Siemens NX 12 0 for Designers 11th

Edition Sham Tickoo

Visit to download the full and correct content document:
https://textbookfull.com/product/siemens-nx-12-0-for-designers-11th-edition-sham-tick
oo/
More products digital (pdf, epub, mobi) instant
download maybe you interests ...

NX 10 0 for Designers 9th Edition Sham Tickoo

https://textbookfull.com/product/nx-10-0-for-designers-9th-
edition-sham-tickoo/

AutoCAD Electrical 2016 for Electrical Control

Designers Sham Tickoo

https://textbookfull.com/product/autocad-electrical-2016-for-
electrical-control-designers-sham-tickoo/

SOLIDWORKS 2018 for Designers 16th Edition Sham Tickooo

https://textbookfull.com/product/solidworks-2018-for-
designers-16th-edition-sham-tickooo/

Exploring Autodesk Revit 2019 for Architecture 15th

Edition Sham Tickoo

https://textbookfull.com/product/exploring-autodesk-
revit-2019-for-architecture-15th-edition-sham-tickoo/
Autodesk 3ds Max 2019 A Comprehensive Guide Sham Tickoo
Purdue Univ

https://textbookfull.com/product/autodesk-3ds-
max-2019-a-comprehensive-guide-sham-tickoo-purdue-univ/

MAXON CINEMA 4D R18 Studio A Tutorial Approach 5th

Edition Sham Tickoo

https://textbookfull.com/product/maxon-cinema-4d-r18-studio-a-
tutorial-approach-5th-edition-sham-tickoo/

Linux Kernel source code Heavily Commented Kernel

Version 0 12 2019th Edition Zhao Jiong

https://textbookfull.com/product/linux-kernel-source-code-
heavily-commented-kernel-version-0-12-2019th-edition-zhao-jiong/

Digital design in action : creative solutions for

designers 1st Edition Ciolek

https://textbookfull.com/product/digital-design-in-action-
creative-solutions-for-designers-1st-edition-ciolek/

3D Printing for Artists Designers and Makers 2nd

Edition Stephen Hoskins

https://textbookfull.com/product/3d-printing-for-artists-
designers-and-makers-2nd-edition-stephen-hoskins/
Siemens
NX 12.0
for Designers
(11th Edition)

CADCIM Technologies
525 St. Andrews Drive
Schererville, IN 46375, USA
(www.cadcim.com)

Contributing Author
Sham Tickoo
Purdue University Northwest
Department of Mechanical Engineering Technology
Hammond, Indiana, USA

CADCIM Technologies
525 St Andrews Drive
Schererville, Indiana 46375, USA
www.cadcim.com

Copyright ©2018 by CADCIM Technologies, USA. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of
America except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976.

No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in
the database or retrieval system without the prior permission of CADCIM Technologies.

ISBN 978-1-64057-012-2

NOTICE TO THE READER

Publisher does not warrant or guarantee any of the products described in the text or perform any
independent analysis in connection with any of the product information contained in the text. Publisher
does not assume, and expressly disclaims,any obligation to obtain and include information other than
that provided to it by the manufacturer.

The reader is expressly warned to consider and adopt all safety precautions that might be indicated by
the activities herein and to avoid all potential hazards. By following the instructions contained herein,
the reader willingly assumes all risks in connection with such instructions.

The Publisher makes no representation or warranties of any kind, including but not limited to, the
warranties of fitness for particular purpose or merchantability, nor are any such representations implied
with respect to the material set forth herein, and the publisher takes no responsibility with respect to
such material. The publisher shall not be liable for any special, consequential, or exemplary damages
resulting, in whole or part, from the reader’s use of, or reliance upon, this material.

www.cadcim.com

CADCIM Technologies
DEDICATION
To teachers, who make it possible to disseminate knowledge
to enlighten the young and curious minds
of our future generations
To students, who are dedicated to learning new technologies
and making the world a better place to live in

THANKS
To the faculty and students of the MET department of
Purdue University Northwest for their cooperation
To employees of CADCIM Technologies for their valuable help

Online Training Program Offered by CADCIM

Technologies
CADCIM Technologies provides effective and affordable virtual online
training on various software packages including Computer Aided Design,
Manufacturing, and Engineering (CAD/CAM/CAE), computer programming
languages, animation, architecture, and GIS. The training is delivered ‘live’
via Internet at any time, any place, and at any pace to individuals as well as
the students of colleges, universities, and CAD/CAM training centers. The
main features of this program are:
Training for Students and Companies in a Classroom Setting
Highly experienced instructors and qualified engineers at CADCIM
Technologies conduct the classes under the guidance of Prof. Sham Tickoo of
Purdue University Northwest, USA. This team has authored several textbooks
that are rated “one of the best” in their categories and are used in various
colleges, universities, and training centers in North America, Europe, and in
other parts of the world.

Training for Individuals

CADCIM Technologies with its cost effective and time saving initiative
strives to deliver the training in the comfort of your home or work place,
thereby relieving you from the hassles of traveling to training centers.

Training Offered on Software Packages

CADCIM provides basic and advanced training on the following software
packages:

CAD/CAM/CAE: CATIA, Pro/ENGINEER Wildfire, Creo Parametric, Creo

Direct, SolidWorks, Autodesk Inventor, Solid Edge, NX, AutoCAD, AutoCAD
LT, AutoCAD Plant 3D, Customizing AutoCAD, EdgeCAM, and ANSYS

Architecture and GIS: Autodesk Revit (Architecture, Structure, MEP),

AutoCAD Civil 3D, AutoCAD
Map 3D, Navisworks, Oracle Primavera, and Bentley STAAD Pro

Animation and Styling: Autodesk 3ds Max, Autodesk Maya, Autodesk Alias,
Foundry NukeX, and MAXON CINEMA 4D

Computer Programming: C++, VB.NET, Oracle, AJAX, and Java

For more information, please visit the following link:

http://www.cadcim.com

Note
If you are a faculty member, you can register by clicking on the following
link to access the teaching
resources: http://www.cadcim.com/Registration.aspx. The student resources
are available at http://www.cadcim.com. We also
provide Live Virtual Online Training on various software packages. For
more information, write us at sales@cadcim.com.

Table of Contents

Introduction to NX 12.0
System Requirements
Getting Started with NX
Important Terms and Definitions
Understanding the Functions of the Mouse Buttons
Quick Access Toolbar
Ribbon
Status Bar
Hot Keys
Color Scheme
Dialog Boxes in NX
Selecting Objects
Deselecting Objects
Selecting Objects Using the QuickPick Dialog Box
Self-Evaluation Test

Introduction
Starting NX
Starting a New Document in NX 2-3 Invoking Different NX Environments
Creating Three Fixed Datum Planes (XC-YC, YC-ZC, XC-ZC)
Displaying the WCS (Work Coordinate System)
Creating Sketches
Creating Sketches in the Modeling Environment
Creating Sketches in the Sketching Environment
Sketching Tools
Drawing Sketches Using the Profile Tool
Using Help Lines to Locate Points
Drawing Individual Lines
Drawing Arcs
Drawing Circles
Drawing Rectangles
Placing Points
Drawing Ellipses or Elliptical Arcs
Drawing Conics
Drawing Studio Splines
Filleting Sketched Entities
The Drawing Display Tools
Fitting Entities in the Current Display
Zooming an Area
Dynamic Zooming
Panning Drawings
Fitting View to Selection
Restoring the Original Orientation of the Sketching Plane
Setting Selection Filters in the Sketch in Task Environment
Selecting Objects
Deselecting Objects
Using Snap Points Options While Sketching
Deleting Sketched Entities
Exiting the Sketch Environment
Tutorial 1
Tutorial 2
Tutorial 3
Self-Evaluation Test
Review Questions
Exercise 1
Exercise 2
2-53
Constraining Sketches
Concept of Constrained Sketches
Under-Constrain
Fully-Constrain
Over-Constrain
Degrees of Freedom Arrows
Dimensioning Sketches
Locking the Automatically Applied Dimensions
Applying Dimensions by Using the Rapid Dimension Tool
Applying Linear Dimensions
Applying Radial Dimensions
Applying Angular Dimensions
Applying Perimeter Dimensions
Editing the Dimension Value and Other Parameters
Animating a Fully-Constrained Sketch
Measuring the Distance Value between Objects in a Sketch
Measuring the Distance between Two Objects in a Sketch
Measuring the Projected Distance between Two Objects
Measuring the Screen Distance between Two Objects
Measuring the Length of an Arc or a Line
Measuring the Angle between Entities
Measuring the Angle Value Using the By Objects Option
Measuring the Angle Value Using the By 3 Points Option
Measuring the Angle Value Using the By Screen Points Option
Geometric Constraints
Applying Additional Constraints Individually
Applying Symmetry Constraint
Applying Automatic Constraints to a Sketch
Controlling Inferred Constraints Settings
Showing All Constraints in a Sketch
Sketch Relations Browser
Converting a Sketch Entity or Dimension into a Reference Entity or
Reference Dimension
Creating Alignment Constraints
Tutorial 1
Tutorial 2
Tutorial 3
Self-Evaluation Test
Review Questions
Exercise 1
Exercise 2

Editing Sketches
Trimming Sketched Entities
Extending Sketched Entities
Creating a Corner between Sketched Entities
Moving Sketched Entities by Using the Move Curve Tool
Offsetting Sketched Entities by Using Offset Move Curve
Modifying Entities by Using the Resize Curve Tool
Modifying Chamfer in Sketched Entities by Using Resize Chamfer Curve
Tool
Deleting Sketched Entities by Using Delete Curve Tool
Offsetting Sketched Entities
Mirroring Sketched Entities
Creating a Linear Sketch Pattern
Creating a Circular Sketch Pattern
Creating a General Sketch Pattern
Trim Recipe Curve
Scale Curve
Transforming Sketched Entities
Editing Sketched Entities by Dragging
Exiting the Sketch Environment
Changing the View of the Sketch
Creating Base Features by Extruding
Extrude Dialog Box Options
Creating Solid Revolved Bodies
Copying, Moving, and Rotating Objects
Hiding Entities
Showing Hidden Entities
Hiding All Entities Using a Single Tool
Rotating the View of a Model in 3D Space
Setting Display Model
Tutorial 1
Tutorial 2
Tutorial 3
Self-Evaluation Test
Review Questions
Exercise 1
Exercise 2

Additional Sketching and Reference Planes

Types of Datum Planes
Creating Three Fixed (Principle) Datum Planes
Creating Relative Datum Planes
Creating Datum Coordinate Systems
Creating Fixed and Relative Datum Axes
Other Extrusion Options
Specifying the Boolean Operation
Specifying Other Extrusion Termination Options
Projecting External Elements
Tutorial 1
Tutorial 2
Tutorial 3
Self-Evaluation Test
Review Questions
Exercise 1
Exercise 2
Exercise 3
Advanced Modeling Tools
Creating Holes by Using the Hole Tool
Creating General Holes
Creating Drill Size Hole
Creating Screw Clearance Hole
Creating Threaded Hole
Creating Hole Series
Creating Grooves
Creating Rectangular Grooves
Creating Ball End Grooves
Creating U Grooves
Creating Slots
Creating Rectangular Slots
Creating Ball-End Slots
Creating U-Slots
Creating T-Slots
Creating Dove-Tail Slots
Creating Ribs
Creating Chamfers
Creating a Chamfer Feature Using the Symmetric Method
Creating a Chamfer Feature Using the Asymmetric Method
Creating a Chamfer Feature Using the Offset and Angle Method
Creating an Edge Blend
Tutorial 1
Tutorial 2
Self-Evaluation Test
Review Questions
Exercise 1
Exercise 2
Exercise 3

Advanced Modeling Tools

Pattern Feature Tool
Creating a Linear Pattern
Creating a Circular Pattern
Creating a Polygon Pattern
Creating a Spiral Pattern
Creating a Pattern Along a Curve
Creating a General Pattern
Creating a Reference Pattern
Creating a Helix Pattern
Creating Patterns by Defining Boundary
Creating a Fill Pattern
Mirror Feature Tool
Mirror Face Tool
Mirror Geometry Tool
Sweeping Sketches Along the Guide Curves
Creating Swept Features
Creating Tubes or Cables
Creating Threads
Creating Symbolic Threads
Creating Detailed Threads
Creating Shell Features
Editing Features
Editing a Hole Feature
Editing the Positioning of a Groove Feature
Editing the Parameters of Features
Editing the Parameters of Features with Rollback
Editing Sketches of the Sketch-based Features
Reordering Features
Creating Drafts
Creating Lattice
Tutorial 1
Tutorial 2
Tutorial 3
Tutorial 4
Tutorial 5
Self-Evaluation Test
Review Questions
Exercise 1
Exercise 2
Exercise 3

The Assembly Environment

Invoking the Assembly Environment
Invoking the Assembly Environment Using the New Dialog Box
Invoking the Assembly Environment in the Current Part File
Types of Assembly Design Approaches
Creating Bottom-up Assemblies
Placing Components in the Assembly Environment
Changing the Reference Set of a Component
Applying Assembly Constraints to Components
Points to Remember while Assembling Components
Creating a Pattern Component in an Assembly
Replacing a Component in an Assembly
Moving a Component in an Assembly
Mirroring a Component in an Assembly
Modifying a Component in the Assembly File
Tutorial 1
Tutorial 2
Self-Evaluation Test
Review Questions
Exercise 1
Exercise 2
Exercise 3
Exercise 4

The Top-down Assembly Design Approach

Creating Components Using the Top-down Assembly Design Approach
Creating Subassemblies
Editing Assembly Constraints
Checking the Interference between the Components of an Assembly
Checking Interference Using the Simple Interference Tool
Checking Interference Between the Assembly Components
Checking Interference and Clearance, and Analyzing Cross-sections of
Components Using the View Section Tool
Creating Exploded Views of an Assembly
Exploding Views Automatically
Exploding Views Manually
Digital Mock Up Application (DMU)
Tutorial 1
Tutorial 2
Tutorial 3
Tutorial 4
Self-Evaluation Test
Review Questions
Exercise 1
Exercise 2
Exercise 3

Introduction to Surface Modeling

Invoking the Shape Studio Environment
Creating an Extruded Surface
Creating a Revolved Surface
Creating a Combined Surface
Creating a Surface Using the Through Curves Tool
Creating a Surface Using the Through Curve Mesh Tool
Creating a Surface Using the Four Point Surface Tool
Creating Planar Surfaces from 2D Sketches and Edges of Solid or Surface
Creating a Transition Surface Using the Transition Tool
Creating an N-Sided Surface
Creating a Silhouette Flange Surface
Extending a Surface Using the Law Extension Tool
Creating a Surface Offset Using the Offset Surface Tool
Trimming and Extending a Surface Using the Trim and Extend Tool
Trimming a Sheet by Using the Trimmed Sheet Tool
Creating a Surface Using the Studio Surface Tool
Creating a Surface between Two Walls Using the Styled Blend Tool
Creating Surfaces Using the Styled Sweep Tool
Sewing Individual Surfaces into a Single Surface
Adding Thickness to a Surface
Adding a Draft
Tutorial 1
Tutorial 2
Self-Evaluation Test
Review Questions
Exercise 1
Exercise 2

Creating Curves from Bodies

Creating Intersection Curves
Creating Section Curves
Creating Isoparametric Curves
Projecting Curves
Advanced Surface Modeling Tools
Creating Emboss Body on a Sheet or Solid Body
Creating Face Blend Features
Creating Bridge Features
Tutorial 1
Tutorial 2
Tutorial 3
Self-Evaluation Test
Review Questions
Exercise 1
Exercise 2
The Drafting Environment
Invoking the Drafting Environment
Invoking the Drafting Environment Using the Drawing Template from the
New Dialog Box
Invoking the Drafting Environment in the Current Part File
Editing the Drawing Sheet Parameters in the Drafting Environment
Invoking the Drafting Tools
Types of Drawing Views in NX
Base View
Projected View
Detail View
Section View
Auxiliary View
Half-Section View
Revolved Section View
Break-Out Section View
Broken View
Generating Drawing Views
Generating Views Using the View Creation Wizard Tool
Generating the Base View
Generating the Orthographic Drawing Views Using the Projected View Tool
Generating the Detail View Using the Detail View Tool
Creating a Section Line
Generating Section Views Using the Section View Tool
Generating the Break-Out Section View
Generating the Broken View
Manipulating the Drawing Views
Moving the Drawing Views Using the Move/Copy View Tool
Aligning the Drawing Views Using the Align View Tool
View Boundary
Section in View Tool
Inserting a Drawing Sheet Using the New Sheet Tool
Modifying the Properties of the Generated Drawing View
Modifying the Scale Value of the Drawing View
Adding Dimensions to the Drawing Views
Generating Exploded Views of an Assembly
Creating Parts List and Associative Balloons
Creating a Parts List for an Assembly
Creating Associative Balloons
Creating a Tabular Note (Title Block)
Adding Multiline Text to a Drawing Sheet
Printing Tools
Print
Plot
Tutorial 1
Tutorial 2
Tutorial 3
Self-Evaluation Test
Review Questions
Exercise 1
Exercise 2

Introduction
Synchronous Modeling Tools
Move Face
Move Edge
Pull Face
Offset Region
Offset Edge
Replace Face
Resize Blend
Reorder Blends
Resize Chamfer
Label Chamfer
Label Notch Blend
Resize Face
Delete Face
Copy Face
Cut Face
Paste Face
Mirror Face
Pattern Face
Make Coplanar
Make Coaxial
Make Tangent
Make Symmetric
Make Parallel
Make Perpendicular
Make Offset
Linear Dimension
Angular Dimension
Radial Dimension
Group Face
Edit Cross Section
Tutorial 1
Tutorial 2
Self-Evaluation Test
Review Questions
Exercise 1
Exercise 2

The Sheet Metal Module

Setting the Sheet Metal Part Properties
Creating the Base Feature
Adding Flanges to a Sheet Metal Part
Creating Contour Flanges
Creating Lofted Flanges
Adding a Jog to the Sheet
Bending the Sheet Metal Part
Unbending the Sheet Metal Part
Rebending the Sheet Metal Part
Filleting or Chamfering Corners
Closing the Corners of a Sheet Metal Part
Creating Dimples in a Sheet Metal Part
Creating Louvers in a Sheet Metal Part
Creating Drawn Cutouts in a Sheet Metal Part
Creating Beads in a Sheet Metal Part
Adding Gussets to a Sheet Metal part
Adding Hems
Creating a Sheet Metal Part Using Solid Body
Converting a Solid Part into a Sheet Metal Part
Ripping the Corners of a Solid Part
Creating the Flat Pattern of a Sheet Metal Part
Creating the Flat Pattern
Creating the Flat Solid
Exporting a Flat Pattern
Renewing Features
Tutorial 1
Tutorial 2
Self-Evaluation Test
Review Questions
Exercise 1
Exercise 2

Preface
Siemens NX 12.0
Siemens NX 12.0, a product of SIEMENS Corp., is one of the world’s
leading CAD/CAM/CAE packages. Being a solid modeling tool, it not only
unites 3D parametric features with 2D tools, but also addresses every design-
through-manufacturing process. Besides providing an insight into the design
content, the package promotes collaboration between companies and provides
them an edge over their competitors.

In addition to creating solid models and assemblies, the 2D drawing views

can also be generated easily in the Drafting environment of NX. The
drawing views that can be generated include orthographic, section, auxiliary,
isometric, and detail views. The model dimensions and reference dimensions
in the drawing views can also be generated. The bidirectionally associative
nature of this software ensures that the modifications made in the model are
reflected in the drawing views and vice-versa. In NX, you can create sketches
directly in the Modeling environment.

The Siemens NX 12.0 for Designers textbook has been written with the
intention of helping the readers effectively use the solid modeling tools in
NX. After reading this textbook, you can create solid models, surface models,
assemblies, sheet metal parts, and generate 2D drawing views easily in the
Drafting environment of NX. In this edition, a chapter on basic concepts of
GD&T has also been added. To make the users understand the concepts of
Mold Design, a chapter on mold designing of the plastic components is
available for free download. The mechanical engineering industry examples
and tutorials used in this book ensure that the users can relate the knowledge
of this book with the actual mechanical industry designs. The main features
of this textbook are as follows:

• Tutorial Approach
The author has adopted the tutorial point-of-view and the learn-by-doing
approach throughout the textbook. This approach guides the users
through the process of creating the models in the tutorials.

• Real-World Projects as Tutorials

The author has used about 50 real-world mechanical engineering projects
as tutorials in this book. This enables the readers to relate the tutorials to
the models in the mechanical engineering industry. In addition, there are
about 32 exercises that are also based on the real-world mechanical
engineering projects.

• Tips and Notes

The additional information related to various topics is provided to the
users in the form of tips and notes.

• Learning Objectives
The first page of every chapter summarizes the topics that are covered in
that chapter.
• Self-Evaluation Test, Review Questions, and Exercises
Every chapter ends with Self-Evaluation Test so that the users can assess
their knowledge of the chapter. The answers to Self-Evaluation Test are
given at the end of the chapter. Also, the Review Questions and
Exercises are given at the end of each chapter and they can be used by
the instructors as test questions and exercises.

• Heavily Illustrated Text

The text in this book is heavily illustrated with about 1100 line diagrams
and screen capture images.

Formatting Conventions Used in the Textbook

Please refer to the following list for the formatting conventions used in this
textbook.

Naming Conventions Used in the Textbook

Button
The item in a dialog box that has a 3D shape like a button is termed as
Button. For example, OK button, Cancel button, Apply button, and so on.

Dialog Box
In this textbook, different terms are used for referring to the components of a
dialog box. Refer to Figure 1 for the terminology used.

Drop-down
A drop-down is the one in which a set of common tools are grouped together.
You can identify a drop-down with a down arrow on it. These drop-downs
are given a name based on the tools grouped in them. For example, the
Design Feature drop-down, the Mesh Surface drop-down, and so on; refer
to Figure 2.
Gallery
A gallery is the one in which a set of common tools are grouped together. For
example, Detail Feature gallery of the More gallery; refer to Figure 3.

Drop-down List
A drop-down list is the one in which a set of options are grouped together.
You can set various parameters using these options. You can identify a drop-
down list with a down arrow on it. For example, Boolean drop-down list,
Layout drop-down list, and so on; refer to Figure 4.
Options
Options are the items that are available in shortcut menu, drop-down list,
dialog boxes, and so on. For example, choose the Fit option from the shortcut
menu displayed on right-clicking in the drawing area; select the Face option
from the drop-down list in the Type rollout; refer to Figure 5.

Free Companion Website

It has been our constant endeavor to provide you the best textbooks and
services at affordable price. In this endeavor, we have come out with a Free
Companion website that will facilitate the process of teaching and learning of
NX 12.0. If you purchase this textbook, you will get access to the files on the
Companion website.

The following resources are available for the faculty and students in this
website:
Faculty Resources
• Technical Support
You can get online technical support by contacting
techsupport@cadcim.com.

• Instructor Guide
Solutions to all review questions and exercises in the textbook are provided
in this guide to help the faculty members test the skills of the students.

• PowerPoint Presentations
The contents of the book are arranged in PowerPoint slides that can be used
by the faculty for their lectures.

• Part Files
The part files used in illustrations, tutorials, and exercises are available for
free download.

Student Resources
• Technical Support
You can get online technical support by contacting
techsupport@cadcim.com.

• Part Files
The part files used in illustrations and tutorials are available for free
download.

• Additional Students Projects

Various projects are provided for the students to practice.

If you face any problem in accessing these files, please contact the publisher
at sales@cadcim.com or the author at stickoo@pnw.edu or
tickoo525@gmail.com.

Stay Connected
You can now stay connected with us through Facebook and Twitter to get the
latest information about our textbooks, videos, and teaching/learning
resources. To stay informed of such updates, follow us on Facebook
(www.facebook.com/cadcim) and Twitter (@cadcimtech). You can also subscribe to our
YouTube channel (www.youtube.com/cadcimtech) to get the information about our
latest video tutorials.
Chapter 1
Introduction to NX 12.0

Learning Objectives
After completing this chapter, you will be able to:
• Understand different environments in NX
• Understand the system requirements for NX
• Start a new file in NX
• Understand the important terms and definitions used in NX
• Understand functions of the mouse buttons
• Understand the use of various hot keys
• Modify the color scheme in NX

INTRODUCTION TO NX 12.0
Welcome to NX 12.0 (commonly referred to as NX). As a new user of this
software package, you will join hands with thousands of users of this high-
end CAD/CAM/CAE/PLM tool. If already familiar with the previous
releases, you can upgrade your designing skills with tremendous
improvement in this latest release.

The latest release of NX (NX 12.0) introduces improved capabilities for

convergent modeling, CAD design, drafting, tooling design, automation,
design simulation, programming, data translation, validation, mold design,
and much more. Active workspace in NX 12 is built based on these items to
provide seamless access to PLM capabilities right within NX.

NX 12.0, a product of SIEMENS Corp., is a completely re-engineered, next-

generation family of CAD/CAM/CAE/PLM software solutions for Product
Life Cycle Management. Through its exceptionally easy-to-use and state-of-
the-art user interface, NX delivers innovative technologies for maximum
productivity and creativity from the basic concept to the final product. NX
reduces the learning curve by allowing flexibility in the use of feature-based
and parametric designs.

The subject of interpretability offered by NX includes receiving legacy data

from other CAD systems and even between its own product data management
modules. The real benefit is that the links remain associative. As a result, any
changes made to this external data are notified to you and the model can be
updated quickly.

When you open an old file or start a new file in NX, you will enter the
Gateway environment. It allows you to examine the geometry and drawing
views that have been created. In the Gateway environment, you can invoke
any environment of NX.

NX serves the basic design tasks by providing different environments. An

environment is defined as a specific area, consisting of a set of tools which
allows the user to perform specific design tasks in that particular area. You
need to start the required environment after starting a new part file. As a
result, you can invoke any environment of NX in the same working part file.
The basic environments in NX are the Modeling environment, Shape Studio
environment, Drafting environment, Assembly environment, and the Sheet
Metal environment. These environments are discussed next.

Modeling Environment
The Modeling environment is a parametric and feature-based environment in
which you can create solid models. The basic requirement for creating solid
models in this environment is a sketch. You can draw the sketch directly in
the Modeling environment by using the tools available in the Direct Sketch
group of the Home tab. The sketch can also be drawn in the sketching environment.
The sketching environment can be invoked by choosing the Sketch tool from the
Direct Sketch group of the Home tab or by choosing the Sketch tool from the Direct
Sketch group of the Curve tab. While drawing a sketch, various applicable
constraints and dimensions are automatically applied to it. Additional
constraints and dimensions can also be applied manually. After drawing the
sketch, you need to convert the sketch into a feature using the tools available
in the Modeling environment. You can create placed features such as fillets,
chamfers, taper, and so on and can also assign materials to the models in this
environment.

Shape Studio Environment

The Shape Studio environment is also a parametric and feature-based
environment in which you can create surface models. The tools in this
environment are similar to those in the Modeling environment. The only
difference is that the tools in this environment are used to create basic and
advanced surfaces. You are also provided with the surface editing tools
which are used to manipulate the surfaces to obtain the required shape. This
environment is useful for conceptual and industrial design.

Assembly Environment
The Assembly environment is used to assemble the components using the
assembly constraints available in this environment. There are two types of
assembly design approaches in NX, Bottom-up and Top-down.

In the bottom-up approach of the assembly, the previously created

components are assembled together to maintain their design intent and in the
top-down approach, components are created in the Assembly environment.

In the Assembly environment you can also assemble an existing assembly

with the current assembly. The Perform Analysis tool provides the facility to
check the interference and clearance between the components in an assembly.

Drafting Environment
The Drafting environment is used for the documentation of the parts or
assemblies created earlier in the form of drawing views and their detailing.
There are two types of drafting techniques: generative drafting and interactive
drafting.

The generative drafting technique is used to automatically generate the

drawing views of the parts and assemblies. The parametric dimensions added
to the component in the Modeling environment during its creation can also be
generated and displayed automatically in the drawing views. The generative
drafting is bidirectionally associative in nature. If you modify the dimensions
in the Drafting environment, the model will automatically update in the
Modeling environment and vice-versa. You can also generate the Bill of
Material (BOM) and balloons in the drawing views.

In interactive drafting, you need to create the drawing views by sketching

them using the normal sketching tools and then adding the dimensions.

Sheet Metal Environment

The Sheet Metal application provides an environment for the design of sheet
metal parts used in machinery, enclosures, brackets, and other parts normally
manufactured with a brake press. The Sheet Metal application is intended
mainly for designing parts with cylindrical bend regions but conical and
curved bend regions are also possible. Generally, the sheet metal components
are created to generate the flat pattern of a sheet, study the design of the dies
and punches, study the process plan for designing, and the tools needed for
manufacturing the sheet metal components.

SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS
System requirements that ensure the smooth running of NX are as follows:
• 64-bit - Windows 10 Operating System.
• 8GB of RAM is the minimum requirement but it is recommended to have
16GB or more RAM for all the applications to run smoothly.
• Java version - 1.8.0 or higher
• True Color (32-bit) or 16 million colors (24-bit)
• Screen Resolution: 1280 x 1024 or higher, widescreen format.

GETTING STARTED WITH NX

Install NX on your system and then start it by double-clicking on its shortcut
icon on the desktop of your computer. After the system has loaded all the
required files to start NX, the initial interface will be displayed, as shown in
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
 A violation of the terms of the armistice by private
individuals acting on their own initiative, only confers the
right of demanding the punishment of the offenders, and, if
necessary, indemnity for the losses sustained.

{363}

SECTION III.
On Military Authority over Hostile Territory.

ARTICLE XLII.
Territory is considered occupied when it is actually placed
under the authority of the hostile army. The occupation
applies only to the territory where such authority is
established, and in a position to assert itself.

ARTICLE XLIII.
The authority of the legitimate power having actually passed
into the hands of the occupant, the latter shall take all
steps in his power to re-establish and insure, as far as
possible, public order and safety, while respecting, unless
absolutely prevented, the laws in force in the country.

ARTICLE XLIV.
Any compulsion of the population of occupied territory to take
part in military operations against its own country is
prohibited.

ARTICLE XLV.
Any pressure on the population of occupied territory to take
the oath to the hostile Power is prohibited.

ARTICLE XLVI.
Family honours and rights, individual lives and private
property, as well as religious convictions and liberty, must
be respected. Private property cannot be confiscated.
ARTICLE XLVII.
Pillage is formally prohibited.

ARTICLE XLVIII.
If, in the territory occupied, the occupant collects the
taxes, dues, and tolls imposed for the benefit of the State,
he shall do it, as far as possible, in accordance with the
rules in existence and the assessment in force, and will in
consequence be bound to defray the expenses of the
administration of the occupied territory on the same scale as
that by which the legitimate Government was bound.

ARTICLE XLIX.
If, besides the taxes mentioned in the preceding Article, the
occupant levies other money taxes in the occupied territory,
this can only be for military necessities or the
administration of such territory.

ARTICLE L.
No general penalty, pecuniary or otherwise, can be inflicted
on the population on account of the acts of individuals for
which it cannot be regarded as collectively responsible.

ARTICLE LI.
No tax shall be collected except under a written order and on
the responsibility of a Commander-in-chief. This collection
shall only take place, as far as possible, in accordance with
the rules in existence and the assessment of taxes in force.
For every payment a receipt shall be given to the taxpayer.

ARTICLE LII.
Neither requisitions in kind nor services can be demanded from
communes or inhabitants except for the necessities of the army
of occupation. They must be in proportion to the resources of the
country, and of such a nature as not to involve the population
in the obligation of taking part in military operations
against their country. These requisitions and services shall
only be demanded on the authority of the Commander in the
locality occupied. The contributions in kind shall, as far as
possible, be paid for in ready money; if not, their receipt
shall be acknowledged.

ARTICLE LIII.
An army of occupation can only take possession of the cash,
funds, and property liable to requisition belonging strictly
to the State, depots of arms, means of transport, stores and
supplies, and, generally, all movable property of the State
which may be used for military operations. Railway plant, land
telegraphs, telephones, steamers, and other ships, apart from
cases governed by maritime law, as well as depots of arms and,
generally, all kinds of war material, even though belonging to
Companies or to private persons, are likewise material which
may serve for military operations, but they must be restored
at the conclusion of peace, and indemnities paid for them.

ARTICLE LIV.
The plant of railways coming from neutral States, whether the
property of those States, or of Companies, or of private
persons, shall be sent back to them as soon as possible.

ARTICLE LV.
The occupying State shall only be regarded as administrator
and usufructuary of the public buildings, real property,
forests, and agricultural works belonging to the hostile
State, and situated in the occupied country. It must protect
the capital of these properties, and administer it according
to the rules of usufruct.

ARTICLE LVI.
The property of the communes, that of religious, charitable,
and educational institutions, and those of arts and science,
even when State property, shall be treated as private
property. All seizure of, and destruction, or intentional
damage done to such institutions, to historical monuments,
works of art or science, is prohibited, and should be made the
subject of proceedings.

SECTION IV.
On the Internment of Belligerents and the Care of the Wounded
in Neutral Countries.

ARTICLE LVII.
A neutral State which receives in its territory troops
belonging to the belligerent armies shall intern them, as far
as possible, at a distance from the theatre of war. It can
keep them in camps, and even confine them in fortresses or
localities assigned for this purpose. It shall decide whether
officers may be left at liberty on giving their parole that
they will not leave the neutral territory without
authorization.

ARTICLE LVIII.
Failing a special Convention, the neutral State shall supply
the interned with the food, clothing, and relief required by
humanity. At the conclusion of peace, the expenses caused by
the internment shall be made good.

ARTICLE LIX.
A neutral State may authorize the passage through its
territory of wounded or sick belonging to the belligerent
armies, on condition that the trains bringing them shall carry
neither combatants nor war material. In such a case, the neutral
State is bound to adopt such measures of safety and control as
may be necessary for the purpose. Wounded and sick brought
under these conditions into neutral territory by one of the
belligerents, and belonging to the hostile party, must be
guarded by the neutral State, so as to insure their not taking
part again in the military operations. The same duty shall
devolve on the neutral State with regard to wounded or sick of
the other army who may be committed to its care.
{364}

ARTICLE LX.
The Geneva Convention applies to sick and wounded interned in
neutral territory. The Convention establishing these
regulations was not signed by the delegates from the United
States, nor by those of Great Britain. The reasons for
abstention on the part of the latter were stated in a
communication from the British War Office, as follows: "Lord
Lansdowne … considers it essential that the revised Articles,
together with the Preamble and final dispositions, should be
submitted to the most careful examination by the high military
authorities and by the legal advisers of Her Majesty's
Government, before he can pronounce a definitive opinion on
the three points raised. Subject to such reserves as may
result from this examination, Lord Lansdowne is of opinion
that the Project of Convention is in general of such a nature
that it may, in principle, be accepted as a basis of
instructions for the guidance of the British army, but he is
unable, until that examination has been completed, to offer an
opinion as to whether it is desirable to enter into an
international engagement. Lord Lansdowne would therefore
suggest, for Lord Salisbury's consideration, that instructions
should be given to Sir Julian Pauncefote to reserve full
liberty for Her Majesty's Government, to accept only such
Articles as, after mature examination by their military and
legal advisers, they may approve of." Probably the delegates
from the United States were similarly instructed by their
government.

Added to the Convention relative to Laws and Customs of War

were three Declarations, separately signed, as follows:

1. "The contracting powers agree to prohibit, for a term of

five years, the launching of projectiles and explosives from
balloons, or by other new methods of a similar nature."
2. "The contracting parties agree to abstain from the use of
bullets which expand or flatten easily in the human body, such
as bullets with a hard envelope which does not entirely cover
the core, or is pierced with incisions."

3. "The contracting parties agree to abstain from the use of

projectiles the object of which is the diffusion of
asphyxiating or deleterious gases."

The first of these Declarations was signed by the delegates

from the United States, but not by those from Great Britain.
The second and third were signed by neither British nor
American representatives. In the discussion that preceded the
adoption of the second Declaration by a majority of the
Conference, Captain Crozier, of the American delegation,
presented the objections to it, on which he and his colleagues
were in agreement with the British representatives. He said
"there was a great difference of opinion as to whether the
bullets of small calibre rifles sufficed to put men 'hors de
combat,' which was admitted on all sides to be the object
which rifle fire was expected to achieve. He considered the
proposition before the Conference to be unsatisfactory, since
it limited the prohibition to details of construction which
only included a single case, and left all others out of
consideration. He would not enter into a recapitulation of all
the advantages of small calibre rifles, since they were
perfectly well known; but he felt sure that certain Powers
might adopt calibres even smaller than those at present in
use, and, in this case, he maintained that they would be
compelled to secure increased shock by some new method of
construction of the projectile. He considered that it would be
perfectly easy to devise such projectiles while keeping within
the terms of the proposed interdiction, and he thought that
the result might be the ultimate adoption of a bullet of an
even less humane character than those aimed at by the
Resolution. He declared that he had nothing to say for or
against the Dum-Dum bullet [see, in this volume, DUM-DUM
 BULLET], of which he knew nothing except what had been stated
during the meetings of the First Commission, but that he was
not disposed to make any condemnation without proofs, and
these proofs had not been forthcoming."

As for the third Declaration, it was opposed by Captain Mahan,

who spoke for the Americans, because "he considered the use of
asphyxiating shell far less inhuman and cruel than the
employment of submarine boats, and as the employment of
submarine boats had not been interdicted by the Conference
(though specially mentioned with that object in the Mouravieff
Circular), he felt constrained to maintain his vote in favour of
the use of asphyxiating shell on the original ground that the
United States' Government was averse to placing any
restriction on the inventive genius of its citizens in
inventing and providing new weapons of war."

PEACE CONFERENCE:
Convention for the adaptation to maritime warfare of the
principles of the Geneva Convention of August 22, 1864.

ARTICLE I.
Military hospital-ships, that is to say, ships constructed or
assigned by States specially and solely for the purpose of
assisting the wounded, sick, or shipwrecked, and the names of
which shall have been communicated to the belligerent Powers
at the commencement or during the course of hostilities, and
in any case before they are employed, shall be respected and
cannot be captured while hostilities last. These ships,
moreover, are not on the same footing as men-of-war as regards
their stay in a neutral port.

ARTICLE II.
Hospital-ships, equipped wholly or in part at the cost of
private individuals or officially recognized relief Societies,
shall likewise be respected and exempt from capture, provided
the belligerent Power to whom they belong has given them an
 official commission and has notified their names to the
Hostile Power at the commencement of or during hostilities,
and in any case before they are employed. These ships should
be furnished with a certificate from the competent
authorities, declaring that they had been under their control
while fitting out and on final departure.

ARTICLE III.
Hospital-ships, equipped wholly or in part at the cost of
private individuals or officially recognized Societies of
neutral countries, shall be respected and exempt from capture,
if the neutral Power to whom they belong has given them an
official commission and notified their names to the
belligerent Powers at the commencement of or during
hostilities, and in any case before they are employed.

ARTICLE IV.
The ships mentioned in Articles I, II, and III shall afford
relief and assistance to the wounded, sick, and shipwrecked of
the belligerents independently of their nationality. The
Governments engage not to use these ships for any military
purpose. These ships must not in any way hamper the movements
of the combatants. During and after an engagement they will
act at their own risk and peril. The belligerents will have
the right to control and visit them; they can refuse to help
them, order them off, make them take a certain course, and put
a Commissioner on board; they can even detain them, if important
circumstances require it. As far as possible the belligerents
shall inscribe in the sailing papers of the hospital-ships the
orders they give them.

{365}

ARTICLE V.
The military hospital-ships shall be distinguished by being
painted white outside with a horizontal band of green about a
metre and a half in breadth. The ships mentioned in Articles
II and III shall be distinguished by being painted white
outside with a horizontal band of red about a metre and a half
in breadth. The boats of the ships above mentioned, as also
small craft which may be used for hospital work, shall be
distinguished by similar painting. All hospital-ships shall
make themselves known by hoisting, together with their
national flag, the white flag with a red cross provided by the
Geneva Convention.

ARTICLE VI.
Neutral merchantmen, yachts, or vessels, having, or taking on
board, sick, wounded, or shipwrecked of the belligerents,
cannot be captured for so doing, but they are liable to
capture for any violation of neutrality they may have
committed.

ARTICLE VII.
The religious, medical, or hospital staff of any captured ship
is inviolable, and its members cannot be made prisoners of
war. On leaving the ship they take with them the objects and
surgical instruments which are their own private property.
This staff shall continue to discharge its duties while
necessary, and can afterwards leave when the
Commander-in-chief considers it possible. The belligerents
must guarantee to the staff that has fallen into their hands
the enjoyment of their salaries intact.

ARTICLE VIII.
Sailors and soldiers who are taken on board when sick or
wounded, to whatever nation they belong, shall be protected
and looked after by the captors.

ARTICLE IX.
The shipwrecked, wounded, or sick of one of the belligerents
who fall into the hands of the other, are prisoners of war.
The captor must decide, according to circumstances, if it is
best to keep them or send them to a port of his own country,
to a neutral port, or even to a hostile port. In the last
case, prisoners thus repatriated cannot serve as long as the
war lasts.

ARTICLE X.
The shipwrecked, wounded, or sick, who are landed at a neutral
port with the consent of the local authorities, must, failing
a contrary arrangement between the neutral State and the
belligerents, be guarded by the neutral State, so that they
cannot again take part in the military operations. The
expenses of entertainment and internment shall be borne by the
State to which the shipwrecked, wounded, or sick belong.

ARTICLE XI.
The rules contained in the above Articles are binding only on
the Contracting Powers, in case of war between two or more of
them. The said rules shall cease to be binding from the time
when, in a war between the Contracting Powers, one of the
belligerents is joined by a non-Contracting Power.

ARTICLE XII.
The present Convention shall be ratified as soon as possible.
The ratifications shall be deposited at The Hague. On the
receipt of each ratification a "procès-verbal" shall be drawn
up, a copy of which, duly certified, shall be sent through the
diplomatic channel to all the Contracting Powers.

ARTICLE XIII.
The non-Signatory Powers who accepted the Geneva Convention of
the 22d August, 1864, are allowed to adhere to the present
Convention. For this purpose they must make their adhesion
known to the Contracting Powers by means of a written
notification addressed to the Netherland Government, and by it
communicated to all the other Contracting Powers.

ARTICLE XIV.
In the event of one of the High Contracting Parties denouncing
 the present Convention, such denunciation shall not take
effect until a year after the notification made in writing to
the Netherland Government, and forthwith communicated by it to
all the other Contracting Powers. This denunciation shall only
affect the notifying Power.

In faith of which the respective Plenipotentiaries have signed

the present Convention and affixed their seals thereto.

[Signed by the representatives of Belgium, Denmark, Spain,

Mexico, France, Greece, Montenegro, the Netherlands, Persia,
Portugal, Roumania, Russia, Siam, Sweden and Norway, and
Bulgaria]

----------PEACE CONFERENCE: End--------

PEARY'S EXPLORATIONS.

See (in this volume)

POLAR EXPLORATION, 1895, 1896, 1897, 1898—.

PEKING: A. D. 1900.
The siege of the Foreign Legations and their rescue.
Occupation of the city by the allied forces.
Looting and outrage.
March through the "Forbidden City."

See (in this volume)

CHINA: A. D. 1900 (JUNE-AUGUST);
and (AUGUST 4-16, and 15-28).

PEKING: A. D. 1900-1901.
Seizure of grounds for a fortified Legation Quarter.

See (in this volume)

CHINA: A. D. 1900-1901 (NOVEMBER-FEBRUARY).
PEKING SYNDICATE, Chinese concessions to the.

See (in this volume)

CHINA: A. D. 1898 (FEBRUARY-DECEMBER).

PELAGIC SEAL KILLING, The question of.

See (in this volume)

BERING SEA QUESTIONS.

PELEW ISLANDS:
Sale by Spain to Germany.

See (in this volume)

CAROLINE AND MARIANNE ISLANDS.

PENNSYLVANIA: A. D. 1897.
Great strike of coal miners.
Conflict at Lattimer.

See (in this volume)

INDUSTRIAL DISTURBANCES: A. D. 1897.

PENNSYLVANIA: A. D. 1900.
Strike of anthracite coal miners.

See (in this volume)

INDUSTRIAL DISTURBANCES: A. D. 1900.

PENNSYLVANIA, University of:

Expeditions to explore the ruins of Nippur.

See (in this volume)

ARCHÆOLOGICAL RESEARCH: BABYLONIA:
AMERICAN EXPLORATION.

PENNY POSTAGE, British Imperial.

 See (in this volume)
ENGLAND: A. D. 1898 (DECEMBER).

PENSIONS, Old-Age.

See references (in this volume) under

OLD-AGE PENSIONS.

PEONES.

See (in this volume)

PORTO RICO: A. D. 1898-1899 (AUGUST-JULY).

PEOPLE'S PARTY, The.

See (in this volume)

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 1896 (JUNE-NOVEMBER);
and 1900 (MAY-NOVEMBER).

{366}

PERRY'S EXPEDITION TO JAPAN,

Proposed monument to commemorate.

See (in this volume)

JAPAN: A. D. 1901.

PERSIA: A.D. 1896.

Assassination of the Shah.

The Shah of Persia, Nâsr-ed-din, was shot, on the 1st day of

May, when entering the mosque of Shah Abdul Azim, by one Mirza
Mahomed Reza, said to be of the Babi sect. Nâsr-ed-din had
reigned since 1848. He was succeeded by his son,
Muzaffar-ed-din, who was forty-three years old at his
 accession.

PERSIA: A. D. 1897-1899.
Recent exploration of the ruins of Susa.

See (in this volume)

ARCHÆOLOGICAL RESEARCH: PERSIA.

PERSIA: A. D. 1899 (May-July).

Representation in the Peace Conference at The Hague.

See (in this volume)

PEACE CONFERENCE.

PERSIA: A. D. 1900.
Russian railway projects.

See (in this volume)

RUSSIA IN ASIA: A. D. 1900.

PERSIAN GULF, Railways to the.

See (in this volume)

TURKEY: A. D. 1899 (NOVEMBER);
and RUSSIA IN ASIA: A. D. 1900.

PERU: A. D. 1894-1899.
Overthrow of an unconstitutional government.
Legitimate authority restored.

The death of President Bermudez, in March, 1894, brought about

a revolutionary movement in the interest of ex-President
Caceres. Constitutionally, the First Vice-President, Dr. del
Solar, would have succeeded the deceased President, until a
new election was held; but the Second Vice-President, who was
a partisan of Caceres, and who had the army with him, seized
control of the government. In May, Caceres was proclaimed
 Provisional President, and in August it was claimed for him
that he had been elected by Congress; but the election was not
recognized by his opponents. A formidable rebellion was
organized, under the lead of ex-President Pierola, who had
been in exile and now returned. Civil war raged for nearly a
year, Pierola gaining steadily. In February, 1895, his forces
reached the capital and laid siege to it. On the 17th of March
they entered the city, and there was desperate fighting in the
streets of Lima for three days, nearly 2,000 of the
combatants being killed and more than 1,500 wounded. Chiefly
through the efforts of the Papal delegate, the bloody conflict
was finally stopped and terms of peace arranged. A provisional
government, made up from both parties, was formed, under which
a peaceable election was held in the following July. Pierola
was then elected President. Caceres and his partisans
attempted a rising the next year (1896), but it had no
success. In the northern department of Loreto, on the border
of Ecuador, an abortive movement for independence was set on
foot by an ambitious official, who gave the government
considerable trouble, but accomplished nothing more. In 1899,
President Pierola was succeeded by Eduardo L. de Romana,
elected in May. A rebellion attempted that year by one General
Durand was promptly suppressed.

PERU: A. D. 1894.-1900.
The dispute with Chile concerning Tacna and Arica.

See (in this volume)

CHILE: A. D. 1884-1900.

PESCADORES ISLANDS:
Cession by China to Japan.

See (in this volume)

CHINA: A. D. 1894-1895.

PHILADELPHIA: A. D. 1897.
Opening of the Commercial Museum.

A Commercial Museum which has acquired great importance was

opened in Philadelphia on the 2d of June, 1897. "In both aim
and results the institution is unique. Other countries, also,
have their commercial museums, which are doing excellent work.
Their scope, however, is much more limited; the Museum of
Philadelphia differing from them in that it is an active, not
merely a passive, aid to the prospective exporter. The foreign
museums, situated in London, Bremen, Hamburg, Stuttgart,
Vienna, Havre, Brussels, and various other commercial centres,
do not extend active aid, but content themselves with more or
less complete displays of samples of domestic and foreign
competitive goods sold in export markets. The theory of their
organization is, that the manufacturer, contemplating a
foreign business campaign, will be enabled to pursue it
intelligently through the study of these samples. The
initiative is left to the exporter himself, who must discover
what opportunities exist for him abroad; and it is also left
to him to take advantage of his opportunities in the way that
may seem best to him. The display of manufactured samples is
only a small part of the work of the Philadelphia Museum. This
institution shows not only what goods are sold in foreign
markets, but also where those markets are, what commercial
conditions obtain in connection with them, what particular
kinds of goods they demand, how these markets may be best
competed for, and where the raw material may be most
profitably purchased. It furnishes information, furthermore,
as to business connections as well as the credit ratings of
the agents or firms recommended. To secure specific
information it is not necessary to visit the institution
itself; for reports of trade opportunities abroad are
distributed by the Museum to its members; and these reports
are provided with photographs of many of the articles which,
at that particular time, are in demand, in certain parts of
the world. Under these circumstances, the exporter is
practically provided with a staff of expert, foreign
 representatives, without any expense to himself beyond the
merely nominal fee for membership. While its activities are
dependent to a certain extent upon the income derived from
subscribers, the Museum is not a money-making institution.
Indeed, its income from this source does not cover half the
expenditures. It is enabled to carry on its work only by
reason of the generous, annual appropriation provided for it
by the City Councils of Philadelphia. But a very large income
is required to maintain a staff of 150 employees in
Philadelphia, as well as 500 regular and several thousand
occasional correspondents scattered throughout the world. The
only advantage which the city itself derives from the Museum
is that resulting indirectly from the presence of foreign
buyers attracted to Philadelphia by the Museum's work."

W. P. Wilson,
The Philadelphia Commercial Museum
(Forum, September, 1899).

PHILADELPHIA: A. D. 1899.
National Export Exposition and International
Commercial Congress.

See (in this volume)

INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL CONGRESS.

{367}

----------PHILIPPINE ISLANDS: Start--------

PHILIPPINE ISLANDS:
Number, area, shore line, and population.

"In regard to the number and areas of the islands in the

archipelago there must necessarily be a certain inaccuracy,
because the group has never been properly surveyed, and the
only method of determining the number and areas is by counting
 and measuring on the charts. The following figures are
probably the best ever compiled. They are drawn from
enumeration and mensuration on maps recently obtained by the
United States commissioners to the Philippines and which are
without doubt the most complete and the most thorough ever
made. The following is quoted from the introduction to these
maps, which are being published by the United States Coast and
Geodetic Survey. All the islands or groups having an area of over
20 square miles have been measured, and the areas are here
given in square miles and square kilometers. Many different
statements have been made in regard to the number of the
islands composing the archipelago. The cause for this must be
attributed to the scale of the charts on which the count was
made and the difficulty of distinguishing between rocks and
formations of sufficient area to dignify them by the name of
islands. Thus on a small-scale Spanish chart of the entire
group 948 islands were counted; on various large-scale charts
of the same area there were found 1,725. The principal
islands, with the extent of shore line of some of them and
their area, are given on the following lists. The areas were
carefully measured, but are subject to the inaccuracy of the
length of general shore line.

Name. Square Miles. Square

kilometers.

Babuyan 36
93
Bagata, or Quinalasag 27
70
Balabae 38
98
Basilan 350
907
Batan 21
54
Bantayan 26
67
Bohol 1,430
3,727
Bucas 41
106
Burias 153
422
Busuanga 328
850
Calayan 37
96
Calamian 117
303
Camiguin (Babnyanes group) 54
140
Camiguin 71
184
Catandunanes 680
1,761
Cebu 1,742
4,512
Dalupiri 20
53
Dinagat 259
671
Dumaran 95
246
Fuga 21
54
Guimaras 176
456
 Leite (Leyte) 2,713
7,027
Linapacan 40
104
Luzon 47,238
122,346
Mactan 20
52
Malhou (Homonkon) 35
91
Marindugna 287
743
Masbate 1.200
3,341
Mindanao 36,237
93,854
Mindoro 3,972
10,987
Negros 4,854
12,571
Olutanga 71
184
Panaon 57
148
Panay 4,708
12,194
Panglao 24
62
Pangutaran 32
85
Polillo 231
598
Samal 105