeArrayNumber: ' + JSON.stringify(myCastTypeArray
Number));
// Tuples (two values)

let longlatSimple: [number, number] = [51.5074, 0.1278];
let longlatInferredType = [51.5074, 0.1278];
// Enums design pattern

enum ChildrenEnum {JOHN = 'John', JANE = 'Jane', MARY = 'Mary'}
let john: ChildrenEnum = ChildrenEnum.JOHN;
console.log('What is JOHN enum? ' + john);
// Maps
// inferred type: Map<string, string>
const myLongLatMapWithInferredType = new Map([
['London', '51.5074'],
['London', '0.1278'],
]);
// interfaces
14
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
pintle yoke, and top carriage, the trail, the wheels and axle. The gun
slides in recoil on the upper surface of the cradle and the cradle
contains the recoil controlling parts.
In the design of the carriage the constructional difficulty lies not so
much in preventing the carriage from recoiling but in preventing the
wheels from rising off the ground on the shock of discharge. The
force of the recoil of the gun, acting in the line of motion of the center
of gravity of the recoiling parts, tends to turn the carriage over
backwards about the point of the trail or center of the spade. This
force is resisted by the weight of the gun and carriage, which tends
to keep the wheels on the ground. The leverage with which the
overturning force acts is due to the distance of its line of action
above the center of the spade; the leverage with which the
overturning force acts is that due to the horizontal distance of the
center of gravity of the gun and carriage from the center of the
spade.
It follows that the steadiness of the carriage for a given muzzle
energy may be promoted by four factors.
(a) Increasing the weight of the gun and recoiling parts. This
reduces the recoil energy.
(b) Increasing the length of recoil allowed. This reduces the
overturning pull.
(c) Keeping this gun as low as possible either by reducing the
height of the wheels, or by cranking the axle downwards. This
reduces the leverage of the overturning force.
(d) Increasing the length of the trail. This increases the leverage of
the steadying force.
The well designed gun carriage is one that combines these factors
in a practical way so as to give the greatest possible steadiness to
the carriage at the same time keeping within the limits of weight
imposed by the necessity of mobility.
Gun carriages are constructed so as to permit movement of the
tube in the vertical and generally in the horizontal plane. These two
motions may be made simultaneous if so desired by proper
combination of the two motions and the axis of a gun aligned in any
desired direction within the limits of motion of its mount. The two
motions referred to are designated as follows: (a) Rotation of the
piece about a vertical axis, its inclination with the horizontal
remaining unchanged is called “traverse.” (b) Movement of the piece
in a vertical plane, the direction of the horizontal projection of the
axis of the bore remaining unchanged is called “elevation.”
In order to permit of the two motions mentioned, gun carriages are
provided with mechanisms for giving the piece accurately controlled
motion in both elevation and traverse. The elevating gear of most
American guns is an application of the Chinese or Telescopic screw.
This gives a short assembled length with the necessary extended
length required for modern ranges. It also gives the necessary
rapidity for action. An entirely different mechanism is used in our
howitzers and American 75s. In this case motion is communicated to
the rockers, which carry the gun and cradle, through the
engagement of worms with teeth cut on the lower circular edge of
the rockers, the latter being pivoted on the cradle trunnions.
TRAVERSING MECHANISMS.
Movement of the gun in traverse is accomplished in two general
ways.
(a) Pivot on the gun carriage axle.
1. The gun and cradle move around a vertical pintle or pivot
placed in a saddle or rocker which itself pivots on horizontal
trunnions or bearings usually attached to the axle. The rear end of
the rocker forms a seat or bearing on which the cradle and gun move
in traverse. The upper end of the elevating screw is also attached to
the rear end of the rocker. This allows the rocker and cradle to be
moved together in elevation and the cradle to move on the rocker in
traverse.
2. The gun and cradle are mounted by means of horizontal cradle
trunnions on a top carriage. The top carriage moves in traverse
around a vertical pintle or bearing attached over the axle and
between the front end of the trail flasks. The rear end of the top
carriage moves on bearings attached to the top of each side of the
trail flasks. This allows the gun, cradle and rocker to move in
elevation with respect to the top carriage and the top carriage
bearing the gun, cradle rocker and elevating mechanism to move in
traverse with respect to the bottom carriage.
(b) The gun, cradle and trail move in traverse by sliding along the
axle of the carriage on bearings provided for that purpose. In this
case the trail spade is the point of pivot.
The first system is the one generally used on all American gun
carriages except the 155-mm Howitzer. It gives ease and speed in
the manipulation of the piece in traverse, but has the disadvantage
of rendering the carriage less stable in firing due to the fact that the
direction of recoil of the gun is in the direction of the line joining the
trail spade and the central pivot, only when the gun is absolutely in
the center of its traverse. In all other positions, which will be the
usual case, there is a component at right angles to the line of trail
spade-central pivot which tends to throw the gun off from its proper
direction making it necessary to relay each time the gun is fired. The
second method is that in use on the French 75-mm gun and the
French and American 155 howitzer. While not so easy of
manipulation and giving less freedom of movement in traverse
(about 106 mils) it still has the advantage in that it gives greater
stability in firing due to the fact that the gun always recoils along the
line through the trail spade, perpendicular to the axle.
ELEVATING MECHANISMS.
There are two general classifications of gun carriages according to
the manner in which the laying for elevation is effected. The 3” gun is
an example of one type in which the total quadrant angle of
departure is laid off as one angle necessitating at each resetting of a
range a new resetting of the range bubble. It is evident that this
militates against both speed and accuracy in laying for elevation.
The other type is illustrated by the American 75 and by the French
and British 75-mm gun carriages which have what is called the
“independent line of site.” It differs from the other type in that there is
placed between the top carriage and the cradle an intermediate
carriage or rocker arm pivoting on the gun trunnions at one end, and
carrying at the other the support for the elevating device which gives
to the cradle and the gun the proper elevation for the range. This
intermediate carriage or rocker arm has a toothed edge geared with
a pinion fastened to the trail flask, by means of which, gun cradle
and elevating device may be moved in elevation without disturbing
the relation between itself and the gun, this being done by gears
independent of the elevating mechanism. An angle of site may be
set off for the intermediate carriage and after the bubble is centered
this actuating pinion may be blocked and no further concern be paid
to the angle of site. A cannoneer therefore has only to set his range
accurately on the index to give the changes in range ordered.
Elevation is accomplished by telescoping screws, by circular racks
and pinions, and by worms and arcs. Telescoping screws are good
for from 15 to 20 degrees in elevation only, as for greater angles they
become rather too large and cumbersome. The elevating arc is
attached on the top, on the bottom or on the side of the cradle and, if
possible, at its center. When the latter is not possible, two arcs are
generally used to prevent torsional strains developing. Top racks are
exposed to fire, side circular racks or arcs interfere with the traverse,
with the placing of the sights, and with the general handling of the
carriage. The bottom of the cradle is perhaps the best location for
the rack. As in the traversing mechanism, a train of bevelled gears
transmits the power from the hand wheel to the elevating
mechanism.
In both the traversing and elevating mechanism, strength,
simplicity, power, accessibility, non-interference and absence of lost
motion are the features sought. To secure these is one of the most
difficult things in gun-carriage design; for, since the traversing and
elevating are the last two elements considered, they must, therefore,
be the ground for modification and the means of adapting the great
main elements—namely, wheels, axle, trail, recoil mechanism and
gun—into a unit.
RECOIL MECHANISM.
The recoil system of the gun carriage consists of a recoil brake, a
counter recoil mechanism and a counter recoil brake. The function of
each part is apparent from its name. Various systems of checking
recoil on field guns have been used, among them may be
mentioned; friction devices including brakes on the wheel, inclined
planes, pneumatic and hydraulic brakes. All have either been
superseded by the last named or are used in connection with
hydraulic brakes. The power of the brake lies in the pressure
produced in the cylinder through the resistance to motion offered by
the liquid flowing through apertures. By varying the size of these
apertures the braking effect may be controlled so as to fulfill the
conditions demanded by the service. In designing the brake, the
effect of the counter recoil system, angle of fire, length of recoil,
friction and pressure within the cylinder must all be considered. In
howitzers which are designed to be fired at high angles of elevation,
the recoil must be shortened to prevent the breech striking the
ground, a condition successfully met. Since the pressure due to
recoil is ultimately led into the ground through the trail and spade,
consideration must be given to the problem of the moment of inertia
about the trailspade. The tendency to turn over backward about the
spade as the center is offset by the amount of the weight of the
carriage with respect to the same point. This raises the question as
to how much pressure may be allowed to act to the rear; all of which
must be considered in designing the carriage. The counter recoil
systems in general use are two: spring or pneumatic. The former is
illustrated in our 3” and 75-mm field guns, the latter by the French
75-mm gun and 155-mm howitzer. Their purpose, of course, is to
return the gun “into battery” after it has recoiled on the carriage.
The recoil mechanism is a study in itself, of which there are two
schools—the advocates of the spring and of the air recuperators.
Great Britain, Germany and the United States have been the
advocates of spring recuperation and France of air recuperation.
Great Britain and the United States were of the spring school,
undoubtedly, because of the lack of a satisfactory air recuperating
system; which is rather strikingly proven by the fact that both
countries have adopted air recuperation since they have procured or
developed satisfactory types.
Both schools have grounds for their position, however. The spring
school has in its favor simplicity of design and manufacture and ease
of replacement, which can be done in the field. On the other hand,
spring recoils have many breakages and greater weight combined
with a high replacement of weakened springs, the life varying from
3000 to 8000 rounds.
The air school has in its favor a high order of efficiency—smoother
action, general all around efficiency and less weight. But the air
recuperator is difficult to manufacture, costly, and when damaged
must go to the rear to be repaired; which, however, it seldom needs.
In mounting the spring recuperator, the most recent practice has
separated the recoil mechanism from the springs in order to
distribute the piston rod pull, thus preventing whip and allowing easy
access to the various parts for replacement, refilling and repairs. In
order to lower the center of gravity, the gun is slung under the recoil
cylinder with the two spring recuperators below and on either side.
Air recuperators are invariably located below the gun for protection
and because of their large size and shape, which adapt them for
attaching the elevating mechanism.
BATTERY OR FIRING POSITION
IN-BATTERY OR FIRING POSITION
HYDRO-SPRING RECOIL SYSTEM
HYDRO-PNEUMATIC RECOIL SYSTEM WITH FLUID IN DIRECT CONTACT
WITH THE AIR
In either system, the recoil is taken up by means of oil or glycerine

and water passing through an orifice created by a slotted piston
passing over ribs of varying height, or through a valve on the
pressure side of the piston, or by a solid or perforated piston passing
through a perforated intermediate cylinder.
The latter type is particularly adapted to variable recoil guns as the
intermediate cylinder can be rotated, thus throwing varying orifices
into position for the flow of oil.
Counter recoil is accomplished by the springs or by the air
pressure in the hydro-pneumatic system, in which the air pressure is
sufficient to hold the gun in battery at all elevations and is built up at
recoil.
In all counter recoil systems, it is necessary to insert a buffer to
take up the remaining energy of the springs or air pressure so as to
bring the gun into battery without appreciable jar. Numerous types
have been developed and perfected.
The counter recoil brake or buffer in our 3”-gun is a slightly
tapered bronze rod, tightly fitting in the cylindrical bore of the piston
rod. The retardation caused by forcing the oil in the piston rod out
through the small clearance between the buffer and bore of the
piston rod eases the return to battery without jar to the gun, which
has been forced back by the counter recoil springs.
The physical law that action and reaction are equal has a peculiar
emphasis when applied to the firing of a piece of high powered
artillery. The force exerted to throw a heavy projectile 7 miles or
more from the muzzle of the gun is toward the breech of the weapon
in its recoil. How some of these forces are handled safely and easily
by mechanical means are almost beyond the mind’s grasp. Not long
ago a touring car, weighing two tons, traveled at the rate of 210 miles
an hour along a Florida beach. Conceive of such a car going 337
miles an hour—which is much faster than any man ever traveled;
then conceive of a mechanism which would stop this car, going
nearly six miles a minute, stop it in 45 inches of space and one-half a
second of time without the slightest damage to the car. This is
precisely the equivalent of the feat performed by the recuperator of a
heavy howitzer after a shot.
SHIELDS.
Although cover for the cannoneers had been used off and on since
the invention of guns, it had fallen into disuse until it was firmly
established as an essential feature by the French on their 75-mm in
1897. All modern field guns have such protection both for the
cannoneers and for the delicate parts of the material which would be
damaged by shrapnel balls or shell fragments. The shield is made of
hardened steel capable of withstanding the impact of a bullet of a
service rifle at a 100 yds. range at a standard velocity. For
convenience the shield is divided into three parts known as the top
shield, main shield and apron, with suitable ports equipped with
shutters for the line of vision from sights. The main is fastened to the
axle and is rigid. The apron is hinged to the main shield or the axle-
swinging forward for the traveling position. The top shield is fastened
to the main shield by hinges and swings forward and downward for
traveling position.
SIGHTS.
The sights serve three important functions. They improve the
vision of the gunner and lay the gun in elevation and direction. The
simplest sight is the one over the line of metal which lays for
direction only, the second is the tangent sight mounted on a range
arc centered on the axis of rotation in elevation usually having a
deflection scale to correct for drift and to lead the moving target. This
unit lays for range and direction. The last sight is the telescopic or
panoramic sight which is mounted on a range arc and lays for
direction only, it is the unit for indirect fire, laying for direction, and
markedly improving the vision of the gunner. The latest model of the
American panoramic sight is superior to any in existence.
For precision in indirect fire, practically all carriages are equipped
with some form of range quadrant, containing a means of setting off
the angle of site and the range angle. All instruments are equipped
to compensate for difference in wheel level. The British carriage
automatically corrects for deviation, simplifying the firing date by that
element.
WHEELS.
The height of the wheels affects the draft, weight, clearance, and
stability of the carriage both as to road stability—i. e., low center of
gravity; and firing stability—i. e., the overturning movement about the
end of the trail. It is now believed that entirely too much stress has
been laid on road clearance. Reducing the height of wheel reduces
the weight and road clearance, lowers the center of gravity and
increases the firing stability; but it also reduces the angle of gun
elevation unless the trail is shortened. Firing stability in general is
increased by adding to the weight of the gun, lengthening the recoil,
slinging the gun as low as possible and lengthening the trail. The
less the height of the wheel exceeds four feet the better, despite the
poor draft feature, which is compensated for to some extent by a
reduction in weight and turning radius.
AXLES.
Axles are straight or of the offset type. The straight axle is stronger
for its weight. The drop axle allows the center of gravity to be
lowered.
TRAILS.
Most modern trails are of the sectional built-up type. Some,
however, are of tubular and telescopic. The most variable portion of
the trail is the spade. It consists of two parts, the spade proper and
the float. The former prevents recoil, the latter the burying of the trail.
The spades proper are of three types: the fixed, as in the French 75-
mm; semi-fixed, as in the 155-mm howitzer; and driven, as in the
Deport and American 1916 75-mm. Each has advantages and
disadvantages. The driven spade is considered essential for the split
trail carriage, as the latter has no means of seating itself; and should
one spade take, and not the other the carriage might be damaged
when the gun is fired at an extreme traverse.
Split trails introduced a novelty in field gun carriages, in that a
compensating device became necessary to adjust for the difference
in ground level of the two spades.
CONCLUSION.
Guns are designed to function in a certain way. They are not
temperamental. They follow absolutely and certainly fixed
mechanical laws. If they fail there is a reason and it can be
remedied. Certain parts are given certain shapes and forms, are
machined to nice adjustments, and in taking down and assembling
them, brains and dexterity are the tools to use rather than force and
sledge-hammers. Learn from your text when and how to apply force
and above all when not to use it. Treat these guns as you would a
friend on whom you know you can depend. They will not fail you.
CHAPTER IV
MODERN ARMAMENT.
THE ARTILLERY OF A FIELD ARMY; ITS

FUNCTIONS.
The artillery assigned to a field army should be of such mobility,
power, variety and number as to insure the success of its purpose
and to enable this success to be gained with the minimum of
casualties. The latter point must receive careful consideration in
studies of organization, for without adequate artillery preparation and
support the successes of the most gallant infantry can in a series of
actions become little more than pyrrhic victories. Many actions of our
divisions in France resulted in casualties whose numbers decreased
in proportion to the number of guns with which divisions were
supported. The proportion of guns to the thousand gross strength of
infantry, cavalry, and machine guns adopted by the armies of the first
class powers before the opening of the present European War in
1914 was:
British, 6.8; French, 4.6; German, 6.4; American 3.2 (Greble
Board).
During the war this proportion was constantly increased until at the
close under conditions of position or entrenched warfare it was
between 8 and 12 per thousand; this varied of course with the
activity in different sectors. In quiet sectors and under conditions of
maneuver, or open warfare, which necessitated leaving much
artillery behind, it was about 6 per thousand.
A program of types of artillery weapons should be founded on the
object and the means—that is, the destruction of the target and the
projectile to accomplish this. In the study of an artillery program there
are two methods of approaching the subject. First, by starting with a
minimum weight of projectile and working up to a reasonable
maximum, according to some law and taking the corresponding
calibers, a theoretical series of guns and howitzers can be
expressed. For instance, if the law be doubling the weight of the
projectile the series of types could be:
Projectile of 13 pounds, caliber 3”.
The second and more logical method, and one followed in our
service, is to consider the artillery missions and determine the types
best suited irrespective of any theoretical series of weights and
calibers. However, in the discussion of artillery missions and the
proper types for their fulfillment there is a remarkable degree of
unanimity of thought on these subjects; and the above table actually
contains, with slight variations, the types that are most strongly
recommended. While granting the great variety of artillery missions
that often shade into each other, it is believed that they can best be
considered in three great classes that follow the tactical composition
of a field army: those of division, corps and army artillery.
DIVISION ARTILLERY.
Missions. The division artillery, first of all, must have the mobility
that will permit it to accompany the infantry of a division and the
maximum power consistent with that mobility; its object must be
primarily the infantry of the opposing division. It is therefore bound to
its own infantry with the closest bonds and its tactical use cannot be
separated from that of the infantry. The division artillery must fire,
accurately, a man killing projectile and be prepared for quick
changes of targets; it must have a great range because of depth,
both of its own and the enemy division; it must continually harass the
enemy, prevent his movement and force him into cover or protected
trenches. On the defensive it must break up the opposing infantry
formations by preparing a counter-offensive fire and by annihilating
fire on points from which the enemy attacks emerge; and, failing in
these, be prepared to use the barrage and shrapnel fire at close
range. In the offensive the division artillery must play its part in the
complex schemes of artillery preparation by cutting wire, destroying
machine gun nests, gassing areas, concentrating on infantry
positions and taking the principal part in the deep barrage that
should precede the infantry attack. Its fire, accompanying the infantry
movement, requires its own movement and by its mobility it often
becomes for some time the sole artillery protection in the preparation
and holding of a position which has been taken.
Light Gun and Howitzer. The consensus of opinion of artillery
officers is that the division artillery missions are best fulfilled by a
light field gun and a light field howitzer having a range of at least
11,000 yards. While differing in mechanical features, the field guns of
the different European countries are practically of the same type
and, though constant effort is being made to improve details, they
can be stated as generally satisfactory to their own governments and
not liable to any radical changes. The general type of field gun, while
capable of fulfilling most of the division artillery missions, must be
supplemented by a proper howitzer. There are many instances
where the terrain or the lay of the land offers such protection to the
infantry that the field gun cannot bring an effective fire. The howitzer
has the great advantage that with the proper set of propelling
charges and, therefore, choice of trajectories for the same range,
protected positions can be chosen for howitzers that guns could not
use, and angles of fall obtained on objectives that the normal
ammunition of guns would not give. The low muzzle velocity of
howitzers admits of their almost continuous use in harassing fire and
allows the use of a projectile double the weight of that of a field gun.
Such a howitzer renders excellent service in wire cutting and is a
useful projector of gas shells. To insure the mobility required of all
divisional artillery the weight of the howitzer and carriage should not
exceed that of the field gun, or about 4,500 pounds.
Light Gun Discussion. The consensus of opinion of all artillery
officers—French, English and American—is that the 75-mm gun, or
approximately this caliber, firing a 15-pound projectile or a projectile
of approximately this weight, and having a range of not less than
11,000 yards, is a satisfactory weapon at the present time for use
with the division artillery. The projectile in question, whether a
shrapnel or a high explosive shell, satisfies adequately the criterion
of man-killing. At the close of the war the nations were not entirely in
accord with respect to their conception of an up-to-date carriage for
a light field gun. All the nations whose tendencies have been
considered in this report have experienced to a varying degree with
field gun carriages, particularly in a desire to design a carriage
permitting a greater angle of elevation and greater movement of the
gun in the traverse. The Italians have expressed themselves in the
modified Deport Carriage; this vehicle is of the split trail type and
permits an elevation in excess of 75 degrees, and a traverse on
each side of the center of the carriage of about 20 degrees—about
356 mils. Up to the time that the board left France it was not possible
to learn the French decision in the matter of a split trail carriage for
their light field gun. It is known, however, that several types of this
carriage have been designed and tested; it is known, also, that
considerable favor has been found with the American 1916, which
type has been tested under the auspices of the French Government.
In England, however, the board was not able to develop any
enthusiasm for the split trail type, although the matter had been
seriously considered. In that country the up-to-date field gun carriage
appears to be adequately expressed in their new 18-pounder. The
vehicle upon which this gun is mounted permits an elevation of 37
degrees and an axle traverse of 4½ degrees on each side. The trail
is a box trail and the carriage is simple and steady in its construction
and lends itself to rapid production.
Motorization. At some time in the future it is probable that all the
division artillery will be motorized. The result of such a change in the
prime mover would be to remove the present restriction as to weight
of gun and carriage. The board senses a demand in the near future
for a light field gun having a maximum range of approximately
15,000 yards; such a range may be achieved by increasing the
muzzle velocity and, perhaps, the weight of the projectile, although
change in the form of projectiles will give some improvement over
the present ranges. It is probable that the limiting features in the
design of field guns of the future will be the requirement that it should
pass safely over temporary pontoon bridges and that the weight and
form and size of ammunition must be such that the present rate of
fire will not be slowed down. The board is of the opinion that, except
as to perfection of details, the limit of carriage design, as expressed
by the most modern type of box-trail and split-trail carriages, has
been reached; and feels that with the advent of motor transportation
the tendency will be toward a gun mounted on a self propelling
carriage and expressing the desires of the field artillery with respect
to maximum horizontal and vertical arcs of fire.
Light Gun. Ideal. A gun of about 3” caliber on a carriage
permitting a vertical arc of fire of from 5 degrees depression to 80
degrees elevation and a horizontal arc of fire of 360 degrees; a
projectile weighing not over 20 pounds, shrapnel and high explosive
shell of satisfactory man-killing characteristics with maximum range
of 15,000 yards; fixed ammunition, smokeless, flashless propelling
charge; time fuse for shrapnel. With shell having safe fuses with
different lengths of delayed action after they land. The high explosive
shell should be of one type only. Two propelling charges should be
furnished, a normal charge for about 11,000 yards range and a super
charge for maximum range. The proportion should be 90% of the
former and 10% of the latter. A maximum rate of fire of 20 rounds per
minute is deemed sufficient.
Light Gun. Practical. For the present, arm brigades with 75-mm
materiel. Models 1916, 50%, and 1897 (French), 50%.
Transport. Ideal. Mechanical transport is the prime mover of the
future. The introduction of mechanical transport will undoubtedly
cause far-reaching changes in the types of gun carriages. It is not
possible now to state just how far this will go or whether a gun
mounted on a self propelled vehicle or one mounted on some type of
trailing vehicle will be the final result. Both types may be necessary.
It is urgent that study and development be carried along these lines,
as we are on the verge of changes fully as radical as the introduction
of the long recoil field gun and carriage, and the country first utilizing
the new capabilities opened up by mechanical traction and the
caterpillar will have a great advantage in the next war. A limit of
4,500 pounds behind the team has heretofore been imposed on the
artillery of this class. The corresponding limit in the future will
probably be that imposed by pontoon bridges.
Transport. Practical. Therefore it is thought that four regiments of
75-mm guns (two regiments of French Model 1897, and two
regiments of U. S. Model 1916) should be immediately equipped with
motors, the remainder to be horsed; mechanical transport to
gradually replace horse only after the tractor demonstrates its
superiority in service.
Light Howitzer Discussion. The consensus of opinion of
American army officers consulted is that a howitzer about 4” in
caliber, firing a projectile weighing from 25 to 30 pounds at a
maximum range greater than 10,000 yards, is required. This opinion
is concurred in by the French, Italians and English, and it appears to
be definitely established that the mobility of the light field howitzer
should be practically the same as that of the light field gun. The
British army was equipped with a 4½” howitzer, firing a projectile
weighing 35 pounds and with a maximum range of 7,700 yards; the
weight of the howitzer limbered is 4676 pounds—150 pounds more
than the weight of the 18-pounder field gun. No evidence was found
that the British Government intended making any alterations in the
design of this howitzer; naturally they will attempt to increase the
range, power and accuracy of the projectile by change in its weight,
its capacity and its form. The French artillery was not equipped with
the light field howitzer of approximately the same weight as the 75-
mm field gun. During the war it was found impracticable to construct
a lighter howitzer without interfering with the production of other
calibers which were considered more important. In the earlier stages
of the war the Italian artillery was not equipped with a light field
howitzer; however, before the end of 1917 orders were placed for
several hundred howitzers of the 105-mm type. It should be noted
that several hundred howitzers of this caliber were being constructed
before the armistice and that many have been captured from the
Austrians by the Italians; this, so far as the Italians were concerned,
makes it certain that a light field howitzer will be furnished by the
Italian army. The German and Austrian armies were equipped with a
howitzer of the light field type; this weapon had a caliber of 105-mm
type.
It fired a projectile weighing 34.54 pounds at a maximum range of
10,500 yards. (Streamline shell.) The weight of the howitzer limbered
was 4,500 pounds. In the opinion of the board, the Germans have
proceeded on sound principles in their development of the light field
howitzer. Their ’98 model was a companion piece to their ’96 field
gun and in the years that passed from 1898 to 1916, which included
their early war experience, they kept to the idea of the relation of the
two pieces even to the extent of including in a field artillery regiment
one battalion of light howitzers. Their 1916 models of both light gun
and howitzers show the endeavor to keep the pieces in the same
class; that is, the weight of the gun and howitzer in action nearly the
same, 2,750 pounds and 2,700 pounds; the weight of the gun
limbered and the howitzer limbered are the same, 4,500 pounds; the
elevation of both the same—minus 10 to plus 40 degrees; the
carriages are of the same type; and the extreme ranges of gun and
howitzer are respectively 11,700 and 10,500 yards. From the
foregoing it is seen that all the important belligerents except the
French and the Americans were equipped with a light field howitzer
firing a projectile about twice the weight of the light field gun
projectile and having otherwise the same general characteristics.
There is no evidence to show that the fire of the French and the
American artillery was not fully effective as that of any other artillery;
however the testimony of the French and American artillery officers
is to the effect:
(a) That the lightest howitzer in use, i. e., the 155-mm, was not
sufficiently mobile to be a suitable companion piece for the 75-mm
gun.
(b) That many times the fire of the 75-mm gun proved ineffective
due to its flat trajectory; a howitzer would have been more effective
in the attack of certain targets.
(c) That a large volume of fire is necessary.
(d) That while the 155-mm howitzer is more powerful than the light
field howitzer its consumption of ammunition for many purposes is
wasteful and extravagant and its volume of fire is insufficient.
(e) That the light howitzer is particularly suited for the destruction
of wire entanglements; its better accuracy and more powerful
projectile make it more suitable than the field gun for that purpose.
(f) That the 75-mm field gun projectile is not so satisfactory a gas
shell as the howitzer projectile which has greater weight.
Light Howitzer. Idea. A weapon of about 105-mm caliber on a
carriage permitting a vertical arc of fire from minus 5 degrees to plus
65 degrees, and a horizontal arc of fire of 360 degrees. Efforts
should be made to develop a carriage which can be used
interchangeably for the division light gun referred to above and this
howitzer. The projectile should weigh about 30 to 35 pounds and
should include both shell and shrapnel. A maximum range of 12,000
yards will be satisfactory. Semi-fixed ammunition with varying
charges should be used, otherwise the ammunition should be similar
to that provided for the 75-mm guns.
Light Howitzer. Practical. For the present, the division should be
armed with the 155 howitzer, Schnieder, but active development and
test should be made on a type as stated under “Ideal” above, and
with the ammunition and other accessories to it. Upon the
development of the carriage as nearly approximating the ideal as
may be practically possible, efforts should be made to secure
quantity production in order that it may be incorporated in the
division as recommended. In addition, a split trail carriage for this
howitzer should be developed.
Transport. The light howitzer should have the same means of
transport as the light field gun and the same remarks heretofore
made as to the probable future development of the field gun also
apply to the howitzer carriage.
CORPS ARTILLERY.
Missions. It will be noted above that the division artillery missions
did not include their own protection against the enemy artillery. This
counter-battery work is the principal mission of the corps artillery.
The corps artillery has also the mission of extensive harassing and
interdicting fire along the corps front and to a greater depth than the
capabilities of the division artillery; also of destructive fire on strong
points as well as on railroad facilities and points of supply. For the
accomplishment of these corps artillery missions there are two types
of artillery necessary, a gun and a howitzer, each having 16,000
yards range and each weighing with the carriage about 11,000
pounds. There is another class of artillery called anti-aircraft artillery
to be considered. This is used first in providing anti-aircraft defense
for army zones, for certain areas in rear of armies or along a certain
line of anti-aircraft defense.
Medium Gun Discussion. The consensus of opinion of artillery
officers—Italian, English and American—is that a medium gun of
about 6” caliber is necessary. The medium type gun furnished to the
American army was the 4.7 (Model 1906). This gun has a maximum
elevation of 15 degrees with a corresponding maximum range of
8,750 yards. The British army was equipped with the 5” gun—the
carriage permits a maximum elevation of 21 degrees and 30
minutes, giving a maximum range of 12,500 yards. The French army
was equipped with, to a certain extent, the 105-mm and the 140-mm
gun. The 105-mm gun a maximum elevation of 37 degrees, with a
maximum range of 13,900 yards. The 140-mm gun has a maximum
elevation of 30 degrees and, with a high velocity, has a maximum
range of 19,500 yards. The French 105-mm gun is a modern
weapon (1913). The German artillery was equipped with a 105-mm
gun (M-1917) with a maximum elevation of 45 degrees, and a
maximum range of 16,000 yards. The German army was also
equipped with the 130-mm gun, having a maximum range of 16,500

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React and Libraries: Your Complete

Guide to the React Ecosystem 1st

The Road to React: Your journey to master plain yet

Learning React A Hands On Guide to Building Web

React js Essentials A fast paced guide to designing and

Introduction to React Gackenheimer Cory

React Quickly: Painless web apps with React, JSX,

Learning React Modern Patterns for Developing React

React 16 essentials a fast paced hands on guide to

Learning React Functional Web Development with React

ISBN-13 (pbk): 978-1-4842-6695-3 ISBN-13 (electronic): 978-1-4842-6696-0

Copyright © 2021 by Elad Elrom

About the Technical Reviewer���������������������������������������������������������������������������������xv

Chapter 1: Learn React Basic Concepts�������������������������������������������������������������������� 1

Chapter 2: Starter React Project and Friends��������������������������������������������������������� 21

Chapter 3: React Components�������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 53

Chapter 4: React Router and Material-­UI���������������������������������������������������������������� 79

Chapter 5: State Management������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 115

Implementing a Theme Using the Redux Toolkit����������������������������������������������������������������������� 131

Chapter 6: MERN Stack: Part I������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 149

Chapter 7: MERN Stack: Part II����������������������������������������������������������������������������� 197

Chapter 8: React Deployment: MERN Stack���������������������������������������������������������� 239

Chapter 9: Testing Part I: Unit Test Your React App���������������������������������������������� 273

Chapter 11: Debug and Profile Your React App���������������������������������������������������� 337

Chapter 12: Optimize Your React App������������������������������������������������������������������� 371

Learn React Basic Concepts

Getting Started with React

Note React 17 is a “stepping-stone” release, and the release is primarily focused

Why Do I Even Need an IDE?

How to Install VS Code?

Figure 1-1. Visual Studio Code Welcome page

 reating a Minimalistic Stand-Alone “Hello World”

Figure 1-2. React “Hello World” index.html app in the browser

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What Is JSX, and Why Do We Need It?

Note The DOM in HTML stands for Document Object Model. It is an in-memory

Figure 1-3. A DOM document consists of a hierarchical tree

React Virtual DOM Under the Hood

Babel and ES5/ES6

Babel will turn the code into this:

import { jsx as _jsx } from "react/jsx-runtime";

–– ReactDOM version 17: This is used for web applications (there is

–– Babel version 8: As we explained, Babel is the library that transpiles

Getting Started with TypeScript

 hy Should You Integrate TypeScript into Your React

• Did you know that TypeScript is an open source programming

• According to a 2020 StackFlow survey, the TypeScript programming

• The ReactJS framework is second at 35.9 percent and on its way to

The question is, why TypeScript is so popular?

TypeScript vs. JavaScript: What’s the Big Deal?

• TypeScript is an OOP language; JavaScript is a scripting language.

• TypeScript uses static typing following the ECMAScript specification.

• TypeScript support modules.

Figure 1-5. TS Playground

Figure 1-6. Specifying the ECMAScript (ES) target in TS Playground

TypeScript Cheat Sheet

// Be a programming god - create your own type

// Undefined and null not included in types like js, to

// Tuples (two values)

// Enums design pattern

In either system, the recoil is taken up by means of oil or glycerine

THE ARTILLERY OF A FIELD ARMY; ITS

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