Looking After Our Eyes

Presented by Wutt Yee Moe Myint

Pre-IGCSE (Batch-6)
An Informative Presentation
 Table Of Contents

1. Physics Of The
Eye
2. Ophthalmology
Of Human Eyes
 Figure 1
(Anatomy Of The Eyes)
https://www.rahmani.com/wp-content/uploads/eye-anatomy-illustration.jpg
 Physics Of The Eyes
The cornea and lens form a system that, to a good approximation, acts as a single thin lens.

When light is incident to the eye, first of all it

enters the cornea. As our eyes are usually
surrounded by air, the refractive power is as
high as 42 diopters (D).

A real image must be projected onto the

light-sensitive retina, which lies a fixed distance
from the len for a clear vision. The flexible lens
of the eye allows it to adjust the radius of
curvature of the lens to produce an image on the
retina for objects at different distances.
Figure 2
https://openstax.org/apps/image-cdn/v1/f=webp/apps/archive/20230828.164620/
resources/13d8fdcc5f48edf589934cc8571e3e5b6a125465
 Table 1. Indices of refraction relevant to the eye.

Material Index Of Refraction

Water 1.33

Air 1.0

Cornea 1.38

Aqueous humour 1.34

Lens 1.41

Vitreous humour 1.34

Refractive Indices Relevant to the Eye *This is an average value. The actual index of refraction varies throughout
the lens and is greatest in center of the lens.
The biggest change in the index of
refraction, which is where the light
rays are most bent, occurs at the
air-cornea interface rather than at
the aqueous humor-lens
interface.The cornea, which is itself
a converging lens with a focal
length of approximately 2.3 cm,
provides most of the focusing
power of the eye. The lens, which is
a converging lens with a focal
length of about 6.4 cm, provides
Figure 3
the finer focus needed to produce a
https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/courses-images-archive-r
clear image on the retina. ead-only/wp-content/uploads/sites/222/2014/12/20111244/Figur
e_27_01_01.jpg
 *Images obtained from websites.*

Figure 4
Eye muscles which control eye movement Figure 5
 - The cornea has a slight curvature. As light enters
your eye, the shape of the cornea refracts
(bends) it. The curve helps your eye focus on
objects that are close or far away.
- The iris is the colored part of the eye that
surrounds the pupil. It regulates the amount of
light that enters the eye.
- The pupil lets light into your eye as the muscles
of your iris change its shape.
- Like the lens in a camera, the basic function of
the eye lens is to transmit and focus light onto
the retina.
- When light hits the retina (a light-sensitive layer
of tissue at the back of the eye), special cells
called photoreceptors turn the light into
electrical signals.
- These electrical signals travel from the retina
Figure 6 through the optic nerve to the brain. Then the
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/-/scassets/Im brain turns the signals into the images you see.
ages/org/health/articles/22694-retina
 Figure 7
How eye captures image
https://df0b18phdhzpx.cloudfront.net/ckeditor_assets/pictures/1510455/original_21CBSE10PHY02LJ1_838-01.png
Figure 4
 2. Ophthalmology Of The Eyes

Ophthalmologists are physicians who

specialize in the eye and related
structures. They perform medical and
surgical eye care and may also write
prescriptions
Optometrists are at the frontline of eye
care. By carrying out detailed
examinations, they are helping to improve
eye health across the country. By making
a detailed examination of the eye,
Figure 8 optometrists may be able to identify
whether a patient has conditions such as
https://www.theretinacentre.com/wp-content/upload
s/2021/09/retinal-1.jpg diabetes or high blood pressure.
 Eye Refraction
Refraction is the bending of light rays as
they pass through one object to another.
The cornea and lens bend (refract) light
rays to focus them on the retina. When
the shape of the eye changes, it also
changes the way the light rays bend and
focus — and that can cause blurry vision.
is an important parameter used in optics
to determine the angle by which light is
reflected and refracted through different
materials.
Eye refraction is how the power of
eyeglasses or contact lenses is calculated. Figure 10
This measurement is based on how much
the lens of the eye has to bend light rays https://qph.cf2.quoracdn.net/main-qimg-c9c1
to process visual stimuli. This is expressed 88b2e82a42875164f06af786adbf
in a measurement of distance and clarity.
 The Snellen Chart uses a geometric scale
to measure visual acuity, with normal
vision at a distance being set at 20/20.
The numerator represents the distance
that the patient is standing from the chart
(in feet), while the denominator
represents the distance from which a
person with perfect eyesight is still able
to read the smallest line that the patient
can clearly visualize.
For example, a person with 20/40 vision
sees things at 20 feet that most people
who don't need vision correction can see
at 40 feet.
Figure 9
Snellen Eye Chart
 Normal Vision

In normal eyes, 20/20 vision, the

lens is clear and allows light to pass
through them easily. That light is
focused by the cornea and lens onto
a thin layer of tissue called the
retina. The retina works like the
film in a camera.

Figure 11
 Long Sighted Vision
● Long sightedness which is also known as Hyperopia in medical terms, makes
your eyes blurry and difficult to detect close things clearly but give a clear vision
for distant object.
The eyeball became too short with less
curved cornea when farsightedness
vision to occurred. The distance
between the lens and retina is too short
which results the focal point to lies
behind the retina
Long sighted vision can be corrected
with convex lens which 'fix' the light
coming into the eye by bending the
light rays slightly inwards, as they end
Figure 12 up where they should on the retina.
Hyperopia
 Short Sighted Vision
Short-sighted vision, also known as
myopia in medical term is a very
common vision condition that causes
close objects to appear blurry and distant
object clear. When your eyeball grows too
long from the front or back, and results
the curve of cornea into being too steep,
the light tend to focus on the front of
retina.
Concave lens are used for
nearsightedness Because the distance
between the eye's lens and retina in
nearsighted people is longer than it
should be, such people are unable to
Figure 13
make out distant objects clearly.
Myopia
Eye Floaters
Tiny strands of your vitreous
(the gel-like fluid that fills
your eye) stick together and
cast shadows on your retina
(the light-sensitive layer of
tissue at the back of the eye).
Those shadows appear as
floaters. Figure 14
https://media.healthdirect.org.au/images/inline/ori
ginal/eye-floaters-3f7a75.jpg
 Cataracts
Most cataracts occur because of normal changes in your eyes as you age. As soon as
you turn 40, lens in your eyes start to break down and clump together. Those clumps
make cloudy areas on your lens, which is also known as ‘cataracts’.

People who have cataracts seeing

through a cloudy lens is as if seeing
through a frosty or fogged-up window.

At first, the cloudiness in your vision

caused by a cataract may affect only a
small part of the eye's lens. Any vision
loss won’t be noticeable. As the cataract
grows larger, it clouds more of your
lens. More clouding changes the light
Figure 15 passing through the lens and may lead
An Eye With Cataract
to noticeable synonyms.
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d372d-deb0-487c-8300-2d00eba68b4b.jpg
Figure 16
 Figure 17

LASIK Eye Surgery

 Surgical Process
Cataract Removal
TW: Sensitive Image After making a small incision in your
eye, your surgeon will insert a probe to
break up and remove the cloudy,
cataract affected lens.
Lens Insertion
The flexible IOL is folded up and
inserted into the lens capsule, at
which point it opens, and its
haptics, or “arms,” unfold to keep it
in the proper position.
Figure 18
Surgery for dense cataract Vision Restored
https://eyetube-thumbs.imgix.net/cwtzfp.jpg?auto=com With the cataract removed, and
press,format& the IOL in place, light can once
again travel unimpeded to the
back of your eye, for clearer,
more youthful vision.
 Conclusion
- The lens, retina and optic nerve are several important parts of your eye that allow you to
transform light and electrical signals into images.
- Rod cells are highly sensitive to light and function in nightvision, whereas cone cells are
capable of detecting a wide spectrum of light photons and are responsible for colour vision.
- High refractive index lenses outperform standard lenses for people with severe
vision-correction needs (such as astigmatism, myopia, hyperopia, and so on).
- A Snellen chart is an eye chart that can be used to measure visual acuity. Snellen charts are
named after the Dutch ophthalmologist Herman Snellen.
- Eye floaters are small specks or strands or clouds that move across your vision. They can drift
across your field of vision and stand out more when you look at something bright.
- Most cataracts are related to age — they happen because of normal changes in your eyes as
you get older. But you can get cataracts for other reasons — like after an eye injury or after
surgery for another eye problem (like glaucoma).
- A week or so before your cataract surgery, your eye doctor performs a painless ultrasound test
to measure the size and shape of your eye. This helps determine the right type of lens implant,
called an intraocular lens, or IOL.
 References
1. https://i.ytimg.com/vi/YcedXDN6a88/maxresdefault.jpg
2. https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/2-5-the-eye
3. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265971301_Optics_of_the_eye_and_its_impac
t_in_vision_A_tutorial
4. https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/c6a6/1968a25c1236024213cf30a240593a2db589.pdf
5. https://www.yorku.ca/menary/courses/firstyrlabs/2019/Physics_of_the_Eye.pdf
6. https://doctor2019.jumedicine.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/4-The-Eye-optic
s-L-1-22-1.pdf
7. https://doctor2019.jumedicine.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2022/02/4-The-Eye-optic
s-L-1-22-1.pdf
8. https://webeye.ophth.uiowa.edu/eyeforum/video/Refraction/pdfs/Optics-Review.pdf
9. https://www.yorku.ca/menary/courses/firstyrlabs/2019/Physics_of_the_Eye.pdf
10. http://www.zkcoo.cz/files/02physiologicaloptics.pdf
11. https://wp.optics.arizona.edu/jgreivenkamp/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2019/08/502-22-
The-Eye.pdf
12. https://www.nvisioncenters.com/education/eye-refraction/
13. http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/vision/imgvis/eyesca.png
 Acknowledgements
I am verily beholden to my Professor .Dr. Zeya Oo (PhD.Physics) for giving
me this opportunity to show off my research and handing me a chance to
confidently work on a field that I’m highly interest of. His teaching, praises
and guidance have been the ones that kept me going on. I courteously
credit to copyrights of those images used in this powerpoints and so to
the authors of any relevant text. I would also love to receive any kind of
criticisms for the sake of a better research, a better presentation.
Comments on which part could I work for further improvements are also
welcomed.

с большой признательностью,
Wutt Yee
 For any relevant question and
reference files, reach out to:
wuttyeemoemyint@gmail.com