Malir River

EUROCONSULT PAKISTAN
GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATION REPORT FOR SEWERAGE WATER

LINES AT MALIR RIVER KARACHI
REPORT/PROJECT NO: G04-1263-0422
DATE: 05/07/2022
DEPARTMENT OF GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING
F & M (PRIVATE) LIMITED
.
DOCUMENT CONTROL SHEET
Project G.I For Sewerage Water Lines At Malir River Karachi
Document Geotechnical Investigation Report
Project/Report No G04-1263-0422
Client Euro-Consult Pakistan (Pvt.) Ltd
Issue/revision First issue Revision 1 Revision 2 Revision 3
Remarks Issued
Date 27/05/2022
Prepared by Bisma Fatima
Signature
Checked by Usama Khan
Signature
Authorised by Taha Akram
Signature
Method of issue Email/Print
This document is issued by the F&M Pvt Ltd, Attention is drawn to the limitation of liability, indemnification and jurisdiction issues defined therein. Any other holder of this document
is advised that information contained hereon reflects the Company’s findings at the time of its intervention only and within the limits of Client’s instructions, if any.
.
PREAMBLE
The work undertaken to provide the basis of this report comprised a study of the available documented
information from a variety of sources, together with (where appropriate) meetings and discussions with
relevant authorities and other interested parties. The information reviewed should not be considered
exhaustive and has been accepted in good faith by F & M (Pvt.) Limited as providing a true description
of site conditions. However, no liability can be accepted for the detailed accuracy or otherwise of any
of the reports or documents prepared by others for the Client or for third parties, or for any associated
errors or omissions.
The investigation of the site has been carried out to provide information concerning the ground
conditions to allow a reasonable site assessment to be made.
The exploratory holes undertaken during the fieldwork only represent a small volume of the ground in
relation to the size of the site and can therefore only provide a general indication of the site conditions.
The number of sampling points and the methods of sampling and testing do not preclude the existence
of localised variations in the ground condition. It should be noted this ground investigation comprises
26No boreholes. A desk study was undertaken to assess geotechnical risks, however, no liability for
unforeseen geotechnical or contamination hazards can be accepted by F & M (Pvt.) Limited.
The comments and recommendations given in this report are based on the ground conditions apparent
at the borehole and/or inspection pit locations. It is likely ground conditions elsewhere on the site have
not been disclosed by this investigation and have therefore not been included in this report.
The comments made on groundwater conditions are based on observations made at the time that site
works were undertaken. It should be noted that groundwater levels can vary owing to seasonal or other
effects, and additional groundwater measurements should be conducted immediately prior and during
the construction works.
The scope of the investigation was decided in consultation with the Client and the limitations of which
were made clear. This report is produced solely for the use of the Client and his/her agent and should
not be relied upon in any way by any third party.
G.I of Sewerage water Lane Malir River Karachi fnminspections.com
Project/Report No: G04-1263-0422 Revision 0 05/07/2022
Euro-Consult Karachi Page 3 of 35

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
EURO-consult Pakistan (Pvt.) Ltd hired services of F & M Pvt. Ltd for Geotechnical Investigation for the
Sewerage Water Treatment Plant project of KWSSIP at Malir River Karachi. The Geotechnical
Investigation was carried out on 17th March 2022 to 17th April 2022 to determine geotechnical
parameters of subsurface deposits. Twenty-Six (26) boreholes were drilled BH-01, BH-03, BH-04, BH-
05, BH-06, BH-07, BH-08 BH-09, BH-10, BH-11, BH-12, BH-13, BH-14, BH-15, BH-16, BH-17, BH-18,
BH-19, BH-20, BH-21, BH-22, BH-23, BH-24, BH-25, BH-26, up to 10m each depth and BH-02 up to
15m depth as part of the field investigation. Fill Material, Sand, Silt, Gravel, Shale and Mudstone were
encountered in boreholes from during field investigation. Laboratory testing of these samples have been
carried out in the F & M Pvt. Ltd. laboratory, Karachi. Ground Water Level was encountered at an
average 1.19m depth below Existing Ground Level in boreholes during the exploration. However, this
may fluctuate due to seasonal and other environmental variations.
Bearing Capacity and Modulus of Sub grade reactions for Isolated and Mat foundation, have been
determined and made part of this report. Due to presence of sewerage water, possibility of moderate
exposure of sulphate and chloride in waste water presence, hence Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) with
Fly ash class F has been recommended for underground construction.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................................... 8
1.1 APPOINTMENT AND BRIEF SITE SUMMARY ............................................................................................................... 8

1.2 REPORT CONTEXT ................................................................................................................................................ 8
1.3 OBJECTIVES AND METHODOLOGY ........................................................................................................................... 8
2. SITE DETAILS ............................................................................................................................................... 9
2.1 SITE LOCATION AND DESCRIPTION........................................................................................................................... 9
3. GROUND INVESTIGATION ........................................................................................................................... 9
3.1 FIELDWORK, MONITORING AND LABORATORY TESTING ............................................................................................... 9

3.1.1 RATIONALE FOR FIELDWORK .................................................................................................................................. 9
3.2 LABORATORY TESTING ........................................................................................................................................ 10
4. GROUND CONDITIONS...............................................................................................................................11
4.1 FILL MATERIAL .................................................................................................................................................... 11

4.2 SILT .................................................................................................................................................................. 11
4.3 SAND ................................................................................................................................................................ 12
4.4 GRAVEL ............................................................................................................................................................. 14
4.5 SHALE ............................................................................................................................................................... 14
4.6 MUDSTONE ........................................................................................................................................................ 14
4.7 GENERAL GROUNDWATER REGIME.......................................................................................................................... 15
4.7.1 GROUNDWATER IMPACT AND DEWATERING ........................................................................................................... 15
5. SEISMIC ZONING AND PEAK GROUND ACCELERATION ..............................................................................16
5.1 SEISMIC PARAMETERS FOR THE BUILDING SITE AS PER PBC .......................................................................................... 16
6. ENGINEERING CONSIDERATION .................................................................................................................17
6.1 FOUNDATION DESIGN CONSIDERATION .................................................................................................................... 17

6.2 ANALYSIS OF BEARING CAPACITY............................................................................................................................. 17
6.3 MODULUS OF SUBGRADE REACTION ........................................................................................................................ 18
6.4 SELECTION OF CEMENT ......................................................................................................................................... 18
7. RECOMMENDATIONS ................................................................................................................................20
7.1 SITE PREPARATORY WORK .................................................................................................................................... 20

7.2 EXCAVATIONS ..................................................................................................................................................... 20
7.3 CEMENT ............................................................................................................................................................ 20
7.4 BACKFILLING....................................................................................................................................................... 20
7.5 PROTECTION OF CONCRETE AGAINST CORROSION ...................................................................................................... 21

LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1 Satellite Image of Site Location ................................................................................... 22
Figure 2 Site work Pictures ..................................................................................................... 25
Figure 3 Samples Pictures ....................................................................................................... 27
Figure 4 Seismic Map of Pakistan ............................................................................................. 28

LIST OF TABLES
Table 1 Site Summary .............................................................................................................. 9
Table 2 Summary of Geotechnical and Chemical Laboratory Testing ............................................. 10
Table 3 Deposits of Fill Material ............................................................................................... 11
Table 4 Deposits of Silt .......................................................................................................... 12
Table 5 Deposits of Sand ........................................................................................................ 12
Table 6 Deposits of Gravel ...................................................................................................... 14
Table 7 Deposits of Shale ........................................................................................................ 14
Table 8 Deposits of Mudstone .................................................................................................. 15
Table 9 Ground Water Level in different boreholes ..................................................................... 15
Table 10 Seismic Zoning and Factors ........................................................................................ 16
Table 11 Allowable Bearing Capacity for isolated foundation ........................................................ 17
Table 12 Modulus of Subgrade Reaction .................................................................................... 18
Table 14 Chemical Test Results ................................................................................................ 18
Table 15 ACI standards for concrete for sulphate exposure ......................................................... 34
APPENDICES
APPENDIX A – EXPLORATORY HOLE RECORDS
APPENDIX B – GEOTECHNICAL LABORATORY TEST RESULTS
APPENDIX C – LABORATORY TESTING DETAILS

1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Appointment and Brief Site Summary
F & M (Pvt.) Limited has been appointed by Euro consult Pakistan (Pvt.) Ltd to carry out a
ground investigation for Sewerage Lines, at Malir River Karachi.
1.2 Report Context
The current proposal is for the construction of sewerage Lines/ Intercept Tanks
In order to determine the design of the foundations in appropriateness for the potential load
from the proposed construction, the client has instructed F & M (Pvt.) Ltd to undertake a
ground investigation.
The purpose of this report is to present the findings of the ground investigation and
geotechnical advice to aid with the assessment of the suitability of the foundations.
1.3 Objectives and Methodology
The objectives of this report are to provide information on the following areas:
• Geology of the site;

• To record details of the ground investigation works undertaken;
• To discuss site groundwater and ground conditions established from the intrusive
works;
• To derive geotechnical parameters to design foundations for the proposed structure.
• Present geotechnical advice on other ground related issues.

2. SITE DETAILS
2.1 Site Location and Description
The site descriptions are summarised in Table 1 and its location extracted from the Google
Earth is shown in Figure 1.
Table 1: Site Summary
Location Malir River Karachi
Grid Reference 24°52'8.42"N, 67° 7'47.81"E
Development Sewerage Lines / Intercept Tanks

Proposals
3. GROUND INVESTIGATION
3.1 Fieldwork, Monitoring and Laboratory Testing
3.1.1 Rationale for Fieldwork
The programme of fieldwork was designed to provide parameters that are needed to design
the foundation of the proposed construction building. The investigation was carried out from
17th March 2022 to 17th April 2022 by F & M (Pvt.) Limited and comprised the following
elements:
• Twenty Six (26) boreholes were drilled BH-01, BH-03, BH-04, BH-05, BH-06, BH-07, BH-
08, BH-09, BH-10, BH-11, BH-12, BH-13, BH-14, BH-15, BH-16, BH-17, BH-18, BH-19,
BH-20, BH-21, BH-22, BH-23, BH-24, BH-25, BH-26, up to 10m depth each and BH-02,
up to 15m depth each as part of the field investigation below ground level (bgl). These
were sunk to confirm the ground and groundwater conditions and permit in-situ
geotechnical testing and sampling of the strata encountered.
• Standard Penetration Tests (SPTs) were performed in all the window sample boreholes
together with alternate undisturbed sampling at varying intervals to provide an indication
of soil density/strength.
The fieldwork was supervised on a full-time basis by a Geologist from F & M Pvt. Ltd with due
regard to existing standards and guidelines including BS EN 1997-2 (2005), BS 5930 (2015),
BS EN ISO 22476-3 (2011). All soil description and sample logging were carried out in
accordance with BS 5930:2015 and BS EN ISO 14688-1:2002+A1:2013 and BS EN ISO
14689-1:2003. The exploratory hole records are included in Appendix A prepared by F & M
Pvt. Ltd.

The locations of the exploratory holes are shown on the Google Satellite Image, included in
Figure 1 and Figure 2 & Figure3 illustrates the site Pictures and samples pictures
respectively.
Disturbed & Undisturbed samples were recovered from the exploratory holes as necessary to
facilitate sample description and for subsequent laboratory testing.
Observations of groundwater encountered during the fieldwork are included on the relevant
exploratory borehole records.
3.2 Laboratory Testing
3.2.1 Chemical Testing
A programme of chemical testing was scheduled on selected soil and water samples retrieved
from the exploratory holes. The testing was carried out in F & M Pvt. Limited laboratory to
determine the PH, Sulphate and Chloride content of the soil and water samples.
3.2.2 Geotechnical Testing
Routine geotechnical laboratory testing comprising Density and Moisture Test, Particle Size
Distribution Test, Unconfined Compression Test and Chemical Test were carried out on
representative samples of all materials recovered from the exploratory holes. The laboratory
testing was carried out in accordance with relevant ASTM standards and the results are
presented in Appendix B; details of the tests are given in Appendix C of this report. A
summary of the geotechnical and chemical laboratory testing is presented in Table 2 below.
Table 2 Summary of Geotechnical and Chemical Laboratory Testing
Laboratory Testing Test Method No. samples scheduled
Classification/Compaction
Particle Size Distribution ASTM C-136-19 79
Density/ Moisture Test ASTM D-4643-17 107
Strength
Unconfined Compression ASTM D-2166-16 10
Chemical (tests on soils)
Chemical Test on Soil ASTM D-4972-19 75

4. GROUND CONDITIONS
The Site elevation is varying across the site. There was wild vegetation, plants found on site
during soil investigation, there was sewerage lane and sewerage water passes near the area
of soil investigation. Subsurface soil mainly consists Of Fill Material, Silt, Sand, Gravel, Shale
and Mudstone up to investigated depth. The detailed borehole logs are attached in Appendix
A.
The subsurface deposits up to the explored depth consist of the following units:
- Fill Material
- Silt
- Sand
- Gravel
- Shale
- Mudstone
4.1 Fill Material
Fill material encountered in five boreholes comprising of Silty Sand with some gravels was
encountered at shallow depth. It is not recommended to place foundation on this level Table
3 summarizes the details of these deposits.
Table 3 Deposits of Fill Material
Borehole No. Depth (m)
BH-13 0.0 – 3.0
BH-14 0.0 – 4.5
BH-15 0.0 – 2.0
BH-16 0.0 – 2.0
BH-20 0.0 – 2.0
4.2 Silt
Deposits of Silts were found in twelve boreholes drilled at the site. State of compactness
according to SPT ‘N’ counts have been determined as ‘Soft to Hard’. The grain size analysis

of these deposits was carried out in the laboratory. The Unified Soil Classification as per the
laboratory tests is found to be ‘ML’. Table 4 summarizes the details of these deposits.
Table 4 Deposits of Silt
0.0 – 6.0
BH-02
10.5 – 15.0
BH-04 0.0 – 10.0
BH-05 0.0 – 3.0
BH-07 0.0 – 2.0
BH-08 3.0 – 10.0
BH-09 0.0 – 10.0
BH-11 0.0 – 3.0
BH-13 6.0 – 10.0
BH-20 2.0 – 3.0
BH-21 0.0 – 6.0
BH-25 7.5 – 10.0
BH-26 3.0 – 6.0
4.3 Sand
Deposits of Sand were found in all boreholes drilled at the site. State of compactness
according to SPT ‘N’ counts have been determined as ‘very loose to very dense’. The grain
size analysis of these deposits was carried out in the laboratory. The Unified Soil Classification
as per the laboratory tests is found to be ‘SM’ ‘SP’ ‘SP-SM’ ‘SW-SM’. Table 5 summarizes the
details of these deposits.
Table 5 Deposits of Sand
BH-01 0.0 – 10.0

BH-02 6.0 – 10.5
BH-03 0.0 – 10.0
BH-05 3.0 – 6.0
BH-06 0.0 – 3.0
BH-08 0.0 – 3.0
BH-10 0.0 – 10.0
BH-11 3.0 – 7.5
BH-12 0.0 – 10.0
BH-13 3.0 – 6.0
BH-14 7.5 – 10.0
BH-15 2.0 – 10.0
BH-16 2.0 – 10.0
BH-18 0.0 – 10.0
BH-19 0.0 – 10.0
BH-20 3.0 – 10.0
BH-21 6.0 – 10.0
BH-22 0.0 – 10.0
BH-23 0.0 – 6.0
BH-24 0.0 – 10.0
BH-25 0.0 – 7.5
BH-26 0.0 – 3.0

4.4 Gravel
Deposits of Gravel were found in BH-14, drilled at the site. State of compactness according
to SPT ‘N’ counts have been determined as ‘loose to medium dense’. The grain size analysis
of these deposits was carried out in the laboratory. The Unified Soil Classification as per the
laboratory tests is found to be ‘GP-GM’. Table 6 summarizes the details of these deposits.
Table 6 Deposits of Gravel
BH-14 4.5 – 7.5
4.5 Shale
Deposits of Shale were found in five boreholes drilled on site, from weathering condition and
Rock Quality Designation, it can be termed as ‘very poor to Fair’ quality of Shale was
recovered from site. Disturbed and Undisturbed samples were collected from these deposits
which were tested for moisture content and compressive strength. According to BS 5930,
these deposits are classified as ‘Extremely weak’ rock Table 7 summarizes the details of
these deposits.
Table 7 Deposits of Shale
BH-05 6.0 – 10.0
BH-06 3.0 – 10.0
BH-07 2.0 – 10.0
BH-11 7.5 – 10.0
BH-23 6.0 – 10.0
4.6 Mudstone
Deposits of Mudstone were found in BH-26 drilled on site, from weathering condition and
Rock Quality Designation, it can be termed as ‘very poor’ quality of mudstone was recovered
from site. Disturbed and Undisturbed samples were collected from these deposits which were
tested for moisture content and compressive strength. According to BS 5930, these deposits
are classified as ‘extremely weak’ rock. Table 8 summarizes the details of these deposits.

Table 8 Deposits of Mudstone
BH-26 6.0 – 10.0
4.7 General Groundwater Regime
Groundwater was encountered at a varying depth across the site shown in Table 9, but an
average its 1.19m depth(bgl) during drilling in exploratory holes excavated across the site.
Groundwater was monitored for a period of 24hours after drilling of borehole and no
significant changes in the water level was recorded.
Groundwater levels are susceptible to seasonal fluctuations and may be higher during wetter
periods than dryer periods.
Table 9 Ground Water Level in different boreholes
Bore Hole No GWL (m)
BH-01 0.5
BH-03 2m borehole collapsed
BH-04 1.63
BH-11 0.91
BH-13 1.21
BH-14 1.5
BH-20 0.45
BH-21 2.13
4.7.1 Groundwater Impact and Dewatering
Following the monitoring program, if the groundwater regime on site should indicate
consistently high groundwater levels, then it is likely that any foundation work would require
stringent measures to dewater excavations. Experience has shown that high groundwater is
one of the major causes of instabilities within excavations when not properly monitored and
managed. It is recommended to install a proper dewatering mechanism prior to lying of
foundation, if groundwater is encountered.

5. SEISMIC ZONING AND PEAK GROUND ACCELERATION
The project site was located at Karachi Sindh. According to the Building Code of Pakistan-
Seismic Provisions 2007, the project area may be safely placed in Seismic Zone 2B
corresponding to Peak Horizontal Ground Acceleration of 0.16g to 0.24g shows in Figure 4.
5.1 Seismic Parameters for the Building Site as Per PBC
Following parameters may be adopted as per Building Code of Pakistan-Seismic

Provisions (2007) for RCC Design for seismic Forces:
Table 10: Seismic Zoning and Factors
Soil Profile Seismic

Soil Profile Type Ca Cv
Name Zone Factor
Stiff Soil
SD 0.20 0.28 0.40
Profile

6. ENGINEERING CONSIDERATION
6.1 Foundation Design Consideration
In order to be term a foundation safe, the load carrying strata must be competent to sustain
the imposed loading without undergoing the following two conditions;
1. Shear failure
2. Settlements of the foundations not exceeding the tolerable limits.
Therefore, the load carrying characteristics of the strata must be evaluated keeping in view
these two considerations.
6.2 Analysis of Bearing Capacity
The bearing capacity has been calculated based on Meyerhof’s Bearing Capacity based on
SPT ‘N’ value, this method is f o r bearing capacity for shallow foundations for isolated
footing. This has been calculated with settlement tolerance of 2 5 m m for isolated
foundation.
The bearing capacity has been calculated based on Meyerhof’s Bearing Capacity Equation
(1956) based on SPT ‘N’ value, this method is f o r bearing capacity for shallow foundations
for Mat footing. This has been calculated with settlement tolerance of 5 0 m m for raft
foundation.
Keeping in view, loading conditions and subsurface strata, bearing capacities for isolated
and Mat foundation is given below in Table 11.
• It should be noted that elevation of Plot is based on approximation and it is

recommended to confirm levels and use auto-level prior to construction.
• It should be noted that in BH-13, BH-14, BH-15, BH-16, BH- 20, fill material
should be replaced by A1-a or A1-b material and must be compacted to achieve
at least 95% of Modified Proctor AASHTO value, before laying the foundation.
Table 11 Allowable Bearing Capacity for isolated foundation
Bearing Capacity Analysis
Minimum Embedment of foundation below EGL (Varies) (m) 2.0 m
Allowable Bearing Capacity for Isolated foundation (KPa/tsf) 68.9 KPa / 0.72 tsf
Allowable Bearing Capacity for Mat foundation (KPa/tsf) 126.0 KPa / 1.31 tsf

6.3 Modulus of Subgrade Reaction
Modulus of Subgrade Reaction (ks) is the Measure of the stiffness of the subgrade; load per
unit area causing unit deflection, expressed as k. The modulus of subgrade reaction is a
conceptual relationship between soil pressure and deflection that is widely used in structural
analysis of foundation members, mat, rafts and piles. The value of modulus of subgrade
reaction is also a function of the allowable bearing pressure.
The correlation between bearing capacity and modulus of subgrade reaction is at best
estimation. It can be used for estimation, but a Ks value determined by a plate load test
should always be used if available or should be requested whenever possible. The value of
modulus of sub grade reaction (Vertical) calculated against depths are presented in Table
12.
Table 12 Modulus of Subgrade Reaction
Modulus of Subgrade Reaction (K)
Minimum Embedment of Foundation Level below EGL (m) 2.0 m
8.27 MN/m3 / 23.4

Modulus of Subgrade Reaction for Isolated Foundation (MN/m3/ tcf)
tcf
15.1 MN/m3 / 42.9

Modulus of Subgrade Reaction for Mat Foundation (MN/m3/ tcf)
tcf
6.4 Selection of Cement
Due to contact of Sewerage water on site, it is recommended to use ‘Ordinary Portland

Cement (OPC) cement with Fly Ash Class F, for all underground construction.
Table 14 presents the chemical results of the ground soil samples.
Table 13 : Chemical Test Results
Chloride
Sulphate
Exploratory Hole Depth (m bgl) pH Content Geology
Content (ppm)
(ppm)
BH1 1.0m 8.43 0.02 0.11 Sand
BH2 2.0m 8.45 0.021 0.071 Silt
BH3 1.0m 8.41 0.02 0.11 Sand

BH4 1.0m 8.47 0.02 0.11 Silt
BH5 1.0m 8.49 0.02 0.1 Silt
BH6 1.0m 8.08 0.02 0.11 Sand
BH7 1.0m 8.05 0.03 0.12 Silt
BH8 1.0m 8.03 0.02 0.11 Sand
BH9 1.0m 8.05 0.02 0.11 Silt
BH10 2.0m 8.01 0.17 0.12 Sand
BH11 1.0m 8.09 0.02 0.11 Silt
BH12 1.0m 8.43 0.01 0.07 Sand
BH13 3.0m 8.45 0.01 0.04 Sand
BH14 4.5m 7.59 0.01 0.12 Gravel
BH15 2.0m 7.57 0.01 0.12 Sand
BH16 2.0m 8.01 0.01 0.11 Sand
BH18 1.0m 7.67 0.01 0.11 Sand
BH19 1.0m 7.54 0.03 0.15 Sand
BH20 2.0m 7.41 0.03 0.16 Silt
BH21 1.0m 7.64 0.02 0.13 Silt
BH22 1.0m 7.48 0.01 0.01 Sand
BH23 2.0m 7.77 0.005 0.039 Sand
BH24 1.0m 7.69 0.01 0.05 Sand
BH25 2.0m 7.59 0.01 0.11 Sand
BH26 1.0m 7.49 0.01 0.14 Sand
Therefore, (OPC) Ordinary Portland cement with Fly Ash Class F, is recommended to use all
underground construction

7. RECOMMENDATIONS
7.1 Site Preparatory Work
Site preparatory prior to construction works would need to be carried out to facilitate
development and are likely to include:
• Removal of any remaining demolition material and vegetation;
• stockpile any remaining topsoil for reuse;
• diversion and relocation of existing services (including disuse cable and clay pipe) as
applicable; and
• Re-profiling of site levels to achieve a suitable development platform (the extent of

which will depend on agreed levels).
7.2 Excavations
Excavation of the materials encountered during the ground investigation should be easily
achieved using conventional hydraulic excavation techniques. In case of deep excavation,
temporary retaining structures must be provided to ensure stability to the walls of the
excavation.
Excavation near an already constructed structure must be done manually. All possible
measures must be taken to ensure the stability of adjacent structure.
Care should be taken to limit the exposure of any excavation prepared to receive concrete,
which may cause deterioration and a reduction in bearing capacity. Foundation excavations
should be inspected by qualified personnel and any soft or loose materials that are
encountered should be removed and replaced with compacted granular fill or lean mix
concrete.
Based on the findings of this investigation, groundwater may occur locally in shallow
temporary excavations. A rigorous dewatering mechanism must be installed to ensure dry
surface at every time before concreting of foundation, if water is encountered.
7.3 Cement
Based on sewerage water presence on site ordinary Portland Cement OPC Cement with Fly
Ash Class F is recommended to be used for all underground construction.
7.4 Backfilling
Well graded soil must be used as a backfill material. The soil must be compacted to achieve
95% of Modified Proctor AASHTO value after laying. Likewise, soil of A1-A3 group may be
used for the purpose of levelling and grading.

In case loose soil is encountered, the soil must be replaced with structural fill of A1-a or A1-
b classification as per AASHTO Classification of Soil and Soil Aggregate Mixture. The Plasticity
Index of the soil must not exceed 6. The fill must be compacted to achieve at least 95% of
Modified Proctor AASHTO value. The fill must be laid and compacted in a layer thickness of
150mm.
7.5 Protection of Concrete against Corrosion
Corrosion of steel reinforcement in concrete reduces the service life of a structure, as well as
causes a reduction in its structural capacity. The factors that affect the rate of corrosion of
reinforcement in concrete include the following:
• Presence of harmful chemicals (such as chlorides, acids, and sulphates), as well

as the concentration of these chemicals.
• Availability of moisture and oxygen.
• Concrete density and permeability.
• Thickness of concrete cover.

To avoid possible attack of chloride on cement and minimize corrosion potential the concrete
mix should be designed using a water cement ratio not greater than 0.45. Admixtures may
be required to provide workability. While the rate of corrosion of reinforcing bars can be
reduced by providing proper concrete cover and controlling rise of water table. Concrete shall
be densified using vibrators and a cover of 75mm should be provided over all reinforcing steel
embedded in foundations concrete. A layer of bitumen coating should be applied to the
exterior of all the foundation and other concrete coming in contact with soil.

FIGURES
Figure 1: Satellite Image of Site Location



Figure 2 Site work Pictures


Figure 3 Samples Pictures

Figure 4 Seismic Map of Pakistan

APPENDIX A –EXPLORATORY HOLE RECORDS

APPENDIX B –LABORATORY TEST RESULTS

APPENDIX C – LABORATORY TEST DETAILS

Soil samples were tested in the laboratory for index and strength properties of the soils. These tests
were carried out in Soil test lab of M/s F &M Pvt. Ltd., Karachi as per relevant ASTM standards.
➢ Particle Size Distribution, ASTM D-422-63(2007)e2
➢ Natural moisture content ASTM D-2216 – 19
➢ Atterberg limits, ASTM D-4318 – 17e1
➢ Chemical analysis of soil ASTM C 1580-15
Brief description on various field and laboratory test results is as under:
C.1 Grain Size Analysis
This test is performed to determine the percentage of different grain sizes contained within a soil. The
mechanical or sieve analysis is performed to determine the distribution of the coarser, larger-sized
particles, and the hydrometer method is used to determine the distribution of the finer particles. Soil
consists of an assembly of ultimate soil particles (discrete particles) of various shapes and sizes. The
object of a particle size analysis is to group these particles into separate ranges of sizes and so
determine the relative proportion by weight of each size range. The method employs sieving and
sedimentation of a soil/water/dispersant suspension to separate the particles. The sedimentation
technique is based on an application of Stokes' law to a soil/water suspension and periodic measurement
of the density of the suspension. The grain size distribution curves give the exact idea regarding the
gradation of the soils. In non-cohesive soils, it is very important to identify whether a soil is well graded,
uniformly graded or poorly graded. For this particle size is determined against 10%, 30% and 60%
passing, which may be denoted D10, D30 and D60 respectively
C.2 Natural Moisture Content
The natural water content also called the natural moisture content is the ratio of the weight of water to
the weight of the solids in a given mass of soil. This ratio is usually expressed as percentage. In almost
all soil tests natural moisture content of the soil is to be determined. The knowledge of the natural
moisture content is essential in all studies of soil mechanics. To sight a few, natural moisture content is
used in determining the bearing capacity and settlement. The natural moisture content will give an idea
of the state of soil in the field.
C.3 Atterberg Limits
The Atterberg limits are a basic measure of the critical water contents of a fine-grained soil, such as its
shrinkage limit, plastic limit, and liquid limit. As a dry, clayey soil takes on increasing amounts of water,
it undergoes dramatic and distinct changes in behavior and consistency. Depending on the water content
of the soil, it may appear in four states: solid, semi-solid, plastic and liquid as shown in figure. In each
state, the consistency and behavior of a soil is different and consequently so are its engineering

properties. Thus, the boundary between each state can be defined based on a change in the soil's
behavior. The Atterberg limits can be used to distinguish between silt and clay, and it can distinguish
between different types of silts and clays. These distinctions in soil are used in assessing the soils that
are to have structures built on. Soils when wet retain water and some expand in volume. The amount
of expansion is related to the ability of the soil to take in water and its structural make-up (the type of
atoms present). These tests are mainly used on clayey or silty soils since these are the soils that expand
and shrink due to moisture content. Clays and silts react with the water and thus change sizes and have
varying shear strengths. Thus these tests are used widely in the preliminary stages of designing any
structure to ensure that the soil will have the correct amount of shear strength and not too much change
in volume as it expands and shrinks with different moisture contents.
Water Content Significantly affects properties of Silty and Clayey soils (unlike sand and gravel).
Plasticity property describes the response of a soil to change in moisture content.
• Strength decreases as water content increases
• Soils swell-up when water content increases
• Fine-grained soils at very high water content possess properties similar to liquids
• As the water content is reduced, the volume of the soil decreases and the soils become plastic
• If the water content is further reduced, the soil becomes semi-solid when the volume does not
change.
Atterberg limits were also performed to further assist in classifying the soils. These tests were carried
out in accordance with relevant ASTM standards.
C.4 Chemical Tests
Soils which come into contact with construction materials may be corrosive, either to concrete or
reinforcing steel, leading to failure of the structure or necessitating special design considerations. There
are a variety of tests which may be carried out for soil corrosively. And there are a number of different
Standard Methods which may be used.

To determine the amount of dissolved solids and the concentration of sulphates and chlorides as well
as the quantity of organic content, relevant tests were performed on soil samples as mentioned in the
laboratory testing programs. Related standards were kept in due consideration while carrying out these
tests.
As per ACI Committee and Concrete Manual of USBR, the upper limit of SO 4 content for use of Ordinary
Portland Cement (OPC) is 0.12% in soils. Besides, as per the British Standards, no special precautions
are required if concentration of SO4 is less than 0.24%.
As per ACI Committee 201, the upper limit of CL content for use of Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) is
0.06% in soils.
Chemical tests were carried out in accordance with ASTM C 1580-15, and D 4972-18.
Table 14 ACI standards for concrete for sulphate exposure
Water Soluble
Sulphate Sulphate in Water
Sulphates in Soil Cement Type
Exposure (mg/L)
(%)
Negligible 0.00-0.10 0- 150 OPC
Moderate 0.10-0.20 150- 1500 Type II
Severe 0.20-2.00 1500-10000 Type V
Type V
Very Severe Over 2.00 Over 10000
plus pozzolan

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EUROCONSULT PAKISTAN

GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATION REPORT FOR SEWERAGE WATER

DEPARTMENT OF GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING

F & M (PRIVATE) LIMITED

Project G.I For Sewerage Water Lines At Malir River Karachi

Document Geotechnical Investigation Report

Client Euro-Consult Pakistan (Pvt.) Ltd

Issue/revision First issue Revision 1 Revision 2 Revision 3

Prepared by Bisma Fatima

Checked by Usama Khan

Authorised by Taha Akram

Method of issue Email/Print

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1.1 APPOINTMENT AND BRIEF SITE SUMMARY ............................................................................................................... 8

2. SITE DETAILS ............................................................................................................................................... 9

2.1 SITE LOCATION AND DESCRIPTION........................................................................................................................... 9

3. GROUND INVESTIGATION ........................................................................................................................... 9

3.1 FIELDWORK, MONITORING AND LABORATORY TESTING ............................................................................................... 9

4.1 FILL MATERIAL .................................................................................................................................................... 11

5. SEISMIC ZONING AND PEAK GROUND ACCELERATION ..............................................................................16

6. ENGINEERING CONSIDERATION .................................................................................................................17

6.1 FOUNDATION DESIGN CONSIDERATION .................................................................................................................... 17

7.1 SITE PREPARATORY WORK .................................................................................................................................... 20

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Figure 1 Satellite Image of Site Location ................................................................................... 22

Figure 2 Site work Pictures ..................................................................................................... 25

Figure 3 Samples Pictures ....................................................................................................... 27

Figure 4 Seismic Map of Pakistan ............................................................................................. 28

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Table 1 Site Summary .............................................................................................................. 9

Table 2 Summary of Geotechnical and Chemical Laboratory Testing ............................................. 10

Table 3 Deposits of Fill Material ............................................................................................... 11

Table 4 Deposits of Silt .......................................................................................................... 12

Table 5 Deposits of Sand ........................................................................................................ 12

Table 6 Deposits of Gravel ...................................................................................................... 14

Table 7 Deposits of Shale ........................................................................................................ 14

Table 8 Deposits of Mudstone .................................................................................................. 15

Table 9 Ground Water Level in different boreholes ..................................................................... 15

Table 10 Seismic Zoning and Factors ........................................................................................ 16

Table 11 Allowable Bearing Capacity for isolated foundation ........................................................ 17

Table 12 Modulus of Subgrade Reaction .................................................................................... 18

Table 14 Chemical Test Results ................................................................................................ 18

Table 15 ACI standards for concrete for sulphate exposure ......................................................... 34

APPENDIX A – EXPLORATORY HOLE RECORDS

APPENDIX B – GEOTECHNICAL LABORATORY TEST RESULTS

APPENDIX C – LABORATORY TESTING DETAILS

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1.1 Appointment and Brief Site Summary