Cell Biology:

 Cell Structure: Organelles such as the nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic

reticulum, and Golgi apparatus.
 Cell Membrane: Structure, function, and transport across the membrane.
 Cellular Respiration: Process by which cells break down glucose to
produce ATP.
 Cell Cycle: Phases of cell division including interphase, mitosis, and
cytokinesis.

Genetics:

 DNA and RNA: Structure, replication, transcription, and translation.

 Mendelian Genetics: Laws of inheritance governing traits passed from
parents to offspring.
 Genetic Mutations: Changes in DNA sequence and their consequences.
 Genetic Engineering: Manipulation of DNA for various purposes including
biotechnology and medicine.

Evolutionary Biology:

 Natural Selection: Mechanism by which populations evolve over time.

 Speciation: Process by which new species arise.
 Evidence of Evolution: Fossils, comparative anatomy, embryology, and
molecular biology.
 Adaptations: Traits that enhance an organism's survival and reproduction
in its environment.

Ecology:

 Ecosystems: Interactions between living organisms and their environment.

 Population Dynamics: Study of changes in population size and
composition over time.
 Biomes: Major ecological communities characterized by distinct climate
and vegetation.
 Conservation Biology: Study of preserving biodiversity and protecting
ecosystems.

Physiology:

 Human Anatomy: Structure and organization of the human body.

 Organ Systems: Function and interrelation of systems such as the nervous,
circulatory, respiratory, digestive, and immune systems.
 Homeostasis: Regulation of internal conditions to maintain stability in the
face of external changes.
 Neuroscience: Study of the nervous system, including the brain, spinal
cord, and neurons.

Microbiology:

 Microbial Diversity: Bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protists.

 Microbial Ecology: Study of microorganisms in their natural environments.
 Microbial Pathogenesis: Mechanisms by which microorganisms cause
disease.
 Antibiotics and Antimicrobial Resistance: Development of antimicrobial
drugs and the evolution of resistance.

Botany:

 Plant Structure and Function: Roots, stems, leaves, and reproductive

structures.
 Photosynthesis: Process by which plants convert light energy into chemical
energy.
 Plant Hormones: Chemical messengers that regulate plant growth and
development.
 Plant Diversity: Classification and characteristics of major plant groups.