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Học viện Hàng Không Việt Nam – Khoa Khai thác HK
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Học viện Hàng Không Việt Nam – Khoa Khai thác HK
1. Phases of flight
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Học viện Hàng Không Việt Nam – Khoa Khai thác HK
1. Phases of flight
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Học viện Hàng Không Việt Nam – Khoa Khai thác HK
1. Phases of flight
Flight profile
Step 1- Preflight: Pilot files the flight plan & send to the Tower controller.
Tower inform pilot the weather information, runway/ taxiway condition... Flight
checks, push-back from the gate & taxi to the runway.
Step 2- Take-off: Tower controller gives pilot clearance for take-off, aircraft
powers up & take-off.
Step 3- Climb: Aircraft climbs to a define altitude Tower controller pass their
communication with pilot to the Departure Controller. Pilot receives clearance
for routing.
Step 4- En-route/ Cruise: Communication with the pilot then pass to the
Area Control Centre. The pilot receives instructions as to what altitude and
heading to maintain, as well as to which radio frequency to tune during the
flight from air controller.
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Học viện Hàng Không Việt Nam – Khoa Khai thác HK
1. Phases of flight
Flight profile
Step 5- Descent: Near airport Approach Controller, instructing pilot to
descent & change heading.
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Học viện Hàng Không Việt Nam – Khoa Khai thác HK
1. Phases of flight
Tower
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Học viện Hàng Không Việt Nam – Khoa Khai thác HK
1. Phases of flight
Approach & Area Control Centre
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Học viện Hàng Không Việt Nam – Khoa Khai thác HK
1. Phases of flight
Radar display system
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Học viện Hàng Không Việt Nam – Khoa Khai thác HK
1. Phases of flight
Radar display system
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Học viện Hàng Không Việt Nam – Khoa Khai thác HK
2. Take off
Screen height is an imaginary screen that the aircraft would just clear when taking off
(end of the declared take off distance) or landing (commencement of the declared
landing distance) at which the calculated aircraft has climbed to a specified height -
35ft (heavy aircraft), 50ft (light aircraft).
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Học viện Hàng Không Việt Nam – Khoa Khai thác HK
2. Take off
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Học viện Hàng Không Việt Nam – Khoa Khai thác HK
1. Take off
The Take-off path extends from a standing start to a point in the
take-off at which the aeroplane is 457 m (1500 ft) above the take-off
surface, or at which the transition from the take-off to the en-route
configuration is completed and VFTO is reached, whichever point is
higher. (…)”.
The Take-off flight path must be considered to begin 11 m (35 ft)
above the Take-off surface at the end of the take-off distance.(…)”
The Take-off path and Take-off flight path regulatory definitions assume that
the aircraft is accelerated on the ground to VEF, at which point the critical
engine is made inoperative and remains inoperative for the rest of the take-
off. Moreover, the V2 speed must be reached before the aircraft is 35 feet
above the Take-off surface, and the aircraft must continue at a speed not
less than V2, until it is 400 feet above the Take-off surface.
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Học viện Hàng Không Việt Nam – Khoa Khai thác HK
1. Take off
2. Take off
1500 Ft
Flap retraction or
Lift-Off Gear Retracted 400 Ft Min Clean Clear of Obstacles
V2 V2 Acceleration Clean
TO Thrust MCT
35 ft Max 5 min
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Học viện Hàng Không Việt Nam – Khoa Khai thác HK
2. Take off
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Học viện Hàng Không Việt Nam – Khoa Khai thác HK
2. Take off
Take – off speed
One g - Stall speed (Vs1g) : which corresponds to the maximum lift
coefficient (i.e. just before the lift starts decreasing); at that moment,
the load factor is still equal to one.
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Học viện Hàng Không Việt Nam – Khoa Khai thác HK
2. Take off
Take – off speed
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Học viện Hàng Không Việt Nam – Khoa Khai thác HK
2. Take off
Take – off speed
The reference stall speed (VSR): is a calibrated airspeed defined by
the applicant. VSR may not be less than a One-g stall speed. VSR is
expressed as:
VCL
VSR max
nw
Where:
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Học viện Hàng Không Việt Nam – Khoa Khai thác HK
2. Take off
Take – off speed
VS = 0.94 x Vs1g
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Học viện Hàng Không Việt Nam – Khoa Khai thác HK
2. Take off
Take – off speed
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Học viện Hàng Không Việt Nam – Khoa Khai thác HK
2. Take off
Take – off speed
“CS 25.207 Stall warning
(c) When the speed is reduced at rates not exceeding 0.5 m/s2 (one
knot per second), stall warning must begin, in each normal
configuration, at a speed, VSW, exceeding the speed at which the stall
is identified (…) by not less than 9.3 km/h (five knots) or five percent
CAS, whichever is greater. Once initiated, stall warning must continue
until the angle of attack is reduced to approximately that at which stall
warning began.
(d) In addition to the requirement of subparagraph (c) of this
paragraph, when the speed is reduced at rates not exceeding 0.5
m/s2 (one knot per second), in straight flight with engines idling (…),
VSW, in each normal configuration, must exceed VSR by not less than
5.6 km/h (three knots) or three percent CAS, whichever is greater.”
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Học viện Hàng Không Việt Nam – Khoa Khai thác HK
2. Take off
Take – off speed
Minimum Control Speed on the Ground (Vmcg) : when the critical
engine is suddenly made inoperative, Vmcg is the minimum speed
during take off at which it is possible to maintain directional control
with only the use of primary aerodynamic controls (using the rudder
control alone without the use of nose-wheel steering) to enable the
take off to be safely continued.
Assuming that the path of the aeroplane accelerating with all engines
operating is along the centreline of the runway, its path from the point
at which the critical engine is made inoperative to the point at which
recovery to a direction parallel to the centreline is completed, may not
deviate more than 9.1 m (30 ft) laterally from the centreline at any
point. Maximum rudder force is restricted to 68 Kg (150 lbs).
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Học viện Hàng Không Việt Nam – Khoa Khai thác HK
2. Take off
Take – off speed
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Học viện Hàng Không Việt Nam – Khoa Khai thác HK
2. Take off
Take – off speed
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Học viện Hàng Không Việt Nam – Khoa Khai thác HK
2. Take off
Take – off speed
Minimum Control Speed Airbone (Vmca) or Minimum Control
Speed (Vmc): this is the speed, when the critical engine is suddenly
made inoperative, it is possible to maintain control of the aeroplane
and maintain straight flight with an angle of bank of not more than 5
degrees.
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Học viện Hàng Không Việt Nam – Khoa Khai thác HK
2. Take off
Take – off speed
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Học viện Hàng Không Việt Nam – Khoa Khai thác HK
2. Take off
Take – off speed
Engine Failure Speed (VEF): is the calibrated airspeed at which the
critical engine is assumed to fail. VEF must be selected by the
applicant, but may not be less than Vmcg.
All take off performance figures after critical engine failure are
calculated from this speed.
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Học viện Hàng Không Việt Nam – Khoa Khai thác HK
2. Take off
Take – off speed
Minimum Unstick Speed (Vmu): Vmu is the calibrated airspeed at and
above which the aeroplane can safely lift off the ground, and continue
the take-off. VMU speeds must be selected by the applicant
throughout the range of thrust-to-weight ratios to be certificated
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Học viện Hàng Không Việt Nam – Khoa Khai thác HK
2. Take off
Take – off speed
Minimum Unstick Speed (Vmu)
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Học viện Hàng Không Việt Nam – Khoa Khai thác HK
2. Take off
Take – off speed
Minimum Unstick Speed (Vmu)
Two minimum unstick speeds must be
determined and validated by flight
tests:
- with all engines operatives : VMU
(N)
- with one engine inoperative : VMU
(N-1)
In the one-engine inoperative case,
VMU (N-1) must ensure a safe lateral
control to prevent the engine from
striking the ground.
It appears that: VMU (N) ≤ VMU (N-1)
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Học viện Hàng Không Việt Nam – Khoa Khai thác HK
2. Take off
Take – off speed
Take off “action” speed (V1) : the calibrated airspeed on the
ground at which, as a result of engine failure or other reasons, the
pilot assumed to have made a decision to continue or discontinue
the take off. V1 must be established in relation to VEF as follows:
VEF V1
VEF V1
VEF V1
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Học viện Hàng Không Việt Nam – Khoa Khai thác HK
2. Take off
Take – off speed
V1 is the maximum
speed at which the crew
can decide to reject the
takeoff, and is ensured
to stop the aircraft
within the limits of the
runway.
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Học viện Hàng Không Việt Nam – Khoa Khai thác HK
2. Take off
Take – off speed
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Học viện Hàng Không Việt Nam – Khoa Khai thác HK
2. Take off
Take – off speed
Rotation speed (VR) : is the speed at which the pilot initiates the
rotation, at the appropriate rate of about 3° per second.
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Học viện Hàng Không Việt Nam – Khoa Khai thác HK
2. Take off
Take – off speed
Lift off speed (VLOF) : is the airspeed at which the aeroplane first
becomes airborne. Therefore, it is the speed at which the lift
overcomes the weight.
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Học viện Hàng Không Việt Nam – Khoa Khai thác HK
2. Take off
Take – off speed
Take off “safety” speed (V2) : This speed will be reached at 35 feet
above the runway surface with one engine inoperative.
V2 V2min where V2min = greater of [1.10 Vmca; 1.13 VSR (= 1.2 Vs)]
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Học viện Hàng Không Việt Nam – Khoa Khai thác HK
2. Take off
Take – off speed
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Học viện Hàng Không Việt Nam – Khoa Khai thác HK
2. Take off
Take – off speed
Take off final speed (VFTO or VFS) : Final take off speed means the
speed of the airplane that exists at the end of the take off path in the
en route configuration with one engine inoperative.
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Học viện Hàng Không Việt Nam – Khoa Khai thác HK
2. Take off
Take – off speed
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Học viện Hàng Không Việt Nam – Khoa Khai thác HK
2. Take off
Take – off speed
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Học viện Hàng Không Việt Nam – Khoa Khai thác HK
2. Take off
Take – off speed
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Học viện Hàng Không Việt Nam – Khoa Khai thác HK
2. Take off
Take – off distance
Runway (RWY): A defined rectangular area on a land aerodrome
prepared for the landing and take-off of aircraft.
Clearway (CWY): A defined rectangular area on the ground or water
under the control of the appropriate authority, 152 m (500 ft) minimum
width, with upward slope not exceeding 1.25%. Any obstacles
penetrating the 1.25% plane will limit the Clearway. Area selected or
prepared as a suitable area over which an aeroplane may make a
portion of its initial climb to a specified height.
Stopway (SWY): A defined rectangular area on the ground at the end
of take-off run available prepared as a suitable area in which an
aircraft can be stopped in the case of an abandoned take off. Its width
must be greater than or equal to that of the runway. It may not be
used for landings.
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Học viện Hàng Không Việt Nam – Khoa Khai thác HK
2. Take off
Take – off distance
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Học viện Hàng Không Việt Nam – Khoa Khai thác HK
2. Take off
Take – off distance
Take Off Run Available (TORA): The length of runway which is
declared available by the appropriate Authority and suitable for the
ground run of an airplane taking off.
TORA is either equal to the runway length, or to the distance from the
runway entry point (intersecting taxiway) to the end of the runway.
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Học viện Hàng Không Việt Nam – Khoa Khai thác HK
2. Take off
Take – off distance
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Học viện Hàng Không Việt Nam – Khoa Khai thác HK
2. Take off
Take – off distance
Take Off Distance Available (TODA): The length of the take-off run
available plus the length of the clearway, if provided.
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Học viện Hàng Không Việt Nam – Khoa Khai thác HK
2. Take off
Take – off distance
Accelerate-Stop Distance Available (ASDA): The length of the take-
off run available plus the length of the stopway, if provided.
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Học viện Hàng Không Việt Nam – Khoa Khai thác HK
2. Take off
Take – off distance
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Học viện Hàng Không Việt Nam – Khoa Khai thác HK
2. Take off
Take – off distance
Take off Run (TOR) – dry runway (with clearway)
TORN-1 dry = Distance covered from brake release to a point
equidistant between the point at which VLOF is reached and the
point at which the aircraft is 35 feet above the take off surface (½
the Air Distance), assuming that the critical engine is made
inoperative at VEF and remains inoperative for the rest of the take
off
1.15 TORN dry = 115 % of the distance covered from brake release
to a point equidistant between the point at which VLOF is reached
and the point at which the aircraft is 35 feet above the take off
surface, with all engines operating.
2. Take off
Take – off distance
Take off Run (TOR) – wet runway (with clearway)
TORN-1 wet = Distance covered from the brake release to a point
at which the aircraft is 15ft above the take off surface, ensuring the
V2 speed to be achieved before the airplane is 35 feet above the
take off surface, assuming that the critical engine is made
inoperative at VEF and remains inoperative for the rest of the take
off. It is equal to TOD N-1 wet .
1.15 TORN wet = 115 % of the distance covered from brake
release to a point equidistant between the point at which VLOF is
reached and the point at which the aircraft is 35 ft above the take
off surface, with all engines operating.
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Học viện Hàng Không Việt Nam – Khoa Khai thác HK
2. Take off
Take – off distance
Take off Run (TOR) – wet runway (with clearway)
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Học viện Hàng Không Việt Nam – Khoa Khai thác HK
2. Take off
Take – off distance
Take off Run (TOR) – without clearway
The take off run is equal to the take off distance, whatever the take
off surface (dry or wet).
The Take-off run must not exceed the take-off run available
TOR TORA
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Học viện Hàng Không Việt Nam – Khoa Khai thác HK
2. Take off
Take – off distance
Take off Distance (TOD) – dry runway
TODN-1 dry = Distance covered from the start of the take off to a
point at which the aircraft is 35 feet above the take off surface,
assuming that the critical engine is made inoperative at VEF and
remains inoperative for the rest of the take off,
1.15 TODN dry = 115% of the distance covered from the start of
the take off to a point at which the aircraft is 35 feet above the take
off surface, with all engines operating.
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Học viện Hàng Không Việt Nam – Khoa Khai thác HK
2. Take off
Take – off distance
Take off Distance (TOD) – wet runway
TODdry = take off distance on a dry runway (see above),
TODN-1 wet = Distance covered from the start of the take off to a
point at which the aircraft is 15 feet above the take off surface,
ensuring the V2 speed to be achieved before the airplane is 35
feet above the take off surface, assuming that the critical engine is
made inoperative at VEF and remains inoperative for the rest of
the take off.
TODwet = greater of {TODdry, TODN-1 wet}
The Take-off distance must not exceed the take-off distance available
TOD TODA
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Học viện Hàng Không Việt Nam – Khoa Khai thác HK
2. Take off
Take – off distance
Take off
Distance (TOD)
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Học viện Hàng Không Việt Nam – Khoa Khai thác HK
2. Take off
Take – off distance
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Học viện Hàng Không Việt Nam – Khoa Khai thác HK
2. Take off
Take – off distance
Accelerate-stop distance (ASD) – dry runway
ASDN-1 dry = Sum of the distances necessary to:
- Accelerate the airplane with all engines operating to VEF,
- Accelerate from VEF to V1 assuming the critical engine fails at VEF
and the pilot takes the first action to reject the take off at V1
- Come to a full stop,
- Plus a distance equivalent to 2 seconds at constant V1 speed
ASDN dry = Sum of the distances necessary to:
- Accelerate the airplane with all engines operating to V1, assuming
the pilot takes the first action to reject the take off at V1
- With all engines still operating come to a full stop
- Plus a distance equivalent to 2 seconds at constant V1 speed
ASDdry = greater of {ASDN-1 dry, ASDN dry}
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Học viện Hàng Không Việt Nam – Khoa Khai thác HK
2. Take off
Take – off distance
Accelerate-stop
distance (ASD) – dry
runway
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Học viện Hàng Không Việt Nam – Khoa Khai thác HK
2. Take off
Take – off distance
Accelerate-stop distance (ASD) – wet runway
ASDdry
ASDN-1 wet = same definition as ASDN-1 dry except the runway
is wet
ASDN wet = same definition as ASDN dry except the runway is
wet
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Học viện Hàng Không Việt Nam – Khoa Khai thác HK
2. Take off
Take – off distance
2. Take off
Influence of V1 on Accelerate-Go/Stop Distances
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Học viện Hàng Không Việt Nam – Khoa Khai thác HK
2. Take off
Influence of V1 on MTOW
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Học viện Hàng Không Việt Nam – Khoa Khai thác HK
2. Take off
Take – off distance
The take off distance / take off run (TOD / TOR) adjustment is made,
based on the initial distance from the beginning of the runway to the
main gear, since the screen height is measured from the main gear,
as indicated by distance "A”.
The accelerate-stop distance (ASD) adjustment is based on the initial
distance from the beginning of the runway to the nose gear, as
indicated by distance "B"
2. Take off
Take – off distance
2. Take off
Take – off distance
2. Take off
Take – off distance
2. Take off
Take – off distance
2. Take off
Take – off distance
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Học viện Hàng Không Việt Nam – Khoa Khai thác HK
2. Take off
Take – off distance
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Học viện Hàng Không Việt Nam – Khoa Khai thác HK
2. Take off
Balanced/Unbalanced Field Length
When neither clearway, nor stopway exist at the end of the runway (for
a given QFU), the runway length is called “balanced field length”. In
this case: TORA = TODA = ASDA.
Therefore, you must check the two conditions: TOD Balanced field length
ASD Balanced field length
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Học viện Hàng Không Việt Nam – Khoa Khai thác HK
2. Take off
Field Length Criteria
Actual All-Engine take off Distance x 1.15
for a given V1
35 ft
15% Safety
weight and given Margin
V1 is the greater
of three different One Engine Inoperative take off Distance V2
distances: VEF V1
35 ft
VEF V1
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Học viện Hàng Không Việt Nam – Khoa Khai thác HK
2. Take off
Balanced/Unbalanced Field Length
The greater of the 3 distances is the Field Length required.
If V1 is chosen such as the 1-Engine-Inoperative Accelerate-Go and
Accelerate-Stop distances are equal, the necessary field length is
called Balanced and the corresponding V1 is known as a Balanced V1
Balanced V1
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Học viện Hàng Không Việt Nam – Khoa Khai thác HK
2. Take off
Balanced/Unbalanced Field Length
If you want to Take-off at this given Take-off weight, the balanced field
length must be at least equal to the balanced distance:
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Học viện Hàng Không Việt Nam – Khoa Khai thác HK
2. Take off
Balanced/Unbalanced Field Length
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Học viện Hàng Không Việt Nam – Khoa Khai thác HK
2. Take off
Balanced/Unbalanced Field Length
An unbalanced field length exists when there is a clearway, either a
stopway, or both of them at the end of the runway (for a given QFU).
In this case TORA, TODA and ASDA have different values.
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Học viện Hàng Không Việt Nam – Khoa Khai thác HK
2. Take off
Balanced/Unbalanced Field Length
Considering the same
aeroplane, at the same
take off weight, for each
value of V1 it is possible
to build minimum
runway, stopway and
clearway lengths in
order to comply with
these conditions, as
shown in the figure
below:
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Học viện Hàng Không Việt Nam – Khoa Khai thác HK
2. Take off
Obstacle Clearance
The obstacle clearance requirements establish that the margin
between the net take-off flight path and the obstacles within the
departure sector must be 35 ft.
1st Segment 2nd Segment 3rd Segment 4th Segment
V2
35 ft
35 ft
35 ft
35 ft
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Học viện Hàng Không Việt Nam – Khoa Khai thác HK
2. Take off
Obstacle Clearance
Any part of the net take-off flight path in which the aircraft is banked
by more than 15° must clear all obstacles […] by a vertical distance of
at least 50 ft (JAR-OPS 1.495).
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Học viện Hàng Không Việt Nam – Khoa Khai thác HK
2. Take off
Obstacle Clearance
Gross “take off” Flight Path = Takeoff flight path actually flown by
the aeroplane from 35 ft above the takeoff surface at the end of the
takeoff distance (determined as appropriate for the runway surface
condition).
'Gross' performance is what has been observed and measured during
flight testing/certification.
Net “take off” Flight Path = Gross takeoff flight path minus a
mandatory reduction.
'Net' performance is that 'gross' performance degraded by a small
percentage, to take into account 'real-world' variables (handling skill,
wear and tear of engine and airframe, accuracy of data, e.g.
meteorolgical, runway).
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Học viện Hàng Không Việt Nam – Khoa Khai thác HK
2. Take off
Obstacle Clearance
The net Take-off flight path data must be determined so that they
represent the actual [Gross] Take-off flight path (…) reduced at each
point by a gradient of climb equal to:
- 0.8% for two-engined airplanes
- 1.0% for four-engine airplanes”
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Học viện Hàng Không Việt Nam – Khoa Khai thác HK
2. Take off
Take off turn procedure
Track changes shall not be allowed up to the point at which the net
take-off flight path has achieved a height equal to one half the
wingspan but not less than 50 ft above the elevation of the end of the
take-off run available.
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Học viện Hàng Không Việt Nam – Khoa Khai thác HK
2. Take off
Take off turn procedure
Thereafter, up to a height of 400 ft it is assumed that the aeroplane is
banked by no more than 15°. Above 400 ft height bank angles greater
than 15°, but not more than 25° may be scheduled.
An operator must use special procedures, subject to the approval of
the Authority, to apply increased bank angles of not more than 20º
between 200 ft and 400 ft, or not more than 30º above 400 ft
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Học viện Hàng Không Việt Nam – Khoa Khai thác HK
2. Take off
Takeoff Performance on Wet and Contaminated Runways
The ASD definition on a contaminated runway is the same as on a
wet runway. Reversers’ effect may be taken into account in the ASD
calculation, as soon as the surface is not dry. The distances can
either be established by calculation or testing.
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Học viện Hàng Không Việt Nam – Khoa Khai thác HK
2. Take off
Takeoff Performance on Wet and Contaminated Runways
On a wet or contaminated runway, the screen height (height at the
end of the TOD) is 15 feet. The net takeoff flight path starts at 35 feet
at the end of the TOD.
When taking off on a wet or a contaminated runway and an engine
failure occurs at V1, this implies that the aeroplane can initially be as
much as 20 ft below the net takeoff flight path, and therefore may
clear close-in obstacles by only 15 ft.
2. Take off
Departure Sector
The Take-off funnel, also called departure sector, represents an area
surrounding the Take-off flight path, within which all obstacles must be
cleared, assuming they are all projected on the intended track.
The departure sector begins at the end of the TODA (or at the end of
TOD if a turn starts before the end of TODA), with a width of 300 ft (for
airplanes with a wingspan of less than 60 m a horizontal obstacle
clearance of half the airplane wingspan plus 60 m) with on each
side of the runway. This width increases with an angle of 7,1º.
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Học viện Hàng Không Việt Nam – Khoa Khai thác HK
2. Take off
Departure Sector
For those cases where the intended flight path does not require track
changes of more than 15º. The lateral distance up to a maximum width:
• 1000 ft (300 m) if the pilot is able to maintain the required navigational
accuracy through the obstacle accountability area, or
• 2000 ft (600 m) for flights under all other conditions
2. Take off
Departure Sector
For those cases where the intended flight path does require track
changes of more than 15º, the width of the departure sector increases:
• 2000 ft (600 m) if the pilot is able to maintain the required
navigational accuracy through the obstacle accountability area
• 3000 ft (900 m) for flights under all other conditions
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Học viện Hàng Không Việt Nam – Khoa Khai thác HK
1. Take off
Departure Sector
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Học viện Hàng Không Việt Nam – Khoa Khai thác HK
1. Take off
Departure Sector
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Học viện Hàng Không Việt Nam – Khoa Khai thác HK
2. Take off
Factors Affecting Aircraft Performance During take off
1. Aircraft’s Weight
2. Air Density/
Temperature
3. Wind
Factors Affecting
Take-off 4. Runway
Performance Conditions
5. Aircraft Configurations
a) Flap Setting
b)Airframe Contamination
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2. Take off
Factors Affecting Aircraft Performance During take off
Aircraft’s weight
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2. Take off
Factors Affecting Aircraft Performance During take off
Aircraft’s weight
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2. Take off
Factors Affecting Aircraft Performance During take off
! HEIGHT What effect does low air density have on climb performance?
! HEAT
! HUMIDITY
low altitude,
cold dry day
high altitude,
hot humid day
2. Take off
Factors Affecting Aircraft Performance During take off
Air Temperature
Effect on aerodynamics:
When the Outside Air Temperature increases, the air density
decreases => for a given weight, the airspeed must be increased to
compensate for the air density reduction => Take-off distance is
increased.
Effect on engine:
The efficiency of the jet engine depends on the temperature of the air
surrounding it. The higher the air temperature, the less thrust can be
produced by the engine. Therefore the rate of acceleration is smaller
and the aircraft will need a longer take off distance and smaller take
off climb grandient.
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2. Take off
Factors Affecting Aircraft Performance During take off
Air Temperature
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2. Take off
Factors Affecting Aircraft Performance During take off
Air Density
Effect on aerodynamics:
As air density is reduced (for example, with increasing altitude), take-
off distance begins to increase quickly. (because velocity increase).
Effect on engine:
As air density is reduced, the available Take-off thrust is reduced.
Therefore, Take-off distances are longer and Take-off climb gradients
are reduced.
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2. Take off
Factors Affecting Aircraft Performance During take off
Air Density
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2. Take off
Factors Affecting Aircraft Performance During take off
Wind
Headwind Tailwind
Ground Speed higher (strain on
before Take-off lower landing gear)
Where can we find out the
Ground Run shorter longer effect of head/tail wind on
take-off performance?
Climb Angle steeper shallower
Directional
better worse
Control (weathercocking)
TAILWIND HEADWIND
Ex. 16 - Take-off 99
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2. Take off
Factors Affecting Aircraft Performance During take off
Wind
↑ Headwind = ↓ Distance
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2. Take off
Factors Affecting Aircraft Performance During take off
Wind
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2. Take off
Factors Affecting Aircraft Performance During take off
CrossWind
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2. Take off
Factors Affecting Aircraft Performance During take off
Runway condition – Slope
If an aircraft is taking-off up-hill it will take longer to accelerate to the take-off safety speed
35 ft
Up-slope
If an aircraft is taking-off down-hill it will take less time to accelerate to the take-off safety
speed
35 ft
Down-slope
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2. Take off
Factors Affecting Aircraft Performance During take off
Runway condition – Slope
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2. Take off
Factors Affecting Aircraft Performance During take off
Runway Surface condition
During the take-off, the largest contributor to drag is friction on the
wheels, If this friction is increased take-off distance will increase.
35 ft
35 ft
35 ft
Mud, Sand
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2. Take off
Factors Affecting Aircraft Performance During take off
Runway Surface condition
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2. Take off
Factors Affecting Aircraft Performance During take off
Aircraft Configurations – Flap/Slat
For a given aeroplane mass, an increase of flap angle:
• increases the lift coefficient CL, which reduces take-off speed;
thus, the Take-off distance decreases;
• increases the drag and decreases the lift to drag ratio, thus the
climb gradient after Take-off decreases.
35 ft
Clean configuration
50ft
Flaps extended
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2. Take off
Factors Affecting Aircraft Performance During take off
Aircraft Configurations – Flap/Slat
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2. Take off
Factors Affecting Aircraft Performance During take off
Aircraft Contamination
Bleed Air
Bleed air is used for anti-icing and air conditioning. The use of bleeds
during take off decreases engine thrust. As a consequence:
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2. Take off
Factors Affecting Aircraft Performance During take off
Influence of V1: Final take off speed means the speed of the airplane
that exists at the end of the take off path in the en route configuration
with one engine inoperative.
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2. Take off
Factors Affecting Aircraft Performance During take off
In case of higher V1, the opposite occurs, ASD is longer than TOD.
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2. Take off
Factors Affecting Aircraft Performance During take off
Influence of V2: For a given aeroplane mass, when V2 increases, all
the Take-off speeds increase too, and
a longer Take-off distance is necessary in order to achieve a higher
V2 at 35ft
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2. Take off
Factors Affecting Aircraft Performance During take off
2. Take off
Factors Affecting Aircraft Performance During take off
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2. Take off
Factors Affecting Aircraft Performance During take off
Avoid wake turbulence
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2. Take off
Factors Affecting Aircraft Performance During take off
Avoid wake turbulence
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2. Take off
Factors Affecting Aircraft Performance During take off
Avoid wake turbulence
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1. Take off
Factors Affecting Aircraft Performance During take off
Avoid wake turbulence
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2. Take off
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5. Roll-out
• maintain directional control with rudder
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To obtain necessary visual cues, the pilot should look toward the runway at a
shallow angle.
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FAA Ailplane
Flying Handbook
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A less than 90 90 - 150 C182 - TB20 - C208 - BE35 small single engine
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VAPP VLS
To calculate VAPP, we will increase VREF in 5 kts, plus a value
depending on the wind. This value is calculated in a different way for
each aircraft. An additional correction may be made with some
systems inoperative:
VAPP = VREF + 5 kts + ΔVwind and/or gusts + ΔVsystems inoperative
It is very common to retain a margin on VLS to define VAPP. For
Airbus aircraft, in normal operations, the VAPP is defined by:
VAPP = VLS + ΔVwind
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G 137
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If the runway is wet, then the landing distance required is 115% of the
corresponding LDR for a dry runway.
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Một máy bay sử dụng động cơ turboprop, biết chiều dài đường băng
yêu cầu hạ cánh tại sân bay A trong điều kiện dry runway là 2500 m.
Hỏi để tàu bay được phép hạ cánh trong điều kiện wet runway, chiều
dài đường băng tại sân bay A tối thiểu là:
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Prior
Dispatch In flight
Dispatch
Forecasted LAW, Actual LAW,
Pre Study Ambient conditions Ambient conditions
Assumed LAW,
Ambient conditions FAILURES FAILURES
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2.1%
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3.2%
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Landing Runway
Wind
Speed Condition
G 172
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! HEIGHT
! HEAT
! HUMIDITY
FAA – Airplane
Flying Handbook
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3. Approach & Landing
Factors Affecting Aircraft Performance During Landing
Wind
Headwind Tailwind
Ground Speed
lower higher (strain
on Touch-Down on landing gear)
Where can we find out the
Ground Run shorter longer effect of head/tail wind on
landing performance?
Descent Angle steeper shallower
Directional
better worse
Control (weathercocking)
TAILWIND HEADWIND
X X
Ex. 18 - Approach and Landing
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n
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Up slope
If an aircraft is landing down hill it will take more time to slow
down therefore the landing distance will increase
Down slope
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Clean configuration
Flaps extended
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4. Wind shear
Appears as a change in wind direction and/or speed within a
very short distance in the atmosphere,
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4. Wind shear
Wind shear
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4. Wind shear
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4. Wind shear
Six common
windshear situations
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4. Wind shear
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4. Wind shear
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4. Wind shear
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