Evsjv ' Ki A - © BWZK Dbœq B GWKQV Dbœqb E Vs Ki Gi F WGKV Ey©Bv Ki

evsjv‡`‡ki ê‡`wkK m¤úK© -1
1. evsjv‡`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡b Gwkqv Dbœqb e¨vs‡Ki (ADB) Gi f~wgKv eY©bv Ki 18,20
evsjv‡`‡ki Av_©mvgvwRK Dbœq‡b GwWwe'I f~wgKv evsjv‡`k 1973 mv‡j GwWwe'i m`m¨c` jvf K‡i| m`m¨c` cªvwßi ci
†_‡KB GwWwe evsjv‡`‡k Dbœqb Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv, Avw_©K mn‡hvwMZv Ges wewfbœ †¶‡Î Dbœqb Askx`vwi‡Z¡i wfwË‡Z KvR
K‡i P‡j‡Q| evsjv‡`‡k Kvh©µg cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ GwWwei wbR¯^ †KŠkjcÎ i‡q‡Q hv The Country Strategy and
Program ev ms‡¶‡c CSP bv‡g cwiwPZ|
eZ©gv‡b GwWwei †hme Kvh©µg evsjv‡`‡k Pjgvb i‡q‡Q †m¸‡jv wb‡gœ Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv:
1. miKvwi Lv‡Zi Dbœqb: miKvwi wewfbœ Lv‡Zi Dbœq‡bi j‡¶¨ GwWwe Ges evsjv‡`k miKvi †hŠ_fv‡e KvR Ki‡Q| G‡Z
†hŠ_fv‡e cwiPvwjZ Lv‡Zi ¸YMZgvb I D‡Ïk¨ h_vh_fv‡e m¤úbœ n‡”Q| ZvB evsjv‡`‡ki AbMªmiZ LvZmg~‡ni MwZ e„w×
cv‡”Q|
2. †emiKvwi Lv‡Zi Dbœqb: †emiKvwi Lv‡Zi Kvh©µg‡K miKvwiKi‡Yi gva¨‡g jvfRbK †emiKvwiKiY miKvi‡K
DrmvwnZ Kiv I civg‡k©i Kv‡R GwWwe wewfbœfv‡e wb‡R‡ì wb‡qvwRZ †i‡L‡Q| G‡Z †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK †fŠZ AeKvVv‡gvi
DbœwZ n‡”Q|
3. gvbe Dbœqb `ªæwZKiY: evsjv‡`‡ki AwaKvsk gvbyl GL‡bv Rbkw³‡Z cwiYZ n‡Z cv‡i wb| †m‡¶‡Î miKvwi-‡emiKvwi
D‡`¨v‡Mi cvkvcvwk GwWweI †ek Zrcic~Y© Kvh©µg Pvjv‡”Q| †hgb- †eKvi‡K Kg©ms¯’v‡bi Dcvq ev AvZ¥wbf©ikxjZvi
†KŠkj welqK Kg©m~wP, wk¶vi mydj, ¯^v¯’¨m‡PZb BZ¨vw` welqK Kg©kvjv|
4. wk¶vµ‡gi ms¯‹vi: hy‡Mi cwieZ©‡bi mv‡_ mv‡_ cvwicvwk¦©K †gŠwjK welq¸‡jvI hy‡Mvc‡hvMx Ki‡Z nq| G‡¶‡Î
wk¶vµ‡gi ms¯‹vi Ab¨Zg| ZvB cªv_wgK I gva¨wgK wk¶v ms¯‹v‡ii j‡¶¨ mvgwMªK wk¶veë¯’vi ¸YMZ gvb I `¶Zv e„w×i
cª‡qv‡M GwWwe evsjv‡`‡k KvR Ki‡Q|
5. wewfbœ cªwZôv‡b wewb‡qvM: GwWwe evsjv‡`‡ki wewfbœ cªwZôv‡b cªPyi cwigv‡Y wewb‡qvM K‡i _v‡K| G‡Z †`‡ki RvZxq
Av‡q GwWwe Ae`vb ivL‡Q| Gi Rb¨ cvkvcvwk Kg©ms¯’v‡bi †¶Î e„w× cv‡”Q|
6. AvÂwjK mn‡hvwMZvi Dbœqb NUv‡bv: AvÂwjK, DcAvÂwjK cwienb I kw³ m¤ú‡ì †bUIqvK© m„wó‡Z Avw_©K mnvqZv
Kivi Kv‡R GwWwe evsjv‡`‡ki Rb¨ KvR K‡i hv‡”Q| Gi wfZi i‡q‡Q ch©Ub, cwi‡ek I wewb‡qv‡M AvÂwjK
mn‡hvwMZvg~jK Kvh©µg|
7. cªvwšÍK Rb‡Mvôxi Rxebgvb Dbœqb: †`‡ki `wi`ª I cªvwšÍK Rb‡Mvôxi Rxeb gvb Dbœq‡bi j‡¶¨ GwWwe G‡`‡k †ek wKQy
cªKí nv‡Z wb‡q‡Q| Gi d‡j G cªK‡íi AvIZvaxb `wi`ª cªvwšÍK Rb‡Mvôxi Rxeb gv‡bi DbœwZ n‡”Q|
8. †RÛvi êlg¨ `~ixKiY: GwWwei †K›`ªxq eë¯’vcbvq GwWwei evsjv‡`k AvevwmK wgkb †RÛvi êlg¨ `~ixKiY me‡P‡q
†ewk mwµq| we‡kl K‡i GwWwe G‡¶‡Î cðv`c` bvix‡ì Kg©`¶Zv e„w× I Rbkw³‡Z cwiYZ Kivi Rb¨ †ewk †Póv Pvwj‡q
hv‡”Q|
9. bvixi AwaKvi wbwðZKiY: GL‡bv evsjv‡`‡ki wewfbœ GjvKv‡Z bvixiv Aejv Rx‡ei b¨vq emevm Ki‡Q| Gi KviY
wk¶vR©‡b bvix‡ì AbvMªmiZv I wb‡R‡ì Ae‡PZbZv| ZvB bvix‡ì wk¶vR©b I wb‡R‡ì AwaKvi wel‡q m‡PZbZv e„w×i
j‡¶¨ GwWwe wewfbœ Kvh©µg cwiPvwjZ Ki‡Q|
10. kvmb eë¯’vi Dbœqb: evsjv‡`‡ki cªe„w× Dbœqb Ges Dbœqb Kg©Kv‡Ði D‡Ïk¨mg~n AR©‡bi j‡¶¨ cªkvmwbK eë¯’vi
Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ GwWwe wewfbœ cªwk¶Yg~jK eë¯’v wb‡q‡Q| G‡Z evsjv‡`‡ki kvmb eë¯’vi e¨vcK DbœwZ n‡”Q|
11. g~j¨vqbwfwËK mnvqZv: kw³LvZ, cwienb, Avw_©K Ges mvgvwRK LvZmg~‡ni miKvwi eë¯’vcbv Dbœq‡bi j‡¶¨ mswkøó
LvZ¸‡jv‡K Abycª‡ek I h_vh_ g~j¨vqbwfwËK mnvqZv GwWwe evsjv‡`k‡K K‡i Avm‡Q| d‡j Gme Lv‡Zi e¨qfv‡ii ¯^”QZv
I Kvh© ev¯Íevq‡bi ZvwM` ¸iæZ¡ cv‡”Q|
Dch©y³ Av‡jvPbvi cwi‡cªw¶‡Z ejv hvq †h, Gkxq Dbœqb e¨vsK weMZ Pvi `kK a‡i evsjv‡`‡ki AvÂwjK Dbœqb I
AMªMwZ‡Z mdjZvi mv‡_ Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv Ki‡Q| we‡kl K‡i Dbœqbkxj m`mïvóª nIqvq evsjv‡`k GwWwe †_‡K Gme
my‡hvM myweav †ewk K‡i cv‡”Q|
2. mv¤úªwZK mg‡q evsjv‡`‡ki ciivóª bxwZi mdjZvmg~n eY©bv Ki 18,20

we‡k¦i †Kvb ivóªB ¯^qsm¤ú~Y© bq| cª‡Z¨KwU ivóª Zvi c~Y©Zvi Rb¨ bvbvfv‡e Ab¨ iv‡óªi Dci wbf©ikxj| G wbf©ikxjZv
†_‡KB Rb¥ †bq AvšÍR©vwZK m¤ú‡K©i| †h bxwZ ev c×wZi gva¨‡g †Kvb †`k Zvi AvšÍR©vwZK m¤úK© wba©viY K‡i Zv‡K
ciivóª bxwZ e‡j| ciivóª bxwZ n‡jv Af¨šÍixY bxwZi m¤úªmviY| Aa¨vcK gvk©vj e‡jb, "ciivóª bxwZ ej‡Z ivóª †hme
wµqvKjvc m¤úv`b K‡i ev AvšÍR©vwZK †¶‡Î hv Ki‡Z Pvq Zv‡K ciivóª bxwZ e‡j|" Z‡e c„w_exi cª‡Z¨KwU iv‡óªi ciivóª
bxwZi g~j K_v n‡jv RvZxq ¯^v_© i¶v Kiv| †Kvb †`‡ki ciivóª bxwZi mvdj¨ ej‡Z AvšÍR©vwZK †¶‡Î †Kvb iv‡óªi j¶¨ I
D‡Ï‡kï mdjZv‡K eySvq| evsjv‡`‡ki ciivóª bxwZi n‡”Q †`‡ki RvZxq ¯^v_© I Avkv AvKv•¶vi cªwZdjb| cª‡Z¨KwU
iv‡óªi ciivóª bxwZi g~j Kvg¨ n‡”Q ¯^v_© jvf I mg„w× mvab Kiv| ¯^vaxbZvi ci n‡Z my`yicªmvix wPšÍvfvebv Ges `~i`k©x
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ciivóª bxwZ cªYq‡bi d‡j evsjv‡`k mv¤úªwZK mg‡q ciivóª bxwZ‡Z †ek wKQy mdjZv jvf K‡i‡Q| wb‡gœ evsjv‡`‡ki
ciivóª bxwZi mvd‡jï wKQy w`K Zy‡j aiv n‡jv:
1. AvšÍR©vwZK †¶‡Î gh©v`v e„w×: evsjv‡`k Zvi ciivóª bxwZi mdj cª‡Póvi gva¨‡g we‡k¦ †`‡ki RvZxq m¤§vb, gh©v`v Ges
cªfve e„w× Ki‡Z m¶g n‡q‡Q| ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Z_¨ cª`vb, RvwZms‡Ni wgk‡b AskMªnYmn †`‡k MYZ‡š¿i Dbœq‡bi Øviv
evsjv‡`‡ki ciivóª bxwZ wek¦ cwigÐ‡j †`‡ki m¤§vb I gh©v`v e¨vcK e„w× Ki‡Z m¶g n‡q‡Q| evsjv‡`k eZ©gvi we‡k¦
GKwU gh©v`vc~Y© iv‡óªi f~wgKvq AeZxY© n‡q‡Q|
2. RvwZmsN wgk‡b AskMªnY: evsjv‡`k Z„Zxq we‡k¦i Ab¨Zg `wi`ª G Dbœqbkxj †`k| evsjv‡`‡ki mvgwiK evwnbxI †Zgwb
`ye©j Ges cðvrc`| wKš‘ †`‡ki ciivóª bxwZi mdj cª‡qvM Ges K~UbxwZK‡ì `¶Zvi d‡j evsjv‡`k we‡k¦i wewfbœ cªv‡šÍ
RvwZms‡Ni wgk‡b AskMªnY Ki‡Z †c‡i‡Q| Avi eZ©gv‡b evsjv‡`k RvwZmsN wgk‡bi me‡P‡q D‡jøL‡hvM¨ Ges ¸iæZ¡c~Y©
ivóª| evsjv‡`k n‡Z RvwZmsN wgk‡b cªwZ eQi wecyj cwigvY †mbv, cywjk AskMªnY Ki‡Q| Gi d‡j GKw`‡K †hgb
AvšÍR©vwZK †¶‡Î evsjv‡`‡ki gh©v`v e„w× cv‡”Q †Zgwb Ab¨w`‡K †`‡ki A_©bxwZiI cªf~Z DbœwZ NU‡Q|
3. RvwZms‡N evsjv‡`‡ki cªfve e„w×: evsjv‡`‡ki ciivóª bxwZi GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© mdjZv n‡jv RvwZms‡N evsjv‡`‡ki gh©v`v
e„w×| 1989 mv‡j evsjv‡`k RvwZms‡Ni wbivcËv cwil‡ì A¯’vqx m`m¨ wbe©vwPZ n‡j mviv wek¦ evsjv‡`‡ki mybvg e„w×
cvq| GQvov 1999 mv‡j RvwZmsN evsjv‡`‡ki fvlv wèm‡K wek¦ gvZ„fvlv wèm †NvlYv Ki‡j wek¦ ivRbxwZ‡Z evsjv‡`‡ki
cªfve Av‡iv e„w× cvq| GQvov RvwZmsN wgk‡b wbqwgZ †mbv cvVv‡bvi d‡j eZ©gv‡b evsjv‡`k RvwZms‡Ni Dbœq‡bi
¸iæZ¡c~Y© Askx`v‡i cwiYZ n‡q‡Q|
4. wbivcËv I mve©‡fŠgZ¡ i¶v: c„w_exi cª‡Z¨KwU †`k ciivóª bxwZ cªYqb K‡i Zvi RvZxq wbivcËv, ¯^vaxbZv, mve©‡fŠgZ¡
Ges ALÐZv eRvq ivLvi j‡¶¨| G j‡¶¨ evsjv‡`‡ki ciivóª bxwZ mdjZv AR©b K‡i‡Q| evsjv‡`k Zvi mdj ciivóª
bxwZi cªYq‡bi d‡j AvšÍR©vwZK †¶‡Î wb‡Ri ¯^v_© i¶v Ges AwaKvi i¶v Ki‡Z cvi‡Q|
5. Rbkw³ ißvwb Ae¨vnZ ivLv: evsjv‡`‡ki wekvj RbmsL¨v Avgv‡ì `wi`ª †`‡ki Rb¨ Awfkvc¯îƒc| G Rb¨ ¯^vaxbZvi
ciciB evsjv‡`k mviv we‡k¦i wewfbœ cªv‡šÍ `¶ I A`¶ kªwgK ißvwb ïiæ K‡i| G Rbkw³ ißvwbi gva¨‡g evsjv‡`k Zvi
Rbkw³‡K m¤ú‡` iƒc`vb Ki‡Z †c‡i‡Q| GL‡bv Rbkw³ ißvwbi avivevwnKZv †`‡ki ciivóª bxwZi mdjZvB ejv hvq|
6. †iwgU¨vÝ e„w×: evsjv‡`‡ki A_©bxwZ‡Z †iwgU¨vÝ A_©vr cªevmx‡ì †cªwiZ g~jëvb gy`vª i Ae`vb me‡P‡q †ewk| eZ©gv‡b
evsjv‡`‡ki A_©bxwZi g~j PvwjKv kw³ n‡”Q cªevmx‡ì †cªwiZ †iwgU¨vÝ| ciivóª bxwZi mdjZvi Rb¨B evsjv‡`k we‡k¦i
wewfbœ †`‡k cªwZ eQi wecyj cwigvY Rbkw³ ißvwb Ki‡Z m¶g n‡q‡Q|
7. ê‡`wkK mvnvh¨ I Aby`vb jvf: evsjv‡`‡ki A_©bxwZ Ges RvZxq Dbœq‡b ê‡`wkK mn‡hvwMZv Ges Aby`v‡bi ¸iæZ¡
Acwimxg| evsjv‡`‡ki ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Dbœqb Ges mgvR Kj¨vYg~jK KvR¸‡jvi AwaKvs‡kB m¤úvw`Z nq ê‡`wkK mvnvh¨ I
Aby`v‡bi gva¨‡g| Avi G †¶‡Î ciivóª bxwZi mdjZv Ab¨Zg|
8. 'Look East Policy' †Z mvdj¨ jvf: evsjv‡`k ¯^vaxbZvi cieZ©x‡Z A_©bxwZ, ivRbxwZ, K~UbxwZ Ges evwY‡Rï †¶‡Î
¸wU K‡qK †`‡ki Dci wbf©ikxj n‡q cowQj| G K‡qKwU †`‡ki Dci wbf©ikxjZv Kgv‡Z evsjv‡`k Look East Policy
ev c~e© w`K ZvKvI bxwZ MªnY K‡i| K~UbxwZK‡ì `¶Zv Ges ciivóª bxwZi mdj cª‡qv‡M d‡j evsjv‡`k G bxwZ‡Z mdjZv
jvf K‡i| eZ©gv‡b evsjv‡`k evwY‡Rï †¶‡Î Pxb, Rvcvb, `w¶Y †Kvwiqvi mv‡_ AZ¨šÍ mym¤úK© cªwZôv K‡i‡Q|
9. cªwZ‡ekx‡ì mv‡_ m¤úK© Dbœqb: evsjv‡`‡ki ciivóª bxwZi my`~icªmvix mdjZv n‡jv mKj cªwZ‡ekx †`‡ki mv‡_ m¤úK©
Dbœqb| ¯^vaxbZvi ci †_‡KB evsjv‡`k fvi‡Zi mv‡_ m¤úK© Dbœq‡bi cª‡Póv Pvwj‡q Avm‡Q| GRb¨ 1974 mv‡j fviZ-
evsjv‡`k kvwšÍ Pyw³ Ab¨Zg| Avi G my`~icªmvix wPšÍvfvebvi d‡jB evsjv‡`k 1996 mv‡j M½v cvwb eÈb Pyw³ ¯^v¶i Ki‡Z
†c‡i‡Q| GQvov cªwZ‡ekx gvqvbgvi, †bcvj, fyUvb I kªxjsKvi mv‡_ m¤ú‡K©i DbœwZ N‡U‡Q|
10. hy³iv‡óªi mv‡_ m¤úK© ¯’vcb: hy³ivóª evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZv hy‡×i weiæ‡× Ae¯’vb wb‡qwQj Ges Zviv hy‡× cvwK¯Ívb‡K
me©vZ¥K mvnvh¨ mn‡hvwMZv w`‡q‡Q| wKš‘ †mvwf‡qZ BDwbq‡bi cZ‡bi ci mviv we‡k¦ gvwK©b hy³ivóª wb‡R‡K GKK civkw³
wn‡m‡e cªwZôv K‡i| 1975 mv‡ji ci wRqvDi ingvb hy³iv‡óªi mv‡_ m¤úK© Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ cª‡Póv ïiæ K‡ib| GiB
avivevwnKZvq eZ©gv‡b gvwK©b hy³ivóª evsjv‡`‡ki b¨Zg mn‡hvMx ivóª|
11. gymwjg we‡k¦i mv‡_ m¤úK© ¯’vcb: ¯^vaxbZv hy‡×i mgq ej‡Z †M‡j evsjv‡`k GK iKg wew”QbœB wQj| gymwjg wek¦
evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZv‡K bvbvfv‡e †nq cªwZcbœ Ges `xN©¯’vqx Kivi †Póv Pvwj‡q‡Q| ¯^vaxbZvi cieZ©x mg‡q evsjv‡`k
Ab¨Zg gymwjg ivóª wn‡m‡e we‡k¦i Aa© kZvwaK gymjgvb iv‡óªi mv‡_ m¤úK© Dbœq‡bi Dci bRi †`q| GiB avivevwnKZvq
evsjv‡`k mKj gymwjg ivóª †hgb- gvj‡qwkqv, B‡›`v‡bwkqv Ges †MvUv ga¨cªv‡Pï mv‡_ m¤ú‡K©i Dbœqb NUvq| eZ©gv‡b
gymwjg ivóª¸‡jv evsjv‡`‡ki mKj Dbœq‡bi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Askx`vi|
12. civkw³e‡M©i mv‡_ m¤úK©: evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZv hy‡× GKgvÎ civkw³ ivwkqv Qvov Ab¨mKj ivóªB ¯^vaxbZvi we‡ivwaZv
K‡i‡Q| gvwK©b hy³ivóª, Pxb mivmwi evsjv‡`‡ki weiæ‡× Ae¯’vb wb‡qwQj| Z‡e ciivóª bxwZi mdj cª‡qv‡Mi d‡j evsjv‡`k
¯^vaxbZvi ci we‡k¦i AwaKvsk e„nr kw³e‡M©i mv‡_ mym¤úK© ¯’vcb Ki‡Z mg_© n‡q‡Q|

13. GSP myweav jvf: evsjv‡`‡ki K~UbxwZK‡ì mdj ZrciZvi Rb¨ wek¦ evRv‡ii A‡bK ¸iæZ¡c~Y© †`‡k evsjv‡`k AvR
wRGmwc myweav jvf K‡i‡Q| GUv ciivóª bxwZi mdjZv Ges K~UbxwZZK‡ì `¶Zv Ges cªÁvi dmj| hwÌ mv¤úªwZK
mg‡q hy³ivóª G wRGmwc myweav evwZj †NvlYv K‡i‡Q| Zv‡e BD‡ivcxq BDwbq‡b evsjv‡`k GL‡bv 12.5 kZvsk nv‡i
wRGmwc myweav jvf Ki‡Q hv †`‡ki A_©bxwZi Rb¨ AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y©|
cª‡Z¨KwU †`kB Zvi RvZxq ¯^v_© i¶v Ges wbivcËv i¶vi j‡¶¨ ciivóª bxwZ cªYqb K‡i| Z‡e ciivóª bxwZi mdjZv A‡bK
Dcv`v‡bi Dci wbf©i K‡i| Avi ciivóª bxwZi mdjZvi Dci iv‡óªi mvwe©K Kj¨vY I mdjZv wbf©i K‡i| Z‡e G K_v ejv
hvq †h, ¯^vaxbZv cieZ©x mg‡q K~U‰bwZK ZrciZv G‡`‡ki ¯^v_© msi¶‡Y e¨vcK f~wgKv cvjb K‡i‡Q|
3. ¶y`ª iv‡óªi aviYvwU e¨vL¨v Ki| cwiewZ©Z wek¦ eë¯’vq ¶y`ª ivóªmg~‡ni wbivcËv †KŠkjmg~n Av‡jvPbv Ki 20
¶y`ª iv‡óªi msÁv Definition of Small State wek¦ ivRbxwZ‡Z mKj iv‡óªi Ae¯’vb GKB mgvšÍivj bq| ¶gZv, cªfve
cªf„wZi Dci wfwË K‡i ivóª‡K wewfbœfv‡e fvM Kiv hvq| AvšÍR©vwZK ivRbxwZ‡Z †hgb i‡q‡Q e„nr iv‡óªi Ae¯’vb †Zgwb
Av‡Q ¶y`ª iv‡óªi Ae¯’vb| eZ©gvb wek¦ ivRbxwZ‡Z ¶y`ª iv‡óªi aviYvwU GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Av‡jvP¨ welq| ¶y`ªZv ev `ye©jZvB ¶y`ª
iv‡óªi cªavb êwkó¨|
¶y`ª ivóª: ¶y`ª ivóª ej‡Z Ggb me ivóª‡K eySv‡bv nq hv‡ì AvqZb, RbmsL¨v Ges mvgwMªK ¶gZv GZUvB Kg †h Zviv
wb‡R‡ì kw³i Dci wbf©i K‡i wb‡R‡ì wbivcËvi wbðqZv weavb Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| G Rb¨ Zviv wb‡R‡ì wbivcËv Ges
mve©‡fŠg‡Z¡i i¶vi Rb¨ Ab¨ †Kvb e„nr ivóª ev msMVb wKsev fvimvg¨ i¶vKvix wKsev ej cª‡qvMKvix AvšÍR©vwZK ms¯’vi
Dci wbf©i K‡i| eZ©gvb we‡k¦i AwaKvsk ivóªB G ¶y`ª iv‡óªi AšÍM©Z| ¶y`ª ivóª A‡bK mgq AvqZb ev RbmsL¨vq eo n‡Z
cv‡i Z‡e Zv‡ì cªK„Z ¶gZv ev m¤ú‡ì h‡_ó Afve _v‡K Ges Zviv wek¦ ivRbxwZ‡Z †Zgb †Kvb f~wgKv ev Ae`vb ivL‡Z
cv‡i bv|¶y`ª ivóª cªm‡½ wbivcËv we‡kølK Ges ivóªweÁvbx W. gwbiæ¾vgvb Zuvi 'The Securities of Small States in
third World' Mª‡š’ e‡jb, "A small state is a state with a very low conversional war capacity not only in
absolute global comperative terms also vis-a-vis the large powerism its region." ZvB ejv hvq, ¶y`ª ivóª n‡”Q
Hme ivóª hv‡ì wewfbœ Av_©-mvgvwRK, ivR‰bwZK, mvgwiKmn bvbv ai‡bi mgm¨v we`¨gvb| Zv‡ì cªK„Z ¶gZv LyeB Kg|
wek¦ ivRbxwZ‡Z †hgb Dcw¯’Z i‡q‡Q e„nr ev civkw³ ivóª †Zgwb ¶y`ª iv‡óªi Aw¯ÍZ¡I we`¨gvb| g~jZ ivRbxwZ welqwUB
GKwU RwUj cªZ¨q| eZ©gvb AvšÍR©vwZK ivRbxwZ Av‡iv KwVb| AvšÍR©vwZK ivRbxwZ‡Z wbivcËvi welqwU AZ¨šÍ Av‡jvwPZ
KviY cª‡Z¨KwU ivóªB Zv‡ì wbivcËv wb‡q me mgq DwØMœ _v‡K| Avi ¶y`ª iv‡óªi wbivcËvi †¶‡Î ûgwK Av‡iv †ewk| Z‡e
¶y`ª e„nr mKj iv‡óªiB wbivcËv i¶vi GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Dcv`vb n‡jv ciivóªbxwZ| ¶y`ª ivóª¸‡jv A_©‰bwZK, mvgwiKmn mKj
w`K n‡ZB AZ¨šÍ `ye©j _v‡K| Z‡e wKQy wKQy c`‡¶c MªnY Kivi gva¨‡g ¶y`ª ivóª¸‡jv Zv‡ì wbivcËvi wbðqZv weavb
Ki‡Z cv‡i| †hgb-
1. DbœZ I `¶ K~UbxwZ: ¶y`ª ivóª¸‡jvi wbivcËv i¶vq K~UbxwZ AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| ¶y`ª ivóª¸‡jv‡K
K~UbxwZi †¶‡Î Ggb `¶Zvi cwiPq w`‡e †h Zviv wb‡R‡ì wbivcËvi Rb¨ cª‡qvR‡b Ab¨ iv‡óªi kw³i eënv‡ii `¶Zv
†`Lv‡Z n‡e| Gfv‡e K~UbxwZi gva¨‡gI ¶y`ª ivóª¸‡jv Zv‡ì wbivcËv i¶v Ki‡Z cv‡i|
2. cªvK„wZK m¤ú‡ì mØ&henvi: ¶y`ª iv‡óªi wbivcËvi Rb¨ cªvK„wZK m¤ú‡ì h_vh_ eënvi wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e| ¶y`ª
ivóª¸‡jv m¤ú` I my‡hv‡Mi Afv‡e Zv‡ì cªvK„wZK m¤ú‡ì D‡Ëvj‡bi Rb¨ hš¿cvwZ Ges miÄv‡gi eë¯’v Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|
ZvB †`‡ki Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ cªvK„wZK m¤ú‡ì myôy eënvi †hgb wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e †Zgwb Ab¨ iv‡óªi †jvjyc `„wó †_‡K †mB
m¤ú`‡K i¶vI Ki‡Z n‡e|
3. mn‡hvwMZv I eÜy‡Z¡i bxwZ: ¶y`ª ivóª¸‡jv m¤ú` Ges kw³i Afv‡e AvšÍR©vwZK cwigÐ‡j Zv‡ì f~wgKv ev cªfve we¯Ívi
Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| ZvB ¶y`ª ivóª¸‡jv cªwZ‡ekxmn mKj †`‡ki mv‡_ mn‡hvwMZv Ges eÜy‡Z¡i bxwZ AbymiY K‡i eÜyZ¡c~Y©
m¤úK© M‡o Zyj‡Z cv‡i hv ¶y`ª iv‡óªi wbivcËv i¶vi Ab¨Zg cªavb Dcv`vb|
4. †hŠ_ wbivcËv eë¯’v MªnY : ¶y`ª ivóª¸‡jvi wbKU RvZxq kw³ ev m¤ú‡ì cwigvY Kg _v‡K| d‡j Zviv wb‡Riv wbR¯^
m¤ú` ev ¶gZv w`‡q wb‡R‡ì wbivcËvi wbðqZv weavb Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| G‡¶‡Î ¶y`ª ivóª¸‡jvi wbivcËv i¶vi GKwU AZ¨šÍ
Kvh©Kix †KŠkj n‡jv †hŠ_ wbivcËv eë¯’v MªnY Ges †hŠ_fv‡e Gi cª‡qvM Kiv|
5. Rbm¤ú‡ì Dbœqb: `¶ Ges gvbm¤§Z Rb‡Mvôx †h‡Kvb †`‡ki Rb¨ m¤ú`¯îƒc| ¶y`ª ivóª¸‡jvi wbivcËv i¶vi †¶‡Î
`¶ RbmsL¨v AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Z cv‡i| KviY RbmsL¨v Qvov †Kvb c`‡¶cB MªnY Kiv hvq bv| †hgb-
K. cªwZi¶v wefvM‡K kw³kvjx Ki‡Z RbmsL¨v cª‡qvRb|
L. †h‡Kvb †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK DbœwZ wbf©i K‡i `¶ Ges Kg©¶g kªg I Rbkw³i Dci|
M. RbMY cY¨ Drcv`‡bi cvkvcvwk †m¸‡jv µqI K‡i| Drcvw`Z c‡Yï evRvi m„wói Rb¨ RbmsL¨v cª‡qvRb|
6. cªhyw³ we`¨vi cªmvi: AvaywbK hyM cªhyw³i hyM| ¶y`ª ivóª¸‡jv‡K Zv‡ì mvgwMªK DbœwZ I AMªMwZ a‡i ivL‡Z n‡j cªhyw³i
Dbœqb Aek¨¤¢vex| Gme iv‡óªi wbivcËvi Rb¨ êÁvwbK M‡elYv, cªhyw³ I KvwiMwi we`¨vi f~wgKv D‡jøL‡hvM¨| ZvB cªhyw³
we`¨vi Dbœq‡bi ga¨ w`‡q ¶y`ª ivóª¸‡jv Zv‡ì wbivcËvi wbðqZv weavb Ki‡Z cv‡i|

7. Lv`¨ ¯^qsm¤ú~Y©Zv AR©b: we‡k¦i ¶y`ª ivóª¸‡jvi AwaKvskB Zv‡ì Lv‡`ï †hvMv‡bi Rb¨ e„nr Ges kw³kvjx iv‡óªi Dci
wbf©ikxj| G wbf©ikxjZvi my‡hv‡M cªfvekvjx ivóª¸‡jv ¶y`ª ivóª¸‡jvi Dci cªfve we¯Ívi K‡i _v‡K| ZvB Ab¨ iv‡óªi cªfve
I wbqš¿Ygy³ _vKvi Rb¨ ¶y`ª ivóª‡K Zvi Lv‡`¨ ¯^qsm¤ú~Y©Zvmn wbf©ikxjZv nªvm Ki‡Z n‡e|
8. †RvU MVb: ¶y`ª ivóª¸‡jv ¯^vfvweKfv‡eB `ye©j nq| ZvB Zviv Zv‡ì wbivcËv i¶vi Rb¨ wewfbœ AvÂwjK †RvU ev
ˆgÎx‡RvU MVb K‡i wbivcËv i¶v Ki‡Z cv‡i|
9. kw³kvjx mvgwiK evwnbx MVb: AvqZb ¶y`ª n‡jI ¶y`ª ivóª¸‡jv‡K Zv‡ì wbivcËvi ¯^v‡_© `¶ Ges kw³kvjx mvgwiK
evwnbx MVb Ki‡Z n‡e| GRb¨ cª‡qvR‡b RbMY‡K mvgwiK cªwk¶Y cª`vb Ki‡Z n‡e| mvgwiK kw³ wbivcËv i¶vi Ab¨Zg
Dcvq|
10. e¨vcK wkívqb I bMivqY: e¨vcK wkívqb Ges bMivqY ¶y`ª iv‡óªi wbivcËvi Rb¨ AZ¨šÍ mnvqK| wkívq‡bi d‡j
Drcv`b †hgb e„w× cvq †Zgwb mvgwMªK DbœwZI Z¡ivwš^Z nq Ges Gi d‡j RbM‡Yi g‡a¨ Kg©¯ú…nv I DÏxcbv e„w× cvq|
Gfv‡e wkívqb Ges bMivqY †h‡Kvb †`‡ki wbivcËv i¶vq mnvqK f~wgKv cvjb K‡i|
11. RvZxq PwiÎ I g‡bvej e„w×: †Kvb †`‡ki fwel¨r wbf©i K‡i †m †`‡ki RbM‡Yi RvZxq g‡bvej Ges RvZxq Pwi‡Îi
Dci| ZvB GKwU RvwZi g‡bvej e„w× Ges Zv‡ì Pwi‡Îi Dbœq‡bi gva¨‡g †Kvb †`‡ki wbivcËv i¶v mnR nq Ges ¶y`ª
iv‡óªi Rb¨ Zv AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y©|
12. ¯^vaxb I wbi‡c¶ ciivóªbxwZ: ¯^vaxb I wbi‡c¶ ciivóªbxwZ wek¦ ivRbxwZ‡Z ¶y`ª iv‡óªi MªnY‡hvM¨Zv Ges wbðqZvi
cªZxK| ¯^vaxb I wbi‡c¶ ciivóªbxwZ M‡o †Zvjvi gva¨‡g GKwU †`k wek¦ mgv‡Ri wek¦vm‡hvM¨Zv AR©b Ki‡Z cv‡i Ges G
d‡j wek¦ cwigÐ‡j iv‡óªi †h GKwU B‡gR ˆZwi nq hv ¶y`ª iv‡óªi wbivcËv i¶vi Ab¨Zg cªavb Dcvq|
wek¦ cwigÐ‡j †Kvb ivóªB Aiw¶Z _vK‡Z Pvq bv| ZvB wek¦ eë¯’vq wU‡K _vKvi Rb¨ Ges ¶y`ª ivóª¸‡jvi wbivcËv i¶vi
Rb¨ wewfbœ c`‡¶c MªnY AZ¨šÍ Riæwi n‡q c‡o‡Q|
4. ¯^vaxbZv cieZ©x evsjv‡`k-fviZ m¤úK© Av‡jvPbv Ki 20

(mv‡_ L-wefv‡Mi 10 bs)
f~wgKv: fviZ n‡jv evsjv‡`‡ki me©e„nr cªwZ‡ekx †`k| evsjv‡`‡ki wZbw`K w`‡q fvi‡Zi Ae¯’vb| eZ©gvb we‡k¦ fviZ
GKwU kw³kvjx ivóª| ZvB evsjv‡`‡ki ciivóªbxwZ‡Z fviZ-evsjv‡`k m¤úK© GK ¸iæZ¡c~Y© ¯’vb `Lj K‡i i‡q‡Q|
evsjv‡`k I fvi‡Zi ga¨Kvi m¤úK© HwZnvwmK m¤ú‡K©i Dci cªwZwôZ| ivR‰bwZK I mvs¯‹…wZK †¶‡Î `yB †`‡ki g‡a¨
A‡bK wgj i‡q‡Q| 1971 mv‡j evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZv hy‡× fvi‡Zi Ae¯’vb Dfq †`k‡K KvQvKvwQ wb‡q G‡m‡Q|
evsjv‡`k-fviZ m¤úK©: wb‡gœ evsjv‡`k-fviZ m¤úK© Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv:
1. evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZv hy‡× fvi‡Zi Ae`vb: evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZv hy‡× fvi‡Zi Ae`vb me‡P‡q †ewk| evsjv‡`‡ki
¯^vaxbZv hy‡× fviZ wgÎevwnbx †cªiY K‡i mn‡hvwMZv K‡i‡Q| evsjv‡`‡ki hy‡×i mgq evsjv‡`k †_‡K cªvq GK‡KvwU
kiYv_x© fvi‡Z AskMªnY K‡i| fvi‡Zi ZrKvjxb Bw›ìv miKvi evsjv‡`‡ki G wecyjmsL¨K gvbyl‡K Lv`¨ I evm¯’v‡bi Rb¨
memgq Zrci wQj| GQvov Bw›ìv miKvi evsjv‡`‡ki c‡¶ ¯^vaxbZv hy‡× we‡k¦i mg_©b Av`v‡q KvR K‡i‡Qb| evsjv‡`‡ki
gyw³‡hv×v‡ì cªwk¶Y w`‡q fviZ Amvgvb¨ f~wgKv †i‡L‡Q|
2. ¯^vaxbZvhy‡×i cieZ©x mgq evsjv‡`k-fviZ m¤úK©: ¯^vaxbZv cieZ©x wZb `k‡Ki †ewk mgq a‡i fvi‡Zi †ek wKQy
Kvh©Kjvc `y'‡`‡ki m¤ú‡K©vbœq‡bi †¶‡Î AšÍivq n‡q ùvwo‡q‡Q| `ywU Nwbô cªwZ‡ekx †`‡ki g‡a¨ G ai‡bi mgm¨v' KL‡bvB
Avkve¨ÄK n‡Z cv‡i bv| `xN©Kvje¨vcx evsjv‡`k Ges fvi‡Zi g‡a¨ wKQy mgm¨v i‡q‡Q| hv evsjv‡`‡ki mv‡_ fvi‡Zi
m¤úK©‡K †bwZevPK w`‡K wb‡q †M‡Q|
wb‡gœ evsjv‡`k I fvi‡Zi ga¨Kvi m¤úK© I mgm¨v¸‡jv Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv:
1. mxgvšÍ mgm¨v: evsjv‡`k Ges fvi‡Zi g‡a¨ mxgvšÍ ˆ`N¨© cªvq 4,156 wK. wg. ¯^vaxbZvi ci cªvq wZb `kK AwZevwnZ
n‡jI evsjv‡`k I fvi‡Zi g‡a¨ mxgvbv wPwýZKi‡Yi KvR GL‡bv m¤úbœ nq wb| Gi g‡a¨ 6.5 wK‡jvwgUvi mxgvbv GL‡bv
wPwýZ Kiv nq wb| d‡j G AÂ‡j Dfq †`‡ki mxgvšÍ evwnbx I RbM‡Yi g‡a¨ weev` Pjgvb| cªvq cªwZw`bB weGmGd Gi
¸wj‡Z evsjv‡`wk mvaviY gvbyl wbnZ n‡”Q| d‡j mxgvšÍ AÂ‡j D‡ËRbv †`Lv w`‡”Q| Gme mxgvšÍ mgm¨v wbim‡b 1974
mv‡j gywRe-Bw›ìv Pyw³ ¯^v¶wiZ nq| evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq msm‡` G Pyw³ mv‡_ mv‡_ Aby‡gvw`Z n‡jI fvi‡Zi †jvKmfvq G
Pyw³ GL‡bv- Aby‡gvw`Z nq wb| d‡j mxgvšÍ msµvšÍ wewfbœ mgm¨vi mgvavb Kiv m¤¢e n‡”Q bv|.
2. wQUgnj mgm¨v: evsjv‡`k I fvi‡Zi g‡a¨ Av‡iKwU mgm¨v n‡jv wQUgnj mgm¨v| f~wg RwicAwa`ß‡ii wnmve Abyhvqx
fvi‡Zi Af¨šÍ‡i evsjv‡`‡ki wQUgn‡ji †gvU msL¨v 51, hvi †gvU AvqZb 7,110.02 GKi| Ab¨w`‡K evsjv‡`‡ki
Af¨šÍ‡i fvi‡Zi wQUgn‡ji †gvU msL¨v 111, hvi †gvU AvqZb 17,158.13 GKi| ZvQvov fvi‡Zi `L‡j _vKv
evsjv‡`‡ki Ac`Ljxq f~wgi cwigvY 3,506.31 GKi Ges evsjv‡`‡ki `L‡j _vKv fvi‡Zi Ac`Ljxq f~wgi cwigvY
3.024.16 GKi| G mgm¨v mgvav‡bi Rb¨ Dfq †`‡ki Kg©KZ©v‡ì g‡a¨ A‡bK êVK n‡q‡Q| wKš‘ fvi‡Zi- †bwZevPK
Kvh©Kjv‡ci Rb¨ Zv mgvavb Kiv m¤¢e nq wb|
3. AvšÍR©vwZK b`xi cvwbKUb mgm¨v: evsjv‡`k I fvi‡Zi g‡a¨ M½v, wZ¯Ívmn 54 wU b`x cªevwnZ n‡”Q| Gme b`xi cªevn
fviZ †_‡K evsjv‡`‡k Avmvi d‡j fviZ 1975 mv‡j M½vq dviv°v euva wbg©vY K‡i cvwb wbqš¿Y Ki‡Q| d‡j evsjv‡`k
Zvi b¨vh¨ cvwb cv‡”Q bv| evsjv‡`‡ki DËi I `w¶Y-cwð‡gi A‡bK GjvKv giæf~wg‡Z cwiYZ n‡q‡Q cieZ©x‡Z evsjv‡`k
I fvi‡Zi g‡a¨ M½vi cvwb eÈb Pyw³ ¯^v¶wiZ n‡jI evsjv‡`k KL‡bv Pyw³ †gvZv‡eK M½vi cvwb cvq wb| d‡j evsjv‡`‡ki
K„wl e¨vnZ n‡”Q|
4. fvi‡Zi mv‡_ evsjv‡`‡ki evwYR¨ NvUwZ: fvi‡Zi mv‡_ evsjv‡`‡ki wekvj evwYR¨ NvUwZ _vK‡jI fviZ miKvi G
evwYR¨ NvUwZ Kgv‡bvi Rb¨ BwZevPK †Kvb c`‡¶c MªnY K‡i wb| evsjv‡`k evi evi fvi‡Zi evRv‡i evsjv‡`wk cY¨
cª‡e‡ki Dci ïé nªvm Kivi Av‡e`b Rvbv‡jI fviZ miKvi G‡Z †Kvb KY©cvZ K‡i wb| mvdUv Pyw³i Dci fviZ
evsjv‡`wk wKQy c‡Yï Dci ïé nªvm Kivi K_v ej‡jI Zv Kvh©Ki nq wb|
5. UªvbwRU I UªvÝwkc‡g›U Pyw³: fvi‡Zi c~e©vÂjxq ivR¨ Z_v †m‡fb wm÷vi‡m hvZvqvZ Kivi mnR Dcvq n‡jv evsjv‡`‡ki
Dci w`‡q hvZvqvZ Kiv| Ab¨_vq fviZ‡K A‡bKLvwb c_ cvwo w`‡q †mme iv‡Rï mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM Ki‡Z n‡e| G‡Z
fvi‡Zi hvZvqvZ LiP 20-30 kZvsk †e‡o hv‡e| Gme iv‡R¨ A‡bK cªvK„wZK m¤ú` i‡q‡Q| AcªZyj †hvMv‡hvM eë¯’vi
Kvi‡Y fviZ G †_‡K DcKvi cv‡”Q bv Ges ivR¨¸‡jvi h_vh_ Dbœqb Kiv m¤¢e n‡”Q bv| ZvB fviZ A‡bK w`b †_‡KB
UªvbwRU myweav cvIqvi Rb¨ evsjv‡`k‡K Pvc cª‡qvM K‡i Avm‡Q|
6. †hvMv‡hvM eë¯’v: evsjv‡`‡ki mv‡_ fvi‡Zi †ijc_, moK c_ I Rjc‡_ †hvMv‡hvM i‡q‡Q|
gvjvgvj cwien‡bi Rb¨ Dfq †`‡ki g‡a¨ †ijc_ i‡q‡Q| 2001 mv‡j fvi‡Zi wkqvj`v †_‡K Rq‡ècyi ch©šÍ hvÎxevnx
†Uªb PjvP‡ji Rb¨ GKwU Pyw³ ¯^v¶wiZ nq| GwU Pvjyi welqUv evsjv‡`k miKv‡ii we‡ePbvaxb i‡q‡Q| Rq‡ècyi
evsjv‡`‡ki †Kvb ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Uvwg©bvj bv nIqvq evsjv‡`k G cªKí‡K A_©‰bwZKfv‡e ¸iæZ¡c~Y© g‡b Ki‡Q bv| ZvQvov 1999
mvj †_‡K XvKv-KjKvZv I 2003 mvj †_‡K XvKv- AvMiZjv mivmwi evm mvwf©m Pvjy Av‡Q|
7. ci¯úi we‡ivax mš¿vmx Kg©KvÐ: GwU eZ©gv‡b Dfq †`‡ki Rb¨ GKwU eo mgm¨v n‡q ùvwo‡q‡Q| fviZ `vwi K‡i Avm‡Q
evsjv‡`‡ki Af¨šÍ‡i fviZ we‡ivax Djdv I bvMv †Mwijv‡Ì K¨v¤ú Av‡Q Ges Zviv evsjv‡`k †_‡K fvi‡Zi c~e©vÂjxq
GjvKv¸‡jv‡Z mš¿vmx Kg©KvÐ Pvjv‡”Q| hwÌ evsjv‡`k G `vwe A¯^xKvi K‡i‡Q| Aciw`‡K evsjv‡`k `vwe Ki‡Q fvi‡Z
kvwšÍevwnbx I wewfbœ Rw½ †Mvôx Ae¯’vb K‡i evsjv‡`‡ki weiæ‡× KvR Ki‡Q|
Dcmsnvi: Dch©y³ Av‡jvPbvi cwi‡cªw¶‡Z ejv hvq †h, evsjv‡`k Ges fvi‡Zi g‡a¨ A‡bK mgm¨v we`¨gvb i‡q‡Q, hv
evsjv‡`k-fviZ m¤úK©‡K cªfvweZ Ki‡Q| evsjv‡`k miKvi Gme mgm¨v wbimb Kivi D‡`¨vM MªnY Ki‡jI fviZ miKv‡ii
GK¸u‡qwgi Kvi‡Y G¸‡jv mgvavb Kiv m¤¢e nq wb| G K_v ¯^xKvh© †h evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZv hy‡× fvi‡Zi Amvgvb¨ f~wgKv
wQj| wKš‘ cieZ©x‡Z fvi‡Zi evsjv‡`k wel‡q bxwZ G‡`‡ki gvbyl‡K e¨w_Z K‡i‡Q| ZvB G‡¶‡Î fviZ‡K D`viZvi cwiPq
w`‡Z n‡e|
5. evsjv‡`‡k eûRvwZK †Kv¤úvwbi †kvlY †KŠkjmg~n Av‡jvPbv Ki 14,16,18,20

eûRvwZK ms¯’v¸‡jv g~jZ eëmv evwY‡Rï Rb¨ m„wó n‡jI G‡ì weiæ‡× A‡bK mgv‡jvPbv i‡q‡Q| Giv ïay wb‡R‡ì
eëmvq evwYR¨ wb‡q e¨¯Í _v‡K bv, A‡bK mgq Giv Z„Zxq we‡k¦i ivRbxwZ‡Z n¯Í‡¶‡ci †Póv Pvjvq| Zviv eëmvq evwY‡Rï
Avov‡j Z„Zxq we‡k¦i ivRbxwZ‡K cªfvweZ Kivi †Póv K‡i| Z„Zxq we‡k¦i miKvi¸‡jvi bxwZ cªYq‡bi †¶‡Î Zviv A‡bK
mgq n¯Í‡¶c K‡i _v‡K hv Gme †`‡ki ivR‰bwZK Aw¯’iZvi Ab¨Zg KviY wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ| Avevi eûRvwZK
†Kv¤úvwb¸‡jv DbœZ we‡k¦i ivóª¸‡jvi D‡Ïk¨ mva‡bi aviK I evnK wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| Zviv wbR wbR †`‡ki miKv‡ii
wKsev we‡`wk †Kv‡bv †`‡ki miKv‡ii G‡R›U wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| Avevi Zviv A‡bK mgq DbœZ we‡k¦i jweó wn‡m‡e KvR
K‡i H me †`‡ki ¯^v_© eRvq ivLvi †Póv Pvjvq| G ai‡bi Kvh©µ‡gi d‡j †`‡ki A_©bxwZ‡Z †h weiƒc cªwZwµqv m„wó n‡”Q
Zv Dbœqbkxj †`‡ki †jv‡Kiv Dcjwä Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| ZvQvov Zviv| AwZwi³ gybvdv jvf K‡i hvi †LmviZ w`‡Z nq Z„Zxq
we‡k¦i `wi`ª †`k¸‡jv‡K| wb‡gœ eûRvwZK †Kv¤úvwb¸‡jvi Kvh©µ‡gi mgv‡jvPbv Zy‡j aiv n‡jv:
1. abx †`‡ki cyuwRi evRvi cªmvwiZ Kiv: eûRvwZK ms¯’v¸‡jv abx †`k¸‡jvi cyuwRev`x eë¯’v‡K cªmvwiZ Kivi nvwZqvi
wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i _v‡K e‡j Awf‡hvM i‡q‡Q| eûRvwZK ms¯’v¸‡jv DbœZ I abx †`k¸‡jvi Kv‡Q †h AwZwi³ cyuwR cywÄf~Z
Av‡Q Zv Kv‡R jvMv‡bvi Rb¨ Z„Zxq we‡k¦i evRvi‡K †e‡Q †bq| Gme cyuwR Zviv Dbœqbkxj I `wi`ª †`k¸‡jv‡Z cªevwnZ
Kivi d‡j H me †`‡k hviv ¶y`ª cyuwRi gvwjK wn‡m‡e eëmvq-evwYR¨ cwiPvjbv K‡i Zviv †`Dwjqv wn‡m‡e c‡_ e‡m
hv‡”Q| G Qvov eûRvwZK †Kv¤úvwbi AvMªvm‡bi d‡j `wi`ª we‡k¦i †`k¸‡jvi wkí cyuwRi gvwjKiv †ek Kvq`vq Av‡Q| Zviv
A‡b‡K wbR¯^ wkí nvwi‡q we‡`wk wk‡íi ga¨¯^Z¡‡fvMx‡Z cwiYZ n‡q‡Q hv Gme †`k¸‡jvi fwel¨‡Zi Rb¨ ûgwK wn‡m‡e
†`Lv w`‡Z cv‡i|
2. ivR‰bwZK wel‡q n¯Í‡¶c :eûRvwZK †Kv¤úvwb¸‡jv Z„Zxq we‡k¦i `wi`ª †`k¸‡jvi ivR‰bwZK welqvw`‡Z n¯Í‡¶c K‡i|
Zv‡ì evwYwR¨K myweavi Rb¨ Zviv Z„Zxq we‡k¦i †`k¸‡jv‡Z Kv‡ì †bZ„‡Z¡ miKvi _vK‡e, Kv‡ì miKvi _vK‡e bv †m
m¤úwK©Z welqvw` wb‡qI bvbv Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv K‡i| eûRvwZK †Kv¤úvwb¸‡jv Z„Zxq we‡k¦i †`k¸‡jv‡Z A‡bK K~U‰bwZK
Pvj cª‡qvM K‡i †mme †`‡ki ivR‰bwZK Kvh©µ‡g bvK Mjv‡bvi †Póv Pvjvq| A‡bK eûRvwZK ms¯’vi BÜ‡b abx ivóª¸‡jv
Z„Zxq we‡k¦i †`k¸‡jv‡Z cyZyj miKvi ewm‡q †`q| G‡Z K‡i Gme †`‡ki ivR‰bwZK cwiw¯’wZ AviI AebwZi w`‡K avweZ
nq| eZ©gv‡b AvdMvwb¯Ívb, BivK, wgki, wjweqvq †h me miKvi ¶gZvmxb Av‡Q G‡ì wcQ‡b eûRvwZK †Kv¤úvwbmn
kw³ai ivóª¸‡jvi BÜb i‡q‡Q|
3. Povg~‡j¨ cY¨mvgMªx weµ‡qi Awf‡hvM: eûRvwZK ms¯’v¸‡jv AZ¨waK gybvdv jv‡fi Avkvq `wi`ª †`‡k †hme c‡Yï
evwYR¨ K‡i Zv‡Z AwaK g~j¨ avh© K‡i e‡j Awf‡hvM i‡q‡Q| G †¶‡Î Zviv `wi`ª †`k¸‡jvi RbM‡Yi mvg‡_¨©i w`‡K ZvKvq
bv| Avevi Gme wel‡q Z„Zxq we‡k¦i RbMY eûRvwZK †Kv¤úvwb wKsev Zv‡ì †Kv‡bv cªwZwbwai Kv‡Q †Kv‡bv ai‡bi Awf‡hvM
Kivi my‡hvM cvq bv| Avevi A‡bK †¶‡Î Awf‡hvM Ki‡j D‡ëv dj †`Lv †`q| G welqwU Z„Zxq we‡k¦i RbM‡Yi gv_vi
Dci weivU †evSv Pvwc‡q †`qvi g‡Zv|
4. kvwšÍ-k„•Ljvi AebwZi Rb¨ `vqx: eûRvwZK †Kv¤úvwb¸‡jvi Kvi‡Y A‡bK mgq †`‡ki kvwšÍ-k„•Ljv webó nq e‡j
eûRvwZK ms¯’vi mgv‡jvPKiv Awf‡hvM K‡i Avm‡Qb| eûRvwZK ms¯’v¸‡jv wbgœ gRywi‡Z Dbœqbkxj †`k †_‡K kªwgK msMªn
K‡i| Zviv bvggvÎ gRywi‡Z Gme kªwgK‡K Kv‡R jvMv‡bvi †Póv K‡i| Avevi †`‡k †eKvi‡Z¡i †evSv cªKU nIqvi Kvi‡Y
kªwgKiv bvggvÎ g~‡j¨ eûRvwZK ms¯’vq KvR Ki‡Z ivwR nq| wKš‘ hLb Zviv j¶ K‡i †h, GKB Kv‡Ri Rb¨ Zv‡ì wbR
†`‡ki kªwgK‡ì AwaK cvwikªwgK cª`vb Kiv n‡”Q ZLb KviLvbv¸‡jv‡Z wek„•Ljv †`Lv hvq| KviY ZLb Hme KviLvbvi
kªwgKiv AwZwi³ gRywii `vwe‡Z Av‡›`vjb cwiPvjbv K‡i _v‡K| ZvB Z„Zxq we‡k¦i †`k¸‡jv‡Z eûRvwZK ms¯’vi Kvi‡Y
AvBb-k„•Ljv cwiw¯’wZi AebwZ †`Lv †`q|
5. Z„Zxq we‡k¦i RbM‡Yi RxebhvÎv RwUj K‡i †Zvjv: eûRvwZK †Kv¤úvwb¸‡jv Z„Zxq we‡k¦i †`kmg~‡ni RxebhvÎv‡K µgk
RwUj K‡i †Zv‡j e‡j Awf‡hvM i‡q‡Q| KviY wek¦vqb cªwµqvi d‡j Gme †`‡ki gvby‡li RxebhvÎvi e¨q eû¸‡Y †e‡o
wM‡q‡Q| we‡k¦i mKj †`‡k gvby‡li g‡a¨ wejvm`ªe¨ eënv‡ii cªeYZv c~‡e©i Zyjbvq eû¸‡Y †e‡o †M‡Q| G †¶‡Î Av‡qi
†P‡q e¨q †ewk nq e‡j RbMY‡K me mgq GKwU Aw¯’iZvi mv‡_ w`bhvcb Ki‡Z n‡”Q| †hgb Av‡M †hLv‡b †`Lv †hZ †h,
†gvUvgywU m”Qj cwiev‡iI mK‡j GKwU †Uwjwfkb wKsev GKwU Mvwoi eënvi KiZ| wKš‘ AvR †mLv‡b ïay abx cwiev‡iB
bq; ga¨weË cwiev‡iI GKvwaK †Uwjwfkb I Mvwoi eënv‡ii welqwU AwZ mvaviY wel‡q cwiYZ n‡”Q| Gi KviY n‡jv
wek¦vqb cªwµqvi d‡j Z„Zxq we‡k¦i †`k¸‡jvi mKj m¤ú` KwZcq abx e¨w³i nv‡Z Kyw¶MZ n‡q c‡o‡Q| Gi d‡j Z„Zxq
we‡k¦i †`k¸‡jvi mgvR eë¯’vq Am‡šÍvl Qwo‡q co‡Q Ges G me †`‡k me mgq Aw¯’iZv †j‡MB Av‡Q|
6. be¨ Dcwb‡e‡ki aviK I evnK :eûRvwZK ms¯’vi Kvh©µ‡gi cwi‡cªw¶‡Z mgmvgwqK mgv‡jvPbvq †`Lv hvq †h, eûRvwZK
ms¯’v¸‡jv †kvl‡Yi GK bZyb iƒc wb‡q Zviv `wi`ª †`‡ki RbM‡Yi m¤§y‡L nvwRi n‡q‡Q| Zviv Dbœqbkxj †`‡ki m¤ú‡ì
Dci Ggb GK wbqš¿Y Av‡ivc K‡i‡Q hv †_‡K †ewi‡q Avmvi †KŠkj Zv‡ì Rvbv †bB| eûRvwZK †Kv¤úvwb¸‡jv Ggb me
DcKiY wb‡q nvwRi n‡q‡Q hv †`‡L Z„Zxq we‡k¦i RbM‡Yi g‡a¨ GK beRvMi‡Yi m~Pbv n‡q‡Q e‡j cªZxqgvb nq| Avm‡j
G me wRwbm †fv‡Mi gva¨‡g eûRvwZK ms¯’v¸‡jvi gva¨‡g Z„Zxq we‡k¦i †`k †_‡K ¯^qswµqfv‡e A_© cvPvi n‡q DbœZ
we‡k¦i †`k¸‡jv‡Z P‡j hv‡”Q| A‡bK mgv‡jvPK hyw³ cª`k©b K‡ib †h, Z„Zxq we‡k¦ †h me eûRvwZK ms¯’v i‡q‡Q Zviv be¨
Dcwb‡ekev‡ì aviK I evn‡Ki iƒc cwiMªn K‡i‡Q|
7. kªwgK ¯^v_© Ae‡njv: eûRvwZK †Kv¤úvwb¸‡jvi weiæ‡× Av‡iKwU eo Awf‡hvM n‡jv Zviv kªwgK‡ì Kj¨v‡Yi Rb¨ †Kv‡bv
KvR K‡i bv| Zviv me mgq kªwgK †kvl‡Yi welqwU m~¶¥fv‡e cwiPvjbv K‡i| eûRvwZK ms¯’v¸‡jv‡Z †eZb êlg¨,
†eKviZ¡ I Amvg¨ GKwU wbZ¨‰bwgwËK NUbvq cwiYZ n‡q‡Q| Zviv kªwgK‡ì mvgvwRK wbivcËv cª`v‡bi welqwUI me mgq
AeÁv K‡i Avm‡Q| Avevi w`‡b w`‡b eûRvwZK ms¯’vi g~ja‡bi cwigvY e„w× †c‡jI kªwgKiv GLv‡b wb‡®úwlZ| eûRvwZK
cªwZôvb we‡ivax mgv‡jvPK‡ì g‡Z, eûRvwZK ms¯’v¸‡jv †h me †`‡k cª‡ek K‡i‡Q †mme †`‡ki gvbevwaKvi cwiw¯’wZ
µgk AebwZi w`‡K avweZ n‡”Q| eûRvwZK †Kv¤úvwb¸‡jv kªwgK †kvlY cªwµqv Ggbfv‡e K‡i‡Q †hLvb †_‡K †ewi‡q
Avgvi cš’v Gme †`‡ki kªwgK‡ì Rvbv †bB|
8. U¨v· duvwK †`qvi cªeYZv: Avevi A‡bK mgq j¶ Kiv hvq †h, eûRvwZK ms¯’v ev †Kv¤úvwb¸‡jvi g‡a¨ U¨v· duvwK
†`qvi cªeYZv j¶ Kiv hvq| A‡bK mgq Z„Zxq we‡k¦i †`k¸‡jv eûRvwZK ms¯’vi weiæ‡× †Kv‡bv c`‡¶c MªnY Ki‡Z cv‡i
bv e‡j Zviv G my‡hvMwU MªnY K‡i| A‡bK `ye©j †`k eûRvwZK ms¯’vi Kvh©µ‡gi Dci †Kv‡bv eë¯’v MªnY Ki‡Z Pvq bv|
Gme †`‡ki miKvi g‡b K‡i hw` eûRvwZK †Kv¤úvwbi Kv‡R evav †`qv nq Zvn‡j ¶gZvq _vKv KwVb n‡q co‡e| Avevi
A‡bK mgq eûRvwZK ms¯’v¸‡jv RbKj¨v‡Yi K_v e‡j U¨v· gIKy‡di AvIZvq Avm‡jI Zviv Lye KgB RbKj¨v‡Y Gme
A_© e¨q K‡i|
9. DbœZ ivóª KZ©…K †kvlY: êwk¦K Drcv`‡bi me‡P‡q †bwZevPK cªfve Gi d‡j AbybœZ ivóª‡K DbœZ ivóª †kvlY K‡i|
BwZnvm †_‡K †`Lv hvq †h, cªvPxbKvj †_‡K AvR ch©šÍ Drcv`b cªwµqvq †h cwieZ©b n‡q‡Q Zv `y'GKwU NUbvi gva¨‡g
Abyaveb Kiv m¤¢e bq| A‡bK NUbvi ga¨ w`‡q n¯ÍPvwjZ Drcv`b cªwµqvi cwie‡Z© hš¿PvwjZ Drcv`b cªwµqvi ga¨ w`‡q
AvR ¯^qswµq †gwkb Pvjbvi gva¨‡g| Drcv`b cªwµqv m¤úbœ n‡”Q| G Drcv`b cªwµqvi j¤^v BwZnvm Av‡Q| G `xN©
c_cwiµgvq gvbyl‡K wbcxob, c~Y©v½ G jvÃbvi wkKvi n‡Z nq|evsjv‡`k I eûcvw¶K mvgvwRK †cªw¶‡Z e¨vL¨v Ki‡j †`Lv
hvq, `vm mgvReë¯’vq (Slave social system) Drcv`b cªwµqv n‡Zv `vm gvwjK‡ì †fv‡Mi Rb¨| mvgšÍ mgvReë¯’vq
(Feaudal social system) Drcv`b cªwµqv n‡Zv ïay mvgšÍcªfy‡ì Rb¨| Avi cyuwRev`x mgvReë¯’vq (Capitalist social
system) Drcv`b cªwµqv m¤úbœ n‡Zv ïay cyuwRcwZ‡ì Rb¨| cyuwRev`x wek¦vq‡bi d‡j e¨w³i cwie‡Z© ivóªxq Drcv`b-I
gvwjKvbv wba©vwiZ n‡q‡Q| †kvlY cªwµqv c~‡e© Pj‡Zv e¨w³ ch©v‡q GLb Pj‡Q ivóªxq ch©v‡q| êwk¦K Drcv`‡bi †cªw¶‡Z
G‡K we‡kølY Ki‡j †`Lv hvq, cyuwRev`x DbœZ ivóª AbybœZ ev Dbœqbkxj ivóª‡K †kvlY Ki‡Q| G cªwµqvq Drcv`b cªwµqv
m¤úbœ nq ïay cyuwRev`x DbœZ iv‡óªi Rb¨|
10. wkí weKvk †iva: êwk¦K Drcv`b AbybœZ †`‡ki wkí weKvk e¨vnZ K‡i| eZ©gvb wek¦vqb mKj ‡`‡ki A_©bxwZ‡K Db¥y³
Kivi K_v e‡j| Gi d‡j AvšÍR©vwZK cyuwR evavnxbfv‡e Dbœqbkxj we‡k¦ cª‡ekvwaKvi cv‡”Q| Dbœqbkxj we‡k¦ cyuwR I
cªhyw³i Afve _vKvq Zviv DbœZ we‡k¦i Drcv`b cªwµqvq I c‡Yï mv‡_ Zvj wgwj‡q Pj‡Z cv‡i bv| eûRvwZK
†Kv¤úvwb¸‡jv Dbœqbkxj we‡k¦i Dci Pvc cª‡qvM Ki‡Q evRvi Db¥y³ ivLvi Rb¨| eûRvwZK ms¯’vi weKv‡ki mv‡_ mv‡_
êwk¦K Drcv`b cªwµqv bZyb bZyb cY¨mvgMªx †hgwb Drcvw`Z n‡q‡Q mgfv‡e †Zgwb ¯’vbxq eûgyLx Drcv`b cªwµqvi c_I
iæ× n‡q‡Q|Dbœqbkxj †`‡ki gvbyl Z_¨cªhyw³ I †fvM¨ cY¨ ¯^íg~‡j¨ µq Ki‡Z cvi‡Q GUv wKQyUv mZ¨ n‡jI c‡Yï gvb
Ges g~j¨ wePv‡i Zv‡ì †Kvb Ávb †bB| AwaKvsk ms¯’v cª_gw`‡K c‡Yï ¸Y fv‡jv †i‡L wewµ Ki‡jI wKQy MªvnK ˆZwi
nIqvi ci Kg cyuwR‡Z AwaK gybvdvi Rb¨ gvbnxb cY¨ evRvi f‡i iv‡L| Gi mv‡_ Zviv AbybœZ we‡k¦i wkí weKvk‡K
wbiærmvwnZ K‡i|
11. AbyMZ †kªwYi m„wó: wKQy †¶‡Î eûRvwZK ms¯’v Dbœqbkxj we‡k¦i evRvi aivi Rb¨ †QvU †QvU D‡`¨v³v †kªwY‡K ¯^vMZ
Rvbvq| KviY Zv‡ì gva¨‡g evRv‡i cª‡ek, KuvPvgvj msMªn, f~wg `Lj, eR¨© wb®‹vkb BZ¨vw` Kv‡R †ek mn‡hvwMZv cvIqv
hvq| G j‡¶¨ H †kªwY‡K A‰bw”QK KvR cª`v‡bi gva¨‡g †Kv¤úvwbi mn‡hvMx kw³ wn‡m‡e cvjb Kiv nq| †Kv¤úvwbi
Avkcv‡k Ggb AmsL¨ D‡`¨v³vi mÜvb wg‡j hviv †Kv¤úvwbi ¶y`ª GKwU Kv‡Ri g‡a¨ Zv‡ì †MvUv Rxeb KvwU‡q †`q|
G‡ì‡K wewfbœ bv‡g †Pbv hvq, SyU eëmvqx, AvoZ`vi, LyPiv we‡µZv, ÷K jf †µZv BZ¨vw`| Zviv eskMZ gh©v`v,
cvwievwiK HwZn¨, ag©xq g~j¨‡eva, mvgvwRK `vqe×Zv I msnwZ, mv¤úª`vwqK †mŠnv`© wemR©b w`‡q ¯^-¯^ Dbœqb weKí wKQy
fve‡Z cv‡i bv| †gvUK_v Zviv eûRvwZK †Kv¤úvwbi AvÁve‡n cwiYZ nq|
12. ¯’vbxq D‡`¨v³v †kªwYi weKvk †iva: êwk¦K ev Drcv`‡bi AZ¨šÍ †bwZevPK cªfve n‡jv ¯’vbxq wkí weKvk I D‡`¨vM‡K
†iva Kiv| GUv Z„Zxq we‡k¦i ¯’vbxq †kªwY-‡ckvRxex‡ì GKgyLx †ckvi g‡a¨ mxgve× ivLvi †Póv Pvjvq hv‡Z K‡i Zviv
eûgyLx D‡`¨vMx n‡q bv D‡V| †m Rb¨ †`Lv hvq †Kv¤úvwb hvi Kv‡Q dyU wewµ K‡i Zvi Kv‡Q ÷K j‡Wi gvj wewµ K‡i bv|
Gfv‡e †ckvMZ cwieZ©‡bi gva¨‡g GKgyLx Kv‡Ri ga¨ w`‡q ¯’vbxq D‡`¨v³v †kªwYi eûgyLx D‡`¨vMx n‡q DVvi cª‡Póv mg~‡j
aŸsm Kiv nq|
‡Kv¤úvwb Zv‡ì cªwZ‡hvMx wn‡m‡e KvD‡K †g‡b wb‡Z cv‡i bv| G‡Z Zv‡ì wewfbœ ¯^v_© †`Lv hvq| h_v:
1. kªg evRvi wbqš¿Y I †kvlY,
2. ¯’vbxq D‡`¨v³v †kªwYi weKvk †iva,
3. GK‡PwUqv evRvi `Lj|
4. Gfv‡e Zv‡ì ¯^v_©i¶vq Rb¨ Zviv ¯’vbxq wkí aŸsm K‡i| G‡Z Zv‡ì‡K AbyMZ †kªwY bv ey‡S mnvqZv K‡i|
5. mvs¯‹…wZK Ae¶q: êwk¦K Drcv`b Z„Zxq we‡k¦i mvs¯‹…wZK Ae¶q wb‡q Av‡m| Zviv Zv‡ì cY¨mvgMªx [evRviRvZ Kivi
†KŠkj Aej¤^b K‡i| GRb¨ ¯’vbxq cY¨| evRvi †_‡K weZvo‡bi Rb¨ Zviv wewfbœ Kg©m~wP MªnY K‡i| G¸‡jv ¯’vbxq
ms¯‹…wZi c_ iæ× K‡i wfb‡`kxq ms¯‹…wZ jvj‡b DØy× K‡i| ¯’vbxq evRvi †_‡K ¯’vbxq cY¨ DrLvZ bv| Kiv ch©šÍ Zviv
bvbvb Kg©m~wP MªnY K‡i|D`vniY wn‡m‡e jv· Gi K_v ejv hvq| GUv eûRvwZK ms¯’vi cY¨| GUv Zvi evRvi a‡i ivLvi
Rb¨ wewfbœ cªPviYvq Ask †bq| bvix‡K cY¨ wn‡m‡e eënvi K‡i| Gi cªPviYv Pvjvq| †hgb- "jv· mycvi ÷vi
cªwZ‡hvwMZv" eûgyLx weÁvcb BZ¨vw` dg© ZrciZv Pvwj‡q hv‡”Q| ¯’vbxq c‡Y¨ Zv‡ì cªPviYvq weiƒc cªfve co‡Z †`Lv
hvq| G| cªwµqvi gva¨‡g Zviv `y'ai‡bi ¯^v_© nvwmj K‡i|
(1) ¯’vbxq| ms¯‹…wZ‡K aŸsm K‡i Zvi ¯’‡j AvKvk ms¯‹…wZi we¯Ívi Kiv, (2) eûRvwZK †Kv¤úvwb bvRvi nªvm Kiv|
cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq †h, eûRvwZK ms¯’v¸‡jv hLb cªwZwôZ nq ZLb Zviv RbM‡Yi gv‡S cªPvi K‡ib †h, wek¦i&hvcx RbM‡Yi
Kj¨v‡Yi Rb¨ KvR Ki‡e Ges gvbe RvwZi Kj¨vY mvab KivB Zv‡ì g~j j¶¨ I D‡Ïk¨| wKš‘ ev¯Í‡e Zviv n‡”Q wewfbœ
cyuwRev`x †`‡ki G‡R›U| cyuwRev`x kw³¸‡jv wKsev wek¦vqbev`x‡ì nv‡Zi cyZyj wn‡m‡e A‡bK mgq Gme ms¯’v‡K KvR
Ki‡Z †`Lv hvq| ZvB eûRvwZK †Kv¤úvwb¸‡jvi weiæ‡× †h me Awf‡hvM i‡q‡Q †m¸‡jv LÐb Ki‡Z n‡j Zv‡ì‡K cªK„Z
RbKj¨vY wbwðZ Kivi j‡¶¨ m¤ú~Y© eëmvwqK g‡bvfve wb‡q GwM‡q Avm‡Z n‡e hv‡Z DbœZ wek¦, Dbœqbkxj †`‡ki Dci
†Kv‡bv ai‡bi †Kv‡bv Accª‡qvM Ki‡Z bv cv‡i
6. gymwjg we‡k¦i kvwšÍ I mg„w×‡Z IAvBwmi f~wgKv eY©bv Ki 14,16,18,20

gymwjg wek¦ i¶vq IAvBwm'i f~wgKv Role of OIC to protect the Muslim World gymwjg D¤§vni Kj¨vY mva‡bi
gnvb eªZ wb‡q IAvBwmi Rb¥| g~jZ BmivBwj AvMªvm‡bi Kej †_‡K gymwjg ivóªmg~n we‡kl K‡i wdwjw¯Íwb gymjgvb‡ì
i¶v Kivi Rb¨ G ms¯’vwUi Avwef©ve N‡U| Z‡e †h me gnvb D‡Ïk¨ wb‡q| Bmjvwg m‡¤§jb ms¯’v (IAvBwm) cªwZwôZ
n‡qwQj †m D‡Ïk¨ ev¯Íevqb GLbI m¤¢e nqwb| wewfbœ Af¨šÍixY I evwn¨K Kvi‡Y ms¯’vwU wbR¯^ j¶¨ AR©b Ki‡Z cvi‡Q
bv| we‡k¦ gymwjg m¤úª`v‡qi wbivcËv I A_©‰bwZK gyw³i Rb¨ IAvBwm'i f~wgKv m`m¨ †`k¸‡jvi g‡a¨ †Zgb mvov RvMv‡Z
cv‡i wb| d‡j we‡k¦ gymwjg m¤úª`v‡qi wbivcËv I A_©‰bwZK gyw³i Rb¨ IAvBwm'i f~wgKvi cª‡qvRbxq iƒc‡iLv wb‡gœ
Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv:
1. HK¨ I msnwZ: ïiæ‡Z IAvBwm gvÎ 25 wU m`m¨ ivóª wb‡q Gi hvÎv ïiæ Ki‡jI eZ©gv‡b Gi †gvU m`m¨ msL¨v 57
(hwÌ eZ©gv‡b wmwiqvi m`m¨ c` ¯’wMZ i‡q‡Q)| w`b w`b ms¯’vwUi m`m¨ msL¨v e„w× †c‡jI m`m¨ ivóªmg~‡ni g‡a¨ HK¨ I
msnwZi Afve j¶ Kiv hv‡”Q| IAvBwm'i weMZ Øv`k kxl© m‡¤§j‡b AskMªnYKvix cªwZwbwaiv IAvBwm'i m`m¨ ivóª¸‡jvi
cªwZ HKë× nIqvi Avnevb Rvbvb| †Kbbv, gymwjg we‡k¦i eZ©gv‡b me‡P‡q `ytmgq| Avi GB `ytmg‡q m`m¨ ivóªmg~‡ni
HK¨ I msnwZ wbivcËv I A_©‰bwZK gyw³i Rb¨ GKvšÍ Avek¨K| gi‡°vi ivRavbx ivevZ †_‡K gvj‡qwkqvi ivRavbx
cyÎRvqv ch©šÍ c¨vb BmjvwgK aviYvi wfwË‡Z †h BmjvwgK AvšÍR©vwZKZvev` weKv‡ki cªwµqv ïiæ n‡qwQj Zv‡K aviY I
jvjb Ki‡Z HK¨ I msnwZ GKvšÍ Avek¨K| G ms¯’vi m`m¨ †`k¸‡jv‡K mZK© n‡Z n‡e hv‡Z †KD †hb Zv‡ì HK¨ I
msnwZ‡Z fvOb aiv‡Z bv cv‡i| †Kbbv, †h †Kv‡bv P¨v‡jÄ †gvKvwejvi Rb¨ we‡k¦i HK¨ I msnwZ n‡jv Acwinvh© kZ©|
Bmjv‡gi †gŠwjK HK¨ †PZbv‡K Kv‡R jvMv‡Z cvi‡jB IAvBwm Zvi m¤¢vebv‡K Kv‡R jvMv‡Z cvi‡e|
2. A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb: wek¦ gymwjg m¤úª`v‡qi wbivcËv I A_©‰bwZK gyw³i Rb¨ Dbœqb GKvšÍ Avek¨K| gymwjg we‡k¦ A‡bK
abx iv‡óªi Aw¯ÍZ¡ _vK‡jI Gi cvkvcvwk eû Mwie ivóª i‡q‡Q| G me Mwie iv‡óªi RbM‡Yi RxebgvbI A‡bK wbgœ| we‡kl
K‡i AvwdªKvi †`k¸‡jvi Ae¯’v LyeB bvRyK| mš¿vm I `vwi`ª¨ †mLv‡b Pig AvKvi aviY K‡i‡Q| G Ae¯’v †_‡K cwiÎvY
†c‡Z abx m`m¨‡ì †c‡Uªv Wjvi Ges Mwie m`m¨ †`k¸‡jvi kªg I †gavi mgš^q K‡i gymwjg we‡k¦i †`k¸‡jv A‡bK
kw³kvjx Ae¯’v‡b †h‡Z cv‡i| G j‡¶ IAvBwm 1973 mv‡ji 18 wW‡m¤î GKwU e¨vsK MV‡bi wm×všÍ †bq| 1975 mv‡ji
20 A‡±vei G e¨vsKwUi Kvh©µg ïiæ nq Ges Giv †jb‡`b ïiæ nq 1976 mv‡ji Rvbyqvwi gv‡m| G e¨vsKwU Bmjvwg Dbœqb
e¨vsK (Islamic Development Bank-IDB) bv‡g cwiwPZ| G e¨vs‡Ki gva¨‡g Bmjvwg ivóª¸‡jv‡K A_©‰bwZK w`K †_‡K
cªwZwôZ Kivi my‡hvM m„wó n‡q‡Q| ZvB eZ©gvb Ae¯’vi cwi‡cªw¶‡Z Bmjvwg Dbœqb e¨vs‡Ki Kvh©µg‡K AviI MwZkxj Ki‡Z
n‡e| †Kbbv, Bmjvwg eø‡K we‡k¦i †gvU RbmsL¨vi GK-cÂgvsk, we‡k¦i †gvU †Zj m¤ú‡ì 60 kZvsk i‡q‡Q Ges GB eøK
Zv‡ì 40 kZvsk KuvPvgvj ißvwb K‡i| wKš‘ Bmjvwg we‡k¦i mw¤§wjZ Avq we‡k¦i †gvU Drcv`‡bi 5 kZvs‡kiI Kg|
3. cªvK„wZK m¤ú‡ì eënvi I wbqš¿Y: gymwjg we‡k¦ i‡q‡Q we‡k¦i Ab¨Zg LwbR m¤ú` †Zj| we‡k¦i †gvU †Z‡ji 60
kZvsk i‡q‡Q GB †`k¸‡jv‡Z| ga¨cªv‡Pï †mŠw` Avie, Bivb, BivK, Ky‡qZ cªavb ˆZj mg„× †`k| G me †`‡ki ˆZj Øviv
we‡k¦i abx I DbœZ †`k¸‡jvi mKj KjKviLvbv cwiPvwjZ nq| gvwK©b hy³ivóªmn A‡bK wk‡ívbœZ †`k ga¨cªv‡Pï †Zj
m¤ú` gRy` K‡i wb‡R‡ì fvÐvi mg„× Ki‡Q| wKš‘ ga¨cªv‡Pï gymwjg †`k¸‡jv G my‡hvM‡K Kv‡R jvMv‡Z cvi‡Q bv| we‡k¦
GLbI †Z‡ji weKí Avwe®‹vi bv nIqvq gymwjg wek¦ †Zj‡K Zv‡ì wbivcËv I A_©‰bwZK gyw³i nvwZqvi wn‡m‡e eënvi
Ki‡Z cv‡i| G‡¶‡Î IAvBwm †Zjfy³ †`kmg~n †Z‡ji Drcv`b, eÈb I wewbgq eë¯’vi Dci cªfve we¯Ívi K‡i jvfevb
n‡Z cv‡i| we‡k¦ †hmKj †`k gymwjg we‡k¦i Rb¨ ûgwK¯îƒc †m mKj †`‡ki weiæ‡× †Zj Ae‡iv‡ai g‡Zv mvnmx c`‡¶c
wb‡q †m mKj †`k‡K kv‡q¯Ív Ki‡Z cv‡i| GQvov †Zj mg„× †`kmg~n Zv‡ì †Zj wewµi GKUv Ask Zyjbvg~jKfv‡e `ye©j
A_©‰bwZK †`kmg~‡ni Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ eivÏ Ki‡Z cv‡i|
4. wk¶v I cªhyw³i Dbœqb: gymwjg we‡k¦I cðvrc`Zvi me‡P‡q eo KviY n‡jv wk¶v I cªhyw³‡Z AbMªmiZv| A_P BwZnvm
we‡køl‡Y Ki‡j †`Lv hv‡e †h, gymjgvbivB GK mgq GK”QÎfv‡e mgMª we‡k¦ Ávb-weÁvb Z_v wk¶vi Av‡jv †R¡‡jwQj Ges
1258 mv‡j nvjvKy Lvb KZ©…K evM`v` wek¦we`¨vjq I wekvjKvq jvB‡eªwi aŸsm mvab ch©šÍ GB Av‡jv cª¾¡wjZ wQj| we‡k¦i
eo eo Avwe®‹vi †hgb, Avj‡Kwg KZ©…K Nwo Avwe®‹vi, Be‡b wmbv KZ©…K wPwKrmv weÁv‡bi Avwe®‹vi (hv jÛb iq¨vj ¯‹yj Ae
†gwWwmb-G g~j cvV¨ n‡jI gymwjg †`k¸‡jvi wm‡jev‡m Abycw¯’Z), Be‡b Lvj`yb KZ©…K mgvR weÁv‡bi g~jm~Î Avwe®‹vi
BZ¨vw` ¸iæZ¡c~Y© †¶‡Î gymjgvbMY D™¢veK wn‡m‡e ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i‡Q| A_P AvR gymjgvbMY me©Î wcwQ‡q
ÁvbPP©v †_‡K wb‡R‡ì `~‡i mwi‡q †i‡L‡Q Ajm Rxebhvcb Kivi Rb¨| ga¨cªv‡Pï †kLiv AvR Ggbfv‡e wejvwmZvi †mªv‡Z
Mv fvwm‡q w`‡q‡Q hv ga¨hy‡Mi †gvMj ivRv-ev`kvn‡ì‡KI nvi gvwb‡q‡Q| Zviv Ávb-weÁv‡bi cªwZwU kvLvq wcwQ‡q Av‡Q|
wKš‘ gymjgvbMY hw` †gŠwjK ÁvbPP©v, PwiÎ weKvk I mvabvi gva¨‡g Zv‡ì Rxebgvb Dbœq‡b mnvqZv K‡i, Z‡eB IAvBwm
GKwU mdj msMVb wn‡m‡e weKwkZ n‡Z cvi‡e| IAvBwm'i GKwU m`m¨ ivóª wn‡m‡e Gi BwZevPK weKv‡k evsjv‡`kI
ivL‡Z cv‡i ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Ae`vb|
5. Agymwjg †`kmg~‡ni mv‡_ mym¤úK©: IAvBwm g~jZ BmjvwgK ivóªwfwËK msMVb n‡jI eZ©gv‡b hy‡Mi mv‡_ Zvj wgwj‡q
Pj‡Z Ab¨vb¨ wfbœ ag©xq iv‡óªi mnvqZv I mn‡hvwMZv GKvšÍ cª‡qvRb| †Kbbv, eZ©gvb gy³evRvi A_©bxwZi hy‡M we‡k¦i
†Kv‡bv †`kB wek¦vqb cªwµqv †_‡K wb‡R‡K `~‡i mwi‡q ivL‡Z cvi‡e bv| d‡j Aeva evwYR¨ I Drcv`b cªwµqvi mydj MªnY
Ki‡Z n‡j Ab¨vb¨ Agymwjg †`k Ges wewfbœ msMV‡bi mv‡_ mym¤úK© GKvšÍ Acwinvh©| †Kbbv, wek¦ GLb mn‡hvwMZv I
H‡Kï ¸M‡j Zvj wgwj‡q Pj‡Z †M‡j mK‡ji mv‡_ mym¤úK© GKvšÍ Acwinvh©|
6. Aeva evwYR¨ GjvKv: IAvBwm Zvi m`m¨ ivóªmg~‡ni wbivcËv I A_©‰bwZK gyw³i Rb¨ IAvBwm‡K gy³ evwYR¨ GjvKv
†NvlYv Ki‡Z cv‡i| G‡Z K‡i m`m¨ ivóªmg~‡ni g‡a¨ Rbm¤ú`, cªvK„wZK m¤ú` Ges Drcvw`Z c‡Yï Aeva evwYR¨
Kvh©µ‡gi gva¨‡g m`m¨ ivóª¸‡jvi A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡b we‡kl f~wgKv ivL‡Z cv‡i| G ms¯’vwU Zvi m`m¨ †`k¸‡jvi g‡a¨

eëmv-evwYR¨ cªmv‡i bvbv c`‡¶c MªnY Ki‡Z cv‡i| †hme gymwjg ivóª Zyjbvg~jKfv‡e `ye©j Zv‡ì‡K ¯^vej¤^x nIqvi Rb¨
wbw`©ó mgq Ges A_©mn bvbvwea mvnvh¨ Ki‡Z cv‡i|
7. wbivcËv †RvU MVb: gymwjg D¤§vni cªwZwbwaZ¡Kvix Ges gymwjg †`k¸‡jvi me©e„nr Bmjvwg m‡¤§jb ms¯’v IAvBwm| G
ms¯’vi Rb¥ n‡qwQj B½-gvwK©b mg_©bcyó Bûw` ivóª BmivB‡ji AvMªvm‡bi †cªw¶‡Z| mg‡qi µgavivq we‡k¦ A‡bK cwieZ©b
G‡m‡Q| wKš‘ BmivBwj AvMªvmb AvRI eÜ nqwb| ïay GK BmivBj KZ©…K bq, eis we‡k¦i me©Î Pj‡Q gymwjg D¤§vni Dci
wbh©vZb-wbcxob I nZ¨vhÁ| wdwjw¯Íb QvovI †jevbb, Kvk¥xi, emwbqv, nv‡R©‡Mvwfbv, †PPwbqv I mv¤úªwZK Biv‡Ki gymwjg
nZ¨vhÁ e‡Ü IAvBwm †Zgb †Kv‡bv kw³kvjx f~wgKv ivL‡Z cv‡i wb| Gi Ab¨Zg KviY IAvBwmfy³ †`kmg~‡ni kw³kvjx
wbivcËv eë¯’vi Afve| ZvQvov IAvBwmi †Kv‡bv wbivcËv evwnbx †bB hv Zv‡ì‡K ewntkÎæi nvZ †_‡K i¶v Ki‡Z cv‡i|
G †cªw¶‡Z IAvBwm‡K Ab¨vb¨ Kvh©µ‡gi mv‡_ wbivcËv Kvh©µgI Pvwj‡q †h‡Z n‡e| G‡¶‡ÎI IAvBwm‡K Ab¨vb¨ mvgwiK
†Rv‡Ui b¨vq ewjô f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Z n‡e| m`m¨ †`k¸‡jv †_‡K ˆmb¨ msMªn K‡i wbR¯^ wbivcËv evwnbx M‡o Zyj‡Z cv‡i
hv gymwjg †`kmg~‡ni Dci AvNvZ Avm‡j †gvKv‡ejv Ki‡Z cv‡i| GB mvgwiK evwnbx‡K AvaywbK cªwk¶Y I Am&Îkm&‡Î
mw¾Z K‡i ivL‡Z n‡e Ges Avw_©K mnvqZv cª`vb Ki‡Z n‡e| GRb¨ IAvBwm wbivcËv evwnbxi myôy cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ GKwU
wbivcËv Znwej MVb Ki‡Z cv‡i|
7. evsjv‡`‡ki ciivóªbxwZi êwkó¨mg~n Av‡jvPbv Ki 20

Characteristics of Foriegn Policy in Bangladesh GKwU iv‡óªi AvqZb RbmsL¨v, †fŠ‡MvwjK Ae¯’vb
(Geographical Position), cªvK„wZK m¤ú`, A_©‰bwZK Ae¯’v cªf„wZ H iv‡óªi ê‡`wkK bxwZ wba©vi‡Y ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv
iv‡L| ZvQvov ¯^vaxbZv jv‡fi ci evsjv‡`k †hgb RvwZms‡Ni m`m¨ n‡q‡Q †Zgwb Avevi †RvU wbi‡c¶ Av‡›`vj‡biI
m`m¨ n‡q‡Q| evsjv‡`k mKj iv‡óªi mg- AwaKvi, wbivcËv, kvwšÍ I wbi‡c¶Zvq wek¦vmx| MYcªRvZš¿x evsjv‡`‡ki
msweav‡bi cª¯Ívebv I ivóª cwiPvjbvi g~jbxwZ‡Z G †`‡ki ê‡`wkK bxwZi ¯îƒc Zy‡j aiv n‡q‡Q| msweav‡bi 25
Aby‡”Q‡ì iv‡óªi ê‡`wkK bxwZi wfwË ev g~j êwkó¨ m¤^‡Ü cwiPq cvIqv hvq| GQvov, ¯^vaxbZvi ci ci †kL gywReyi
ingv‡bi GZ`msµvšÍ KwZcq ¸iæZ¡c~Y© †NvlYvi g‡aÏ Zv my›ìfv‡e wee„Z n‡q‡Q|
ê‡`wkK bxwZi êwkó¨ ev cªK„wZ wbgœiƒc:
1. 'mK‡ji mv‡_ eÜyZ¡, Kv‡iv mv‡_ kÎæZv bq' (Friendship to all and malice to none) : G bxwZi Ici wfwË K‡iB
evsjv‡`‡ki ê‡`wkK m¤úK© cªwZwôZ| ¯^vaxbZv, mve©‡fŠgZ¡ I AvšÍR©vwZK mn‡hvwMZv A¶yYœ ivLvi j‡¶¨ evsjv‡`k G bxwZi
wfwË‡Z we‡k¦i Ab¨vb¨ iv‡óªi mv‡_ eÜyZ¡, mn‡hvwMZv I m¤úªxwZi g‡bvfve M‡o Zyj‡e| 1972 mv‡j e½eÜy †kL gywReyi
ingvb †NvlYv K‡ib †h, "c„w_exi mKj RvwZi mv‡_ eÜyZ¡ I mn‡hvwMZvB Avgv‡ì ê‡`wkK bxwZi g~jK_v| Avgiv
evsjv‡`k‡K cªv‡Pï myBRvij¨v‡Û cwiYZ Ki‡Z PvB|" wZwb AviI e‡jb, "c„w_exi †Kv‡bv †`k ev RvwZi weiæ‡× †Kv‡bv
cªKvi AvµgY cwiPvjbv Kivi `yiwfmwÜ Avgiv †cvlY Kwi bv|'
2. ¯^vaxb I wbi‡c¶ bxwZ: evsjv‡`‡ki ê‡`wkK bxwZi GKwU D‡jøL‡hvM¨ êwkó¨ n‡jv ¯^vaxb I wbi‡c¶ bxwZ| G Kvi‡Y
evsjv‡`k AvÂwjK ev AvšÍR©vwZK †Kv‡bv mvgwiK †Rv‡Ui mv‡_ RwoZ bq| evsjv‡`k GKw`‡K †hgb gvwK©b hy³ivóªmn
BD‡iv‡ci cyuwRev`x ivóª¸‡jvi mv‡_ mym¤úK© cªwZwôZ K‡i‡Q, †Zgwb ga¨cªv‡Pï gymwjg wek¦mn Acivci †`k¸‡jvi mv‡_I
mym¤úK© eRvq †i‡L P‡j‡Q| Gfv‡e evsjv‡`k ¯^vaxb I wbi‡c¶ ê‡`wkK bxwZ‡Z wek¦vm K‡i| ZvB wewfbœ †RvU †_‡K mgvb
`~iZ¡ eRvq †i‡L ê‡`wkK m¤úK© wba©viY K‡i|
3. DbœqbgyLx bxwZ: evsjv‡`‡ki ê‡`wkK bxwZi Avi GKwU êwkó¨ n‡jv DbœqbgyLx bxwZ| evsjv‡`k Z„Zxq we‡k¦i GKwU
Dbœqbkxj ivóª| ZvB Af¨šÍixY Dbœq‡bi j‡¶¨ AvšÍR©vwZK evwYR¨ m¤úªmvi‡Yi gva¨‡g mKj iv‡óªi mv‡_ `„p evwYwR¨K
m¤úK© cªwZôvq evsjv‡`k we‡klfv‡e AvMªnx| G j¶¨‡K mvg‡b †i‡L evsjv‡`k cªwZ‡ekx ivóªmg~n, gymwjg wek¦, cvðv‡Zï
MYZvwš¿K ivóªmg~n Ges mgvRZvwš¿K we‡k¦i mKj iv‡óªi mv‡_ eÜyZ¡c~Y© m¤úK© M‡o Zyj‡Z m‡Pó|
4. ivR‰bwZK ¯^vaxbZv I †fŠ‡MvwjK ALÐZv i¶v: evsjv‡`k kvwšÍ I mn‡hvwMZvi bxwZ‡Z wek¦vmx| G bxwZi wfwË‡Z
evsjv‡`k †hgb †Kv‡bv iv‡óªi Af¨šÍixY e¨vcv‡i n¯Í‡¶c K‡i bv, †Zgwb wb‡Ri iv‡óªi Af¨šÍixY e¨vcv‡i Kv‡iv n¯Í‡¶c
Kvgbv K‡i bv| mKj iv‡óªi mve©‡fŠg ¶gZv, ¯^vaxb I †fŠ‡MvwjK ALÐZvi bxwZi cªwZ evsjv‡`‡ki miKvi I RbMY
`„pfv‡e wek¦vmx|
5. kvwšÍc~Y© mnve¯’v‡b wek¦vmx: evsjv‡`k GKwU kvwšÍKvgx ivóª| ZvB evsjv‡`k me mgq kvwšÍ Kvgbv K‡i Ges kvwšÍi cªwZ
ûgwK †iva Kivi e¨vcv‡i mwµq f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡e| kvwšÍ cªwZôvi Rb¨ evsjv‡`k cªwZ‡ekx I `~‡ii mKj iv‡óªi mv‡_
mnve¯’v‡b wek¦vm K‡i| mKj cªKvi gZv`k©MZ we‡iva ev AvšÍR©vwZK kvwšÍ ûgwKi m¤§yLxb nq Ggb we‡ivamg~n evsjv‡`k
Avjvc-Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g wgwU‡q †djvi bxwZ‡Z wek¦vm K‡i|
6. AvÂwjK mn‡hvwMZvi bxwZ: evsjv‡`k AvÂwjK mn‡hvwMZv e„w×i j‡¶¨ wbijmfv‡e KvR K‡i hv‡”Q| 1985 mv‡ji 7
wW‡m¤î XvKvq AbywôZ `w¶Y Gkxq AvÂwjK mn‡hvwMZv ms¯’v (mvK©) cª_g kxl© m‡¤§j‡b evsjv‡`‡ki f~wgKv we‡klfv‡e
D‡jøL‡hvM¨| mvK©fy³ †`k¸‡jv‡Z evsjv‡`‡ki ivóª I miKvi cªavb‡ì e¨vcK
mdi AvÂwjK mn‡hvwMZv‡K AviI †Rvi`vi K‡i‡Q|

7. gymwjg we‡k¦i mv‡_ mym¤úK©: evsjv‡`‡ki kZKiv 88 fvM gvbyl gymjgvb| ZvB evsjv‡`k gymwjg cªavb †`k wn‡m‡e
Bmjvwg m‡¤§jb ms¯’vi Ab¨Zg m`m¨ Ges we‡k¦i mKj gymwjg iv‡óªi mv‡_ mym¤úK© cªwZôvq AvMªnx|| gymwjg ivóª¸‡jvi
ga¨Kvi we‡iva gxgvsmvq evsjv‡`‡ki f~wgKv cªksmbxq| †hgb- BivK-Bivb I BmivBj-‡jevbb hy× e‡Üi KwgwU‡Z
evsjv‡`k †h f~wgKv cvjb K‡i‡Q Zv LyeB ¸iæZ¡c~Y©|
8. AvšÍR©vwZK †¶‡Î gh©v`v e„w×: ïay Af¨šÍixY †¶‡ÎB bq, AvšÍR©vwZK †¶‡ÎI wb‡R‡ì gh©v`v e„w× evsjv‡`‡ki ê‡`wkK
bxwZi g~jbxwZ| AvÂwjK mn‡hvwMZv e„w×, Am&Î mxwgZKiY, mgZvwfwËK ˆgÎx cªwZôv I †RvU wbi‡c¶ bxwZ cªwZôvi
Av‡›`vj‡b evsjv‡`‡ki f~wgKv AvšÍR©vwZK †¶‡Î evsjv‡`‡ki gh©v`v e„w× K‡i‡Q|
9. †RvU wbi‡c¶: †Kv‡bv mvgwiK †RvU ev eø‡K AšÍf©y³ bv nIqv evsjv‡`‡ki †NvwlZ bxwZ| evsjv‡`k ¯^vaxb I †RvU
wbi‡c¶ bxwZ‡Z wek¦vmx|
10. RvZxq mve©‡fŠgZ¡ I mggh©v`v: ê‡`wkK m¤ú‡K©i †¶‡Î evsjv‡`k G‡K Ac‡ii RvZxq mve©‡fŠgZ¡, ivóªxq ¯^vaxbZv I
ALÐZ¡ Ges mggh©v`vi cªwZ kª×vkxj _vKvi bxwZ‡Z Av¯’vkxj|
11. Af¨šÍixY e¨vcv‡i n¯Í‡¶c bv Kiv: Ab¨ iv‡óªi Af¨šÍixY e¨vcv‡i †Kv‡bviƒc n¯Í‡¶c bv Kiv evsjv‡`‡ki ê‡`wkK
bxwZi êwkó¨| Gi A_© ùvovq, Ab¨ †Kv‡bv ewntkw³ evsjv‡`‡ki Af¨šÍixY e¨vcv‡i n¯Í †¶c KiæK ZvI †m mn¨ Ki‡e bv|
12. wek¦kvwšÍ: evsjv‡`k wek¦kvwšÍ cªwZôvq A½xKvive×| kvwšÍi cªwZ ûgwK¯îƒc Am&Î cªwZ‡hvwMZvi †m we‡ivax| mvaviY I
m¤ú~Y© wbim&ÎxKi‡Yi j‡¶¨ cª‡Póv Pvjv‡bv Zvi †NvwlZ bxwZ| we‡k¦i wewfbœ ¯’v‡b RvwZMZ Ø›Ø- msNvZ-msNl© cxwoZ bvbv
†`‡k evsjv‡`k †mbvevwnbxi m`m¨‡ì GKwU ¶y`ª †`k nIqv m‡Ë¡I `w¶Y Gwkqvq fviZ I cvwK¯Ív‡bi cvigvYweK Am&Î
cªwZ‡hvwMZv †iv‡a 'kvwšÍi `~Z' wn‡m‡e f~wgKv cvj‡b GwM‡q Av‡m| evsjv‡`k †h g‡bcªv‡Y kvwšÍ Kvgbv K‡i Zv e½eÜy †kL
gywReyi ingv‡bi "Avwg evsjv‡`k‡K cªv‡Pï myBRvij¨vÛ wn‡m‡e †`L‡Z PvB"-G Ø¨_©nxb †NvlYv †_‡KB ¯úó|
13. b¨vqmsMZ msMªv‡gi cªwZ mg_©b: evsjv‡`‡ki ê‡`wkK bxwZi Avi GKwU cªavb êwkó¨ n‡”Q mvgªvRëv`, Dcwb‡ekev`
I eY©‰elgëv‡ì we‡ivwaZv| we‡k¦i me©Î wbcxwoZ RbM‡Yi b¨vqmsMZ msMªv‡gi cªwZ evsjv‡`‡ki me©`v mg_©b i‡q‡Q|
14. gymwjg †`kmg~‡ni m‡½ m¤úK©: evsjv‡`k we‡k¦i wØZxq e„nËi gymjgvb cªavb ivóª nIqvq G †`‡ki RbMY gymwjg
we‡k¦i m‡½ we‡kl m¤úK© evsjv‡`‡ki Rb¨ Kj¨vYKi| gymwjg †`kmg~‡ni m‡½ †m åvZ„Z¡c~Y© m¤úK© ¯’vcb Ges Zv msnwZ,
msi¶Y I †Rvi`vi Ki‡Z we‡klfv‡e AvMªnx|we‡k¦i †Kv‡bv ivóªB ¯^qsm¤ú~Y© bq| †Kv‡bv bv †Kv‡bv w`K w`‡q we‡k¦i ivóªmg~n
G‡K Ac‡ii Ici wbf©ikxj| G Kvi‡Y cª‡Z¨K ivóªB A_©‰bwZK, mvs¯‹…wZK Ges mvgwiK †¶‡Î ¯^qsm¤ú~Y©Zv AR©‡bi Rb¨
Aci iv‡óªi mv‡_ ê‡`wkK m¤úK© ¯’vc‡bi cª‡Póv Pvjvq| Avi GB cvi¯úwiK mn‡hvwMZv I cª‡qvR‡bi Ici wfwË K‡iB
ê‡`wkK m¤úK© M‡o I‡V| Z‡e c„w_exi cª‡Z¨K ivóªB RvZxq ¯^v_© (National Interest) msi¶‡Yi Rb¨ ê‡`wkK bxwZ ˆZwi
K‡i _v‡K| 1991 mv‡j civkw³ wn‡m‡e †mvwf‡qZ BDwbq‡bi (eZ©gvb bvg ivwkqv) fvOb, GKK civkw³ wn‡m‡e gvwK©b
hy³iv‡óªi Avwef©ve, gy³ evRvi A_©bxwZ, wek¦vqb (Globalization) cªf„wZ welq AvšÍR©vwZK m¤úK© Ges ê‡`wkK bxwZi
†¶‡Î bZyb gvÎv †hvM K‡i‡Q
8. evsjv`‡k I wgqvbgv‡ii g‡a¨ we`¨gvb †ivwn½v msKU mgvav‡bi m¤¢ve¨ Dcvqmg~n Av‡jvPbv Ki 20
f~wgKv: mv¤úªwZK wgqvbgv‡ii RvwZMZ `v½vq AveviI RxešÍ n‡q D‡V‡Q †ivwn½v Bmÿ|‡`kwUi c``wjZ msL¨vjNy gymjgvb
†ivwn½v RvwZi Ici wbh©vZ‡bi fy‡j hvIqv BwZnvm AveviI R¡jšÍ n‡q D‡V‡Q| †ivwn½v Ggb GKwU ¶y`ª b„-ZvwË¡K †Mvôx,
hviv wbR †`‡kI cievmx| ciev‡mI Avkªq`vZvi Mjvi KuvUv| kiYv_x© n‡q evsjv‡`kmn we‡k¦i wewfbœ As‡k Zviv Avkªq
LyuR‡Q †ek K‡qK `kK a‡i| wewfbœ mg‡q `v½vq `gbvwfhv‡bi wkKvi n‡q jvL jvL †ivwn½viv GL‡bv evsjv‡`k I _vBj¨v‡Û
kiYv_x© wkwe‡i gvb‡eZi Rxebhvcb Ki‡Q| wgqvbgv‡ii G †ivwn½v‡ì RvwZmsN Zvi GK cªwZ‡e`b 'we‡k¦i me‡P‡q
wew¶ßfv‡e Qwo‡q _vKv msL¨vjNy Rb‡Mvôx' wn‡m‡e AvL¨vwqZ K‡i‡Q|
‡ivwn½v mgm¨v mgvav‡bi Dcvq: ïay wgqvbgv‡ii Af¨šÍixY mgm¨v wn‡m‡eB bq, gvbweK `„wó‡KvY I Riæwi| G‡¶‡Î wb‡gœv³
c`‡¶c †bqv †h‡Z cv‡i:
1. K~U‰bwZK ZrciZv †Rvi`vi: †ivwn½v mgm¨v‡K RvZxq mgm¨v wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv K‡i evsjv‡`k I wgqvbgvi Dfq‡`‡ki
K~U‰bwZK ZrciZv †Rvi`vi Kiv DwPZ| G‡¶‡Î fviZ I Px‡bi mn‡hvwMZv wb‡q evsjv‡`k †ivwn½v‡ì wgqvbgv‡i †diZ
cvVv‡bvi D‡`¨vM wb‡Z cv‡i|
2. wØcvw¶K Av‡jvPbv: †ivwn½v mgm¨v mgvav‡bi DËg nvwZqvi n‡jv wØcvw¶K Av‡jvPbv| Dfq †`k wbR wbR mgm¨v m¤ú‡K©
AewnZ n‡q wØcvw¶K Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g mn‡hvwMZvg~jK g‡bvfve wb‡q †ivwn½v mgm¨v mgvav‡b Zrci n‡Z cv‡i|
3. †ivwn½v‡ì bvMwiKZ¡ cª`vb: wgqvbgv‡ii mvgwiK RvšÍv miKvi 1982 mv‡j bvMwiKZ¡ cª`vb m¤úwK©Z †h Kv‡jv| AvBb
cªYqb K‡i Zv‡Z †ivwn½viv bvMwiKZ¡ †_‡K ewÂZ nq| ZvB †ivwn½v‡ì bvMwiKZ¡ cª`v‡bi j‡¶¨ nq 1982 mv‡ji AvBb
evwZj Ki‡Z n‡e bZyev AvBbwUi ms¯‹vi K‡i †ivwn½v‡ì bvMwiKZ¡ w`‡Z n‡e|

4. RvwZmsN KZ©…K wgqvbgv‡ii Dci Pvc cª‡qvM: my`xN©Kvj †_‡K wRB‡q _vKv †ivwn½v mgm¨v mgvav‡b RvwZmsN Kvh©Ki
c`‡¶c MªnY Ki‡Z cv‡i| G‡¶‡Î RvwZmsN wgqvbgvi‡K AvB‡bi AvIZvq G‡b †ivwn½v mgm¨v mgvav‡bi Pvc cª‡qvM Ki‡Z
cv‡i|
5. bvmvKv evwnbxi m`q g‡bvfve: wgqvbgv‡ii mxgvšÍ i¶x evwnbx bvmvKv RvšÍv miKv‡ii wb‡`©‡k †ivwn½v‡ì Dci:
cªwZwbqZ wbh©vZ‡bi w÷g †ivjvi Pvjvq| bvmvKv evwnbx G wbôyi g‡bvfve †_‡K †ewi‡q m`q g‡bvfv‡ei Avkªq wb‡jI
A‡bKvs‡k †ivwn½v mgm¨v mgvavb n‡Z cv‡i|
6. mvgwiK RvšÍvi gvbweK D‡`¨vM: wgqvbgv‡ii mvgwiK RvšÍv miKvi gvbweK n‡q ˆ¯îvPv‡ii †Lvjm †_‡K †ewi‡q Avm‡jI
†ivwn½v mgm¨v mn‡RB mgvavb n‡Z cv‡i|
7. †ivwn½v‡ì m¤ú‡` cwiYZ: mvgwiK RvšÍvi †ivlvb‡j c‡o †ivwn½v‡ì mgm¨v bv †f‡e Zv‡ì m¤ú` wn‡m‡e MY¨ K‡i
Zv‡ì cybe©vm‡bi eë¯’v Ki‡Z cv‡i|
8. ew›`‡Z¡i Aemvb: wgqvbgv‡ii mvgwiK RvšÍvi| †ivlvb‡j c‡o †ivwn½viv AvivKvb iv‡Rï GKwU wbw`©ó Mªv‡g ew›` Ae¯’vq
Av‡Qb `xN©w`b| †ivwn½v‡ì G e›`x`kv †_‡K gyw³ w`‡qI †ivwn½v mgm¨v mgvavb Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|wgqvbgvi †_‡K weZvwoZ
†ivwn½v‡ì evsjv‡`‡k Avkªq †`qv DwPZ wKbv: wgqvbgvi †_‡K weZvwoZ †ivwn½v‡ì‡K evsjv‡`‡k †Kv‡bvfv‡eB Avkªq †`qv
DwPZ n‡e bv| †Kbbv 1977 mv‡j wgqvbgv‡ii mvgwiK miKvi ïiæ K‡i 'Acv‡ikb bvMvwgb' ev 'WªvMb ivR'| G Acv‡ik‡b
A‰ea Awfevmx‡ì wPwýZ Kivi bv‡g †ivwn½v‡ì Ici e¨vcK wbh©vZb Pvjvq wgqvbgvi †mbvevwnbx I ¯’vbxq ivLvBbiv| G‡Z
fxZmš¿¯Í n‡q 1978 mv‡ji †g gv‡mi g‡a¨ Kgc‡¶ `yB jvL †ivwn½v wgqvbgvi †Q‡o evsjv‡`‡k Avkªq wb‡Z eva¨ nq| hvi
†evSv| evsjv‡`k Av‡Rv e‡q †eov‡”Q| G †ivwn½v DØv¯Íyiv †`‡ki Rb‡Mvôxi mv‡_ wg‡k wewfbœ Acivag~jK Kg©KvÐ Ki‡Q|
cwiPq †Mvcb K‡i evsjv‡`‡ki cvm‡cvU© MªnY K‡i †ivwn½viv we‡`‡k hv‡”Q| ZvB ïay fvlv, ag© wKsev b„ZvwË¡K MV‡bi|
mv`„k¨ _vKvi Kvi‡YB wgqvbgv‡ii 20 jvL †ivwn½v‡ì `vq evsjv‡`k wb‡Z cv‡i bv| G‡¶‡Î evsjv‡`k miKvi mxgvšÍ cªniv
wkw_j bv Kivq mvnmx I cªksmbxq c`‡¶c MªnY d‡j bvbvwea mgm¨vi m„wó nq! †hgb- K‡i‡Q| AbmÜvb I AwfÁZvi
Av‡jv‡K †`Lv †M‡Q †h, evsjv‡`‡k wgqvbgv‡ii weZvwoZ †ivwn½v‡ì Avkªq †Ìqvi
1. RbmsL¨vi Pvc e„w× cv‡”Q,
2. A_©‰bwZK msKU e„w× nq,
3. wgqvbgv‡ii mv‡_ êix m¤úK© m„wó n‡”Q,
4. †`‡k mš¿vmx Kvh©Kjvc e„w× cv‡”Q,
5. gv`K I †PvivPvjv‡bi eënvi e„w× cv‡”Q,
6. mvwe©K AvBb k„•Ljv cwiw¯’wZi AebwZ n‡”Q cªf„wZ|
Dcmsnvi: cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq †h, †ivwn½v mgm¨vi mv‡_ evsjv‡`k †Kv‡bvfv‡eB hy³ n‡Z cv‡i bv| B‡Zvg‡a¨ †h wecyjmsL¨K
†ivwn½v G †`‡k Abycª‡ek K‡i‡Q Zv‡ì †diZ cvVv‡bvi e¨vcv‡i evsjv‡`k‡K wgqvbgv‡ii mv‡_ wØc¶xq m¤úK© †Rvi`vi
Ki‡Z n‡e Ges wbR Rb¥f~wg‡Z hv‡Z bvMwiK wn‡m‡e †ivwn½viv ivóªxq ¯^xK„wZ cvq, †m wel‡q AvšÍR©vwZK ch©v‡q K~U‰bwZK
D‡`¨vM wb‡Z n‡e|
9. Z„Zxq we‡k¦i †`kmg~‡ni A_©‰bwZK gyw³i Dcvqmg~n Av‡jvPbv Ki 14,16,18

f~wgKv : mvaviYfv‡e A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb ej‡Z †`‡ki RvZxq Avq, gv_vwcQy Avq, Drcv`b ¶gZv I RxebhvÎvi gv‡bi
µ‡gvbœwZi GK `xN©Kvje¨vcx cªwµqv‡K eySvq| we‡k¦i cªwZwU †`kB Zvi A_©bxwZi DbœwZ mvab Ki‡Z Pvq| G j‡¶¨ Gme
†`k wewfbœ Kg©m~wP MªnY K‡i| wKš‘ DbœZ| †`k¸‡jv Zv‡ì A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi j‡¶¨ †hme e¨vcK Kg©m~wP MªnY K‡i,
Dbœqbkxj †`k¸‡jvi c‡¶ †mfv‡e Kg©m~wP MªnY Kiv m¤¢e nq bv| Dbœqbkxj †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb A‡bKUv DbœZ
ivóª¸‡jvi A_©‰bwZK I Ab¨vb¨ mvnvh¨ mn‡hvwMZvi Dci wbf©ikxj| Drcbœ mvgMªxi DrKl© I cwigvY e„w×i Rb¨| †`kevmxi
wbiew”Qbœ cwikªg, êÁvwbK Ávb, cyuwR MVb cªf„wZ iv‡óªi A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi MwZ‡K Z¡ivwš^Z K‡i|
Z„Zxq we‡k¦i †`kmg~‡ni A_©‰bwZK gyw³i Dcvqmg~n: Z„Zxq we‡k¦i †`kmg~‡ni A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi Dcvqmg~n wb‡gœ Av‡jvPbv
Kiv n‡jv:
1. g~jab msMªn: A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ wecyj cwigvY A‡_©i cª‡qvRb| Af¨šÍixY †¶‡Î miKvi‡K h‡_vchy³ Avw_©K bxwZ
I KibxwZ wba©viY K‡i mÂq I wewb‡qv‡Mi cwigvY e„w× Ki‡Z nq| Z‡e Dbœqbkxj ivóª¸‡jv‡Z Af¨šÍixY cyuwR‡Z NvUwZ
†`Lv †`q e‡j ê‡`wkK cyuwR MªnY Ki‡Z nq| Avi G cyuwR Aci ivóª †_‡K msMª‡ni eë¯’v Ki‡Z nq miKvi‡KB| KviY
miKvi KZ©…K ê‡`wkK g~ja‡bi wbivcËv I cwi‡kv‡ai wbðqZv weavb bv Ki‡j ê‡`wkK g~jab jvf m¤¢e nq bv|
2. fvix wkí I KywUiwk‡íi f~wgKv: Dbœqbkxj †`kmg~‡n fvix wkí cðvrgyLx, A_P KywUiwkí GLv‡b wk‡íi wfwË| GRb¨
Dbœqbkxj †`kmg~‡n Avg`vwb nªvm I ißvwbea©K fvix wkí ¯’vcb Ki‡Z n‡e| cvkvcvwk KywUiwkí‡K Mªv‡g Mªv‡g Qwo‡q w`‡Z
n‡e|

3. A_©‰bwZK I mvgvwRK AeKvVv‡gv MVb: Dbœqbkxj †`kmg~‡n A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ A_©‰bwZK I mvgvwRK AeKvVv‡gv
me©cª_g M‡o †Zvjv cª‡qvRb| wKš‘ AZ¨vek¨Kxq Av_©mvgvwRK AeKvVv‡gv G‡`‡k ch©vß cwigv‡Y †bB| Dbœqbkxj †`kmg~‡n
miKvi iv¯ÍvNvU wbg©vY, euva wbg©vY, †mZy I KvjfvU© wbg©vY, ¯‹yj K‡jR, nvmcvZvj ¯’vcb, †hvMv‡hvM I cwienb eë¯’vi
m¤úªmviY I AvaywbKxKiY, cvwb I we`ÿr mieivn wbwðZKiY BZ¨vwì gva¨‡g Av_©mvgvwRK AeKvVv‡gv M‡o Zyj‡Q|
4. wk¶vi cªmvi: Z„Zxq we‡k¦i †`kmg~‡n wk¶vi ¸YMZgvb LyeB wbgœ| d‡j Dbœq‡bi me cªqvm wed‡j hv‡”Q| GLv‡b wk¶vi
Afv‡e msL¨vMwiô RbMY AÁ, Am‡PZb, A`„óev`x I Kyms¯‹viv”Qbœ| AvaywbK cªhyw³ cª‡qv‡M `¶ Rbkw³i Lye Afve|
Kv‡RB evsjv‡`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ wk¶v‡¶‡Î ev‡RU e„w×mn wk¶v‡K eva¨Zvg~jK Kiv Ges wk¶vi mydj m¤ú‡K©
Rbg‡b m‡PZbZv M‡o Zyj‡Z ivóª‡K h‡_vchy³ eë¯’v MªnY Kiv ìKvi|
5. RbmsL¨v wbqš¿Y: Dbœqbkxj †`kmg~n we‡k¦i Ab¨Zg NbemwZc~Y© †`k| RbmsL¨vi AvwaK¨ Dbœqbkxj †`kmg~‡ni Ab¨Zg
RvZxq mgm¨viƒ‡c ¯^xK„Z| GQvov Avevi Af¨šÍixY m¤úÌ GLv‡b LyeB mxwgZ| G Kvi‡Y A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb Z¡ivwš^Z Ki‡Z
n‡j Dbœqbkxj †`kmg~‡n RbmsL¨v wbqš¿Y Kiv GKvšÍ ìKvi| wewfbœ cªPvi gva¨g, cwievi cwiKíbvi c‡¶ cªPviYv eë¯’vi
gva¨‡g miKvi RbmsL¨v wbqš¿Y K‡i A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi †Póv Pvjv‡”Q|
6. Rbm¤ú‡ì c~Y© eënvi: Dbœqbkxj †`kmg~‡n D‡jøL‡hvM¨msL¨K †jvK †eKvi ev Aa©‡eKvi Ae¯’vq i‡q‡Q| G AeëüZ
Rbm¤ú`‡K c~Y©fv‡e K‡g© wb‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡j †h e¨vcK Kg©m~wP cª‡qvRb Zv †Kej iv‡óªi gva¨‡gB m¤úv`b Kiv m¤¢e| †`‡k
KvwiMwi wk¶v m¤úªmviY, wkíKviLvbv wbg©vY I Dbœqg~jK Kg©m~wP Mªn‡Yi gva¨‡g Rbm¤ú`‡K Kv‡R jvMv‡bv †h‡Z cv‡i|
7. cªvK„wZK m¤ú‡ì c~Y© eënvi: Dbœqbkxj †`kmg~‡n cªPyi Avwe®‹…Z I Abvwe®‹…Z cªvK„wZK m¤ú` i‡q‡Q| †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK
Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ Gme cªvK„wZK m¤ú‡ì mØ&henvi I c~Y© eënv‡ii wbðqZv weavb Ki‡Z n‡e|
8. cwiKíbv cªYqb I ev¯Íevqb: Dbœqbkxj †`kmg~‡n ivóª¸‡jvi mgm¨v Amxg wKš‘ m¤ú` I ¶gZv AZ¨šÍ mxwgZ| G mxwgZ
m¤ú‡ì Øviv Amxg Afve c~iY Ki‡Z nq e‡j Gme ivóª¸‡jv‡Z myôy A_©‰bwZK cwiKíbvi cª‡qvRb Acwinvh©| myôy
cwiKíbv e¨ZxZ m¤ú‡ì h_vh_ eënvi| †Kvb Ae¯’v‡ZB m¤¢e bq| †Kej cwiKíbvi gva¨‡gB mwVK I c~Y© eënvi m¤¢e
nq Drcv`‡bi DcKiYmg~‡ni| myZivs cwiKíbv cªYqb I Gi ev¯Íevq‡bi `vwqZ¡ miKvi‡K MªnY Ki‡Z nq|
9. miKvwi-‡emiKvwi wewb‡qvM: miKvwi wewb‡qvM e„w×i cvkvcvwk †emiKvwi wewb‡qvM e„w×i d‡j †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi
MwZI Z¡ivwš^Z Kiv m¤¢e| ZvB miKvi‡K †emiKvwi wewb‡qv‡M Drmvn cª`vb Kiv cª‡qvRb|
10. `ªæZ wkí cªmvi: A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ `ªæZ wkívqb cª‡qvRb| gv_vwcQy Avq e„w× Ges Kg©ms¯’vb e„w×i Rb¨ wkívq‡bi
weKí Avi wKQy †bB| KviY K„wl‡Z wbðqZv Kg, ZvQvov RbmsL¨vi evowZ Pvc K„wl MªnY Ki‡Z AcviM| †`‡k †eKvi
mgm¨v we‡kl K‡i wkw¶Z †eKvimgm¨v †eKvimgm¨v mgvav‡bi Rb¨ wk‡íi weKvk hZ ZvovZvwo Kiv hvq ZZB g½j
11. K„wli DbœwZ: Dbœqbkxj †`kmg~‡n K„wlcªavb †`‡ki msL¨v †ewk| Gme †`‡ki RbmsL¨vi 85 fvM †jvK cªZ¨¶ I
c‡iv¶fv‡e K„wli mv‡_ RwoZ I K„wli Dci wbf©ikxj| †`‡ki †gvU RvZxq Drcv`‡bi 60 fvM Av‡m K„wl †_‡K Ges
KuvPvgv‡ji ißvwbKviK wn‡m‡e K„wli ¸iæZ¡ Acwimxg| D`vniY¯îƒc evsjv‡`‡ki K„lK ev K„wl KviI Ae¯’vB fv‡jv bq|
Kv‡RB K„wli DbœwZi Rb¨ AvaywbK K„wleë¯’vi cªeZ©bmn K„l‡Ki Avw_©K I mvgvwRK Ae¯’vi| DbœwZi Rb¨ cª‡qvRbxq eë¯’v
MªnY Ki‡Z n‡e|
12. Avq‰elg¨ `~ixKiY: Dbœqbkxj †`kmg~‡n mvgvwRK eë¯’vq Avq‰elg¨ cwijw¶Z nq| iv‡óªi A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi| mydj
hv‡Z mK‡jB †fvM Ki‡Z cv‡i †mRb¨ miKvi‡K KZK¸‡jv c`‡¶c MªnY Ki‡Z nq| †hgb- miKvi abx e¨w³‡ì Av‡qi
Dci, m¤ú‡ì Dci Ges AwZwi³ gybvdvi Dci AwaK nv‡i Ki avh© K‡i Av‡qi êlg¨ nªvm Kivi gva¨‡g A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb
wbwðZ Ki‡Z cv‡i|
13. ewne©vwY‡Rï Dbœqb: DbœZ ivóª¸‡jvi m‡½ †mŠnv`©c~Y© m¤úK© eRvq †i‡L DbœqbMvgx ivóª¸‡jv‡K ê‡`wkK evwY‡Rï
†¶‡Î wbR¯^ ¯’vb K‡i wb‡Z nq| wbi‡c¶ evwYR¨bxwZ I wbqwš¿Z Avg`vwb I ißvwb bxwZi gva¨‡g miKvi ê‡`wkK evwY‡Rï
cªwZK~jZv eûjvs‡k `~i Ki‡Z m¶g| ZvB ewne©vwY‡Rï Dbœq‡bi †¶‡ÎI iv‡óªi D‡`¨vM MªnY Ki‡Z n‡e|
Dcmsnvi: Dch©y³ Av‡jvPbv †_‡K GK_v my¯úófv‡e cªZxqgvb nq †h, DbœZ †`k¸‡jvi A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb Lye mnR n‡jI
Dbœqbkxj †`kmg~‡n iv‡óªi A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb LyeB Kómva¨ e¨vcvi| Gi mv‡_ iv‡óªi Av‡iv Ab¨vb¨ welq¸‡jv A½vw½fv‡e
RwoZ| †mme welq¸‡jvi Dbœq‡bi mv‡_ mv‡_ A_©bxwZiI DbœwZ mvwaZ nq| Z‡e me‡P‡q †ewk †hUv cª‡qvRb †mUv n‡jv
iv‡óªi kvmKeM©‡K `yb©xwZgy³ I b¨vqcivqY n‡Z n‡e| Ges RbMY‡KI AvšÍwiKfv‡e †`‡ki ¯^v‡_© wbijm cwikªg K‡i|
†h‡Z n‡e Z‡eB NU‡e A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb|
10. evsjv‡`‡ki gyw³hy‡× †mvwf‡qZ BDwbqb -Gi f~wgKv g~j¨vqb Ki 14,16

The role of Soviet Union in the war of liberation in Bangladesh 1971 mv‡ji 16 wW‡m¤î evsjv‡`k we‡k¦i
gvbwP‡Î GKwU ¯^vaxb †`k wn‡m‡e AvZ¥cªKvk K‡i| wKš‘ evsjv‡`‡ki G ¯^vaxbZv GKw`‡b AwR©Z nq wb, Gi wcQ‡b cªvq
i‡q‡Q 30 j¶ knx‡ì i‡³i wewbgq Ges 2 j¶vwaK gv †ev‡bi m¤£‡gi wewbgq Ges `xN© mg‡qi †kvlY I eÂbvi

BwZnvm| evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZvi mg‡q ZrKvjxb ewnwe©‡k¦i f~wgKv wQj LyeB Zvrch©c~Y©| we‡kl K‡i Avgv‡ì gyw³i msMªv‡g
†mvwf‡qZ BDwbq‡bi Ae`vb wQj Ab¯^xKvh©|
gyw³hy‡× †mvwf‡qZ BDwbq‡bi f~wgKv: †mvwf‡qZ BDwbqb wQj ZrKvjxb we‡k¦i Ab¨Zg civkw³ Ges GB hviv me©cª_g
evOvwj MYnZ¨vi wb›`v Rvbvq| Avgv‡ì gyw³hy‡×I ‡mvwf‡qZ BDwbqbB wQj ZrKvjxb GKgvÎ civkw³ cª_g †_‡K †kl
ch©šÍ †mvwf‡qZ BDwbq‡bi Ae`vb wQj AZ¨šÍ Zvrch©c~Y© Ges †mvwf‡qZiv evsjv‡`‡ki mc‡¶ e¨vcK f~wgKv cvjb
K‡iwQj| Z‡e gyw³hy‡×i cy‡iv bq gvm †mvwf‡qZ bxwZ GKBiKg wQj bv| mg‡qi cwie‡Z©, ev¯ÍeZvi wbwi‡L †mvwf‡qZ
bxwZiI mg‡q mg‡q cwieZ©b N‡UwQj| Avgv‡ì gyw³hy‡×i cy‡iv mg‡q †mvwf‡qZ bxwZi bvbv cwieZ©b j¶ Kiv hvq|
evsjv‡`‡ki gyw³hy‡×i mg‡q †mvwf‡qZ bxwZ‡K wZbwU fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| †hgb-
K. †mvwf‡qZ bxwZi cª_g ch©vq (gvP©-Ryb)| L. †mvwf‡qZ bxwZi wØZxq ch©vq (RyjvB-b‡f¤î)
M. †mvwf‡qZ bxwZi Z„Zxq ch©vq (3 wW‡m¤î-¯^vaxbZv)|
K. †mvwf‡qZ bxwZi cª_g ch©vq (gvP©-Ryb): †mvwf‡qZ BDwbqb evsjv‡`‡ki gyw³hy‡×i cª_g w`‡K bxwZ cªYq‡b AZ¨šÍ
mZK©Zv Aej¤^b K‡i| Zviv cª_‡g evsjv‡`‡ki gyw³hy‡×i mc‡¶ Ges wec‡¶ wek¦ RbgZ Ges Ab¨ civkw³ gvwK©b
hy³iv‡óªi Dci ch©‡e¶Y KiwQj Ges Zviv †mB Abyhvqx wm×všÍ †bq| 30 gvP© 1971 mv‡j †mvwf‡qZ KwgDwb÷ cvwU©i
Ks‡Mªm ZrKvjxb †mvwf‡qZ †cªwm‡W›U †eªR‡bW Zvi fvl‡Y D‡jøL K‡ib, "c~e© evsjvi RbM‡Yi b¨vqm½Z AwaKv‡ii wfwË‡Z
ivR‰bwZK mgvav‡b †cŠuQvi K_v e‡jb|" †cªwm‡W›U M`Mwb© 2 Gwcªj ZrKvjxb cvK †cªwm‡W›U Bqvwnqv Lvb‡K cvVv‡bv GKwU
c‡Î Riæwi wfwË‡Z i³cvZ I wbh©vZb eÜ K‡i kvwšÍc~Y© mgvavb Lyu‡R †ei Kivi Rb¨ cvwK¯Ívb‡K AvnŸvb Rvbvb| ZrKvjxb
fvi‡Zi ciivóªgš¿x kiY wmsI Zvi ivwkqv md‡i (6-10 Ryb) evsjv‡`k Bmÿ‡Z ivwkqv‡K Av‡iv mwµq nIqvi AvnŸvb
Rvbvb| gvP© †_‡K Ryb ch©šÍ mg‡q evsjv‡`k m¤ú‡K© †mvwf‡qZ bxwZ wQj kvwšÍc~Y© Dcv‡q evsjv‡`k mgm¨v mgvav‡bi c‡¶
AvewZ©Z nIqv| Ryb gvm ch©šÍ ivwkqv kvwšÍc~Y© Dcv‡q mgm¨v mgvav‡bi m‡e©v”P †Póv K‡i| evsjv‡`k m¤ú‡K© †mvwf‡qZ
bxwZi cª_g ch©vq wQj G iKg kvwšÍc~Y©|
L. †mvwf‡qZ bxwZi wØZxq ch©vq (RyjvB-b‡f¤î): RyjvB gv‡mi ïiæ‡Z evsjv‡`k cªm‡½ †mvwf‡qZ ivwkqvi bxwZ bZyb iƒc
jvf K‡i| †mvwf‡qZ BDwbqb Av‡iv †ewk mwµq f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Z ïiæ K‡i| 1971 mv‡ji RyjvB gv‡mi 9-10 Zvwi‡L
hy³iv‡óªi ciivóªgš¿x †nbwi wKwmÄvi cvwK¯Ívb n‡q Pxb mdi Ki‡j evsjv‡`k wel‡q wek¦ civkw³‡ì g‡a¨ GK bZyb
K~U‰bwZK iƒc jvf K‡i Ges †mvwf‡qZ K~UbxwZ evsjv‡`‡ki c‡¶ mivmwi Ae¯’vb †bq| †nbwi wKwmÄvi Pxb mdi †_‡K
wd‡iB †NvlYv †`b †h fviZ cvwK¯Ívb AvµgY Ki‡j Pxb Zv‡Z mivmwi n¯Í‡¶c Ki‡e, Avi gvwK©b hy³ivóª fvi‡Zi mvnv‡h¨
bvI GwM‡q Avm‡Z cv‡i| G †NvlYvi d‡j fviZ I †mvwf‡qZ BDwbqb cvi¯úwiK wbivcËvi Afve‡eva †_‡K 1971 mv‡ji
9 AvM÷ 'iæk-fviZ' ˆgÎxPyw³ ¯^v¶i K‡i| Avi G Pyw³i d‡j cvwK¯Ívb ˆbwZK I gb¯ÍvwË¡Kfv‡e A‡bKvs‡kB `ye©j n‡q c‡o
Ges G Pyw³i c~e© ch©šÍ †mvwf‡qZ BDwbqb ïay evsjv‡`wk MYnZ¨vi wb›`v Rvbv‡bv Ges kvwšÍc~Y© mgvav‡bi AvnŸvb Rvbv‡bv
†_‡K m‡i G‡m mivmwi n¯Í‡¶c Kiv ïiæ K‡i| G ch©v‡q †mvwf‡qZ BDwbqb fvi‡Zi c‡¶ Z_v evsjv‡`‡ki c‡¶ mwµq
bxwZ‡Z AMªmi nq Ges †m‡Þ¤î gv‡m fvi‡Zi cªavbgš¿x Bw›ìv MvÜxiv g‡¯‹v md‡ii ga¨ w`‡q iæk bxwZi G Aemvb Av‡iv
`„p nq| evsjv‡`k wel‡q †mvwf‡qZ bxwZi wØZxq ch©v‡q j¶ Kiv nq †h, evOvwj we‡ivax AvšÍR©vwZK †h ‡Kvb mgvavb ev
ZrciZvi weiæ‡× fvi‡Zi mv‡_ †mvwf‡qZ BDwbqbI Zrci n‡q D‡V|
M. †mvwf‡qZ bxwZi Z„Zxq ch©vq (3 wW‡m¤î-¯^vaxbZv): †mvwf‡qZ BDwbq‡bi evi evi kvwšÍc~Y© cvwK¯Ívb mgm¨v mgvav‡bi
AvnŸv‡bi c‡iI hLb e¨_© nq ZLb Zviv fviZxq `„wófw½‡K mg_©b K‡i| 3 wW‡m¤î fviZ- cvwK¯Ívb hy× ïiæ n‡j
†mvwf‡qZ BDwbqb hy× ïiæ nIqvi Rb¨ cvwK¯Ívb‡K GKKfv‡e `vqx K‡i| Aciw`‡K, gvwK©b hy³ivóª hy× ïiæ nIqvi Rb¨
fviZ‡K `vqx K‡i| ZrKvjxb gvwK©b ciivóªgš¿x †nbwi wKwmÄvi †NvlYv †`b †h, "fviZ n‡”Q AvµgYKvix Ges
wek¦vmNvZK|" d‡j evsjv‡`k mgm¨v‡K †K›`ª K‡i ZrKvjxb we‡k¦i `yB civkw³i g‡a¨ Ø›Ø Pi‡g D‡V Ges mœvqyhy×I fqven
iƒc jvf K‡i| †mvwf‡qZ BDwbqb fviZ-cvwK¯Ívb hy×‡K wb‡`©k K‡i †NvlYv †`q †h, "‡mvwf‡qZ BDwbqbI Zvi mxgvšÍ i¶v
Ges RvZxq ¯^v‡_© wbw®Œq _vK‡e bv|" hwÌ ZLb ch©šÍ †mvwf‡qZ BDwbqb RvwZms‡Ni wfZ‡i Ges evB‡i fviZ‡K m‡e©v”P
mg_©b w`w”Qj Zvi ciI †mvwf‡qZ BDwbqb ZLb eo †Kvb msNv‡Z Rov‡Z Pvq wb| †mvwf‡qZ BDwbqb ZLb evsjv‡`‡ki
AvIqvgx jxM‡K A_©vr wbe©vwPZ cªwZwbwa‡ì nv‡Z ¶gZv n¯ÍvšÍ‡ii K_v ejwQj| fviZ-cvwK¯Ívb hy× fqven iƒc aviY Ki‡j
†mvwf‡qZ BDwbqb eyS‡Z cv‡i †h c~e© iYv½‡b evsjv‡`k Ges cwðg iYv½‡b fvi‡Zi weRq cªvq wbwðZ ZLb Zviv
RvwZms‡Ni DÌvwcZ mKj hy× weiwZ cª¯Ív‡eB †f‡Uv cª`vb K‡i| hv‡Z K‡i fviZ hy× R‡qi Rb¨ Av‡iv ch©vß mgq cvq|
GRb¨ †mvwf‡qZ BDwbqb 4, 7 Zvwi‡L RvwZms‡N DÌvwcZ ci ci wZbwU hy× weiwZ cª¯Ív‡e †f‡Uv cª`vb K‡i bvKP K‡i
†`q| Avi Gi d‡j gvwK©b hy³ivóª †mvwf‡qZ BDwbq‡bi Dci Pvc cª‡qvM Ki‡Z _v‡K| KviY G cª¯Íve¸‡jv hy³ivóª Zvi
`xN©w`‡bi wgÎ cvwK¯Ívb‡K i¶vi Rb¨ DÌvcb K‡iwQj| †mvwf‡qZ BDwbq‡bi G‡¶‡Î j¶¨ wQj evsjv‡`k-fviZ †hŠ_
evwnbxi XvKv `L‡ji c~e© ch©šÍ †h‡Kvb hy× weiwZ cª¯Íve evbPvj K‡i †`qv| Avevi Gw`‡K evsjv‡`k, fviZ ebvg cvwK¯Ívb
hy×‡K cªjw¤^Z Ki‡Z gvwK©b hy³ivóª fviZ gnvmvM‡i Zvi BD. Gm. Gm. G›UvicªvBR bvgK cvigvYweK RvnvR cvVvq| hv
8wU Rvnv‡Ri mgš^‡q M‡o D‡VwQj Ges Gi bvg wQj Uv¯‹‡dvm© '74| †mvwf‡qZ ivwkqv hy³iv‡óªi G c`‡¶‡ci weiæ‡× Zvi
GKwU †bŠeni e‡½vcmvM‡ii w`‡K cvVv‡bvi wb‡`©k †`q| d‡j Avmbœ GKwU e„nr hy× †_‡K weiZ _vK‡Z hy³iv‡óªi BD. Gm.

Gm. G›UvicªvBR †_‡g hvq| Avi GB my‡hv‡M evsjv‡`k fviZ †hŠ_ evwnbx cvwK¯Ív‡bi Dci P~ovšÍ AvµgY K‡i Ges 16
wW‡m¤î Ab‡b¨vcvq n‡q cvKevwnbxi cªavb †Rbv‡ij wbqvRx †hŠ_ Kgv‡Ûi cªavb †j. †Rbv‡ij RMwRr wms A‡ivivi Kv‡Q
AvZ¥mgc©Y K‡i K‡i Ges Gi c‡i Avi †Kvb cª¯Ív‡e ivwkqv †f‡Uv cª‡qvM bv Kivq 21 wW‡m¤î fviZ-cvwK¯Ívb hy× weiwZ
Kvh©Ki nq Ges G m¤ú‡K© RvwZms‡N cª¯Íve M„nxZ nq|
†mvwf‡qZ mvgwMªK mn‡hvwMZv: Avgv‡ì ¯^vaxbZvi cy‡iv mgqUv ivwkqv evsjv‡`‡ki gyw³i msMªvg‡K mg_©b w`‡q‡Q Ges Gi
d‡j gyw³‡hv×viv e¨vcK Drmvn †c‡q‡Q| GQvovI ivwkqvi MYgva¨g, msev`cÎ mewKQyB bvbvfv‡e evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZvi
mc‡¶ e¨vcK RbgZ m„wó K‡i‡Q| Gi d‡j wek¦evmx evsjv‡`‡ki c‡¶ Zv‡ì byf~wZ cªKvk K‡i‡Q| GQvov ivwkqvi weL¨vZ
Kwe evsjv‡`‡ki Rb¨ KweZv Drm‡ei Av‡qvRb K‡iwQ‡jb| wZwb mnvbyf~wZ wQ‡jb, B‡qf‡Mwb B‡qf Zy‡gv‡¯‹vi| ¯§iY
Ki‡e|
Dch©y³ Av‡jvPbvi cwi‡cªw¶‡Z ejv hvq †h, gyw³hy‡×i ïiæ †_‡K †kl nIqvi wKQy c~e© ch©šÍ iæk bxwZ wQj w¯’i| Z‡e †k‡li
w`‡K †KŠkjMZ Kvi‡Y Zviv evsjv‡`k bxwZ MªnY K‡i| ivwkqv Avgv‡ì ¯^vaxbZv hy‡×i ga¨cwš’| evOvwji b¨vqmsMZ `vwei
mc‡¶ f~wgKv cvjb K‡i Ges Zv ¯^vaxbZv msMªvg‡K Z¡ivwš^Z K‡i| evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZv hy‡× hy‡× ivwkqvi GB e¨vcK
Ae`v‡bi Rb¨ evOvwj RbMY wPiRxeb ivwkqv‡K kª×vf‡i ¯§iY Ki‡e|
11. AbybœZ †`‡ki Dbœq‡b wek¦ e¨vsK I AvšÍR©vwZK A_© Znwe‡ji f~wgKv eY©bv Ki 14,17
f~wgKv: wek¦e¨vsK D‡Ïk¨ m¤ú‡K© ejv nq, "The World Bank, with a mission to fight poverty and improve living
standards for people in the developing world is among the world's leading development assistance and
knowledge-sharing services." wØZxq wek¦ hy‡×i ¶q¶wZi nvZ †_‡K AbybœZ †`k‡K i¶v Kiv Ges Dbœqbkxj
†`k¸‡jvi A_©‰bwZK KvVv‡gv‡K cybM©V‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ wek¦e¨vsK cªwZwôZ nq| †emiKvwi wewb‡qvMKvix‡ì gva¨‡g m`m¨ †`k
FY cª`v‡bi I wewb‡qvM Kv‡R AskMªn‡Yi wbðqZv cª`v‡bi gva¨‡g AvšÍR©vwZK evwY‡Rï MwZ e„w×i gva¨‡g wek¦e¨vsK `vwi`ª¨
we‡gvP‡b wek¦e¨vsK wbijmfv‡e KvR K‡i hv‡”Q|
AbybœZ †`‡ki Dbœq‡b wek¦e¨vs‡Ki f~wgKv: wek¦e¨vsK AbybœZ Z_v Dbœqbkxj †`‡ki Dbœq‡b wewfbœ Kvh©Kix c`‡¶c MªnY
K‡i _v‡K| AbybœZ †`‡ki Dbœq‡b wek¦e¨vs‡Ki f~wgKv wb‡P Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv:
1. `vwi`ª¨ we‡gvPb: wek¦e¨vsK m„wói Ab¨Zg Ges cªavb GKwU KviY wQj wek¦ †_‡K `vwi`ª¨ I `ywf©¶ `~i Kiv| wek¦e¨vsK
`vwi`ª¨Zv‡K we‡k¦i GK b¤î mgm¨v wn‡m‡e wPwýZ K‡i Zvi cªwZ‡iv‡a h_vh_ Kg©m~wP MªnY K‡i‡Q| Gi g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg GKwU
c`‡¶c n‡”Q cvBjU Kg©m~wP' GB Kg©m~wPi Aax‡b eZ©gv‡b 24wU †`‡k `vwi`ª¨ I `ywf©¶ we‡gvPb cvBjU Kvh©µg cwiPvwjZ
n‡”Q| GLv‡Z 2013 mvj ch©šÍ 20.1 wewjqb gvwK©b Wjvi mvnvh¨ cª`vb K‡i‡Q| Gfv‡e wek¦e¨vsK `vwi`ª¨ I `ywf©¶ `~i Kivi
Rb¨ †Póv Pvwj‡q hv‡”Q|
2. cªv_wgK wk¶v: AbybœZ I Dbœqkxj †`‡k cªv_wgK wk¶v eva¨Zvg~jK Kiv I †mwU ev¯Íevq‡bi j‡¶¨ wek¦e¨vsK KvR K‡i
hv‡”Q| wek¦e¨vsK wbi¶i gy³ wek¦ MV‡b Dbœqbkxj †`k¸‡jv‡Z cªv_wgK wk¶v wbwðZ Kivi Rb¨ FY `v‡b kZ© Av‡ivc
Ki‡Q| Zv‡ì I‡qe mvB‡U D‡jøL Kiv nq| 1991 mv‡j †hLv‡b 80% wkï ¯‹y‡j †hZ, †mLv‡b 2005 mv‡j G‡m 88% wkï
¯‹y‡j hv‡”Q| GQvov wek¦e¨vsK ¯‹yj †_‡K S‡i c‡o hvIqv e‡Ü wewfbœ Kg©m~wP MªnY K‡i‡Q| GQvovI Dce„wË cª`vb, Lvevi
cª`vb BZ¨vw` Kvh©µg Mªn‡Yi gva¨‡g wkï‡ì ev‡i cov eÜ Ki‡Q|
3. bvixi ¶gZvqb: wek¦e¨vsK kªg evRv‡i bvix‡ì Kv‡Ri bZyb bZyb †¶Î ˆZwi K‡i Dbœqbkxj Z_v AbybœZ †`‡ki bvix‡ì
Kg©ms¯’v‡bi my‡hvM m„wó Ki‡Q| Gi d‡j †eKviZ¡ `~ixKiYmn bvixi ¶gZvq‡bi gva¨‡g bvix‡ì RvZxq A_©bxwZ‡Z wb‡q
Avm‡Q| hvi d‡j RvZxq Av‡qi cvkvcvwk cªe„w×i nvi †e‡o hv‡e|:
4. wkï g„Zÿ †iva: wek¦e¨vsK wkï g„Zÿnvi Kgv‡bvi j‡¶¨ we‡kl c`‡¶c MªnY Ki‡Q| wek¦e¨vsK AbybœZ I Dbœqbkxj
†`k¸‡jv‡Z Ges SyuwKc~Y© AÂ‡j `ªæZ KvR Kivi j‡¶¨ cªwZ‡laK wUKv, Ilya I Mf©Kvjxb mg‡q wewfbœ civgk©|
cª`vb K‡i _v‡K| wek¦e¨vs‡Ki M‡elYvq †`Lv hvq 2005 mv‡j 10 wgwjqb wkï gviv †M‡Q, hv‡ì eqm 5 eQ‡ii wb‡P|
AwaKvsk wkï gviv †M‡Q cªwZ‡laKg~jK Kg©m~wP MªnY bv Kivi Kvi‡Y|
5. †ivM cªwZ‡iva: wek¦e¨vsK wewfbœ giYe¨vwa †hgb: GBWm, K¨vÝvi, B‡evjv fvBivm BZ¨vw` cªwZ‡iv‡a AbybœZ †`k¸‡jv‡K
Avw_©K I KvwiMwi mvnvh¨ cª`vb K‡i _v‡K| GQvovI wek¦e¨vsK g¨v‡jwiqv I Acywó‡iv‡a wkï‡ì I Mf©eZ©x gv‡q‡ì wewfbœ
cywó mg„× Lv`¨ I wfUvwgb mg„× ÎvY| mvgMªx weZiY K‡i _v‡K| Ab¨vb¨ Kvh©µg: GQvovI wek¦e¨vsK AbybœZ I Dbœqbkxj
†`k¸‡jvi Rxe‰ewPZª¨ msi¶Y I `k©bxq ¯’vbmg~‡ni msi¶‡Yi Rb¨ c`‡¶c MªnY K‡i _v‡K| GQvovI wek¦e¨vsK cwi‡e‡ki
fvimvg¨ i¶vq I `~lYgy³ ivLvi Rb¨ Proto Type Carbor Fund Pvjy| K‡i‡Q| 2012 mvj ch©šÍ wek¦e¨vsK 1.5 wewjqb
Wjvi †cªiY K‡i‡Q ïaygvÎ ebvqb I f~wg i¶v cªK‡í| GQvovI Mªxb nvDm M¨vm wbqš¿‡Y wek¦e¨vsK KvR K‡i
hv‡”Q|wek¦e¨vsK AbybœZ †`k¸‡jv‡Z FY †`qvi cvkvcvwk Zv eënvi Kivi ¯^”QZv I Revew`wnZv wbwðZKi‡Y miKv‡ii
Dci Pvc m„wó K‡i|
bvixi ¶gZvqb I wkï g„Zÿnvi †iva I gvZ„Z¡Kvjxb g„Zÿnvi †iv‡a wek¦e¨vs‡Ki f~wgKv wb‡P Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv:

6. bvixi ¶gZvqb: wek¦e¨vsK bvixi ¶gZvqb I bvixi cªwZ êlg¨ `~ixKi‡Yi Rb¨ wewfbœ c`‡¶c MªnY K‡i _v‡K|
wek¦e¨vs‡Ki M‡elYvq †`Lv hvq GL‡bv 60% bvix cwiev‡ii g‡a¨ KvR K‡i hv‡”Q; wKš‘ Zvi Kv‡Ri †Kvb A_© g~j¨ bv _vKvq
cwiev‡i Zvi ¸iæZ¡ Kg| GB êlg¨ `~i Kivi j‡¶¨ wek¦e¨vsK bvix‡ì Rb¨ bZyb bZyb Kv‡Ri my‡hvM m„wói gva¨‡g Zv‡ì
Kg©ms¯’v‡bi my‡hvM m„wó K‡i w`‡q‡Q| GQvovI bvix‡K wk¶v I †bZ„‡Z¡i †¶‡Î we‡kl we‡kl my‡hvM m„wói gva¨‡g bvixi
¶gZvqb‡K Z¡ivwš^Z Ki‡Q|
7. wkï g„Zÿ nvi †iva: wkï g„Zÿ nvi †iv‡a wek¦e¨vs‡Ki c`‡¶ç‡jv LyeB hy‡Mvc‡hvMx wek¦e¨vsK †ewk wkï g„Zÿnvi AÂj I
SyuwKc~Y© AÂj; †hgb `w¶Y Gwkqv I mve-mvnvivb AvwdªKvq KvR ïiæ K‡i‡Q| g„Zÿnvi †iv‡a fviv cwievi cwiKíbv,
cªwZ‡laK wUKv I wewfbœ †mev w`‡q _v‡K| M‡elYvq †`Lv hvq 2005 mv‡j 10 wgwjqb wkï gviv †M‡Q hv‡ì eqm 5 eQ‡ii
wb‡P|
8. gvZ„Z¡Kvjxb g„Zÿ †iv‡a: cªwZ eQi Gwkqv Ges mve-mvnvivb AvwdªKvq emevmKvix Mf©eZ©x bvixi Aa© wgwjqb gviv hvq
mšÍvb cªme Ki‡Z wM‡q| wek¦e¨vsK GB gvZ„Z¡Kvjxb g„Zÿ †iv‡ai Dcvq Avwe®‹vi K‡i‡Q Ges ms¯’vwU eûgyLx ¯^v¯’¨‡mev
Kvh©µg MªnY K‡i‡Q|
9. †ivM cªwZ‡iva: c„w_ex‡Z gvbeRvwZi Aw¯ÍZ¡‡K a‡i ivL‡Z wek¦e¨vsK AvcªvY †Póv Pvwj‡q hv‡”Q| wek¦ gvbeZv hv‡Z †iv‡M,
†kv‡K A_ev gnvgvixi m¤§yLxb bv nq, †mRb¨ wek¦e¨vsK m`v Zrci| NvZK e¨vwa L¨vZ GBWm, K¨vÝvi, †ncvUvBwU‡mi gZ
†ivM‡K cªwZ‡iva Kivi Rb¨ wek¦e¨vsK cªwZ‡laK Avwe®‹v‡ii Rb¨ cª‡Póv Pvwj‡q hv‡”Q| GQvov eÜ¨vZ¡ I †Pv‡Li Qvwbcov
†iv‡a wek¦e¨vsK wewfbœ mfv, wm‡¤úvwRqvg I †mwgbvi K‡i _v‡K| wek¦e¨vsK Gme †ivM cªwZ‡iv‡a wewfbœ Kg©m~wP nv‡Z wb‡q‡Q
Ges †m †gvZv‡eK KvR K‡i hv‡”Q|
10. Rxe‰ewPÎ i¶v: wesk kZvãxi gvSvgvwS †_‡K ïiæ nIqv wk‡ívq‡bi MwZ †h nv‡i evo‡Z _vK‡Q †mBfv‡e cwi‡e‡ki I
wech©q NU‡Q| Rjevqyi cwieZ©b I Rxe‰ewPZª¨ i¶v eZ©gvb DbœZ †`k¸‡jvi Av‡jvPbvi cªavb welq wn‡m‡e ùvwo‡q‡Q| hy×
weMªn, KjKviLvbvi eR¨© I †avuqvi Kvi‡Y wek¦ ev¯Íyms¯’vb AvR ûgwKi gy‡L c‡o‡Q| GQvovI Mªxb nvDR M¨vm w`b w`b
†e‡oB Pj‡Q hv Rx‡ei Aw¯Í‡Z¡i Rb¨ gvivZ¥K ¶wZKi| Gme ûgwKi nvZ †_‡K Rxe‰ewPZª¨‡K i¶v Kivi Rb¨ wek¦e¨vsK
bvbv Kg©m~wP nv‡Z wb‡q‡Q| mvgvwRK ebvqb, eva wbg©vb, Kve©b Ki Pvjy BZ¨vw` c`‡¶c Rxe‰ewPÎ‡K i¶vq i¶vKeP wn‡m‡e
KvR Ki‡Q|
11. †UKmB Dbœqb: AbybœZ I Dbœqbkxj †`‡ki Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ wek¦e¨vsK me‡P‡q †ewk ¸iæZ¡ cª`vb K‡i †UKmB Dbœq‡bi
cªwZ| wek¦e¨vsK AbybœZ †`‡k FY `v‡bi cvkvcvwk F‡Yi h_vh_ eënvi Kivi m”QZv I Reve w`wnZv wbwðZKi‡Y miKv‡ii
Dci Pvc m„wó K‡i iv‡L| AbybœZ †`‡ki Dbœq‡b IMF Gi f~wgKv: AbybœZ we‡k¦ IMF Gi f~wgKv Acwimxg| Gi f~wgKv
wbgœiƒc:
1. wewb‡qvM mnvqZv e¨vcKfv‡e Avg`vwb D`vixKiY, ïé gyw³ msMZ Kiv I ißvwbgyLx wkí ¯’vc‡bi w`‡K avweZ nIqvi
j‡¶¨ AvšÍR©vwZK A_© Znwej KvR Ki‡Q Dbœqbkxj †`kmg~‡n|
2. ê‡`wkK evwYR¨ `ªæZ e„w× Kiv AbyK~j †jb‡`b I fvimvg¨ AR©‡bi j‡¶¨ e¨vcK wewbgq nv‡ii ms¯‹vi Dbœqbkxj we‡k¦
IMF Gi Ab¨Zg KvR e‡j we‡ewPZ|
3. AvšÍR©vwZK A_© Znwej Dbœqbkxj we‡k¦i D`vi Avg`vwb bxwZ MªnY Kivi e¨vcv‡i Drmvn cª`vb K‡i|
4. AvšÍR©vwZK A_© Znwej Dbœqbkxj we‡k¦ ißvwbgyLx wk‡ív‡`¨vM Ges Avw_©K µq ¶gZv e„w×i Rb¨ cª‡Póv Pvjvq|
5. IMF Dbœqbkxj †`kmg~‡ni e¨vsK eë¯’vq my‡ì nvi evov‡bvi mycvwik K‡i _v‡K|
6. AvšÍR©vwZK A_© Znwej wewfbœ gy`vª eë¯’vi we‡jv‡ci c¶cvZx| Awfbœ gy`vª cªPj‡b Drmvn cª`vb K‡i _v‡K|
7. K„wl DcKi‡Yi †hvMvb, mvi I Ab¨vb¨ DcKiY †_‡K fZ©ywK cªZ¨vnv‡ii eë¯’v Kiv †mB mv‡_ e¨w³ Lv‡Zi Dbœqb I
K„wl‡K †emiKvwiKi‡Y Drmvn †`q|
4. e¨vsK F‡Yi K‡Vvi wbqš¿‡Yi gva¨‡g Dbœqbkxj we‡k¦i A_©bxwZ‡Z AvšÍR©vwZK A_© Znwej cªfve we¯Ív‡ii †Póv K‡i|
9. Dbœqbkxj we‡k¦i mvgvwRK Kj¨vYgyLx Lv‡Zi ms‡KvPb I `¶Zv e„w×i †Póv K‡i|
10. K„wl I Lv`¨k‡mï Dci †_‡K µgvš^‡q fZ©yKx Kgv‡bvi Rb¨ Dbœqbkxj †`kmg~n‡K mycvwik K‡i|
Dcmsnvi: Dch©y³ Av‡jvPbvq †`Lv hvq, wek¦e¨vsK ïay AeKvVv‡gvMZ Dbœq‡b mnvqZv cª`vb K‡i bv, eis| eZ©gv‡b c„w_ex‡K
AvMvgx cªR‡b¥i Kv‡Q my›ì I evm‡hvM¨ Kivi cªqv‡m KvR K‡i| Zvi GB c`‡¶c mwZ¨B cªksmvi `vwe iv‡L| ïay ZvB bq
†ivM cªwZ‡iva, Rxe‰ewPÎ i¶v I †UKmB Dbœqb cªKí ev¯Íevq‡b wek¦e¨vsK Z„Zxq we‡k¦i †`k¸‡jv‡K AMªvwaKvi cª‡qvM K‡i
_v‡K| AvšÍR©vwZK A_©| Znwej ev IMF we‡k¦ A_©‰bwZK mgm¨v mgvavb, eûgyLx A_©vq‡b mgm¨v, `vwi`ª¨ `~ixKiY, I eëmv-
evwY‡Rï cªmv‡ii Rb¨ eûgyLx Kvh©vewj cwiPvjbv K‡i _v‡K |
12. f~-ivRbxwZ Kx? f~-ivRbxwZi cªfve I ¸iæZ¡ Av‡jvPbv Ki 14,19

eZ©gvb we‡k¦ †Kvb ivóªB Ab¨vb¨ iv‡óªi mv‡_ m¤úK© eRvq bv †i‡L Pj‡Z cv‡i bv| G‡¶‡Î †Kvb †`k myôy I my›ìfv‡e
cwiPvjbv Kivi Rb¨ Ab¨ †`‡ki mn‡hvwMZv cª‡qvRb| Avi Ab¨vb¨ †`‡ki mv‡_ m¤úK© ¯’vwcZ nq ciivóªbxwZ I K~UbxwZi

ga¨ w`‡q| ciivóªbxwZ wba©vi‡Y f~ivRbxwZi ¸iæZ¡ Acwimxg| G‡¶‡Î †h‡Kvb †`‡ki †fŠ‡MvwjK Ae¯’vb ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv
cvjb Ki‡Z cv‡i| †fŠ‡MvwjK Ae¯’v‡bi Kvi‡Y †h‡Kvb †`k jvf ev ¶wZi m¤§yLxb n‡Z cv‡i|
■ f~ivRbxwZi msÁv: Geo-Politics kãwU Rvg©vb kã Geopolitik Gi Bs‡iwR iƒc| †hwU wMªK kã 'Geo' I 'Politiko'
kã `ywU †_‡K G‡m‡Q| hvi A_© †fŠ‡MvwjK welqvewji wfwË‡Z †h ivRbxwZ| wb‡gœ f~ivRbxwZi msÁv AvšÍR©vwZK
ivRbxwZwe`‡ì Av‡jv‡K cª`vb Kiv n‡jv:
■ N.J. Sypkeman Gi g‡Z, "‡fŠ‡MvwjK ev¯ÍeZvi wfwË‡Z iv‡óªi wbivcËv bxwZB n‡jv f~ivRbxwZ|"
■ K‡b©j wddvi e‡jb, "‡Kvb †`‡ki we‡`k bxwZ wba©vi‡Y mvgvwRK, ivR‰bwZK, A_©‰bwZK †KŠkjMZ Ges †fŠ‡MvwjK
Dcv`v‡bi cª‡qvRbB f~ivRbxwZ|"
Aa¨vcK Avãyj nvwjg e‡jb, "f~ivRbxwZ n‡”Q f~‡Mvj Aa¨q‡bi †m Ask hv ciivóªbxwZ I ivR‰bwZK cªcÂmg~‡ni g‡a¨
ms‡hvM ¯’vcb K‡i|"
■ AvaywbK f~ivRbxwZi cªe³v Kyellen Gi g‡Z, "Geopolitics is the theory of the state as a geographic
organism of phenomenon is space of land territory area."
myZivs Avgiv ej‡Z cvwi †h, ivR‰bwZK Kvh©Kjvc, ivR‰bwZK e¨w³Z¡ Ges AvšÍR©vwZK m¤ú‡K©i †¶‡Î †fŠ‡MvwjK
we‡kølYB n‡jv f~ivRbxwZ|
f~ivRbxwZi ¸iæZ¡ Importance of Geo-Politics
1. †fŠ‡MvwjK Ae¯’vb: †h‡Kvb iv‡óªi Rb¨ Zvi †fŠ‡MvwjK Ae¯’vb AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| iv‡óªi Ae¯’vb hw` ¯’j, Rj †ewóZ nq
Z‡e Zv‡ì wbR¯^ myweav Ges Amyweav _v‡K| †hgb †bcvj Land locked nIqvi Kvi‡Y Zv fvi‡Zi Dci wbf©i K‡i|
†bcv‡ji ciivóªbxwZ cy‡ivcywi fviZ‡Kw›`ªK|
2. cªwZ‡ekx iv‡óªi Dci wbf©ikxjZv: †Kvb e„nr iv‡óªi cvk hw` †Kvb ¶y`ª ivóª Ae¯’vb K‡i Zvn‡j e„nr ivóª Aek¨B ¶y`ª
iv‡óªi ciivóªbxwZ‡K cªfvweZ Ki‡e| D`vniY¯îƒc fvi‡Zi cv‡k evsjv‡`‡ki Ae¯’vb| ZvB fviZ evsjv‡`‡ki
ciivóªbxwZ‡K cªfvweZ K‡i|
3. AvKvi I AvqZb: †h †`‡ki AvKvi AvqZb I RbmsL¨v †ewk †mme †`‡ki ciivóªbxwZ‡Z †ewk kw³kvjx| †hgb-
hy³ivóª, Pxb, fviZ, ivwkqv ivóª¸‡jvi ciivóªbxwZ A‡bK †ewk kw³kvjx| d‡j Zviv cªwZ‡ekx ¶y`ª ivóªmg~n‡K Lye mn‡RB
cªfvweZ Ki‡Z cv‡i|
4. Rjevqy: we‡k¦i cª‡Z¨KwU iv‡óªi ciivóªbxwZ cªYq‡b Rjevqy ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| †h‡Kvb †`‡ki Drcv`bkxjZv I
gvby‡li Kg©`¶Zv Zvi Rjevqyi Dci wbf©i K‡i| A_©‰bwZKfv‡e DbœZ †`k Zvi cªwZ‡ekx iv‡óªi A_©bxwZi Dci cªfve
we¯Ívi Ki‡Z m¶g nq|
5. f~cªK„wZ : f~cªK„wZ åvRbxwZi GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Ask| iv‡óªi f~cªK„wZ Zvi ciivóªbxwZ‡K cªfvweZ K‡i| †Kvb iv‡óªi mxgvšÍ
hw` cvnvo ev b`x †ewóZ nq, Zvn‡j Zv cªwZ‡ekx †`k †_‡K A‡bK †ewk wbivc` _v‡K| Avi †Kvb iv‡óªi Af¨šÍ‡i hw`
cvnvo, ebf~wg A_ev b`xi NbZ¡ †ewk _v‡K Zvn‡j †`‡ki gvby‡li g‡a¨ †hvMv‡hv‡Mi Afv‡e RvZxqZv‡eva nªvm †c‡Z cv‡i|
Avi hw` †hvMv‡hvM †Kvb evav bv _v‡K Zvn‡j RbM‡Yi g‡a¨ †hvMv‡hvM I m¤úK© e„w× cvq hv ciivóªbxwZ kw³kvjx Ki‡Z
mnvqZv K‡i|
6. Awfbœ ms¯‹…wZ: iv‡óªi Af¨šÍ‡i cªvq Awfbœ ms¯‹…wZ RvZxqZv‡eva ˆZwi‡Z KvR K‡i| d‡j Zv iv‡óªi ciivóªbxwZ‡Z cªfve
we¯Ívi K‡i| †h‡Kvb †`‡ki fvlv, KvjPvi, g~j¨‡eva, Rxebaviv †m †`‡ki gvby‡li g‡a¨ HK¨ ˆZwi‡Z f~wgKv cvjb K‡i|
†Kvb iv‡óª hw` Af¨šÍixY †Kvb †Kv›`j Pj‡Z _v‡K, Zvn‡j Zv Ab¨ †`‡ki cªfv‡ei AvIZvq co‡Z cv‡i|
7. miKvi c×wZ: †Kvb iv‡óªi miKvi c×wZ ciivóªbxwZ cªYq‡bi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Dcv`vb wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| MYZvwš¿K ivóª Ab¨
MYZvwš¿K iv‡óªi mv‡_ m¤úK© Dbœq‡b D‡`¨vM MªnY K‡i _v‡K| ZvB ejv hvq †Kvb †`‡ki miKvi c×wZ ev ivóªbxwZ
f~ivRbxwZ‡Z ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i|
8. cªvK„wZK m¤ú`: cªvK„wZK m¤ú` f~ivRbxwZi GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Dcv`vb| †h †`k cªvK„wZK m¤ú‡ì hZ †ewk DbœZ/mg„× †m †`‡ki
ciivóªbxwZ ZZ †ewk kw³kvjx| ciivóªbxwZi Dci wfwË K‡i cªvK„wZK m¤ú`‡K `yBfv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| †hgb- †Zj I Lv`¨| Avie
we‡k¦i †`k¸‡jvi †Zj mg„w×i Kvi‡Y Zv‡ì f~ivR‰bwZK ¸iæZ¡ Acwimxg| †Kbbv wek¦ R¡vjvwbi Rb¨ ga¨cªv‡Pï †`kmg~‡ni Dci
wbf©ikxj|
9. cªwZ‡ekx: f~ivRbxwZi †¶‡Î cªwZ‡ekx ivóª ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Dcv`vb| cªwZ‡ekx e„nr ivóª Zv‡ì bxwZ, Av`k©, ms¯‹…wZ cªwZ‡ekx
¶y`ª iv‡óªi Dci Pvwc‡q †`q| ZvB Gfv‡e e„nr ivóª cªwZ‡ekx ¶y`ª iv‡óªi ciivóª bxwZ‡K cªfvweZ K‡i| A‡bK mgq cªwZ‡ekx
`ywU iv‡óªi cªwZØw›ØZvg~jK Ae¯’vb hy‡×i AeZviYv K‡i| ZvB ejv hvq †h, cªwZ‡ekx iv‡óªi cªK„wZi Dci ciivóªbxwZ
A‡bKvs‡k wbf©ikxj|
Dch©y³ Av‡jvPbvi cwi‡cªw¶‡Z ejv hvq †h, †h‡Kvb †`‡ki ciivóªbxwZ cªYq‡bi †¶‡Î f~ivRbxwZ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© ¯’vb `Lj K‡i
Av‡Q| Aek¨ GKwU †`‡ki ciivóªbxwZ KwZcq wel‡qi Dci wbf©ikxj, ïay GKwU wel‡qi Dci wbf©ikxj bq| †h mKj †`k
A_©‰bwZK I mvgwiK w`K w`‡q kw³kvjx Zviv Zv‡ì AbyK~‡j ciivóªbxwZ cªYqb Ki‡Z cv‡i Ges Ab¨ iv‡óªi ciivóªbxwZi
Dci cªfve we¯Ívi Ki‡Z cv‡i| Avi †Kvb †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK I mvgwiK Ae¯’vb f~ivRbxwZi Øviv wba©vwiZ n‡q _v‡K|
evsjv‡`‡ki Dci f~ivR‰bwZK †bwZevPK cªfve Negative Effects of Geo-Politics in Bangladesh

f~ivRbxwZ evsjv‡`‡ki †fŠ‡MvwjK Ae¯’v‡bi wKQy BwZevPK w`K _vK‡jI Gi A‡bK †bwZevPK w`K i‡q‡Q| †h‡Kvb †`‡ki
f~ivR‰bwZK Ae¯’vb †m †`‡ki Rb¨ memgq Avkxe©v` bv n‡q Awfkvc n‡Z cv‡i| †hgb: †ejwRqv‡gi †fŠ‡MvwjK Ae¯’vb|
†ejwRqvg memgq dªvÝ I Rvg©vwbi iY‡¶‡Î cwiYZ n‡q‡Q| evsjv‡`‡ki wZbw`K w`‡q fvi‡Zi Ae¯’vb evsjv‡`‡ki
wbivcËv ejq n‡jI Zv ûgwKi KviY n‡Z cv‡i| f~ivR‰bwZK Kvi‡Y evsjv‡`‡ki Dci †bwZevPK cªfve m¤ú‡K© wb‡gœ
Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv:
1. evsjv‡`‡ki Dci fvi‡Zi cªfve: evsjv‡`‡ki f~Ae¯’vbMZ Av‡iKwU †bwZevPK w`K n‡jv evsjv‡`k fviZ †ewóZ|
evsjv‡`‡ki wZbw`K fviZ Øviv †ewóZ| d‡j fviZ evsjv‡`‡ki Af¨šÍixY I ciivóªbxwZ‡K e¨vcKfv‡e cªfvweZ K‡i| Avi
msMZ Kvi‡Y fviZ e„nr ivóª nIqvi Kvi‡Y ¶y`ª †`k ev kw³ wn‡m‡e evsjv‡`k Zvi weiæ‡× †h‡Z cv‡i bv|
2. Rjevqyi cªfve: evsjv‡`‡k †fŠ‡MvwjK Ae¯’v‡bi Kvi‡Y µvšÍxq Rjevqy cªevwnZ nq| GRb¨ GLv‡b cªPyi cwigv‡Y e„wócvZ
nq| ZvQvov evsjv‡`k mgy`ªDcK~jxq AÂj nIqvi Kvi‡Y M‡o e‡½vcmvM‡i eQ‡i 12wU wbgœPv‡ci m„wó nq, hv A‡bK mgq
mvB‡K¬v‡b iƒc †bq|
3. cðvrc` AÂj: evsjv‡`k GKwU `wi`ª †`k| GLv‡b RbmsL¨vi NbZ¡ †ewk| ZvQvov GLv‡b cwi‡e‡ki wech©qI A‡bK
†ewk| †h‡Kvb gyn~‡Z© †`k Aw¯’wZkxj n‡q co‡Z cv‡i| GUv G AÂ‡ji kvwšÍ-k„•Ljv webó Ki‡e| Ab¨w`‡K êwk¦K
Dòvq‡bi Kvi‡Y Gi cªfve evsjv‡`‡ki Dci gvivZ¥Kfv‡e c‡o‡Q|
4. fvi‡Zi Dci wbf©ikxjZv: evsjv‡`k I fvi‡Zi g‡a¨ AvšÍtb`x ms‡hvM i‡q‡Q| fviZ Gme b`x‡Z AwaKvsk ¯’v‡b euva
wbg©vY i‡Q Ges b`xi cvwb wbqš¿Y Ki‡Q| b`xi cvwbi Rb¨ evsjv‡`k‡K cy‡ivcywi fvi‡Zi Dci wbf©i Ki‡Z nq|
5. Pxb-fviZ Ø›Ø: fvi‡Zi mv‡_ Px‡bi mxgvšÍ wb‡q Ø›Ø Pj‡Q| †h‡Kvb mgq fviZ I Px‡bi g‡a¨ m¤ú‡K©i Av‡iv AebwZ
n‡Z cv‡i| Gi d‡j Pxb PvB‡e evsjv‡`‡ki mn‡hvwMZv Acic‡¶ fvi‡Zi evsjv‡`‡ki Dci Pvc cª‡qvM Kiv mnR n‡e|
GUv evsjv‡`‡ki f~Ae¯’v‡bi Rb¨ GKwU †bwZevPK w`K|
6. fviZ-cvwK¯Ívb Ø‡›Ø evsjv‡`‡ki ¶wZ: fviZ I cvwK¯Ívb HwZnvwmKfv‡eB G‡K A‡bï kÎæ| G `ywU iv‡óªi Ø‡›Øi d‡j
GKwU †bwZevPK cªfve evsjv‡`‡ki Dci c‡o| ê‡`wkK wewb‡qvMmn wewfbœ ai‡bi A_©‰bwZK Kg©KvÐ e¨vnZ nq| Pxb,
fviZ Ø‡›ØI evsjv‡`k iY‡¶‡Î cwiYZ nIqvi m¤¢vebv i‡q‡Q|
7. gvqvbgvi I †ivwn½v mgm¨v : gvqvbgv‡ii mv‡_ evsjv‡`‡ki mxgvšÍ mgm¨v wQj| eZ©gv‡b AvšÍR©vwZK Av`vj‡Z Zv wb®úwË
n‡q‡Q| wKš‘ evsjv‡`k I gvqvbgv‡ii g‡a¨ DØv¯Íy †ivwn½v mgm¨v mgvavb nq wb| A‡bK mgq †ivwn½viv evsjv‡`‡k cª‡ek
Ki‡Q| ZvQvov A‡bK †ivwn½v evsjv‡`‡k A‰eafv‡e ¯’vwqfv‡e evm Ki‡Q|
8. êwk¦K DòZv e„w×‡Z evsjv‡`‡ki ¶q¶wZ: we‡k¦ Kve©b WvBA·vB‡Wi cwigvY †e‡o hvIqvi Kvi‡Y êwk¦K DòZv †e‡o
hv‡”Q| M‡elKMY g‡b K‡i‡Qb, Gi d‡j evsjv‡`k me‡P‡q †ewk ¶wZMª¯Í n‡e| Zviv ej‡Qb, wbi¶xq AÂ‡j eid Mj‡Z
_vK‡j evsjv‡`kmn Ab¨vb¨ DcK~jxq AÂj Wy‡e hv‡e|
9. cªvK„wZK `y‡h©vM: mv¤úªwZK eQi¸‡jv‡Z cªvK„wZK `y‡h©v‡Mi cwigvY †e‡o †M‡Q| 2007 mv‡ji b‡f¤^‡i evsjv‡`‡k wmWi
AvNvZ nv‡b| G‡Z A‡bK Rvbgv‡ji ¶wZ nq| ZvQvov evsjv‡`k mgy`ª DcK~‡j nIqvq N~wY©So I R‡jv”Q¡v‡m cªwZeQi
A‡bK ¶q¶wZ nq|
10. kiYv_x© mgm¨v: evsjv‡`kmn Ab¨vb¨ †`‡k cªvK„wZK `y‡h©vM n‡j evsjv‡`‡ki Dci kiYv_x© Gi Pvc †e‡o hv‡e|
evsjv‡`k A‡bKevi gvqvbgv‡ii †ivwn½v kiYv_x© mgm¨vq c‡o‡Q| ZvB evsjv‡`‡ki f~ivR‰bwZK Av‡iKwU †bwZevPK w`K
n‡jv kiYv_x© mgm¨v| evsjv‡`k †QvU †`k wKš‘ Gi RbmsL¨v AvqZ‡bi Zyjbvq A‡bK †ewk| ZvB kiYv_x© mgm¨v evsjv‡`‡k
cwi‡e‡ki cªwZ weiƒc cªfve †dj‡e|
11. cwðgv we‡k¦i cªfve: evsjv‡`‡ki f~ivR‰bwZK Av‡iKwU †bwZevPK w`K n‡jv evsjv‡`k fviZ I Px‡bi cªwZ‡ekx †`k|
Pxb I fviZ eZ©gvb we‡k¦i `ywU kw³kvjx iv‡óª cwiYZ n‡”Q| d‡j †KŠkjMZ Kvi‡Y hy³ivóª I Ab¨vb¨ cwðgv †`k
evsjv‡`k‡K nv‡Z ivL‡Z Pv‡”Q Zv‡ì‡K `gv‡bvi Rb¨, hv evsjv‡`‡ki Rb¨ ûgwK¯îƒc|
Dch©y³ Av‡jvPbvi cwi‡cªw¶‡Z ejv hvq †h, AvšÍR©vwZK ivRbxwZ‡Z evsjv‡`‡ki f~ivR‰bwZK Ae¯’v‡bi A‡bK BwZevPK
w`K
_vK‡jI Gi †bwZevPK w`KI Kg bq| evsjv‡`‡ki ciivóª bxwZ‡Z fviZ kw³kvjx AvwacZ¨ we¯Ívi Ki‡Z m¶g n‡q‡Q|
ZvQvov evsjv‡`‡ki †fŠ‡MvwjK Ae¯’vb cwðgv we‡k¦i `„wó AvKl©Y Ki‡Z m¶g n‡q‡Q| fviZ I Px‡bi µgea©gvb A_©‰bwZK
I mvgwiK kw³‡K `gv‡Z gvwK©b hy³ivóª evsjv‡`k‡K nvwZqvi wn‡m‡e eënvi Ki‡Z cv‡i, hv evsjv‡`‡ki cªwZ †bwZevPK
cªfve †dj‡e|
14. ‡UKmB Dbœq‡bi kZ©vewjmg~n Av‡jvPbv Ki 15,19

f~wgKv: gvbyl mvgvwRK cwi‡e‡k emevm K‡i| cwi‡ek Qvov gvby‡li Aw¯ÍZ¡ wUwK‡q ivLv m¤¢e bq| eZ©gvb we‡k¦i GKwU
Ab¨Zg welq n‡jv cwi‡e‡ki †UKmB Dbœqb NUv‡bv| we‡k¦i weÁvbx‡ì g‡Z, †UKmB Dbœqb e¨ZxZ cwi‡ek‡K msi¶Y Kiv
m¤¢e bq| g~jZ 70 Gi `kK n‡Z †UKmB Dbœq‡bi Dci ¸iæZ¡ Av‡ivc Kiv nq| evsjv‡`k we‡k¦i GKwU Dbœqbkxj †`k|
G‡`‡ki cwi‡ek msi¶Y‡K hw` †ewk cªvavb¨ †Ìqv nq Zvn‡j mvgvwRK I A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb evavMª¯Í nevi m¤¢vebv _vK‡e|
ZvB evsjv‡`k‡K cwimsL¨v‡b Ggb eë¯’v MªnY Ki‡Z n‡e hv‡Z A_©‰bwZK I mvgvwRK Dbœqb †hb e¨vnZ bv nq|
‡UKmB Dbœq‡bi kZ©vewj: †UKmB Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ KZ¸‡jv eva¨Zvg~jK kZ© I cª‡qvRbxq welq †g‡b Pj‡Z nq| mgv‡Ri
wewfbœ m¤úª`vq‡K ¶gZvq‡bi gva¨‡g GUv Ki‡Z n‡e| "mgv‡Ri wbgœwjwLZ †mKkb‡K ¶gZvq‡bi gva¨‡g Gme kZ© c~iY
Kiv hvq|" wKfv‡e †UKmB Dbœqb AR©b Kiv hvq Zv wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv:
1. bvixi ¶gZvqb: †UKmB Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ bvixi ¶gZvqb Ki‡Z n‡e| bvixi ¶gZvq‡bi gva¨‡g †UKmB Dbœqb mvab Kiv
hvq| cvðv‡Zï †`k¸‡jv ZvB K‡i‡Q| GUv‡K †UKmB Dbœq‡bi c~e©kZ© ejv hvq| Avgv‡ì gZ Dbœqbkxj †`‡k bvixi
¶gZvq‡bi †Kvb weKí †bB|
2. wkï: AvR‡Ki wkï AvMvgx w`‡bi bvMwiK cwi‡ek `~l‡Yi d‡j wkï ¯^v¯’¨ gvivZ¥Kfv‡e ¶wZMª¯Í nq| ZvQvov, mvgvwRK
cwi‡e‡k wkïiv gvbyl nq| GRb¨ wkï weKv‡ki Rb¨ †UKmB Dbœqb Acwinvh©| ZvB wkïi kvixwiK gvbwmK DbœwZ weavb K‡i
†UKmB Dbœqb Kiv hvq|
3. hyeK: ZiæYiv n‡jb iv‡óªi fwel¨r| Zv‡ì fwel¨‡Zi Rb¨ Dchy³ wk¶v I cªwk¶Y w`‡Z n‡e| Zviv gvbyl n‡jI Dchy³
cªwk¶Y †c‡j †`‡ki mykvmK I cwiPvjK n‡e| GUv Kiv hvq †Kej †UKmB Dbœq‡bi gva¨g| Gfv‡e †UKmB Dbœq‡bi
gva¨‡g hyeK‡ì Dbœqb mvab Kiv hvq| ZvB hyeK‡ì mywk¶v I cªwk¶Y `v‡bi gva¨‡g †UKmB Dbœqb AR©b Kiv hvq|
4. Avwèvmx I Zv‡ì m¤úª`vq: Avwèvmxiv n‡jv †Kvb †`‡ki AbMªmi †Mvôx| Zviv e‡b, R½‡j,cvnvo I ce©‡Z evm K‡i|
Zviv wk¶v, ms¯‹…wZ, A_©‰bwZK I ivR‰bwZK AwaKvi I my‡hvM-myweav n‡Z ewÂZ| GRb¨ †`‡ki Kj¨vY I Dbœqb Kg©Kv‡Ð
Zviv †Kvb f~wgKv ivL‡Z cv‡i bv| A_P †UKmB Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ Zv‡ì iv‡óªi mKj Kg©Kv‡Ð AskMªnY cª‡qvRb| ZvB
ivR‰bwZK eë¯’vq Zv‡ì AskMªnY wbwðZ K‡i †UKmB Dbœqb AR©b Kiv hvq|
5. †emiKvwi ms¯’v: AvaywbKKv‡j †`‡k miKv‡ii cvkvcvwk KwZcq ms¯’v KvR K‡i hvq,G¸‡jv‡K †emiKvwi ms¯’v ev
Gb.wR.I e‡j| †hgb- eªvK, Avkv BZ¨vw`| Giv †`‡ki MªvgxY `vwi`ª¨ `~ixKi‡Y, bvixi ¶gZvq‡b, M„nvqb I wk¶v weKv‡k
KvR K‡i Zviv †UKmB Dbœq‡bI KvR K‡i| GRb¨ Zv‡ì msL¨v I f~wgKv e„w× K‡i †UKmB Dbœqb AR©b Kiv hvq|
6. ¯’vbxq KZ©…c¶: jW© eªvBm e‡j‡Qb †h, MYZ‡š¿i DrKl©Zv wbf©i K‡i ¯’vbxq KZ©…c‡¶i Dci| "The best test of
democracy and its of successful worning is the practice of local self-government." ZvB ¯’vbxq KZ©…c¶ †UKmB
MYZ‡š¿i gva¨‡g †Kvb †`‡ki Dbœqb mvab Ki‡Z cv‡i| fvB †UKmB Dbœqb wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡j ¯’vbxq KZ©…c‡¶i ¶gZvqb
evov‡Z n‡e|
7. kªwgK I kªwgK msN: †Kvb †`‡ki mKj †kªwYi kªwgKMY Zv‡ì Kg©cwi‡ek I ¯^v_© Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ kªwgK msN MVb K‡i|
kªwgK msN kªwgK‡ì Kj¨v‡Y KvR K‡i| kªwgK I Zv‡ì msN †`‡ki Dbœq‡bI KvR K‡i| wKš‘ Zviv D‡ËwRZ n‡q
aŸsmvZ¥K KvR Ki‡j †`‡ki ¶wZ nq| GRb¨ kªwgK‡ì Kj¨vY mvab K‡i AvBb cvm Ki‡j Zviv aŸsmvZ¥K KvR Ki‡e bv|
GRb¨ kªwgK Kj¨vYmvab K‡i Ges Zv‡ì ¶gZvq‡b KvR K‡i †UKmB Dbœqb mvab Kiv hvq|
8. eëmvq I wkí eëmvq I wk‡íi cªmvi NwU‡q: †`‡ki Kj¨vY mvab Kiv hvq| GUv †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb, cwi‡e‡ki
Dbœqb, gv_vwcQy Avq e„w× K‡i| GRb¨ cª‡qvRb cwi‡ekevÜe AvBb cvm K‡i eëmvq I wkí Dbœqb Kiv hvq| ZvB eëmvq
I wkícªwZôvb Dbœqb K‡i Ges Gme cªwZôv‡bi Rb¨ ¶gZvqb e„w× K‡i †Kvb †`k †UKmB Dbœqb mvab Ki‡Z cv‡i|
9. K„lK: cª‡Z¨K †`‡ki K„lKMY †`‡ki Dbœq‡b Zv‡ì cªvYcvZ K‡i| Zviv †`‡ki RbM‡Yi Rb¨ Abœ em&‡Îi| ms¯’vb K‡i|
wKš‘ Avgv‡ì †`‡k K„lKMY nvofv½v cwikªg K‡i †`‡ki RbM‡Yi Rb¨ Abœ em&‡Îi †hvMvb †`q| wKš‘ Zviv GLbI `wi`ª
mxgvi bx‡P emevm K‡i| Zviv A¯^v¯’¨Ki| cwi‡e‡k evm K‡i| Zviv cwi‡ek `~l‡Yi wkKvi| Zv‡ì Dbœqb e¨ZxZ †UKmB
Dbœqb m¤¢e bq| ZvB Zv‡ì ¶gZvqb| mvab K‡i †UKmB Dbœqb AR©b Kiv hvq|
10. êÁvwbK I cª‡KŠkj: êÁvwbK I cª‡KŠkj ms¯’vmg~n †UKmB Dbœq‡bi wba©viK wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| wKš‘ GZme Kiv
m‡Ë¡ Zv‡ì Øviv cwi‡ek `~wlZ nq| Gme ms¯’vi cªKímg~n M¨vm wbtmiY, Fossil burning, Kv‡jv| †avuqv wbtmi‡bi
gva¨‡g cwi‡ek `~wlZ K‡i| Gme ms¯’vi cwi‡ek `~lY †iva K‡i †UKmB Dbœqb mvab Kiv hvq| KviY †UKmB Dbœqb
cwi‡ekevÜe Dbœqb| †UKmB Dbœqb mvab K‡i †hgb A_©‰bwZK, ivR‰bwZK I wk‡íi Dbœqb Kiv hvq, †Zgwb GUv cwi‡ekI
`~lYgy³ iv‡L| ZvB GUv mK‡ji Kvg¨|
Dcmsnvi: Dch©y³ Av‡jvPbvi †cªw¶‡Z ejv hvq †h, †UKmB Dbœqb n‡”Q Dbœq‡bi ¯’vqx iƒc| Dbœq‡bi ¯’vqx iƒc w`‡Z n‡j
cwi‡e‡ki Dbœqb AZ¨vek¨Kxq| cwi‡e‡ki h_vh_ Dbœqb Qvov mvwe©K Dbœqb‡K ¯’vqx iƒc †`qv m¤¢e bq|
16. evsjv‡`‡ki gyw³hy‡× civkw³mg~‡ni f~wgKv Av‡jvPbv Ki 17,19

evsjv‡`‡ki gyw³hy× wb‡q we‡k¦i civkw³¸‡jv wfbœ wfbœ Ae¯’vb MªnY K‡iwQj| †Kvb †Kvb civkw³ evsjv‡`‡ki c‡¶ Avevi
†Kvb †Kvb civkw³ cvwK¯Ív‡bi c¶vej¤^b K‡iwQj| Pxb, gvwK©b hy³ivóª Ges gymwjg ivóª¸‡jv cvwK¯Ív‡bi c¶vej¤^b
K‡iwQj Avi fviZ, †mvwf‡qZ BDwbqb Ges BD‡ivcxq †`k¸‡jv evsjv‡`‡ki c¶vej¤^b K‡iwQj| RvwZmsN Avgv‡ì
gyw³hy‡× †Zgb Kvh©Ki f~wgKv ivL‡Z cv‡iwb, KviY civkw³¸‡jvi wfbœ wfbœ Ae¯’v‡bi Kvi‡Y RvwZms‡Ni c‡¶ wbw`©ó †Kvb
f~wgKv cvjb Kiv m¤¢e nqwb, Z‡e RvwZms‡Ni BDGbGBPwmAvi DØv¯Íy I kiYv_x©‡ì mnvqZv K‡iwQj|
gvwK©b hy³iv‡óªi f~wgKv
evsjv‡`‡ki gyw³hy‡×i mgq gvwK©b hy³ivóª miKvwi fv‡e cvwK¯Ív‡bi c‡¶ Ae¯’vb †bq| G mgq gvwK©b miKvi c~e©
cvwK¯Ív‡bi MYnZ¨v‡K cvwK¯Ív‡bi 'Af¨šÍixY e¨vcvi' wn‡m‡e AwfwnZ K‡i| gyw³hy‡×i bq gvm gvwK©b cªkvmb cvwK¯Ív‡bi
Rb¨ ˆbwZK, ivR‰bwZK I A_©‰bwZK mg_©b hywM‡q‡Q| hy‡×i cª_g w`‡K gvwK©b miKvi Am&Î I mg_©b w`‡q cvwK¯Ívb‡K
mnvqZv K‡i| Z‡e gvwK©b RbMY, wm‡b‡Ui wecyj msL¨K m`m¨ I we‡ivax `‡ji †bZviv evsjv‡`‡ki gyw³Kvgx RbM‡Yi
c‡¶ Ae¯’vb K‡i| AviI j¶Ÿxq e¨vcvi n‡jv, gvwK©b hy³ivóª cvwK¯Ívb‡K mg_©b Ki‡jI gvwK©b ejqfy³ †`kmg~n
cvwK¯Ívb‡K mg_©b K‡iwb| Zviv cvwK¯Ívwb evwnbxi b„ksmZv I MYnZ¨vi wb›`v Rvwb‡q‡Q Ges Avjvc Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g
mgm¨v mgvav‡bi K_v e‡j‡Q Ges ivR‰bwZKfv‡e gxgvsmvi c_ †ei Ki‡Z e‡j‡Q|Gw`‡K gvwK©b msev`cÎ¸‡jv cvwK¯Ív‡b
Am&Î mieiv‡ni cªwZev` Rvbvq| cÎ cwÎKvi cªwZev` I cªej Rbg‡Zi Pv‡c 7 †g IqvwksUb cvwK¯Ív‡bi Rb¨ mgivm&Î I
Avw_©K mvnvh¨ ¯’wMZ ivLvi wm×všÍ †bq| Z‡e 25 gv‡P©i c~‡e© Kiv Pyw³ Abyhvqx G mgq gvwK©b hy³ivóª †_‡K wecyj Am&Î
cvwK¯Ív‡b cª‡ek K‡i| Z‡e wbR †`‡ki cªPÐ Rbg‡Zi Pv‡c gvwK©b miKvi fvi‡Z evOvwj kiYv_x©‡ì Rb¨ 2.5 wgwjqb
Wjvi mnvqZv w`‡Z eva¨ nq| GKB mg‡q cvwK¯Ív‡bi RbÏ A_© mvnvh¨ cvVvq wb·b cªkvmb| Ry‡bi †kl bvMv` `ywU Pyw³i
gva¨‡g gvwK©b miKvi cvwK¯Ívb‡K 4.3 wgwjqb Wjvi mvnvh¨ cª`vb K‡i hv evOvwj‡ì nZ¨v Kivi †¶‡Î eëüZ nq| 1971
mv‡ji wW‡m¤î gv‡m fviZ wgÎ evwnbx MVb K‡i cvwK¯Ív‡bi m‡½ hy‡× AeZxY© n‡j gvwK©b hy³ivóª cªPÐ fviZ we‡ivax
Ae¯’vb †bq| Gmgq hy³ivóª cvwK¯Ív‡bi mg_©‡b fviZ gnvmvM‡i Zv‡ì 7g †bŠeni †cªiY K‡i| Z‡e †mvwf‡qZ BDwbq‡bi
ûuwkqvwi Ges AvšÍR©vwZK cªwZwµqv j¶¨ K‡i †kl ch©šÍ Zviv †m †bŠeni‡K Kv‡R jvMvqwb| cvwK¯Ív‡bi civR‡qi gy‡L hy×
weiwZ NwU‡q evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZv‡K fÐyj Kivi †¶‡Î RvwZms‡Ni gva¨‡g ZrciZv Pvjvq hy³ivóª| †nbwi wKwmÄvi 1971
mv‡ji 12 wW‡m¤î hy× weiwZi Rb¨ fvi‡Zi cªwZ ûuwkqvwi D”PviY K‡i| Giƒc bxwZi Kvi‡Y gvwK©b hy³ivóª‡K †`‡k we‡`‡k
cªPyi mgv‡jvPbvi gy‡L co‡Z nq|
‡mvwf‡qZ BDwbq‡bi f~wgKv
evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZv hy‡× fvi‡Zi ci me©vwaK mg_©b hywM‡q‡Q Aaybv wejyß †mvwf‡qZ BDwbqb| e„nr kw³mg~‡ni g‡a¨
†mvwf‡qZ BDwbqb GKvË‡i cvwK¯Ívb evwnbx KZ©…K evOvwj‡ì Ici Pvjv‡bv ee©i MYnZ¨vi we‡ivwaZv K‡i D‡ØM cªKvk
K‡i| 1971 mv‡ji 2 Gwcªj ZrKvjxb †mvwf‡qZ †cªwm‡W›U wb‡KvjvB c`‡Mviwb cvwK¯Ív‡bi †cªwm‡W›U Bqvwnqv Lvb‡K c‡Îi
gva¨‡g c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡b msNwUZ MYnZ¨vq DrKÉv cªKvk K‡ib Ges Awej‡¤^ MYnZ¨v eÜ K‡i myôy ivR‰bwZK mgvav‡b DcbxZ
nIqvi Avnevb Rvbvb| GKB m‡½ wZwb e½eÜy †kL gywR‡ei gyw³i K_vI e‡jb| G mgq †mvwf‡qZ cÎ cwÎKv I
MYgva¨g¸‡jv e¨vcKfv‡e evsjv‡`‡ki gyw³Kvgx RbZvi c¶ †bq| Zviv MYnZ¨v I cvK evwnbxi ee©iZvi Lei ¸iæ‡Z¡i mv‡_
Zy‡j a‡i gyw³hy‡×i c‡¶ wek¦ RbgZ M‡o †Zv‡j| fvi‡Z Avkªq MªnYKvix kiYv_x©‡ì e¨vcv‡i †mvwf‡qZ BDwbqb cª_g
†_‡K mnvbyf~wZkxj wQj| kiYv_x©‡ì Rb¨ †`kwU fviZ‡K Avw_©K mnvqZv QvovI `ywU cwienb wegvb w`‡q mvnvh¨ K‡i|
fvi‡Zi mv‡_ my m¤úK© Ges iæk-fviZ ˆgÎx Pyw³i Kvi‡Y †mvwf‡qZ BDwbqb evsjv‡`‡ki gyw³hy‡×i c‡¶ Ae¯’vb †bq|
we‡kl K‡i 3 wW‡m¤î fviZ hy‡× Rwo‡q co‡j †mvwf‡qZ BDwbq‡bi c‡¶ wbðyc _vKv m¤¢e wQj bv| gyw³hy‡×i GK ch©v‡q
gvwK©b hy³ivóª Zv‡ì 7g †bŠeni e‡½vcmvM‡i †cªi‡Yi wb‡`©k w`‡j †mvwf‡qZ BDwbqbI Zv‡ì hy× RvnvR †mvwf‡qZ
†bŠeni‡K e‡½vcmvM‡i wM‡q evsjv‡`‡ki c‡¶ hy× Kivi ûgwK cª`vb K‡i| G‡Z gvwK©b hy³ivóª PweŸk N›Uvi g‡a¨ Zv‡ì
Av‡`k cªZ¨vnvi K‡i †bq| cvwK¯Ív‡bi avivevwnK civR‡q djkªæwZ‡Z 4 wW‡m¤î †_‡K gvwK©b hy³ivóª I Pxb hy× weiwZi
†Póv Pvjvq| G mgq ivwkqvi †f‡Uv `v‡bi Kvi‡Y hy× weiwZi cª¯Íve cvm nqwb| Gfv‡e †mvwf‡qZ BDwbqb evsjv‡`‡ki
gyw³hy‡× mwµq Ae`vb iv‡L|
Px‡bi f~wgKv
evsjv‡ki gnvb gyw³hy‡× Pxb cª_g †_‡K †kl ch©šÍ cvwK¯Ívb c¶ Aej¤^b K‡i| cª_g w`‡K Pxb cªKv‡k¨ gyw³hy× m¤ú‡K©
†Kvb gšÍe¨ †_‡K weiZ _vK‡jI Zviv GwU‡K wew”QbœZvev` Ges Zvi Rb¨ fviZ I ivwkqv‡K †`vlv‡ivc K‡i| c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡b
cwiPvwjZ MYnZ¨v‡KI Zvi cvwK¯Ív‡bi Af¨šÍixY e¨vcvi e‡j gZ cªKvk K‡i| 1971 mv‡ji 12 Gwcªj Px‡bi cªavbgš¿x †PŠ
Gb jvB GK c‡Îi gva¨‡g cvwK¯Ívb‡K HKë× ivL‡Z Bqvwnqvi cª‡Póvi cªwZ mg_©b e¨³ K‡i| hv cªKvivšÍ‡i MYnZ¨v‡K
mg_©b Kivi g‡Zv| Px‡bi ivóªxq MYgva¨g¸‡jvI miKv‡ii bxwZi Abyiƒc gyw³hy‡×i weiæ‡× cªPviYv Pvjvq| hy‡× Pxb
cvwK¯Ívb‡K A_© I Am&Î w`‡q mn‡hvwMZv K‡i| cvwK¯Ívb miKv‡ii fvl¨ g‡Z, Pxb †_‡K Zviv 70 wgwjqb Wjvi mvnvh¨
†c‡q‡Q| Ryb gv‡m Pxbv mvgwiK we‡klÁiv cvwK¯Ívb mdi K‡i Ges G mgq Px‡bi c¶ †_‡K cvwK¯Ív‡b Am&Î I hy× miÄvg
cvVv‡bv nq| fviZ evsjv‡`‡ki gyw³hy‡× cªZ¨¶ AskMªnY Ki‡j Pxb cvwK¯Ívb‡K mg_©‡bi K_v cybe¨©³ K‡i| G mgq
RvwZms‡Ni wbivcËv cwil‡ì Awa‡ek‡b gvwK©b hy³iv‡óªi mv‡_ PxbI cvwK¯Ív‡bi wewfbœ cª¯Ív‡ei AÜ mg_©b K‡i| Pxb G
mgq gvwK©b hy³iv‡óªi cvkvcvwk hy× weiwZi cª‡Póv Pvjvq| Pxb †Kej cvwK¯Ív‡bi c‡¶ Ae¯’vb †bqwb eis gyw³hy×Kv‡j
evsjv‡`‡k wewfbœ AšÍN©vZg~jK Kg©Kv‡ÐiI c„ô‡cvlKZv K‡i| 1971 mv‡ji gyw³hy×‡K Pxbcš’x bKkvwjiv `yB KyËvi Kvgo
Kvgwo e‡j AwfwnZ K‡iwQj| bKkvwj‡ì A‡b‡K cvwK¯Ívwb‡ì n‡q gyw³‡hv×v‡ì weiæ‡× Ae¯’vb wb‡qwQj| Pxb

bKkvwj‡ì A_© I Am&Î w`‡q mvnvh¨ K‡iwQj| Ggb wK ¯^vaxbZvi ciI Pxb evsjv‡`k‡K †g‡b wb‡Z cv‡iwb| 16 wW‡m¤î
evsjv‡`k ¯^vaxb n‡j Pxb GK wee„wZ‡Z 'Z_vKw_Z evsjv‡`k' m„wói Rb¨ iæk-fvi‡Zi Zxeª mgv‡jvPbv K‡i|
17. evsjv‡`‡ki ciivóª bxwZi wba©viKmg~n eY©bv Ki 18

cª‡Z¨K ivóª AvšÍR©vwZK †¶‡Î wbw`©ó j¶¨ c~i‡Yi Rb¨ ciivóª bxwZ cªYqb K‡i| G bxwZ GKKfv‡e bxwZ cª‡YZv‡ì B”Qv I
we‡ePbvi Dci wbf©ikxj bq| ciivóª bxwZi cª‡YZvMY‡K eû wel‡q we‡ePbv ci ciivóª bxwZi †¶‡Î wm×v‡šÍ DcbxZ n‡Z
nq| eû Dcv`v‡bi Øviv Zuviv cªfvweZ nb| †h-me Dcv`v‡bi Øviv ciivóª bxwZ cªfvweZ nq Zv‡ì ciivóª bxwZi wba©viK ejv
nq|
ciivóª bxwZi wba©viKmg~‡ni g‡a¨ -
1.†fŠ‡MvwjK-mvgwiK Ae¯’vb (Geographical- strategic location),
2. RbmsL¨v (Population), A_©‰bwZK AMªMwZ (Economic development),
3. gZv`k©MZ cwi‡ek (Ideological environment,
4.mvgwiK mgv_¨© (Military capability),
5. HwZnvwmK DËivwaKvi (Historical inheritance),
6. miKvi,
7. RvZxq †bZ„Z¡ Ges K~UbxwZi ¸YMZ gvb (Quality of Government, national leadership and diplomacy),
cªwZ‡ekx ivóª Ges AvšÍR©vwZK mgv‡Ri Ab¨vb¨ m`m¨‡ì AvPiY (Beheaviour of the neighbouring states and other
members of the international society) we‡kl D‡jøL Kiv hvq|
myZivs j¶¨ Kiv hvq †h, ciivóª bxwZi wba©vi‡Ki msL¨v A‡bK| †Kvb we‡kl iv‡óªi ciivóª bxwZ wba©vi‡Yi wbw`©ó Dcv`vb
gyL¨ f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Z cv‡i| wKš‘ Gi A_© GB bq †h, GKKfv‡e †Kvb Dcv`vb ciivóª bxwZi wba©vi‡K cwiYZ n‡Z cv‡i|
e¯ÍyZc‡¶, GKvwaK Dcv`vb ciivóª bxwZi Dci cªfve we¯Ívi K‡i| Zvi g‡a¨ †KvbwU gyL¨ Ges †KvbwU †MŠY Dcv`vbiƒ‡cI
we‡ewPZ n‡Z cv‡i|Avevi mg‡qi cwieZ©‡bi d‡j †Kvb Dcv`v‡bi ¸iæZ¡ nªvm †c‡Z cv‡i| `„óvšÍ¯îƒc, AvYweK Am&Î Ges
AvšÍ tgnv‡`kxq †¶cYvm&‡Îi Drcv`b, DcMª‡ni gva¨‡g Z_¨ msMª‡ni eë¯’v cªwZwU iv‡óªi f~LÐ‡K kw³ai iv‡óªi wbKU
j•Nbxq I †f`¨ K‡i Zy‡j‡Q| myZivs c~‡e©i b¨vq †fŠ‡MvwjK Ae¯’vb GLb Avi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© bq| A_©‰bwZK Ges
mvgwiK mvg_¨© eZ©gv‡b ¸iæZ¡ AR©b K‡i‡Q|
1.†fŠ‡MvwjK-mvgwiK Ae¯’vb (Geographical-strategic Location): †fŠ‡MvwjK-mvgwiK Ae¯’vb ciivóª bxwZ GKwU
¯’vqx Dcv`vb ev wba©vi‡K cwiYZ n‡q‡Q|ciivóª bxwZi Dci f~‡Mv‡ji cªfv‡ei `ywU w`K Av‡Q iv‡óªi †fŠ‡MvwjK cwi‡ek Ges
Zvi †fŠ‡MvwjK Ae¯’v‡bi mvgwiK-ivR‰bwZK ¸iæZ¡| iv‡óªi †fŠ‡MvwjK cwi‡ek ej‡Z Zvi AvqZb, f~-fvM, Rjevqy
cªf„wZ‡K †evSvq| iv‡óªi Av`k© †fŠ‡MvwjK cwi‡ek n‡jv:
(K) iv‡óªi AvqZb Ggb n‡e †hb, Awaevmx‡ì RxebhvÎvi h‡_vchy³ gvb eRvq ivL‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i;
(L)Rjevqy K‡Vvi kª‡gi AbyK~j nIqv cª‡qvRb;
(M) f~-fvM RvZxq cªwZi¶vi mnvqK nIqv ìKvi| cvnvo-ce©Z,b`x, mgy`-ª ‡ewóZ †`k cªvK„wZK Kv‡YB ê‡`wkK AvµgY
†_‡K gy³ _vKvi †¶‡Î myweav †fvM K‡i;
(N) iv‡óªi AvK„wZ (Shape) Ggb nIqv cª‡qvRb †hb, mv‡eKx hy×ve¯’vq wb‡R‡K mn‡R i¶v Ki‡Z cv‡i|cªK„Zc‡¶ †Kvb
†`‡ki c‡¶B Av`k© †fŠ‡MvwjK cwi‡e‡ki AvbyK~j¨ AR©b Kiv m¤¢e bq| cªwZwU †`‡ki †fŠ‡MvwjK Ae¯’vb Zvi ciivóª
bxwZ‡K cªfvweZ K‡i| †MªU weª‡U‡bi e-Øxcxq (Insular) Ae¯’vb Ab¨vb¨ †`‡ki m‡½ ms‡hvM cªmv‡i mvnvh¨ K‡i‡Q| Avevi
gvwK©b hy³ivóª Zvi †fŠ‡MvwjK Ae¯’v‡bi Rb¨ BD‡ivc †_‡K wb‡R‡K wew”Qbœ ivLvi bxwZ Abymi‡Y mvdj¨ AR©b
K‡i‡Q|‡fŠ‡MvwjK Ae¯’vb Ges wekvj AvqZb I Rjevqy †mvwf‡qZ BDwbq‡bi cªwZi¶vi Dci cªfve we¯Ívi K‡i‡Q|
fvi‡Zi †fŠ‡MvwjK Ae¯’vb `w¶Y Gwkqvq Zvi ¸iæZ¡ e„w× K‡i‡Q| fvi‡Zi †RvU-wbi‡c¶ bxwZ Zvi †fŠ‡MvwjK Ae¯’v‡bi
Øviv cªfvweZ n‡q‡Q|cvwK¯Ív‡bi c~e© I cwðg As‡ki g‡a¨ `~i‡Z¡i d‡j cªwZi¶vi †¶‡Î mgm¨vi m„wó K‡iwQj Ges †mB
mgm¨vB evsjv †`‡ki ¯^vaxbZvi hy‡× †mLvbKvi RbM‡Yi mnvqK n‡qwQj| †mB GKB Kvi‡Y fvi‡Zi wel‡q cvwK¯Ívb me©`v
m‡›`n-civqYZvi Øviv cªfvweZ n‡q‡Q| dªvÝ I Rvg©vwb cªwZ‡ekx ivóª| Rvg©vwbi m¤¢ve¨ AvMªvm‡bi fxwZ dªv‡Ýi ciivóª
bxwZ‡K cªfvweZ K‡i‡Q| mv¤úªwZKKv‡j AvdMvwb¯Ív‡bi cªwZ e„nr ivóªmg~‡ni Drmv‡ni KviY Zvi †fŠ‡MvwjK-mvgwiK
Ae¯’vb| AvdMvwb¯Ív‡b cªvavb¨ we¯Ív‡ii gva¨‡g †Kvb ivóª mn‡RB ga¨-cªvP¨, cvK-fviZ Dc- gnv‡`k, Gwkqvi AšÍM©Z
ivwkqv Ges Px‡bi g‡b fxwZ mÂvwiZ Ki‡Z cv‡i|ciivóª bxwZ Dci †fŠ‡MvwjK Ae¯’v‡bi ¸iæZ¡ _v‡K| Avevi †fŠ‡MvwjK
Ae¯’v‡bi Øviv †Kvb iv‡óªi mvgwiK ¸iæZ¡ wba©vwiZ nq| wKš‘ mv¤úªwZKKv‡j †fŠ‡MvwjK Ae¯’vb †Kvb iv‡óªi ciivóª bxwZi
GKK Ges GgbwK cªvavb¨Kvix wba©viK bq| AvšÍtgnv‡`kxq †¶cYvm&Î, `ªæZMvgx wegvb, AvYweK gviYvm&Î mKj ivóª‡KB
†f`¨ K‡i Zy‡j‡Q| wKš‘ Zv m‡Ë¡I †fŠ‡MvwjK Dcv`vb ev wba©vi‡Ki ¸iæZ¡ Ab¯^xKvh©|
G. †R. wc †Uji (A.J.P. Taylor)- Gi g‡Z, †ewkifvM iv‡óªi ciivóª bxwZB Zvi Ae¯’vb Ges cªwZ‡ekx iv‡óªi AvPi‡Yi
Øviv wba©viwZ nq| eøvK Ges U¤úmb D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb, †Kvb †`k ev¯Í‡e †h mKj mgm¨vi m¤§yLxb nq Ges Zvi AwaevwmMY
we‡k¦i Ab¨vb¨ Ask m¤ú‡K© †h aviYv M‡o †Zv‡j Zvi GKwU †fŠ‡MvwjK wfwË Av‡Q|
DcwiD³ aviYvi g‡a¨ †Kvb AwZk‡qvw³ †bB| fviZ-cvwK¯Ívb, `w¶Y AvwdªKv I A¨v‡½vjvi cªvšÍeZ©x ivóªmg~‡ni ciivóª
bxwZB Zvi cªK„ó cªgvY|
2.RbmsL¨v (Population): RbmsL¨v‡K ciivóª bxwZi GKwU D‡jøL‡hvM¨ wba©viKiƒ‡c MY¨ Kiv nq| `xN©Kvje¨vcx
RbmsL¨v‡K ivóªxq kw³ cwigv‡ci GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© gvb`Ðiƒ‡c MY¨ Kiv n‡q‡Q| AZx‡Zi hy‡× c`vwZK evwnbxi DciB
m‡e©v”P ¸iæZ¡ Av‡ivwcZ n‡Zv| cÂv‡ki `k‡K †Kvwiqvi hy‡× MY-cªRvZš¿x Px‡bi wekvjv c`vwZK evwnbx gvwK©b evwnbxi
cªwZ‡iv‡a mnvqK n‡qwQj| wf‡qZbvg hy‡× gvwK©b miKvi‡K wecyj-msL¨K †mbv wb‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡qwQj|
A‡b‡K g‡b K‡ib †h, AvYweK Am&‡Îi cªmv‡ii d‡j ciivóª bxwZ Z_v RvZxq kw³ wba©vi‡Y ˆmb¨msL¨vi ¸iæZ nªvm
†c‡q‡Q| KvwiMix we`¨v Ges cªhyw³i weKvkB cªavb we‡eP¨ wel‡q cwiYZ n‡q‡Q| GK_v Ab¯^xKvh© †hv AvaywbK hy‡×i †¶‡Î
ˆmb¨msL¨vi ¸iæZ¡ c~‡e©i Zyjbvq nªvm †c‡q‡Q| wKš‘ Zv m‡Ë¡I ˆmb¨msL¨v ¸iæZ¡nxb n‡j c‡owb| AvYweK hy‡MI hy‡×i im`
mieiv‡ni Rb¨ eû e¨w³i cª‡qvRb| Rbeûj ivóª hy‡×i A‡bK ¶q¶wZ mn K‡iI wb‡Ri Aw¯ÍZ¡ i¶vq Rbm¤ú‡ì mvnv‡h¨
wb‡Ri mvg_¨© AvswkKfv‡e Ae¨vnZ ivL‡Z cv‡i| †Kvb iv‡óªi hy‡×i mvg‡_¨©i cwi‡cªw¶‡Z RbmsL¨v Ges ciivóª bxwZi
m¤úK© ¸iæZ¡ AR©b K‡i| bvMwiK‡` mKj As‡ki g‡a¨ msnwZ, ivR‰bwZK msMV‡bi weKvk, Rbmvavi‡Yi ¸YMZ gvb,
ivR‰bwZK †PZbv, wk¶v- cªmvi, ivR‰bwZK AskMªn‡Yi my‡hvM-myweav, Rbg‡Zi Pvc, miKv‡ii aib cªf„wZi Dci ciivóª
bxwZ wba©vi‡Y- RbmsL¨vi ¸iæZ¡ wbf©ikxj| Z‡e RbmsL¨vi cwigv‡Yi m‡½ Zvi ¸YMZ gvbI we‡klfv‡e we‡eP¨|
bvMwiK‡`- `¶Zv, mvg_¨© Ges ¸YMZ gvbB RvZxq cªfve we¯Ív‡i mvnvh¨ K‡i|
3. BwZnvm (History): cªwZwU RvwZi BwZnv‡mi ØvivI Zvi ciivóª bxwZ cªfvweZ nq| we‡kl cwiw¯’wZ- Pv‡cI NUbvcªev‡ni
gva¨‡g cªwZwU RvwZi BwZnv‡mi iƒc‡iLv M‡o I‡V| D™¢e N‡U Zvi wbw`©ó cwiPq Ge ¯^KxqZvi| HwZnvwmK NUbvi NvZ-
cªwZNv‡Zi gva¨‡gB cª‡Z¨K RvwZi †fŠ‡MvwjK mxgvbv wba©viwZ nq; †Kvb RvwZi weKv‡ki BwZnv‡mi Øviv ciivóª bxwZi
A‡bK †gŠwjK êwkó¨ M‡o I‡V| HwZnvwmK AwfÁZvi Av‡jv‡K cª‡Z¨K RvwZ Zvi ciivóª bxwZi wfwË MVb K‡i|fviZ-
wefvM Ges cvwK¯Ívb iv‡óªi D™¢e Dfq †`‡ki g‡a¨ ¯^vfvweK êwiZv m„wó K‡i‡Q| Ab¨vb¨ †`‡ki wel‡q n¯Í‡¶‡ci cªeYZv
†MªU weª‡U‡bi ciivóª bxwZi Ab¨Zg cªavb êwkó¨| dªv‡Ýi ivR‰bwZK BwZnvm n‡jv wbivcËv AR©‡bi BwZnvm| GB Kvi‡YB
RvZxq wbivcËvi cªkœ dªv‡Ýi ciivóª bxwZi Ab¨Zg cªavb Dcv`v‡b cwiYZ n‡q‡Q| gvwK©b hy³ivóª wb‡Ri cªfv‡ei cwigÐ‡ji
cªmvi Ges msi¶‡Yi Rb¨ MYZvwš¿K Ges ˆbwZK g~j¨‡eva I we‡ePbvi Avkªq MªnY K‡i‡Q| fviZ-Pxb, cvK-AvdMvb mxgvšÍ
we‡iva A_ev AvwdªKvi wewfbœ iv‡óªi g‡a¨ f~LÐMZ we‡iva Dcwb‡ewkK kvm‡bi BwZnv‡mi g‡a¨B wbwnZ| Avie-BRiv‡qj
we‡iv‡ai DrmI ga¨cªv‡Pï BwZnv‡mi weKv‡ki êwkó¨ I avivi g‡a¨ wbwnZ|
4. A_©‰bwZK m¤ú` (Economic Resources): A_©‰bwZK m¤ú‡ì Øviv e¨vcKfv‡e ciivóª bxwZi cªK„wZ I aviv wba©vwiZ
nq| †Kvb iv‡óªi A_©‰bwZK kw³ Zvi mvg‡_¨©i m~PK| Ab¨vb¨ iv‡óªi m‡½ m¤ú‡K©i †¶‡Î H mvg‡_¨©I cªfve cªwZdwjZ nq|
A_©‰bwZK KvVv‡gvi cªavb j¶¨ n‡jv Drcv`v‡bi Rb¨ †`‡ki f~wg, kªg, cyuwR, Ges D‡`¨v‡Mi eënvi| Drcvw`Z A_©‰bwZK
m¤ú‡ì, eÈb, †fvM, RbKj¨vY, bvMwiK‡ì RxebhvÎvi gv‡bvbœqb BZ¨vwÌ iv‡óªi A_©‰bwZK Kvh©vewji AšÍf©y³| cªvK„wZK
m¤ú‡` mg„w×kvjx †`k mn‡RB wb‡Ri A_©‰bwZK mg„w× NUv‡Z cv‡i| `„óvšÍ ¯îƒc, LwbR ˆZ‡j mg„× ga¨cªvP¨ AvšÍR©vwZK
ivRbxwZi Ab¨Zg ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjbKvix AÂj|
5. RvZxq j¶¨ (National Objectives): ciivóª bxwZ cªYqb Ges cª‡qv‡Mi †¶‡Î RvZxq j‡¶ï aviYv we‡kølY Kiv
Avek¨K| ciivóª bxwZ cªYq‡bi †¶‡Î †Kvb ivóª †Kej AvšÍR©vwZK cwi‡e‡ki Øviv Av‡ivwcZ mxgve×Zvi Dci cªwZwµqv
cªKvk K‡i bv ev Av‡ivwcZ Ae¯’vi m‡½ mvgÄm¨ weav‡bi †Póv K‡i bv| Zvi j¶¨ AviI e¨vcK| K~UbxwZwe` Ges ciivóª
`ß‡ii m‡½ RwoZ e¨w³MY cªvZ¨wnK mgm¨v mgvav‡bi m‡½ RwoZ _v‡Kb| wKš‘ ciivóª bxwZi GLv‡bB ïiæ Ges †kl bq|
cª‡Z¨K †`‡ki miKv‡ii D‡Ïk¨ I cª‡qvRb _v‡K| GB D‡Ïk¨ I cª‡qvRb c~i‡Yi Rb¨ Zv‡K wbR Kvh©vewj msMwVZ Ki‡Z
nq| H Avi †Kvb we‡kl we‡ivax| mgvRZvwš¿K ‡`kmg~‡ni ciivóª bxwZi gva¨‡g GB gZv`k©MZ A½xKvi Awfe¨³ n‡q‡Q|
c¶všÍ‡i, cyuwRev` ¯^‡`‡k I we‡`‡k †kvlY Ges wbcxo‡bi gva¨‡g wb‡Ri Aw¯ÍZ¡ eRvq iv‡L| GB Kvi‡YB A_©‰bwZK,
ivR‰bwZK Ges mvs¯‹…wZK †¶‡Î cyuwRev`x| †`kmg~n AvMªvmx bxwZ AbymiY K‡i|gZv`k©MZ cv_©‡Kï Rb¨B AvšÍR©vwZK
†¶‡Î c~e©Zb †mvwf‡qZ BDwbqb Ges gvwK©b hy³ivóª ci¯úi-we‡ivax `„wófw½ MªnY K‡iwQj| Avevi †mvwf‡qZ BDwbqb Ges
MY-cªRvZš¿x Px‡bi mgm¨v m¤ú‡K© gvwK©b hy³ivóª wfbœgZ †cvlY K‡i‡Q| AvšÍR©vwZK †¶‡Î gZv`k©MZ we‡iva _vKv m‡Ë¡I
cª‡Z¨K ivóªB mnbkxjZv Ges AvZ¥wbqwš¿Z evaëvaKZvi eë¯’v †g‡b P‡j| gZv`k©MZ cªPvi †_‡K †hgb †Kvb ivóª weiZ
_v‡K bv, wVK †Zgwb †Kvb ivóªB eZ©gv‡b Ab¨ gZv`k©vej¤^x iv‡óªi aŸsmmva‡bi Rb¨ me©kw³ wb‡qvM Ki‡Z cvi‡Q bv|
mv¤úªwZKKv‡ji AvšÍR©vwZK cwiw¯’wZi PvcB Zvi gyL¨ KviY| GB Rb¨B AvcvZ`„wó‡Z AvšÍR©vwZK †¶‡Î wewfbœ gZv`‡k©i
mnve¯’vb j¶¨ KivZ‡e GB mnve¯’vb KLbI P~ovšÍ I `xN©¯’vqx n‡Z cv‡i bv|
6. miKv‡ii `¶Zv Ges ivR‰bwZK †bZ„‡Z¡i cªK„wZ: miKv‡ii `¶Zv I mgv_¨© Ges ivR‰bwZK †bZ„‡Z¡i `~i`wk©Zv, PvZyh©
Ges eyw×gËvi Dc‡iI ciivóª bxwZ wbf©ikxj| †Kvb cwiw¯’wZ‡Z †Kvb eë¯’v Kvh©Ki n‡e Ges RvZxq ¯^v_© I j¶¨ c~iY Kiv
m¤¢e n‡e, RvZxq †bZ„e„›`B †m wel‡q wm×všÍ MªnY K‡ib| miKv‡ii D‡`¨vM I †bZ„‡Z¡B m¤¢vebvm~PK ¶gZv cªK„Z ¶gZvq
cwiYZ nq| miKv‡ii RbwcªqZv, mymse× cªkvmwbK KvVv‡gv, Z_¨ msMªn Ges web¨v‡m miKvwi ZrciZv, ciivóª `ß‡ii
c`¯’ Kg©Pvix‡ì †hvM¨Zv ciivóª bxwZ cªYqb Ges ciivóª-welqK ¸iæZ¡c~Y© wm×všÍmg~‡ni Dci cªfve we¯Ívi K‡i|miKv‡ii

†bZ„e„›`B ciivóª bxwZi cªavb Drm Ges kw³| eøvK Ges U¤úmb Gi g‡Z, †Kvb wbw`©ó mg‡q ivóª wK f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡e
Ges wK ai‡bi ciivóª bxwZ AbymiY Ki‡e Zv wm×všÍ MªnYKvix‡ì ¸YMZ gv‡bi Dci wbf©ikxj| miKvwi †bZ„‡Z¡i DrK‡l©i
Dci †h ciivóª bxwZi DrKl© wbf©ikxj Djdvim (Wolfers) †mw`‡K `„wó AvKl©Y K‡i‡Qb|
ev¯Íe AwfÁZvi wfwË‡Z ejv hvq †h, ciivóª bxwZ‡K †Kvb Ae¯’vqB miKvwi †bZ„‡Z¡i cªK„wZ †_‡K wew”Qbœ Kiv hvq bv|
miKv‡ii †bZ„e„‡›ì gb¯ÍvwË¡K KvVv‡gv, ivR‰bwZK AwfÁZv I `~i`wk©Zv, e¨w³Z¡, wek¦-ivRbxwZi Abyaveb cªf„wZi Øviv
ciivóª bxwZ-welqK wm×všÍ cªfvweZ n‡Z eva¨| GB Kvi‡Y GKB ivR‰bwZK `jfy³ †bZ„e„‡›ì g‡aÏ ciivóª- welqK cª‡kœ
`„wó‡KvYwRbZ wewfbœZv j¶ Kiv hvq| Rb Gd †K‡bwW Ges wjÛb Rbmb Df‡qB †W‡gvKª¨vwUK cvwU©fy³ wQ‡jb| wKš‘
ciivóª bxwZi †¶‡Î Zuv‡ì g‡a¨ †KŠkjMZ cv_©K¨ wQj| fvi‡Z jvjevnv`yi kvm&Îx m‡½ RInijvj †bniæ I Bw›ìv MvÜxi
cªavbgwš¿Z¡Kvjwb ciivóªbxwZi MwZkxi Pwi‡Îi cv_©K¨ wQj|
7. K~UbxwZi ¸YMZ gvb (Quality of Diplomacy): K~UbxwZi ¸YMZ gv‡bi DciI ciivóª bxwZ wbf©ikxj| AvšÍR©vwZK
mgv‡R †Kvb iv‡óªi mvdj¨ ev e¨_©Zv Zvi K~U‰bwZK †KŠkj Ges DrK‡l©i Dci wbf©ikxj| K~UbxwZi DrKl© RvZxq j¶¨
m¤ú‡K© aviYv, ivóª cwiPvjbv m¤úwK©Z †KŠkj I AwfÁZv‡K cª‡qvRb Abymv‡i cª‡qv‡Mi mvg‡_¨©i Dci wbf©ikxj| iv‡óªi
cªwZwU j¶¨ I D‡Ïk¨ c~iY miKv‡ii K~U‰bwZK PvZy‡iï gva¨‡g w¯’ixK„Z nq|K~U‰bwZK wµqvKjv‡c wjß e¨w³‡ì gva¨‡gB
ciivóª bxwZi mKj j¶¨ wba©vwiZ nq| K~U‰bwZK wµqvKjv‡ci gva¨‡gB g~jZ Ab¨vb¨ iv‡óªi m‡½ ms‡hvM mvab Ges
gZcv_©‡Kï mgvavb Kiv nq| K~UbxwZwe`MYB wewfbœ ¯^v‡_©I mgš^q mva‡bi c×wZ w¯’i K‡ib| `„óvšÍ¯îƒc, fvi‡Zi
K~UbxwZwe`MY we‡`wk iv‡óªi kvmKgÐjx I RbmvaviY‡K fvi‡Zi e³e¨ I mgm¨v Abyave‡b hZ mdj n‡eb fvi‡Zi ciivóª
bxwZI ZZ †ewk mdj n‡e| Z‡e fvi‡Zi AbyK~‡j Zv‡ì gZvgZ m„wó n‡e wKbv, Zv wbf©ikxj K~U‰bwZK cªwZwbwa‡ì
†KŠkj I eyw×gËvi Dci| Zv Qvov ciivóª bxwZ cwiPvjbvi †¶‡Î `~i`wk©Zv, mg‡qvc‡hvMx c`‡¶c, mwVK Ges cª‡qvRb
Abyhvqx e³e¨ Dc¯’vcb K~U‰bwZK mvd‡jï cª‡qvRbxq kZ©iƒ‡c we‡ewPZ nq|
DcwiD³ Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g GB wm×v‡šÍ DcbxZ nIqv hvq †h, ciivóª bxwZ eû Dcv`v‡bi Øviv cªfvweZ| ¯’vb I Kvj‡f‡`
†Kvb we‡kl Dcv`vb Ab¨vb¨ Dcv`v‡bi Zyjbvq ¸iæZ¡ AR©b Ki‡Z cv‡i| A‡bK cwiw¯’wZ‡Z †Kvb Dcv`vb ev wba©viK
Acªvmw½K g‡b n‡Z cv‡i| Avevi ¯’vb A_ev mg‡qi cwieZ©‡bi d‡j †mB Dcv`vbB cªavb wba©vi‡Ki f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Z
cv‡i| G QvovI K‡qKwU Dcv`vb †hŠ_fv‡e ciivóª bxwZ cªYq‡b cªfve we¯Ívi Ki‡Z cv‡i| myZivs †Kvb we‡kl wba©vi‡Ki
f~wgKv m¤ú‡K© †Kvb me©Rbxb ZË¡ MVb m¤¢e bq|
m¤úv`bvq:
Gwe meyR Avn‡g`
ivóªweÁvb PZz_© el©
PzbviæNvU miKvwi K‡jR

Evsjv ' Ki A - © BWZK Dbœq B GWKQV Dbœqb E Vs Ki Gi F WGKV Ey©Bv Ki

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Evsjv ' Ki A - © BWZK Dbœq B GWKQV Dbœqb E Vs Ki Gi F WGKV Ey©Bv Ki

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evsjv‡`‡ki ˆe‡`wkK m¤úK© -1

2. mv¤úªwZK mg‡q evsjv‡`‡ki ciivóª bxwZi mdjZvmg~n eY©bv Ki 18,20

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4. ¯^vaxbZv cieZ©x evsjv‡`k-fviZ m¤úK© Av‡jvPbv Ki 20

5. evsjv‡`‡k eûRvwZK †Kv¤úvwbi †kvlY †KŠkjmg~n Av‡jvPbv Ki 14,16,18,20

6. gymwjg we‡k¦i kvwšÍ I mg„w×‡Z IAvBwmi f~wgKv eY©bv Ki 14,16,18,20

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7. evsjv‡`‡ki ciivóªbxwZi ˆewkó¨mg~n Av‡jvPbv Ki 20

mdi AvÂwjK mn‡hvwMZv‡K AviI †Rvi`vi K‡i‡Q|

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9. Z„Zxq we‡k¦i †`kmg~‡ni A_©‰bwZK gyw³i Dcvqmg~n Av‡jvPbv Ki 14,16,18

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10. evsjv‡`‡ki gyw³hy‡× †mvwf‡qZ BDwbqb -Gi f~wgKv g~j¨vqb Ki 14,16

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12. f~-ivRbxwZ Kx? f~-ivRbxwZi cªfve I ¸iæZ¡ Av‡jvPbv Ki 14,19

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evsjv‡`‡ki Dci f~ivR‰bwZK †bwZevPK cªfve Negative Effects of Geo-Politics in Bangladesh

14. ‡UKmB Dbœq‡bi kZ©vewjmg~n Av‡jvPbv Ki 15,19

16. evsjv‡`‡ki gyw³hy‡× civkw³mg~‡ni f~wgKv Av‡jvPbv Ki 17,19

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17. evsjv‡`‡ki ciivóª bxwZi wba©viKmg~n eY©bv Ki 18

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