Academy Conference: Educating Tomorrow'S Networking Professionals

ACADEMY
CONFERENCE 2003
EDUCATING TOMORROW’S
NETWORKING PROFESSIONALS.
Presentation_ID © 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 1

Introduction to 802.11 Wireless
Networks
Bruce Alexander
Session Number
Why Wireless????
• How many in here have

used wireless networks?
• How many use it at work?
• At home?
• Now…
• How many would give it up
for an Ethernet cable again?

Agenda
• Introduction
• Network components
• Standards and Radio Considerations
• Security and other WLAN services
• Design Considerations
• WLAN Architectures
• Site Surveys

Extending the Enterprise Expands the
“Productivity Zone” Beyond the Desktop
90%
70%
50%
30%

WLAN Business Drivers
• The average employee spends 45-60 hours in

meetings per month*
• The average employee spend 30-40% of their day
at their desktop**
• 35% of Enterprise use laptops for their primary
computing tool
• 50% of Enterprises have non-IT authorized
Wireless LAN deployments already (Rogue APs)

Wireless LANs Increase Productivity
• Based on a survey
of 300+ organizations
with more than 100
employees:
• End users stayed
connected an average
of 1¾ hours more per
day to their corporate
network
• Average daily time
savings: 70 minutes
• Productivity: +22%
Source: NOP World-Technology, Sept. 2001

Where Does Increased
Productivity Come From?
• Steal 5 minutes at the beginning of meetings
Often meetings don’t start on time
Instead of wasting time with idle chit-chat, get work done
3-4 meetings/day x 5 min./meeting = 15-20 min. productivity savings/day
• Eliminate “I’ll do it when I get back to my desk” syndrome
Share files, PowerPoint presentations instantly
Arrange meetings using your online calendar
Saves 15-20 min./day for knowledge workers who don’t sit at desks all day
• Use Instant Messaging as a corporate app
Great for quick communications; get answers without disturbing meeting
Only works if employees are connected to the network
• The “Connected Meeting”
Send presentations during meeting to all conf. call participants via email
Conf. calls are more productive when everyone is looking at same info
Follow presentations on your PC even if no projector in meeting room
Cisco At Work: Campus Mobility ROI
WLAN COST EMPLOYEE COST

++ Installation
Installation ++ Salary
Salary
++ Infrastructure
Infrastructure ++ Benefits
Benefits .. .. ..
++ Support
Support ++ Furniture,
Furniture, Equipment
Equipment
++ WLAN
WLAN Client
Client Adapter
Adapter ++ Allocated
Allocated Expenses
Expenses
++ Other
Other .. ++ Other
Other ..
≈≈ $500
$500 (year
(year 1)
1) ++ $300
$300 (year
(year 22 …)
…) ≈≈ $120K
$120K –– $300K
$300K /year
/year /employee
/employee
≈ $1-$2 per
per day per
per user ≈ $1-$3 per
per minute per
per empl.
EMPLOYEE PRODUCTIVITY SAVINGS

Payback = 1-2 minutes per day per employee
Agenda
• Introduction
• Site Surveys

Network Components
• Access Point – bridges wireless clients to

the wired Ethernet network
Access points are Ethernet Bridges – they run
spanning tree
• Clients
• Workgroup bridges*
• Bridges*
*Not IEEE Standard compliant, vendor proprietary

Ad hoc (IBSS)
No Infrastructure
Channel 1
Wireless
Clients
ONLY

Single Cell Configuration (BSS)
Wireless
Cell
LAN
Backbone
Channel 1 Access Point
Wireless
Clients

Multicell Configuration (multiple BSS)
Channel 1 Channel 6
Wireless Cell Wireless Cell
LAN Backbone
Access Point Access Point
Wireless
Clients

Wireless Repeater*
Wireless
Channel 1 Repeater
Cell
LAN Backbone
Channel 1
Access
Point
Wireless
Clients

Shared Local Area Network (LAN)
Shared Hub
Ethernet
Internet

Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN)
Ethernet
Access
Point
Internet
Remember: An Access Point Is a SHARED Device and Has

Similar Performance to a SHARED Ethernet HUB

Connecting to the Access Point
1. Authentication - using the SSID (Service

Set Identifier) – Group Identifier
Optional encryption and logins using
802.1x for security before associating
2. Association -
Establishes communication and starts
passing packets
Will re-associate after timeout because
of interference or failure, and may
select another access point
802.11 Association Process
Steps to Association:
Access Access Client Sends Probe
Point Point
AP Sends Probe Response
A B
Client Evaluates AP
Response, Selects Best AP
Client Sends Authentication
Request to Selected AP (A)
AP A Confirms Authentication
and Registers Client
Client Sends Association
Request to Selected AP (A)
AP A Confirms Association
Initial connection to an Access Point and Registers Client

802.11Re-Association Process
Steps to Re-Association:
Adapter Listens for Beacons
Access Access
From APs
Point Point
A B Adapter Evaluates AP
Beacons, Selects Best AP
Adapter Sends Association
Request to Selected AP (B)
AP B Confirms Association
and Registers Adapter
AP B Informs
Infrastructure of Roam
Roaming from Access Point A

to Access Point B
Agenda
• Introduction
• Site Surveys

WLAN Speeds & Frequencies
802.11g
2.4 GHz – OFDM/CCK
54 Mbps
802.11a
5 GHz – OFDM
54 Mbps
802.11b
2.4 GHz – CCK
11 Mbps
Proprietary
d IEEE 802.11a/b
Ratified
Jan’99 Jan’00 Jan’01 Jan’02 Jan’03 Jan’04
WLAN “Alphabet Soup”:
IEEE 802.11 Standards Activities
• 802.11a: 5GHz, 54Mbps
• 802.11b: 2.4GHz, 11Mbps
• 802.11d: Multiple regulatory domains
• 802.11e: Quality of Service (QoS)
• 802.11f: Inter-Access Point Protocol (IAPP)
• 802.11g: 2.4GHz, 54Mbps
• 802.11h: Dynamic Frequency Selection (DFS) and
Transmit Power Control (TPC)
• 802.11i: Security
• 802.11j: Japan 5GHz Channels (4.9-5.1 GHz)
• 802.11k: Measurement
802.11b
• Ratified as Standard in Sept, 1999.

• 1, 2, 5.5 and 11 Mbps, 2.4 GHz, Direct Sequence
• 1, 2 Mbps for 2.4 Ghz, Frequency Hopping
• 11 US channels
• 13 ETSI channels
• 14 Japan channels
• Power levels: 36 dBm EIRP-FCC
20 dBm EIRP-ETSI
• Virtually?? approved for world wide use

IEEE 802.11g
Standard for Higher Rate (20+ Mbps) Extensions in the 2.4 GHz Band
• Working on Draft for Letter ballot

passed the task group committee in
Nov/2001
• Provides higher data rates
@ 2.4 GHz
• Similar speeds as 802.11a 802.11g
• Backward compatible with 11 Mbps

(802.11b) 20–50 MB 11 MB
• Same modulation as 802.11a—OFDM

• Estimated to complete specification
in Jan 2003 802.11g 802.11b

802.11a
• Ratified as Standard in Sept, 1999

• Provides similar technology to HiperLAN2
• Data rates to 54 Mbps defined
• Provides 8 indoor WLAN channels
• Regulations differ extensively across
countries

802.11a Issues
• 8 channels (UNII 1 and UNII 2 combined)

May not be able to use adjacent channels in adjacent
cells due to sidebands
• Interoperability—No present Wi-Fi standard for
interoperability
No guarantee that what you buy will work with other
vendors products
Testing expected to start in late spring, early summer
• Not qualified for Europe
TX power control and Dynamic Frequency Selection
required- not part of 802.11a

Wireless Technologies
WAN
(Wide Area Network)
MAN
(Metropolitan Area Network)
LAN
(Local Area Network)
PAN
(Personal Area
Network)
PAN LAN MAN WAN

GSM, GPRS,
802.11 802.11 CDMA, 2.5-
2.5-3G,
Standards Bluetooth
HiperLAN2 MMDS, LMDS Satellite and
others
Speed < 1Mbps 11 to 54 Mbps 11 to 100+ Mbps 10 to 384Kbps
Range Short Medium Medium-

Medium-Long Long
Peer-
Peer-to-
to-Peer Enterprise T1 replacement, Mobile Phones,
Applications
Device-
Device-to-
to-Device networks last mile access cellular data
Regulation of Wireless Spectrum
• Radio Frequency (RF) is a scarce

and shared resource
Each country regulates the use of the radio
spectrum by a government agency
In the U.S. it is the F.C.C. that allocates
spectrum for use and resolves conflict
disputes)
Internationally coordinated through
the ITU (International Telecommunications
Union)

Not only 802.11
• Many devices share the unlicensed

spectrum
In the 2.4 Ghz we have video repeaters, phone
systems and handsets, Bluetooth, microwave
ovens, etc.
In the 5 Ghz HyperLAN2 and other devices will
develop shortly

900 MHz vs. 2.4 GHz vs. 5GHz
900 Mhz 2.4Ghz 5 Ghz
Global Market Global Market

Greater Range than
Pros 2.4 GHz (For IEEE 802.11 IEEE 802.11
In-Building LANs) Higher Data Rates Higher Data Rates
(10+ Mbps) (20+ Mbps)
Much Less Range

Maximum Data Rate than 900 or 2.4 GHz
1 Mbps Less Range than Higher Cost RF
Cons 900 MHz (For Components
Limited Bandwidth In-Building LANs)
Crowded Band Larger Antenna
Required

802.11b Direct Sequence
Spread Spectrum 2.4 Ghz
Channels
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
2.402 GHz 2.483 GHz
• Up to (14) 22 MHz wide channels

• 3 non-overlapping channels (1, 6,11 in US and 1,7,13
in Europe)
• 11 Mbps data rate
• 3 Access Points can occupy the same space for a
total of 33 Mbps aggregate throughput
802.11 Positioning
5 GHz - 802.11a 2.4 GHz - 802.11b and g
• Maximum WLAN data • 11Mbps Æ 36Mbps Æ 54Mbps
rate: 54 Mbps
• 3 channels
• Higher expected
throughput than 802.11g • Worldwide compatibility
• 12 total channels • Compatibility with installed

base of 802.11b products
• Initially works only in
U.S., Japan, and other • Easy upgrade path to high-
FCC countries speed 802.11g
• 5 GHz band has less • Wide selection of client devices

interference • Lower cost products
• Lower power products
(important for handhelds)
Radio Technology for 802.11b
• Direct Sequence • Frequency

Spread Spectrum Hopping Spread
(DSSS) Spectrum (FHSS)
900 MHz, 2.4 GHz
2.4 GHz frequency
One piece PCMCIA
radio product One piece PCMCIA
radio product
1, 2, 5.5 and 11 MB
Fully compliant
25 mile bridge links 802.11
Fully compliant
802.11 at all speeds 1 and 2 MB

FH vs. DS: A Summary on
Interference Handling
Frequency Direct Sequence

Hopping
2.4835 GHz
2.4835 GHz
Channel 1
3
Frequency
Frequency
Channel 2
2
2.4 GHz
2.4 GHz
Channel 3
1
Time
• FH system hops around • Data may be decoded

interference from redundant bits
• Lost packets are re-transmitted • Can move to an alternate
on next hop channel to avoid interference
IEEE 802.11b Frequency Hopping
2.483 GHz
9
8
7
Frequency
6
5
4
3
2
1
2.400 GHz
Time
• 79 channels, 1 MHz each

• Changes frequency (hops) at least
every 0.4 seconds
• Synchronized hopping required
Agenda
• Introduction
• Site Surveys

#1 Concern: Security
Airwaves (Radio)
• Mobility • Unlicensed
• Ubiquity • Inexpensive
• Ease of
Deployment
• Network Exposure • Rogue Access

The Strength of Wireless LANs Also Creates Their Biggest Vulnerability
Security Requirements for WLANs
Cisco SE Lives Here
“Wireless is like
having an RJ45 in
my parking lot.”
Another
Wireless User
Lives Here

But what do you choose?
WEP EAP-PEAP
(Protected EAP)
EAP-Cisco
(aka LEAP)
EAP-TLS (Transport
Layer Security)
EAP-TTLS
(Tunneled TLS) Kerberos

Wireless Security Framework
Internet Protocol (IP)
Mutual Authentication
– EAP, PEAP
“You are who You Say You Are?”
“Is this the Network I Want?”
Encryption Integrity Key Management

WEP (RC4)
TKIP v1 (24 bit IV)
MMH Radius Server
Directional TKIP (48 bit
IV) Michael AP Cache Support
AES (Counter Mode)
Converting plaintext into Ensure that the data arrives Session Re-Keying, Dynamic
ciphertext ensuring that as originally sent, detect Per Session,
only the intended recipient tampering. Per User Key Refresh
can understand that data. during Session

Cisco Security Profiles Today
Enhanced Security
Basic Security Dynamic Encryption Key
Scalable Key Managem’t
Open Access 40-bit and 128-bit Mutual 802.1x/EAP
Static Encryption Key TKIP/MIC
No WEP and
WPA WPA
Broadcast Mode
Public Access Telecommuter & SOHO Mid-Market and Enterprise
Virtual Special
Public Private Apps./
Network Network Business
Security (VPN) Traveler

Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA)
• WPA is the biggest thing to happen to WLAN security

since Cisco LEAP
• Cisco has supported the base technologies of WPA
longer than any other vendor
• All new products after Aug.’03 MUST have WPA
Existing products are grandfathered
• 802.11i-standard TKIP + 802.1X authentication
• There is a non-802.1X version of WPA for home use
which is unsuitable for enterprises

WLAN Security:
Encryption
• TKIP
Temporal Key Integrity Protocol
Dec.’01: Cisco’s pre-standard TKIP
Aug.’03: 802.11i-standard TKIP (part of WPA)
• AES
Advanced Encryption Standard
“The Gold Standard”
Optional part of 802.11i spec
Hardware encryption vs. software encryption
Limitations of 802.11 Standard Security
• Shared, static WEP keys

No centralized key • Lack of integrated user
management administration
Poor protection from variety of Need for separate user
security attacks
databases; no use of
• No effective way to deal RADIUS
with lost or stolen Potential to identify user
adapter only by device attribute like
Possessor has access to MAC address
network
Re-keying of all WLAN client
devices is required

Enhanced Security - 802.1x Overview
• Centralized, scalable, user based

authentication
• Mutual authentication
• Various authentication types
• Dynamic WEP key support
• WEP key refresh

802.1X for 802.11 Benefits
• Is very scalable
• Supports a variety of authentication types
EAP-Cisco Wireless, or LEAP
EAP-TLS with Windows XP and other Windows
versions
Others, as they are developed
• Is a standards-based solution
• Enables centralized policy control
Session timeout triggers reauthentication and new
WEP key

VLANs
• Set up different security on different

VLANs
• Example:
Group VLAN Security Network

Solution access
Staff (Cisco clients) 1 Cisco LEAP Full
Students (Cisco 2 Cisco LEAP Full student

clients) network
Students (multi- 3 Static Limited/full
vendor clients) WEP/VPN student network
Public Access 4 None Internet only
Roaming Types (Layer 2)
Layer 2
Wired Wired
Subnet A Subnet A
QoS QoS
L2 Roaming
(IAPP - Inter Access Point Protocol)

Roaming Types (Layer 3)
Layer 3
Wired Wired
Subnet A Subnet B
QoS QoS
L3 Roaming
(Mobile IP or Proxy Mobile IP)

Challenges in WLAN QoS
• WLAN is a shared medium

• WLAN is half duplex
• Standards are evolving
• Optimum results depend upon client as
well as AP
• WLAN RF environment has an impact

Upstream vs. Downstream
WLAN QoS
• WLAN AP can use EDCF to provide “soft” QoS for
downstream traffic based on packet classification
• WLAN clients do NOT currently support an upstream
QoS function.
¾Exception: Currently the only known upstream QoS
implementation is the SpectraLink NetLink handsets
Downstream Downstream
Network
Upstream Upstream
Downstream QoS only Bi-Directional QoS

Agenda
• Introduction
• Site Surveys

What Do You Really Need?
• Low end or high end AP?

VLAN 10
• What client devices are required? Network
Si Si VLAN 20
Required WLAN Service
VLANs nk
u
Quality of Service Tr Tr
un
k
IP Subnet Roaming
Load Balancing
• Security
• Performance
Range
Throughput
• Antenna capabilities

Defining Your Technology Requirements—
Questions to Ask…and Answer…
• Present applications BW requirement per user?

• Density of WLAN users in any given coverage area
• What future applications are being considered
• What types of client devices will be used on
the WLAN?
• Client radio vendor—single or multiple?
• AP Placement critical? Aesthetics critical?
• Any issues with regulations governing use of 802.11
• Building construction interference with the RF signal?

Retail
• Usage time
Infrequent during regular hours
Heavy usage during inventory
• Coverage for loading
docks and trailers
• Sources of interference
Inventory items
2.4 and 5 GHz equipment
Co-located stores using
WLANs
• Security

Warehousing
• Multiple users
High usage
Inventory
• Inventory types
• Inventory levels

Warehousing (Cont.)
• Keep in mind:
Exposure to the elements
Freezers
Weatherproof enclosures
Shelving
Antenna mounting
Forklift paths

Healthcare
• Multiple floors
• Numerous rooms
• Sensitive equipment
• Cautious
implementation
• Hospital equipment
should be built to a
standard to avoid RF
interference
• Security

Education—Public Areas
• Children/public are
Curious
Can be destructive
• Antennas and access

points should be
hidden to avoid
damage

Education (Cont.)
• Various PC and radio

client vendors
• Wireless users
• Connections to
remote classrooms
• Workgroup Bridge a
possible solution

Deployment Issues
• Aesthetics
AP placement
Ceiling, wall, inside ceiling mounting
Antenna selection and mounting
• Physical security
Above ceiling, out of sight
Metal boxes
• Local regulation
Plenum spaces
HVAC restricted areas

Client Selection
• Who will be deciding what clients

are used?
If it is not specified by the administrator, likely
802.11b will be the prevalent devices
• Will specialty devices need to be used?
CE based devices, bar code scanners, print
servers, etc., may not be readily available with
support for 802.11a

Agenda
• Introduction
• Site Surveys

Architecture Selection
• Single or dual radio architecture

Receiver desensitization
• Distributed intelligence
• Centralized intelligence
• Switched antenna array architecture
• MESH networks

Single Mode
• One channel, one operating

frequency at any given time
• Simplest form of AP

Dual Radio Products
Both Radios Operate

on 2.4GHZ
• 2 radios in same AP on
the same RF Band
• Close proximity causes
receiver ‘de-sense’
• Can create problems
such as:
Retries,
Reduced range
Lower overall throughput

RF Energy for Dual Band AP

Dual Mode Products
Access Point
Main Processor
• Dual band access points are available

• Provides access and coverage for both 2.4 and 5Ghz
clients simultaneously
• Can be used to increase aggregate bandwidth per cell
• AP needs to be designed for higher speed radio products

Dual Mode Coverage
11Mb @2.4Ghz
24Mb @5 Ghz
• 5GHz different
coverage areas
• Mixing technologies
will require a good
up front design
• Provides migration
path and increased
throughput
• Design the 2.4ghz
cell size to
compliment future
5GHz deployment
54Mb @5 Ghz
‘Distributed Intelligence’ Architecture
• Local
encryption/decryption
• Local authentication
• Faster roaming
• Less network traffic
• Higher cost of AP
• Lower cost of network
components
• More secure

‘Centralized Intelligence’ Architecture
• Single point for

authentication
• All traffic must hit
the network
• Lower cost of AP
• Higher cost of network
components
• More network components
• Less secure
• Single point of failure

Switched Antenna Array APs
• Phased array antenna provide

higher gain, narrower
beamwidths
• ‘Switched Packet’ arrays such
as Vivato utilize a large
number of antenna elements
(as many as 120), as well as
multiple radio modules (13 in
this case) Antenna
• Provides 3 channels (2.4Ghz) Element
of operation with 100 degree
of total beamwidth
• High cost ($9000 per AP)
• Physically large (47” x 25”)

MESH Networks
• Relies on ad-hoc connections

• Routing is done below the IP layer
• Relies on the
intelligence at the
client devices
• Security is
non-existent

Agenda
• Introduction
• Site Surveys

Indoor Range Comparisons
2.4 GHz/100 mW 5 GHz/40 mW
11 Mbps 130 Ft 54 Mbps @40–60 Ft
Radius
5.5 Mbps 180 Ft
2 Mbps 250 Ft 48 Mbps @ 70–90 Ft
1 Mbps 350 Ft 36 Mbps @ 90–110 Ft
24 Mbps @ 110–125 Ft
18 Mbps @ 125–135 Ft
12 Mbps @ 135–150 Ft
9 Mbps @150–165 Ft
6 Mbps @ 165–300 Ft
Omni 2.2 dBi 2.4 GHz and Omni 5 dBi 5 GHz AP antennas
Omni 0 dBi 2.4 GHz client and Patch 5 dBi 5 GHz client
Distances very greatly because of building layouts
Channel Reuse for 802.11b
6 6 6
11 11
1 1 1
6 6
11 11 11
1 1
6 6 6
11 11

Indoor Site Survey Concepts
Evaluate Possible Problem Areas
File/Supply Elevator
Room- Shafts Test lab
Large Filing
or Metal
Cabinets
Break Room-
Microwave
Ovens
Stairwells
(Reinforced
Building area)
Preliminary Coverage Density Test
• Start with a test

to see general
coverage area
• Determine if you
need small or
larger cell sizes
• Smaller cells=
lower power
• Larger cells = This Cell Size = Too Many Users per Cell
better antennas
Reduce Power to 20mW

Evaluate Possible Problem Areas
File/Supply Elevator
Room- Shafts Test lab
Large Filing
or Metal
Cabinets
Break Room-
Microwave
Ovens
Stairwells
(Reinforced
Building area)
from the outside Looking in
• Place Access
Point at ‘A’ B
• Measure maximum
range (inside
building)
• Move AP to center
of that arc (point ‘B’)
• Test to ensure
coverage to corner
of building

from the outside Looking in
• Continue
with other
4 corners
• Next fill in
the center
areas
CH 1 CH 6 CH 11

Enterprise Office Area
• 802.11b cell sized reduced

by reducing TX power and
using dipole antennas
• 802.11b used for normal
network connection
• 140 users per floor
• 6 AP = 66Mb aggregate
datarate per floor
CH 1 CH 6 CH 11

Increase Performance with
Dual Band APs
• Please higher bandwidth

users on 5Ghz
• May decide to reduce
cell size a bit more
Fewer users per AP
More closely match 5Ghz
54Mb coverage cells
• 6AP @ 54= 324Mb
• 6AP @ 11 = 66Mb
• Total BW= 390Mb!
Using Dual Band Client Cards Will Improve Performance Even More!

Healthcare Facility
All Antennas Are Ceiling Mount Diversity,

Omni Antennas Except Courtyard Antenna
• Survey was based
on 11Mb Radiology
Antenna
• Antennas are Locations
Channel 1
diversity ceiling 6dBi Patch Channel 6
Antenna Courtyard
mount omni Channel 11
(blends in well)
except courtyard
• Works well except
Radiology!

Healthcare Facility
All Antennas Are Ceiling Mount Diversity,

5GHz cell Omni Antennas Except Courtyard Antenna
• Add Dual Band APs Radiology

Antenna
for Radiology Locations
Channel 1
• 802.11b 2.4Ghz 6dBi Patch
Antenna Courtyard
Channel 6
Channel 11
devices usable
everywhere
• 802.11a provides
higher datarates for
Radiology room

Manufacturing
• Aircraft manufacturing floor—(802.11b)
• Normal network connectivity—Med BW Barcoding—
limited BW Printing invoices limited BW (802.11b)
• Video images for inspection, troubleshooting—
High Bandwidth (802.11a)
• IP Phone—limited use, med bandwidth (802.11b)
6 Dual Band APs,

Provide 802.11b
Coverage
6 Dual Band APs,

Plus 6 Other 5GHz
Only APs Provide
802.11a Coverage

In-Building Design
Warehouse Example, (Cont.)
Maximum Coverage Cabling Only Available at Front
Autorate Negotiation Yagi Antennas and Dipole
11
1
6
850’
11
6
1
2000’
Summary
• WLANs have become a main stay in Networks-
no longer a ‘toy’
• Features and functions of WLANs can be
integrated into existing networks easily
• There is a big difference between Home and
enterprise WLAN products
• Proper up front design is required
• Site Surveys are recommended for most WLANs
• Ever Changing environment-New features,
designs, and architectures coming out every
month


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ACADEMY

Presentation_ID © 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 1

• How many in here have

Presentation_ID © 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 3

Presentation_ID © 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 4

Presentation_ID © 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 5

• The average employee spends 45-60 hours in

Presentation_ID © 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 6

Source: NOP World-Technology, Sept. 2001

WLAN COST EMPLOYEE COST

EMPLOYEE PRODUCTIVITY SAVINGS

Presentation_ID © 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 10

• Access Point – bridges wireless clients to

*Not IEEE Standard compliant, vendor proprietary

Presentation_ID © 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 12

Channel 1 Access Point

Presentation_ID © 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 13

Access Point Access Point

Presentation_ID © 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 14

Presentation_ID © 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 15

Presentation_ID © 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 16

Remember: An Access Point Is a SHARED Device and Has

Presentation_ID © 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 17

1. Authentication - using the SSID (Service

Presentation_ID © 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 19

Roaming from Access Point A

Presentation_ID © 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 21

• Ratified as Standard in Sept, 1999.

Presentation_ID © 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 24

• Working on Draft for Letter ballot

• Backward compatible with 11 Mbps

• Same modulation as 802.11a—OFDM

Presentation_ID © 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 25

• Ratified as Standard in Sept, 1999

Presentation_ID © 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 26

• 8 channels (UNII 1 and UNII 2 combined)

Presentation_ID © 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 27

PAN LAN MAN WAN

Range Short Medium Medium-

• Radio Frequency (RF) is a scarce

Presentation_ID © 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 29

• Many devices share the unlicensed

Presentation_ID © 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 30

900 Mhz 2.4Ghz 5 Ghz

Global Market Global Market

Much Less Range

Presentation_ID © 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 31

2.402 GHz 2.483 GHz

• Up to (14) 22 MHz wide channels

• 12 total channels • Compatibility with installed

• 5 GHz band has less • Wide selection of client devices

• Direct Sequence • Frequency

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Frequency Direct Sequence

• FH system hops around • Data may be decoded

• 79 channels, 1 MHz each

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• Network Exposure • Rogue Access

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Internet Protocol (IP)

Encryption Integrity Key Management

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