Subject: _ICT____ Grade: _11 AM __ Final Revision Sheet

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 Binary systems and hexadecimal

1) The binary system

 BINARY SYSTEM is based on the number 2. Thus, only the two ‘values’ 0
and 1 can be used in this system to represent each digit. Using the same
method as denary,this gives the headings of 20, 21, 22, 23 and so on. The
typical headings for a binary number with eight digits would be:

 A typical binary number would be:1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0

 Converting from denary to binary

Q:- Convert the following denary numbers into binary: (189)
Answer:
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1

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 Measurement of the size of computer memories: -

A binary digit is commonly referred to as a BIT, 8 bits are usually referred to as a

Byte.
 Look at this table

Name of memory size Number of bits Equivalent denary value

1 kilobyte (1 KB) 210 1 024 bytes
1 megabyte (1 MB) 220 1 048 576 bytes
1 gigabyte (1 GB) 230 1 073 741 824 bytes
1 terabyte (1 TB) 240 1 099 511 627 776 bytes
1 petabyte (1 PB) 250 1 125 899 906 842 624 bytes

 Example use of binary: -

A robot vacuum cleaner has three wheels, A, B and C. A rotates on a spindle to

allow for direction changes (as well as forward and backward movement); B and
Care fixed to revolve around their axles to provide only forward and backward
movement, and have an electric motor attached:

An 8-bit register is used to control the movement of the robot vacuum cleaner:

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 The hexadecimal system

The HEXADECIMAL SYSTEM is very closely related to the binary system.

Hexadecimal (sometimes referred to as simply ‘hex’) is a base 16 system and
therefore needs to use 16 different ‘values’ to represent each digit.
Look at this table

Binary value Hexadecimal value Denary value

0000 0 0
0001 1 1
0010 2 2
0011 3 3
0100 4 4
0101 5 5
0110 6 6
0111 7 7
1000 8 8
1001 9 9
1010 A 10
1011 B 11
1100 C 12
1101 D 13
1110 E 14
1111 F 15

 Converting from binary to hexadecimal

Example 1

101111100001
First split this up into groups of 4 bits:
1011 1110 0001
Answer is:
B E 1
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 Converting from hexadecimal to binary

4 5 A
Using TABLE find the 4-bit code for each digit:

0100 0101 1010

Answer is:

010001011010
Converting from hexadecimal to denary:-
Follow this steps:-
1. Convert hexadecimal number to binary
2. Then convert binary number to denary as you know.

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 Logic gates and logic circuits.

• Logic gates
Six different logic gates will be considered in this chapter:

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1. NOT gate

The output, X, is 1 if:

the input, A, is 0
*truth table
Input Output
A X
0 1
1 0

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2. AND gate

The output, X, is 1 if:

both inputs, A and B, are 1

*Truth table

input output

A B X

0 0 0

0 1 0

1 0 0

1 1 1

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3. OR Gate

The output, X, is 1 if:

either input, A or B, is 1

Truth table

Inputs Output
A B X
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 1

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4. NAND gate

The output, X, is 1 if:

Input A AND input B are NOT both 1

Truth table

Inputs Output
A B X
0 0 1
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0

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5. NOR gate

The output, X, is 1 if:

neither input A nor input B is 1

Truth table
Inputs Output
A B X
0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 0

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6. XOR gate

The output, X, is 1 if:

(Input A is 1 AND input B is 0)
OR
(Input A is 0 AND input B is 1)
Truth table

input output
A B X

0 0 0

0 1 1

1 0 1

1 1 0

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 Logic Circuits
 When logic gates are combined together to carry out a particular function, such as
controlling a robot, they form a logic circuit.
Example: -

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*Part 1: -

Truth table

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*part 2

Truth table
Inputs Output
P Q R
0 1 1
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 1 1
0 0 0
1 0

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*Part 3

Truth table:
Inputs Output
R C X
1 0 1
0 1 1
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0

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Putting all three intermediate truth tables together produces the final truth table which
represents the original logic circuit:

*Best wishes*

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