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Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering

Sandip Kumar Saha

Mousumi Mukherjee Editors

Recent Advances
in Computational
Mechanics and
Simulations
Volume-II: Nano to Macro
Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering

Series Editors
Francisco Cavas-Martínez, Departamento de Estructuras, Universidad Politécnica
de Cartagena, Cartagena, Murcia, Spain
Fakher Chaari, National School of Engineers, University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
Francesco Gherardini, Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Università di Modena e Reggio
Emilia, Modena, Italy
Mohamed Haddar, National School of Engineers of Sfax (ENIS), Sfax, Tunisia
Vitalii Ivanov, Department of Manufacturing Engineering Machine and Tools,
Sumy State University, Sumy, Ukraine
Young W. Kwon, Department of Manufacturing Engineering and Aerospace
Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering and Applied Science, Monterey, CA,
USA
Justyna Trojanowska, Poznan University of Technology, Poznan, Poland
Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering (LNME) publishes the latest devel-
opments in Mechanical Engineering—quickly, informally and with high quality.
Original research reported in proceedings and post-proceedings represents the core
of LNME. Volumes published in LNME embrace all aspects, subfields and new
challenges of mechanical engineering. Topics in the series include:
• Engineering Design
• Machinery and Machine Elements
• Mechanical Structures and Stress Analysis
• Automotive Engineering
• Engine Technology
• Aerospace Technology and Astronautics
• Nanotechnology and Microengineering
• Control, Robotics, Mechatronics
• MEMS
• Theoretical and Applied Mechanics
• Dynamical Systems, Control
• Fluid Mechanics
• Engineering Thermodynamics, Heat and Mass Transfer
• Manufacturing
• Precision Engineering, Instrumentation, Measurement
• Materials Engineering
• Tribology and Surface Technology

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Sandip Kumar Saha · Mousumi Mukherjee
Editors

Recent Advances
in Computational Mechanics
and Simulations
Volume-II: Nano to Macro
Editors
Sandip Kumar Saha Mousumi Mukherjee
School of Engineering School of Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Mandi Indian Institute of Technology Mandi
Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, India Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, India

ISSN 2195-4356 ISSN 2195-4364 (electronic)

Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering
ISBN 978-981-15-8314-8 ISBN 978-981-15-8315-5 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-8315-5

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore
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Foreword

Selected papers, presented in the 7th International Congress on Computational

Mechanics and Simulation (ICCMS 2019) held under the aegis of Indian Associ-
ation for Computation Mechanics (IndACM), and organized by Indian Institute of
Technology Mandi, are compiled into two book volumes. The advances made in
recent years in mechanics of materials and structures are reported in the first volume.
It gives me immense pleasure to write the foreword for the second volume that
reports the advances in nano-to-macro mechanics and application of computational
techniques in emerging areas.
There are 55 chapters, thematically arranged and subdivided into seven subsec-
tions in the second volume. The first section, having six chapters, is dedicated to
recent advances in nanomechanics. These chapters report new developments in
understanding the behavior of nanoshells and nanotubes. As we gain more clarity on
the behavior of nanoscale materials and elements, their application scope, especially
in medical use, will widen. With use of supercomputer and advanced simulation
techniques, we are progressing toward the use of digital twins of the human body to
monitor and forecast medical conditions. It is, therefore, necessary to understand the
mechanics of various parts of the human body. The second section focuses on the
advancements in biomechanics. The five chapters in this section are dedicated to the
application of computational mechanics and simulation techniques in the modeling
of bone, tissue, veins, etc.
The third section, with nine chapters, deals with the recent developments in solid
mechanics and finite element method (FEM). Studies related to fatigue life estima-
tion of large complex systems, like turbo generators, use of extended finite element
method (XFEM) in creep life estimation and analysis of advanced honeycomb struc-
tures are presented here. The 13 chapters in section four present the advancements
in computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and transport phenomena. From the use of
meshless methods in simulating flow and the transport process to modeling bio-
inspired motions are in the focus of at least five chapters. Another five chapters focus
on the turbulent and non-Newtonian fluid flow and associated areas. The remaining
three chapters discuss different forces on hypersonic blunt body, acoustic analysis
and effect of laser on natural convection.

v
vi Foreword

The fifth section presents the recent advancements in modeling and simulation
of multiscale-multiphysics problems. There are six chapters in this section high-
lighting various ranges of applications. This section also stresses upon the simu-
lation of multi-scale systems with advanced materials such as piezoelectric mate-
rials and magneto-rheological materials. The sixth section has seven chapters dedi-
cated to recent advances and new applications of numerical techniques and algo-
rithms. These include solution of Levy-type plates, time integration schemes for
nonlinear problems, algorithms for simulating geomaterial response, solution of
bivariate population balance equation, etc.
The last section, comprises nine chapters and presents the recent applications
of computational mechanics and techniques in emerging areas. Some observations
presented herein on the use of X-ray microtomographic images of concrete for phase
segmentation, design of nonlinear energy harvesting systems, battery module for
electric vehicles and dynamic analysis of launch vehicle structures truly showcase
the wide and futuristic applications of computational mechanics and simulation tech-
niques. There is no doubt that computational mechanics is going to play a driving
role to utilize the true potential of ever-increasing computer capabilities for solving
twenty-first century’s complex real-life problems.
I hope the readers will enjoy reading the book volume and get some high-quality
food for thought leading to future advancements of this field. The editors have done a
commendable job in bringing such a wide range of excellent research articles under
one umbrella. I must congratulate them for their sincere efforts.

Tarun Kant, Ph.D., FNAE, FASc, FNA, FNASc

Professor Emeritus
Department of Civil Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Bombay
Powai, Mumbai, India
Preface

Indian Institute of Technology Mandi (IIT Mandi) successfully hosted the 7th Inter-
national Congress on Computational Mechanics and Simulation (ICCMS 2019).
This prestigious biennial event was attended by over 250 delegates from all across
the world. This unique congress has exceptional reputation for showcasing the latest
developments in various fronts of computational mechanics—from theories to appli-
cations. In the modern era, the scientific exploration has gained a new height with
the advancements in mathematical and computational methods. Its significant impact
can further be realized through the possibilities of performing engineering analysis
and design tasks which could have not been managed by manual efforts earlier.
Computational Mechanics emphasizes the development of mathematical models
representing physical phenomena and applies modern computing methods to analyze
these phenomena. Essentially, being interdisciplinary in nature, it thrives on the
fields related to physics, mechanics, mathematics and computer science, and encom-
passes applying numerical methods to various problems in science and engineering.
Recent advances in the field of Computational Mechanics have generated consider-
able interest among researchers and practicing engineers to gain more knowledge
and insight into the various aspects of modeling, analysis and design. The principles
of Computational Mechanics can be effectively applied to rational design of engi-
neering components under various extreme and complex loading conditions. Within
the aforementioned general framework, Computational Mechanics is currently being
used in a broad range of applications including civil, offshore, aerospace, automotive,
naval, biomechanics and nuclear structures. Keeping such multidisciplinary aspects
in mind, this book volume presents the recent advancements which took place in
the field of Computational Mechanics by compiling selected papers presented in the
ICCMS 2019.
About 215 technical papers were presented during the three days’ congress by
researchers and practitioners from a wide spectrum of research background. In addi-
tion, there were 15 plenary speeches, 10 keynote speeches and four invited talks
delivered by eminent researches in respective areas. All the submitted articles went
through a rigorous three-level review process. The review comments were shared
with the authors to comply and improve. The articles were accepted for presentation
only after receiving positive recommendations from the reviewers. It was indeed
vii
viii Preface

an enthralling experience to assimilate all the outstanding research papers from the
multidisciplinary domains. However, based on the reviewers’ feedback and recom-
mendations, only 105 papers were selected for compilation as book volumes. We
are delighted that the state-of-the-art technical articles are finally coming up in the
form of two exclusive book volumes by Springer titled Recent Advances in Computa-
tional Mechanics and Simulations. The technical articles are categorically presented
as 105 chapters distributed in two volumes. Volume-I is broadly dedicated to the use
of computational mechanics and simulations at the level of Materials to Structures;
and Volume-II broadly focuses on computational mechanics at Nano to Macro levels
and its applications in emerging areas. Nevertheless, there are several chapters that
encompass multiple frontiers of the computational mechanics. Therefore, drawing a
fine boundary while distributing the articles in two volumes was really challenging.
The wholehearted support received from the organizing committee members and
colleagues at IIT Mandi in organizing the ICCMS 2019 is truly appreciated. We are
grateful to Prof. Tarun Kant, Founding President of Indian Association of Compu-
tational Mechanics (IndACM), and Prof. Vasant Matsagar, Executive Secretary of
IndACM, for their mentoring in the overall organization of the congress. We would
like to thank the authors who contributed the exceptional technical articles for the
congress. We express our sincere gratitude to all the reviewers for their valuable time
and painstaking efforts in reviewing the articles. We are indebted to Prof. Tarun Kant
for writing the foreword of this volume. The list of acknowledgements will be incom-
plete without mentioning the passionate efforts put in by our postgraduate students
at various levels of the organization. Without their active support and devotion, it
would not have been possible to organize an event of this stature. We thank Springer
for accepting our proposal and Ms. Swati Meherishi, Editorial Director, and her team
for continuous support in successfully bringing out these book volumes.

Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, India Sandip Kumar Saha

May 2020 Mousumi Mukherjee
7th International Congress on Computational
Mechanics and Simulation (ICCMS 2019)

Under the auspices of the Indian Association for Computational Mechanics

(IndACM), International Congress on Computational Mechanics and Simulation
(ICCMS) is organized biennially. The Association was founded on January 1, 2000,
and has about 200 life members. The previous congresses (ICCMS) were held at
IIT Bombay (2015, 2009), CSIR-SERC Chennai (2014), IIT Hyderabad (2012), IIT
Guwahati (2006) and IIT Kanpur (2004). Computational Mechanics, being an inter-
disciplinary domain of mechanics, involving mathematical models of physical real-
life problems and their solutions, the congress is typically attended by delegates with
background in civil engineering, mechanical engineering, aerospace engineering,
materials engineering/science, physics, mathematics and other disciplines.
The 7th edition of ICCMS was organized by Indian Institute of Technology Mandi
(IIT Mandi), during 11–13 December 2019, at the serene Kamand Valley located in
the lap of the Great Himalayas. The congress hosted 15 plenary speakers, 10 keynote
speakers and four invited speakers from, Australia, India, Japan, UK and USA. More
than 215 technical papers were presented by the delegates from across the world in
addition to the plenary, keynote and invited presentations. The technical papers were
invited under 14 different subdomains, such as biomechanics; computational fluid
dynamics and transport phenomena; computational geomechanics and geotechnics;
natural materials; computational structural dynamics; constitutive modeling of mate-
rials; composites and multifunctional materials; fracture and failure mechanics; inter-
faces, contacts and interactions; multiscale and multiphysics problems, simulation;
numerical methods and algorithms in engineering and science; simulation and anal-
ysis under accidental and extreme loadings; structural health monitoring; vibration
control; structural mechanics, materials and engineering; uncertainty quantification,
reliability analysis; and application of computational techniques in other areas. The
technical presentations were conducted in six parallel sessions during the three days
of the congress.
Along with the regular technical sessions, International Society for Soil Mechanics
and Geotechnical Engineering (ISSMGE), in association with ICCMS 2019, orga-
nized a day-long Mini-Symposium of ISSMGE’s Technical committee TC-105
on GeoMechanics from Micro to Macro. This comprised seven invited lectures

ix
x 7th International Congress on Computational Mechanics and Simulation …

and four regular presentations by young researchers. The objective of this mini-
symposium was to promote the micromechanics-based modeling and research within
the geomechanics community of India.
After seven successful occasions, the 8th edition of ICCMS will be organized by
Indian Institute of Technology Indore in 2021.
Organizing Committee (ICCMS 2019)

Patron
Prof. Timothy A. Gonsalves, Director, IIT Mandi

Mentor
Prof. Tarun Kant, Founding President, IndACM, Professor Emeritus, IIT Bombay,
Visiting Distinguished Professor, IIT Mandi

Core Organizing Committee

Dr. Sandip Kumar Saha, Assistant Professor, School of Engineering, IIT Mandi
(Convenor)
Dr. Mousumi Mukherjee, Assistant Professor, School of Engineering, IIT Mandi
Dr. Maheshreddy Gade, Assistant Professor, School of Engineering, IIT Mandi
Dr. Venkata Uday Kala, Assistant Professor, School of Engineering, IIT Mandi
Dr. Rajesh Ghosh, Assistant Professor, School of Engineering, IIT Mandi
Dr. Subhamoy Sen, Assistant Professor, School of Engineering, IIT Mandi
Dr. Gaurav Bhutani, Assistant Professor, School of Engineering, IIT Mandi
Dr. Rajneesh Sharma, Assistant Professor, School of Engineering, IIT Mandi
Dr. Kaustav Sarkar, Assistant Professor, School of Engineering, IIT Mandi

xi
Contents

Recent Advances in Nanomechanics

Buckling of Pressurized Nano-Sized Spherical Shell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Manjur Alam and Sudib Kumar Mishra
On Flexure of Shear Deformable Isotropic Rectangular Nanobeams . . . . 17
Kedar S. Pakhare, P. J. Guruprasad, and Rameshchandra P. Shimpi
Rolling and Sliding Resistance as Carbon Nanotubes are Driven
on a Graphene Sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Avirup Sircar and Puneet Kumar Patra
Surface Stress-induced Degradation of Electrochemical
Performance of Cylindrical Silicon Anode Particles in Li-ion
Batteries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Amrita Sengupta, Sourav Das, and Jeevanjyoti Chakraborty
Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Single-Wall Carbon Nanotube
Aluminum Composite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Pramod Rakt Patel, Sumit Sharma, and S. K. Tiwari
Low Velocity Impact Behavior of Carbon Nanotubes Reinforced
Aluminum Foams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Y. M. Chordiya and M. D. Goel

Recent Advances in Biomechanics

Effect of Interfacial Crack on the Prediction of Bone–Cement
Interface Failure of Cemented Acetabular Component . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Ajay Kumar, Rajesh Ghosh, and Rajeev Kumar
Effect of Occlusion Percentage and Lesion Length on Stenosed
Coronary Artery: A Numerical Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
Supratim Saha, T. Purushotham, and K. Arul Prakash

xiii
xiv Contents

Model-Based Simulation of Surface Electromyography Signals

and Its Analysis Under Fatiguing Conditions Using Tunable
Wavelets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Lakshmi M. Hari, S. Edward Jero, G. Venugopal, and S. Ramakrishnan
Fractal Order Poro-elastic Model for Modelling Biphasic Tissue
and Tissue-Like Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
Shib Sundar Banerjee, Arockiarajan Arunachalakasi,
and Ramakrishnan Swaminathan
Quantification of Brain Retraction Using Visco-hyperelastic
Framework for Image-Guided Neurosurgical Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
Abhilash Awasthi, Suryanarayanan Bhaskar, Umesh Gautam,
and Sitikantha Roy

Recent Trends in Solid Mechanics and FEM

Calculation of NSIFs and Shape Factors of Four-Point Bend
Specimens Containing Sharp V-Notches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
Mirzaul Karim Hussain and K. S. R. K. Murthy
Tera-Hertz Wave Propagation in Non-classical Beams Using
Spectral Finite Element Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
K. Sainath and S. Narendar
Fem Simulations for Fatigue Life Estimation of Big
Turbo-generator Shaft During Various Fault Disturbances Under
Active Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
Tarun Kumar, Rajeev Kumar, and S. C. Jain
Complete Creep Life Prediction Using Continuum Damage
Mechanics and XFEM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
V. B. Pandey, I. V. Singh, and B. K. Mishra
Numerical Study of Coupled Elasto-Plastic Hydrogen Diffusion
at Crack Tip Using XFEM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
Anjali Jha, I. V. Singh, B. K. Mishra, Ritu Singh, and R. N. Singh
Role Played by Grain Boundaries in Plastic Deformation
of Polycrystalline Metals: A Discrete Dislocation Dynamics Study . . . . . . 187
Tawqeer Nasir Tak, Aditya Prakash, Indradev Samajdar, and P. J. Guruprasad
Effective Properties of Two-Scale Viscoelastic Composites . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
Vivek Singh, Jayram Desai, and Vikranth Racherla
Thermo-Mechanical Analysis of Shape Memory Polymer
Composite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
L. Bhola, P. M. Mujumdar, and P. J. Guruprasad
Contents xv

Energy Absorption Characteristics of Balsa Wood Filled

Aluminum Honeycomb Structures Subjected to Axial Quasi-static
Loading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
Nadeem Ahmad, Devendra K. Dubey, and Rohit Sankrityayan

Recent Advances in Computational Fluid Dynamics

Simulation of Flow and Transport Process—Scope of Meshless
Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
Aatish Anshuman and T. I. Eldho
Computational Modelling of Stochastic Buffeting of Fin-Like
Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
Rahul Sundar, Avisha Ghorpade, Jithin Jith, Sayan Gupta, and Sunetra Sarkar
Investigating the Dynamical Behaviour of Dipteran Flight-Inspired
Flapping Motion Using Immersed Boundary Method-Based FSI
Solver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
Chhote Lal Shah, Dipanjan Majumdar, and Sunetra Sarkar
Probing into the Efficacy of Discrete Forcing Immersed Boundary
Method in Capturing the Aperiodic Transition in the Wake
of a Flapping Airfoil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
Dipanjan Majumdar, Chandan Bose, and Sunetra Sarkar
Numerical Investigation of Switching of a Jet Generated by a Foil
Pitching in Still Fluid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
Chayanit Nigaltia and Sachin Y. Shinde
Studying the Channel Confluence Hydraulics Using Eddy Viscosity
Models and Reynolds Stress Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295
Abhishek K. Pandey, Pranab K. Mohapatra, and Vikrant Jain
Computational Modelling of Turbulent Flows Using an Adaptive
Mesh Finite Element Method: A Benchmarking Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
Naman Agarwal and Gaurav Bhutani
Finite Element Computational Modelling of Non-Newtonian
Fluids Using Anisotropic Mesh Adaptivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323
Neeraj Kr. Singh and Gaurav Bhutani
Computational Study of Shear Flow Past Square Cylinder
with Horizontal Control Plate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339
Ashwani and Rajendra K. Ray
Numerical Study of Shear Flow Past an Inclined Square Cylinder
with Vertical Control Plate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351
Rishabh Saxena and Rajendra K. Ray
xvi Contents

Numerical Analysis of the Pressure, Temperature,

and Aerodynamic Forces on Hypersonic Blunt Hemispherical
Shaped Body . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363
Krishnakumar V. Patel and Prem R. Patel
Interior Acoustic Analysis of Rectangular-Shaped Rigid Cavity
with Opening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375
Subhankar Pramanik, Sreyashi Das, and Arup Guha Niyogi
Numerical Investigation of Effect of Laser on Natural Convection
in Two-Dimensional Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385
G. Chanakya and Pradeep Kumar

Recent Advances in Multiscale–Multiphysics Problems

Finite Deformation of a Dielectric Cylindrical Actuator:
A Continuum Mechanics Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401
Deepak Kumar, Subrat Kumar Behera, and Somnath Sarangi
Numerical Studies for Generalized Modified Polarization
Saturation (PS) Model in Piezoelectric Media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419
Kuldeep Sharma and Sandeep Singh
Thermal Conduction in One-Dimensional Φ 4 Chains with Colliding
Particles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429
Sankhadeep Bhattacharyya and Puneet Kumar Patra
Sequence of Hydrodynamic Phenomena During the Interactions
of Drop and Bubble in Vertical Conduit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443
Subhav Chauhan and Parmod Kumar
Investigating Fluid-Structure Interaction Behavior
of a Chord-Wise Flexible Filament in the Wake of a Bluff
Body Using Partitioned Strong Coupling Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 453
Chandan Bose, Rajanya Chatterjee, Sayan Gupta, and Sunetra Sarkar
Optimal Design of Rotary Magneto-Rheological Drum Brake
for Transfemoral Prosthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 465
Radhe Shyam Tak Saini, Hemantha Kumar, Sujatha Chandramohan,
and Sujatha Srinivasan

Recent Advances in Numerical Techniques

Single Variable New First-Order Shear Deformation Plate Theory:
Numerical Solutions of Lévy-Type Plates Using Fourth-Order
Runge-Kutta Technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 477
Himanshu Sawhney, Kedar S. Pakhare, Rameshchandra P. Shimpi,
P. J. Guruprasad, and Yogesh M. Desai
Contents xvii

Investigation of Some Recently Proposed Explicit Time Integration

Schemes for Nonlinear Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 487
Abhijeet Singh, Rishiraj K. Thakur, Vishal Agrawal, and Sachin S. Gautam
Performance Evaluation of Some Novel Composite Time
Integration Schemes for Dynamic Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 499
Jasti Mahesh Kumar, Vishal Agrawal, and Sachin Singh Gautam
Development of Efficient Stress Return Algorithms for Simulating
Geomaterial Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 509
Divyanshu Kumar Lal and Arghya Das
Kernel Gradient Free Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics
for Transient Boundary Value Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 519
K. C. Charan and Siva Prasad AVS
A New Edge-Based Meshless Scheme for High-Speed Inviscid
and Viscous Flows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 527
H. S. Krishna
A Numerical Framework for the Solution of Bivariate Population
Balance Equation—Model Implementation and Verification . . . . . . . . . . . 539
Deepak Kumar Singh and Gaurav Bhutani

Application of Computational Mechanics in Emerging Areas

Application of Novel Radial Thresholding Method
for the Segmentation of Different Phases from X-Ray
Microtomographic Images of Concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 555
Vishwas Chhimpa, Subhasis Pradhan, and Sudhirkumar V. Barai
Design of a Nonlinear Energy Harvesting Dynamic Vibration
Absorber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 563
Soumi Bhattacharyya and Shaikh Faruque Ali
Harvesting Energy from a Series of Harvesters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 573
Mohammad Reyaz Ahmad Vali and Shaikh Faruque Ali
Design of a Flow Control Device Using a Special Class of Hybrid
Symmetric Bistable Laminates in Clamped Boundary Condition . . . . . . . 587
Aghna Mukherjee, Akash Mundwaik, Shaikh Faruque Ali,
and Arunachalkasi Arockiarajan
Dynamic Stability of Spent Fuel Trays Stack Submerged in Water
Pool Incorporating Coupled Fluid Structure Interaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 597
Binu Kumar, R. S. Singh, O. P. Singh, G. R. Reddy, K. M. Singh,
and N. Gopala Krishnan
xviii Contents

Frequency Domain Based Robust Flutter Analysis of Swept Back

Wing Using μ Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 609
A. Arun Kumar and Amit Kumar Onkar
Optimal Parameters Identification of Quarter Car Simulink
Model for Better Ride Comfort and Road Holding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 623
N. P. Puneet, Abhinandan Hegale, Hemantha Kumar, and K. V. Gangadharan
Parametric Study of Lithium-ion Battery Module for Electric
Vehicle Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 637
R. Umesh, Basant Singh Sikarwar, Ayush Goyal, and Sachin Singh Gautam
An Efficient Implementation of Lanczos Method for Dynamic
Analysis of Launch Vehicle Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 649
P. Deepak, P. V. Anil Kumar, and R. Neetha
About the Editors

Sandip Kumar Saha is an Assistant Professor in the School of Engineering at

the Indian Institute of Technology Mandi (IIT Mandi). He obtained his Ph.D. from
IIT Delhi, India and postdoctoral work in University of Canterbury, New Zealand.
His research interests include computational structural dynamics, performance based
earthquake engineering, uncertainty modeling in dynamical systems, multi-hazard
(earthquake, wind, fire, blast etc.) protection of structures.

Mousumi Mukherjee is an Assistant Professor in the School of Engineering at

the Indian Institute of Technology Mandi (IIT Mandi), India. She received her Ph.D. in
civil engineering from Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, India and pursued post-
doctoral work in the School of Civil, Environmental and Mining Engineering at
the University of Adelaide, Australia. Her research interests include geomechanics,
constitutive modeling of frictional material, soil instability analysis, modeling of
debris flow, numerical modelling of large deformation problems pertinent to geotech-
nical engineering.

xix
Recent Advances in Nanomechanics
Buckling of Pressurized Nano-Sized
Spherical Shell

Manjur Alam and Sudib Kumar Mishra

1 Introduction

Since the invention of carbon nanotube and a variant of nanostructures, the interest
in nanotechnology has been flourishing rapidly. This has led to arbitrary miniaturiza-
tion of many devices and systems, which are widely acclaimed in a variety of critical
infrastructural applications. Key to the success is the exceptional thermo-electro-
mechanical properties of various nanostructures, that have attracted the attention of
the researchers’ community. Understanding the mechanical responses are important
for economic and reliable design of nanostructures. This requires the evaluation of
stress, strains and their functions. Because of their characteristic dimensions, the
mechanics of nanostructures/nanodevices are significantly dominated by the molec-
ular forces and their interactions, which needs to be adequately incorporated in the
analysis. The Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations [1] are traditionally used for
this. In instances, even the quantum–mechanical description of such interactions is
also included [2]. However, the MD simulation becomes prohibitively exhaustive
to probe length scales of engineering significance to prevent their usage in routine
analysis/design of nanostructures. As an alternative, the theory of continuum solid
mechanics has been extended by Eringen et al. [3, 4] by accommodating the long-
range molecular interactions, referred as nonlocal theory. In these theories, the stress
is not only related to the strains but their gradients as well, described by the Laplacian
of the field variable.
Since the concept of nonlocal elasticity is introduced by Eringen et al. [3, 4],
several aspects of molecular mechanics have been reported in literature using this
theory. Eringen [5] et al. showed that the stress singularity at the crack tip for Griffith

M. Alam (B) · S. Kumar Mishra

Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, UP 208016, India
e-mail: manjur@iitk.ac.in

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license 3
to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2021
S. K. Saha and M. Mukherjee (eds.), Recent Advances in Computational
Mechanics and Simulations, Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-8315-5_1
4 M. Alam and S. K. Mishra

crack is eliminated in nonlocal media. The solution of the screw dislocation using
nonlocal theory showed good agreement with the experimental observations [6].
The concern of these investigations is material instability. It is important to note that,
with increasingly smaller dimensions of nanostructures, their strength gets higher
[7, 8]. Whereas improved strength permits slender nanostructures, this also increases
their vulnerability to geometric instability, such as buckling. Therefore, geometric
instability of nanostructures attracts considerable attention in recent times.
Peddieson et al. [9] provided a nonlocal formulation of the Euler–Bernoulli beam
theory for its potential application in nanotechnology. Zhang et al. [10] studied buck-
ling of an axially compressed cylindrical shell based on the nonlocal continuum
theory. Wang et al. [11] indicated a resemblance between the effect of transverse
shear deformation and small length scale in reducing the buckling load. Reddy
[12] presented beam theories based on Eringen’s differential constitutive model to
show that the nonlocal effect decreases critical loads. Pradhan et al. [13] studied the
effect of nonlocality on the buckling analysis of bi-axially compressed single-layered
Graphene using nonlocal theory. The effect of shear deformation is also illustrated
[14]. Hashemi et al. [15] investigated buckling of bi-axially loaded nonlocal Mindlin
plates. Zhang et al. [16] calibrated the parameters of nonlocal model from the critical
load.
It is apparent from the review that the nonlocal elasticity theory has been used
most extensively in order to study the buckling and post-buckling behavior of
different nanostructures, such as beams and plates. Shen and co-investigators [17–19]
presented the size dependency of buckling and post-buckling of shear deformable
shell model under axial, radial and torsional loading. The buckling instability of cylin-
drical nonlocal shell (such as CNT) has also been recently studied by Ghavanloo et al.
[20]. However, otherwise, research works on buckling of spherical shell is scanty and
needs further exploration. In fact, several systems at nanoscale can be modelled as
thin-walled spherical shells. The most common example is that of Fullerene, which
has been approximated as spherical shell by the previous investigators [21, 22]. The
viral capsid is also modelled as spherical shell by Zhang and Ru [23] and Ru [24].
However, these studies do not take the nonlocal interactions into account. Although
due to their characteristic lengths, nonlocal interactions are expected to be signifi-
cant. Therefore, it is important to study the buckling instability of these structures
under external pressures, which remains unexplored. An analysis of nonlocal spher-
ical shell for buckling will be a significant add on to the literature. This article derives
the basic equations governing the buckling of pressurized nano spherical shell. The
shallow shell segment assumptions are made use of, in order to significantly reduce
the complexity of the problem. The equations are formulated using nonlocal differen-
tial constitutive equations in conjunction with the shallow segment shell theory. An
expression for the critical pressure for buckling is derived in close form on solving
these equations. The effect of parametric variations of important parameters is also
demonstrated.
Buckling of Pressurized Nano-Sized Spherical Shell 5

2 Nonlocal Model for a Spherical Shell

2.1 Nonlocal Elasticity

According to Eringen’s nonlocal elastic field theory [3–6], the stress at a reference

point x is a functional of a strain field at every point x in the body. This observa-
tion accords the atomic theory of lattice dynamics and experimental observations
on phonon dispersion, details of which may be obtained elsewhere [4, 25, 26]. In
a limiting case, as the effect of strains at points other than x is neglected, the classical
local theory of elasticity is reclaimed. For homogeneous, isotropic elastic solid, the
stress–strain relationship is expressed as
      
σi j (x) = ∫ α x − x  , τ σiclj x  dv x  (1)
v


In which σi j (x) is the nonlocal stress tensor and σiclj (x ) is the classical stress
  
tensor at x which is relatedto the linear
  strain tensor εi j (x ) at any point x in the
 
 kernel function α x − x , τ is the nonlocal modulus
body. The  
with an argument
x − x   as the distance, and τ = e0 a is a constant with a as the characteristic
l l
length ratio of the nanostructure and e0 is a material constant, which is determined by
matching the atomic dispersion curve of lattice dynamics with experiments [25]. In
these expressions, a is an internal characteristic length (e.g. lattice parameter, inter-
granular distance) and l is the external characteristic length (e.g. wavelength, crack
length or width of localization band). The nonlocal modulus acquires maximum value

at x = x  and attenuates with x − x . It is observed from the constitutive equation
that in evaluating the stress at a point, the kernel function takes the contribution of
strains from the entire region, over which the integration is performed. In general, this
results into a set of integro-partial differential equations which are quite involved. In
order to overcome this difficulty, Eringen [6] proposed a simpler set of constitutive
equations in differential form as
 
1 − e02 a 2 ∇ 2 σi j = Ci jkl εkl (2)

In which, σi j and εi j are the nonlocal stress and strain tensor, Ci jkl are the
elastic constants and ∇ is the Laplacian operator. Equation (2) is the equation that
differentiates the nonlocal elasticity theory from the classical (local) theory.

2.2 Nonlocal Shallow Shell Equations

The characteristics wavelength in a sphere due to buckling are small in comparison

to the radius of the shell. With this as the key assumption, the nonlinear equations
of shallow shell are used here for the analysis. This simplification was extensively
6 M. Alam and S. K. Mishra

employed by Hutchinson [27] and Reissner [28, 29] in the analysis of spherical shells.
A segment will be called shallow if the ratio of its height to base diameter becomes
less than (1/8), however, the results obtained based on such theory are also applicable
to shells which are not necessarily shallow but the stresses are effectively restricted
to shallow zones [28]. A complete sphere is shown in Fig. 1, out of which, a shallow
segment (S0 ) is taken out. The analysis is performed by considering this shallow
section, where the buckled pattern is duplicated many times, thereby adequately
representing the buckled scenario. The Cartesian coordinate system is adopted, in
which the x and y-axis are chosen to be on the base of the section (S0 ) and the z-axis
align with the direction normal to the base, as illustrated in Fig. 1 a and 1.b. The
sphere has a radius (R) and the thickness (h) as shown in Fig. 1a.
The displacements along x and y are denoted as u and v and the normal displace-
ment along z is denoted as w. Subsequently, the kinematic relation for the shell can
be written as
   
∂u w 1 ∂w 2 ∂v w 1 ∂w 2
εx = − + ; εy = − + ;
∂x R 2 ∂x ∂y R 2 ∂y
  
∂u ∂v ∂w ∂w
γx y = + + (3)
∂y ∂x ∂x ∂y

∂ 2w ∂ 2w ∂ 2w
χx = − ; χ y = − ; χ x y = − (4)
∂x2 ∂ y2 ∂ x∂ y

The expressions in Eqs. (3–4) are similar to that used in plate bending theory,
except the ones with curvature terms. The von-Karmann nonlinear terms are also
included. This can be justified by the results from buckling of cylindrical shell, in
which, the shell gets subdivided into independent shallow panels in each buckling
modes. The shell is considered to be thin, for which the
 normal  stress (σz ), the corre-
sponding normal strain (εz ) and the shear stresses σx z , σ yz and strains γx z , γ yz
are considered to be negligibly small.

y
x
(b) S0
(a)

Fig. 1 a A spherical shell with a Shallow section, b the Shallow section illustrated in detail
Buckling of Pressurized Nano-Sized Spherical Shell 7
 
The resultant direct and shear stresses are denoted as N x , N y , N x y in the respec-
tive directions, designated by the subscripts. Further, Mx , M y and Mx y denotes
the resultant moments in the respective directions. The equations for the forces
are moments can be obtained by integrating Eq. (2), which provides the following
equations.
   
∂ 2 Nx ∂ 2 Nx
N x − e02 a 2 ∂x2
+ ∂ y2
= C εx + νε y (5.1)
   
∂ 2 Ny ∂ 2 Ny
N y − e02 a 2 ∂x2
+ ∂ y2
= C ε y + νεx (5.2)
 
∂ 2 Nx y ∂ 2 Nx y (1−ν)
N x y − e02 a 2 ∂x2
+ ∂ y2
= 2
Cγx y (5.3)

The moment–curvature relations can be expressed as

   
∂ 2 Mx ∂ 2 Mx ∂2w
+ ν ∂∂ yw2
2
Mx − e02 a 2 ∂x2
+ ∂ y2
= −D ∂x2
(6.1)
   
∂ 2 My ∂ 2 My ∂2w
+ ν ∂∂ xw2
2
M y − e02 a 2 ∂x2
+ ∂ y2
= −D ∂ y2
(6.2)
 
∂ 2 Mx y ∂ 2 Mx y
= −D(1 − ν) ∂∂x∂wy
2
Mx y − e02 a 2 ∂x2
+ ∂ y2
(6.3)

where the constants C and D are expressed as

Eh 3
C= Eh
(1−ν 2 )
; D= 12(1−ν 2 )
; (7)

in which the symbols E and ν are respectively the elastic modulus and poisons
ratio for the material considered. The system of differential equations for equilibrium
of nonlocal shallow shell takes the form
∂ Nx ∂ Nx y
∂x
+ ∂y
=0 (8.1)

∂ Nx y ∂ Ny
+ =0 (8.2)
 ∂ x ∂ y   
∂ Qx ∂ Qy ∂2w ∂2w ∂2w
∂x + ∂y + Nx 1
R + ∂x2
+ Ny 1
R + ∂ y2
+ 2N x y ∂ y∂ x +p=0 (8.3)

∂ Mx ∂ Mx y
Qx − ∂x
− ∂y
=0 (9.1)

∂ Mx y ∂ My
Qy − − =0 (9.2)
∂x ∂y

These equations of equilibrium can be reduced further into two equations, one
equation of equilibrium and one of compatibility. It may be noted that the theory
8 M. Alam and S. K. Mishra

of plate bending is reclaimed by the present formulation, in which, the radius of

curvature R = ∞. The stress functions are defined as
∂2 f ∂2 f
N x y = − ∂∂y∂fx ;
2
Nx = ∂ y2
; Ny = ∂x2
; (10)

A differential equation for the stress function f can be obtained by using the
compatibility of deformation using the set of Eq. (3) as
 4   4 
∂ 2 Nx ∂ Nx ∂ 4 Nx ∂ 2 Ny ∂ Ny ∂ 4 Ny ∂ 2 Ny
− e 2 2
a + − ν − e 2 2
a + +
∂ y2 0
∂ y2∂ x 2 ∂ y4 ∂ y2 0
∂ y2∂ x 2 ∂ y4 ∂x2
 4 
∂ Ny
4
∂ Ny
4
∂ Nx
2
∂ Nx ∂ Nx
4
− e02 a 2 − e02 a 2 2 2 − ν − e02 a 2 + 2 2
∂x 4 ∂y ∂x ∂x 2 ∂x 4 ∂y ∂x
 4 
∂ 2 Nx y ∂ N xy ∂ 4
N xy
− (2 + 2ν) − e02 a 2 + 3
∂ y∂ x ∂ y∂ x 3 ∂y ∂x
 2 2  2  2   2   2 
∂ w ∂ w ∂ w Eh ∂ w ∂ w
= Eh − − + (11)
∂ y∂ x ∂x 2 ∂y 2 R ∂x 2 ∂ y2

Combining Eqs. (10) and (11), one obtains

 2       
∂2w ∂2w ∂2w ∂2w ∂2w
∇ 4 f − e02 a 2 ∇ 6 f = Eh
R
R ∂ y∂ x
−R ∂x2 ∂ y2
− ∂x2
− ∂ y2
(12)

Equation (12) is the first equation for the buckling problem of nonlocal shallow
spherical shell. The other equation is obtained from the equilibrium. Substituting
the moment equilibrium Eqs. (9.1–9.2) into the force equilibrium (8.1, 8.2, 8.3),
one attains
   
∂ 2 Mx ∂2 M ∂2 M
+ 2 ∂ x∂ xyy + ∂ y 2 y + N x R1 + ∂∂ xw2 + N y R1 + ∂∂ yw2 + 2N x y ∂∂x∂wy + p = 0
2 2 2

∂x2
(13)

On substituting the moment–curvature relation from Eqs. (6.1, 6.2, 6.3) into the
Eq. (13), it appears
     2 
1 ∂2w 1 ∂2w ∂ w
−D ∇ 2 w + N x + + N y + − 2N x y
R ∂x2 R ∂ y2 ∂ y∂ x
 2      4 
∂ Nx 1 ∂2w ∂ Nx ∂ 3 w ∂ w
+ p − e02 a 2 + + 2 + N x
∂x2 R ∂x2 ∂x ∂x3 ∂x4
 2    3   4 
∂ Nx 1 ∂ w
2 ∂ Nx ∂ w ∂ w
+ + +2 + Nx
∂ y2 R1 ∂x2 ∂ y ∂ y∂ x 2 ∂ y2∂ x 2
 2    3   4 
∂ Ny 1 ∂2w ∂ Ny ∂ w ∂ w
− e02 a 2 + + 2 + N y
∂x2 R ∂ y2 ∂ x ∂ y2∂ x ∂ y2∂ x 2
Buckling of Pressurized Nano-Sized Spherical Shell 9
     3   4 
∂2 Ny 1 ∂2w ∂ Ny ∂ w ∂ w
+ + + 2 + N y
∂ y2 R ∂ y2 ∂y ∂ y3 ∂ y4
 2  2    3   4 
∂ Nx y ∂ w ∂ Nx y ∂ w ∂ w
− 2e02 a 2 − + 2 + N xy
∂x2 ∂ y∂ x ∂x ∂ y∂ x 2 ∂ y∂ x 3
 2  2    2    3 
∂ Nx y ∂ w ∂ Nx y ∂ w ∂ Nx y ∂ w
+ + 2 + 2
∂ y2 ∂ y∂ x ∂ y2 ∂ y∂ x ∂y ∂ y2∂ x
 4 
∂ w
+N x y =0 (14)
∂ y3∂ x

Introducing the stress functions (10) into Eq. (14), results in the second equation
governing the buckling
    2    2  2 
∂2 f 1 ∂2w ∂ f 1 ∂2w ∂ f ∂ w
−D ∇ 2 w + + + + − 2
∂ y2 R ∂x2 ∂x2 R ∂ y2 ∂ y∂ x ∂ y∂ x
 4    3  3   2  4 
∂ f 1 ∂2w ∂ f ∂ w ∂ f ∂ w
+ p − e02 a 2 + + 2 +
∂ y2∂ x 2 R ∂x2 ∂ y2∂ x ∂x3 ∂ y2 ∂x4
 4    3  3   2  4 
∂ f 1 ∂ w
2 ∂ f ∂ w ∂ f ∂ w
+ + +2 +
∂ y4 R ∂x2 ∂ y3 ∂ y∂ x 2 ∂ y2 ∂ y2∂ x 2
 4    3  3   2  4 
∂ f 1 ∂2w ∂ f ∂ w ∂ f ∂ w
− e02 a 2 + + 2 +
∂x4 R ∂ y2 ∂x3 ∂ y2∂ x ∂x2 ∂ y2∂ x 2
 4    3  3   2  4 
∂ f 1 ∂2w ∂ f ∂ w ∂ f ∂ w
+ + +2 +
∂ y2∂ x 2 R ∂ y2 ∂ y∂ x 2 ∂ y3 ∂x2 ∂ y4
 4  2   3  3   2  4 
∂ f ∂ w ∂ f ∂ w ∂ f ∂ w
− 2e02 a 2 − −2 −
∂ y∂ x 3 ∂ y∂ x ∂ y∂ x 2 ∂ y∂ x 2 ∂ y∂ x ∂ y∂ x 3
 4  2   3  3   2  4 
∂ f ∂ w ∂ f ∂ w ∂ f ∂ w
− −2 − = 0 (15)
∂y ∂x
3 ∂ y∂ x ∂ y2∂ x ∂ y2∂ x ∂ y∂ x ∂ y3∂ x

It can be observed from both the Eqs. (11) and (15) equations that, if the nonlocal
parameter e0 a is made zero, the equations for the classical shell can be regained.

3 Solution of the Equation Governing Nonlocal Buckling

The equations derived for a shallow spherical shell segment is solved herein. The
spherical shell is subjected to a constant external pressure p and the state of stress
prior to buckling is approximated to be the membrane state of stress, given as.
N x0 = N y0 = − p2R and N x0y = 0(16).
The inward displacement, prior to buckling is given as

(1 − ν) p R 2
w0 = − (17)
2Eh
10 M. Alam and S. K. Mishra

In the light of pre-buckled state of stress and deformation, the stress function and
the displacement may be written as
 
pR  2 
f =− x + y2 + F (18.1)
4

(1 − ν) p R 2
w=− +W (18.2)
2Eh
In these expressions F and w are zero prior to buckling. In order to find out
the critical buckling pressure, at which, the bifurcation from the pre-buckling state
occurs, a linear buckling analysis is needed. The equations for linear buckling analysis
can be obtained by substituting Eqs. 18.1 and 18.2 into Eqs. 12 and 15. Subsequent
linearizing with respect to F and W furnishes.
 
1 2 pR 2 1 4 pR 4
−D∇ 4 W + ∇ F− ∇ W − e02 a 2 ∇ F− ∇ W =0 (19)
R 2 R 2
Eh 2
∇ 4 F − e02 a 2 ∇ 6 F + ∇ W =0 (20)
R
The problem, therefore, is reduced to a coupled set of homogeneous eigenvalue
problem in F and W. Only for specific values of p, the equations will have non-trivial
solution. A periodic solution can be taken of the following form
 κx x   κ y y 
W = cos R
cos R (21.1)
κ x  κ y 
x y
F = Bcos cos (21.2)
R R
where κx and κ y are the wavenumbers in x and y directions  respectively. The
buckled modes will have characteristic wavelengths λx , λ y , which are assumed to
be much smaller than the characteristic dimension of the shallow shell segment (S0 ).
Substituting 21.1 and 21.2 into the Eqs. 19 and 20, the critical load for buckling is
found to be
 2Eh   2 
1 κx + κ y2
p=  2 
R
    + (22)
1 + eR0 a κx2 + κ y2 κx2 + κ y2 q04

The respective value of the coefficient (B) is obtained as

Eh R
B=  e0 a 2    (23)
1+ R κx2 + κ y2 κx2 + κ y2

in which, the parameter (q0 ) is given as

Buckling of Pressurized Nano-Sized Spherical Shell 11
 
  R 2
q04 = 12 1 − ν 2
(24)
h

Minimizing p with respect to κx and κ y provides the critical load for a nonlocal
shallow spherical shell

4Eh R
pcr =    (25)
e0 a q0 + e0 a q0 + R q02
2 2 2 4 4 4 4

which is associated with any combination of wavenumber κx and κ y satisfying

  
e02 a 2 q02 + e04 a 4 q04 + R 4 q02
κx2 + κ y2 = (26)
R2
Equation (25) gives the expression for critical buckling load of the nano-spherical
shell when subjecting to uniform external pressure. It is clear from the expressions
(22–26) that for vanishing nonlocal scale parametera, the results reduce to classical
solution. However, the solution obtained here is based on a shallow shell represen-
tation, the validity of this assumption is supported by large wavenumbers κx and κ y ,
or small wavelengths (λx , λ y ), in comparison to unity i.e. the buckling wavelengths
should be small compared with the radius (R) of the sphere. It is apparent from
Eq. (26) that κx and κ y is of order of q0 and hence adequately large. If either of the
wavenumber κx or κ y becomes zero, the shallow shell representation of a complete
sphere is also valid. This case is analogous to the condition of buckling of cylin-
ders under axial pressure, where the shallow shell equations accurately represent the
axially symmetric mode.

4 Numerical Illustration and Discussion

It is obvious from the derivation that the nonlocal scale effect reduces the buckling
load, which is non-conservative, if not adequately taken care of while designing.
In order to illustrate the effect of nonlocality on the critical buckling load, a load
parameter λ is defined as the ratio of classical (local) buckling load to the nonlocal
buckling load of the spherical shell, following the literature [10]. A spherical C60
fullerene structure of thickness h = 0.0665 nm is considered with a radius R = 0.355
nm, Poisson’s ratio (ν) 0.2 and an average bond length a = 0.14 nm. Following
Eringen [6], a value of e0 = 0.39 for the nonlocal material constant is adopted for
illustration.
It is well established in the literature that the scale parameter (e0 a) affects different
modes of buckling differently, with a more pronounced effect on the higher modes.
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die jong kaptein, wat aanstap met sy ma, haar arm in syne. En,
dinkend aan Alida, laat Paula op haar vraag volg, so by haarself:
—Alte ryk, en te min moed.
Marcel sien die rytuig wat vir hulle wag, en roep:
—Daar is ons ou rytuig!
—Die enigste wat ons oorgehou het, sê mevrou Kibert, net of sy
om verskoning vra daarvoor.
By sy vrolike uitroep het die jonkman so ’n antwoord nie voorsien
nie. Die ou rytuig het hom laat dink aan sy kinderjare, en kyk, nou is
dit die teken van die agteruitgang van die famielie. Sy gesig betrek:
hy begryp meteens hoe moeilikhede van stoflike aard nog die rou en
ellende in Maupas vererger het. Sonder self persoonlike behoeftes
te gevoel, want hy is gewend om met min klaar te kom, voel hy vir sy
moeder en sy suster om die agteruitsetting, wat hy nou begryp. En
mevrou Kibert sê by haarself:
—Ons moes ’n rytuig by die stasie geneem het om hom eer aan te
doen.
Marcel asem met genot die lug weer in van sy geboorteplek. ’n
Swerm herinneringe kom hom weer te binne, terwyl hulle deur die
dorp ry. Die veld is weer ontwaak in ’n gelukkige hartstogtelike jeug.
Half teen die hoogte op, sag genestel in die groen bome, lê die
kerkie, soos ’n skaap in ’n vet weiland. Die fris, vreedsame groen op
die hang versag die ruwe en strenge indruk van die dreiende
rotskranse bo. As hulle naby Maupas kom, sien Marcel dat die
landelike huis nog soos vroeër half begrawe lê in rose en ander
blomme; dat nog soos altyd die aandskemering aan die bome in die
laan ’n aansien gee van stille afgeslotenheid. Hy spring die eerste af
van die rytuig. Die sand maak onder sy voete die welbekende
geluidjie. By die stoep help hy sy ma die treedjies op. En as hulle
eers binne is, druk hy die wenende ou moeder aan sy hart.
En eindelik gee Paula, wat sterker is, haar ook oor aan haar
ontroering. Die hoof van die huis makeer, en op die drumpel van die
deur het sy seun hulle weer sy kragtige persoonlikheid te binne
gebring, sy vriendelike glimlag, sy vertroue.
 En noudat hulle mekaar weer gevind het, smaak die drie, in ’n
mengeling van vreugde en smart, die hele inhoud van die menslike
lewe. . . .

In een en dieselfde eersteklas rytuig het plaas geneem die

famielie Delourens, mevrou Orlandi met haar dogter, en luitenant
Marthenay. Isabella sit in ’n hoekie en kon met moeite ’n plekkie
oophou vir haar „flirt,” Jan Berlier. Hy stap op die laaste oomblik in,
as die trein al in beweging is, en Isabella ontvang hom bra
onvriendelik:
—Bly maar liewers daar buite om al die mans hand te gee wat
verbykom.
Jan glimlag:
—Ek gee die dames ook hand.
Isabella bly op haar perdjie:
—Wat ’n vertoning het jy gemaak met al daardie Kiberts—dit was
belaglik.
Alida Delourens, wat ’n beskaafde inbors het, kry ’n rooi kleur,
maar sy durf nie teen Isabella opkom nie. Die jonkman laat hom nie
so gou uit die veld slaan nie. Hy het ’n manier om by sy flirtery ’n
spotagtige toon aan te neem, wat die meisie kwaad maak, maar
darem ook aantreklik is vir haar—so ’n mooi en vreeslik verwende
kind.
—Ja, dis waar, sê hy nadat die Kiberts drie jaar lank geskeie
gewees het in rou, en nou weer mekaar kry, het hulle so skoon
vergeet om te probeer of hulle nie vir jou aangenaam kan wees nie.
En selfs die mooi kaptein het jou nie eens aangekyk nie!
—Loop met jou mooi kaptein!
—Hy is kaalkop, sê luitenant Marthenay, wat ’n digte haarbos het,
net soos ’n borsel.
 —Ja, sê Jan, hy het kaalkop geword in die kolonies; het hy liewers
tuisgebly en hier vredesoldaatjie gespeel, dan het hy vandag seker
nog baie hare gehad.
Isabella hou nog maar aan. Al sê sy dit nie, sy voel ’n afkeer teen
die vriende van Jan en val hulle aan—ja, sy weet nou nie meer waar
sy moet ophou nie:
—Maar hoor, daardie offisier het ’n spektakel van ’n ou moeder. Sy
was nog nooit in ’n komedie nie. Watter soort lewe moet sy dan wel
gely het?
Jan Berlier het eerbied vir mevrou Kibert, en word nou bitter:
—Sy het gedaan, juffertjie, wat jy nooit sal regkry nie: sy het vir
ander gelewe.
—Dis geen lewe nie.
—So, dink jy so? Ek glo dat sy meer gelewe het dan vir jou ooit
moontlik sal wees, al sou jy honderd jaar oud word.
—Verbeel jou! Ek daag enigeen uit om meer lewe te verlewe as
ek.
—Ja, jy is altyd in opwinding, maar dis nie dieselfde nie. Maar wat
is jy in staat om te doen?
En om nou ’n end te maak aan die prekery, laat die jonkman daar
met ’n lag op volg:
—Is jy selfs in staat om ’n huwelik te sluit uit liefde?
—Welseker nie! En sonder geld, nè? Nee, dankie, hoor! Om in
trane ’n stukkie droë brood te eet en linneklere te dra!
En sy laat haar mooi blinkende tande sien, skerp en vraatsugtig.
—Kom, sê Jan, troos jou nou maar en gee my jou hand.
Sy gee hom haar fyn hand, waarvan sy die handskoen uitgetrek
het. Hy maak of hy die hand met aandag beskou.
—Ek sien in die lyne van jou hand dat jy met ’n lelike veertigjarige
ou rykaard sal trou. Maar ná die huwelik sal sy ware geaardheid
uitkom, vrekkerige skraapsug. ’n Mens word altyd gestraf volgens
jou oortreding.
Op ’n grapperig-nadruklike preektoon het hy dit gesê, tot vermaak
van almal in die rytuig.
Die gesprek begin weer algemeen te word, en Isabella sê op
lughartige toon aan iemand wat regoor haar sit:
—Dit sal die ryk ou vrek dan wel berou, want ek sal hom fop!
—Deur met my te „flirt,” nè? sê Jan, laggend.
—Miskien met jou, ja. En sy bars daarby weer in ’n skaterlag uit en
laat haar mooi wit tande sien, wat so sterk is as dié van ’n jong hond;
en brutaalweg kyk sy daarby die jonkman aan, omdat hy haar geval.
Alida is heeltemal ontdaan deur die onbeskaamde woorde en
bloos vir haar metgesel. Dit duur nie lank of sy praat nie meer met
die ander nie; sy sit half in slaap en droom van die huwelik uit liefde,
waar Isabella nie van wil hoor nie, en waarvan sy die beeld aanskou
in verband met ’n seker ontmoeting van dié dag.
Mevrou Delourens dink en praat van die partytjies wat sy wil gee,
en sê aan iemand naas haar:
—Dit lyk of hy ’n held is. Ons sal hom dus vra om te kom.
En haar man knik mevrou Orlandi toe dat hy dit heeltemal goed
vind.
—Maar veral moet ’n mens sorg dat jou rus versekerd bly. Daarin
lê tog maar die hele geheim van die lewe. . . .
 II.
BROER EN SUSTER.

Die vriendskap tussen broer en suster het iets sag-gemakliks en

eenvoudigs, wat dit heeltemal laat verskil van enige ander gevoel.
Vanself is so ’n vriendskap gevrywaar van die heftige
liefdesopwindinge en van die hartstogtelike opwellinge wat te
bedwelmend is om lank te duur. Maar dis tog onderskeie van
gewone vriendskap (soos tussen man en man of vrou en vrou) deur
iets bedeks, deur ’n beskeidenheid en teerheid wat uitgaan van die
vrou. Wat aan so ’n vriendskap nog meer iets aparts bysit, is die
wonderlike gemak waarmee die twee gelykdinkend en gelykvoelend
kan wees, deurdat hulle ’n gemeenskaplike oorsprong en kindsheid
gehad het; dit stel hulle in staat om reeds deur ’n halwe woord te
verstaan, op dieselfde oomblik aan iets terug te dink, en altyd weer,
by elke asemhaling die ou tuisplek se lug gewaar te word, ook uit die
verlede.
Die liefde selfs mis hierdie eienskap, en mag daar wel spyt van hê.
...
Soos hulle daar sit in die tuin van Maupas, in die tuinstoele, merk
Marcel en Paula met vreugde op—sonder te veel onnodige gepraat
—dat, solank as hulle so vér was van mekaar, hulle tog op dieselfde
manier deur die lewe geryp en gevorm was. Hulle voel wel anders as
eers, maar hulle voel tog nog eners.
—Ek voel so lekker hier, sê die jonkman, dat ek vandag niks wil
doen nie
Hy is maer. Hy het rus nodig.
Al is hy so gesond, hy het iets oorgehou van die oorlog in die
kolonies. Nou en dan kry hy nog koors, maar die aanvalle word
minder. Hy reken daarop om hier weer heeltemal te herstel.
Dis een van die kalm someragtermiddae dat ’n mens hom kan
verbeel die trilling van die lug te hoor. Geen windjie stryk daar langs
hul gesigte nie. Net die dun toppies van die lindebome word nou en
dan geroer deur ’n lui windjie wat die blaartjies laat fladder, sodat
beurtelings die donkergroen bokante en die liggroen onderkante
gesien word.
Op die ronde klip-tuintafel lê koerante en briewe deurmekaar.
Paula maak dié oop, want haar broer laat hulle maar lê:
—Die koerante praat nog maar altyd oor jou. Wil jy nie lees nie?
—Nee tog, asseblief nie! sê die kaptein.
—Hier is uitnodiginge, sê Paula weer; daar word ’n eetmaal gegee
tot jou eer. ’n Kaartjie vir die konsert in die stad. Barones Vittos
ontvang Dinsdags geselskap . . .
—Dit gaan my alles niks aan nie. Ek wil niemand sien, glad geen
een nie!
—Ja, jy is nou in die mode. Jy moet daar maar jou deel van neem.
Daar word inbreuk gemaak op jou vrye tyd. So wil die mense in jou
roem deel.
—Kyk, sussie, nou praat ons daar nie meer oor nie, hoor.
—Maar almal maak so. Roem is teenswoordig in die mode. Een
van die dae sal die famielie Delourens ons kom opsoek en nog
ander mense ook, wat ons tot nou toe nie gesien het nie van dat ons
die geld verloor het!
Haar gladde voorhoof, oorskadu deur haar swart hare, het van die
beproewingstyd af ’n plooitjie van bitterheid oorgehou.
In dié tyd is die geld ook verloor wat sy sou kry as sy sou trou, en
so is haar kanse op ’n huwelik ook verminder. Haar broers reken op
haar toewyding aan hul moeder op haar ou dag, net of sy maar altyd
haar eie lewe moet vergeet en tevergeefs die teer verlange na liefde
in haar hart moet voel opkom.
Marcel kyk haar lank aan. Met liefderyke eerbied bewonder hy
haar rank liggaamsbou, wat lenigheid aandui, en toekomstige krag,
haar gelaatskleur, waarvan die suiwerheid nog beter uitkom deur
haar swart klere, haar diepsinnig-sombere en tog sagte oë—oë van
’n vrou wat die lewe ken, wat daar stryd mee gevoer het en nie bang
is daarvoor nie—Hy sien haar in haar geheel soos sy is: ’n
bekoorlike maag, fier en deugsaam. Hoe sou dit kan wees dat
iemand haar nie eendag sal lief kry nie!
Langsaam, vashoudend aan die tralies en elke keer met albei
voete op ’n treedjie stappend, kom mevrou Kibert die stoep af na
haar kinders toe. Soos ’n najaarsblom wat ’n verlate tuin versier, so
verhelder ’n flou glimlaggie mevrou Kibert haar gesig vandat Marcel
terug is. Hy loop haar tegemoet en bring haar op ’n plekkie waar sy
in die koelte kan sit.
—Sit ma nou lekker so?
Die glimlag versprei hom oor haar hele gesig:
—My groot seun! Jy lyk tog so baie na hom.
Die jonkman se gelaat word ernstig toe hy sê:
—Dis nou al agtien maande dat hy ons verlaat het. O, die aand
daar vér in Madagaskar! Ek sal dit nooit vergeet nie. Ek het
rondgeloop om die kamp, ek het hom geroep, en het jul almal se
name genoem, ek het die dood naby my gevoel . . .
Ná ’n oomblik van diepe stilte sê mevrou Kibert weer:
—Agtien maande! Is dit moontlik! . . . . Ek het die maande tog
darem deurleef. En dit het ek aan hierdie een te danke. My liewe
kinders, so lank as ek nog leef, sal ek God dank vir die man wat Hy
my gegee het, en vir seuns en dogters soos myne!
Sy droog haar oë af en begin die droewige verhaal te doen wat
haar seun al lank verwag het:
—Die ongeluk van jul oom Markus was die begin van al ons
ellende. Ons was alte gelukkig, Marcel. Jou vader was die krag, die
vertroue, die arbeidsaamheid in persoon. Ná sy swaarste dae het hy
nog altyd vrolik tuisgekom. En julle het almal goed geslaag in jul
lewenswerk.
—Almal was jaloers op julle, sê Paula.
En haar broer, fier soos sy, voeg daarby:
 —Dis beter om beny as bejammer te word.
Die ou vrou gaan aan:
—Dit het baie goed gegaan met jou oom se bank. Iemand wat àl
sy vertroue gehad het, het toe weggeloop met die papiere en die
geld. Die storm wat daarop gevolg het, kon hy in die eerste
oomblikke van verslaendheid nie weerstaan nie. Hy het homself van
sy lewe beroof. God gewe dat hy nog tyd gehad het vir berou! Jou
pa het dadelik daarnatoe gegaan, het alles oombliklik begryp. Alles
het hy toe betaal—kapitaal en rente—maar ons moes self die
grootste deel van ons fortuin afstaan. Maar Maupas het ons darem
tog gehou—dis famieliegoed.
—Ja, sê Marcel, Maupas is vir ons almal die lewende beeld van
ons kinderjare.
—Maar voor hy sy besittinge afgestaan het, sê mevrou Kibert
verder, het hy julle almal gevra om toe te stem.
—Ja, dit onthou ek nog goed, sê Marcel, die veldtog sou net
begin. Ek het in dié versoek van pa niks meer gesien as
oorbeleefdheid nie. Geldsake is my so vreemd en onverskillig.
—Ons het Paula ook gevra.
—Ons naam moes gered word en ons eer, sê Paula.
—Jou huweliksgeld moes ook afgegee word, my kind . . . . . Die
droewige lot van jou pa se broer was vir hom ’n sware slag. Sy
opgewektheid was weg vir altyd; maar sy ywer en werkkrag het hy
verdubbel. By die uitbreek van die koorssiekte het hy homself nie
genoeg gespaar nie. Laaste van almal, toe hy uitgeput was van
vermoeienis, het die siekte hom aangepak. Van die begin af het hy
gevoel dat hy verlore was, maar hy het daar niks van laat blyk nie.
Naderhand het ek hom begryp; Hy het self die gang van sy siekte
gevolg. Eendag sê hy aan my: Moenie ongerus wees nie: God sal
jou help. En het ek geantwoord: Ja, Hy sal ons help. Hy het toe geen
antwoord meer gegee nie. Sonder vrees het hy die dood afgewag.
Nog heeltemal by sy verstand het hy in ons arms gesterwe.
—Net ek was nie hier nie, sê Marcel.
 —Etienne was by hom—hy was terug van Tonkin—, Frans, Paula,
en Louise Saudet, die verloofde van Etienne.
—En Margreta?
—Sy kon nie kom nie, sê mevrou Kibert sonder bitterheid, maar
nie sonder droefheid nie. Sy is te vér. Sy behoort aan God. Vandat
sy sendelinge is, het ons haar nie meer gesien nie.
Hulle is stil, en dink al drie aan die verlede. Rondom hulle, wat so
aan die dode dink, is alles lewe en lig. ’n Blaartjie, reeds deur die
son verskroeid, vroeë voorloper van die verre najaar, val langsaam
af van een van die bome, as gedra op die loue lug. Paula wys haar
broer daarop, en sê:
—Alreeds verlep!
In sy droefgeestige stemming sien Marcel daar ’n teken in.
—Hy het gewag vir die somer, ander vergaan al in die voorjaar.
Hy dink aan sy vroeg-gestorwe suster, Thérèse; hy dink aan
homself, wat al meer as eenkeer deur die dood genader is. Maar die
somber gedagte aan ’n voorteken skud hy van hom af, en sê:
—Of dit nou kort duur of lank, ons moet ons lewenstaak dapper ter
hand neem. So het pa gedoen. In plaas van my af te skrik, moedig
sy nagedagtenis my aan.
Mevrou Kibert vertel hom hoe Etienne toe weer terug is na Tonkin,
om sy werk daar weer aan te vat.
Marcel vra:
—En is Louise gewillig met hom meegegaan na die verre land?
—Louise is net so dapper as wat sy kalm is. Ag dae na hul huwelik
is hulle weg. Nou het hulle ’n seuntjie, wat ek nie ken nie, maar wat
ek liefhet.
Paula voeg daarby:
—Dit was ’n hele opskudding in Chamberie toe Louise getrou het.
Al die vrouens het Louise haar ma bekla: hoe kon sy tog haar dogter
so vér weg laat gaan? Hulle het haar beskuldig van onvergeeflike
koudhartigheid. Maar mevrou Saudet het gesien dat Louise gelukkig
was, en dit was vir haar genoeg. Al dié wat so baie gepraat het, dink
net aan hulself en aan hul eie gemoedsrus. Meneer Delourens sê
ook altyd: Voor alles moet ’n mens rustig wees.
Dit lyk somtyds of ’n losweg uitgesproke naam diegene aanbring
wat die naam dra. Sulke heeltemal toevallige gebeurtenisse het selfs
’n spreekwoord laat ontstaan. Voor die ope hek, in die laning van
kastaiingbome, hou ’n rytuig stil, en Paula sien dat dit die rytuig is
van die famielie Delourens.
—Hulle het al heeltemal nie meer na ons toe gekom nie, sê
mevrou Kibert, en haar gesig word rooi. Sy is ’n heldin in die lewe,
maar bangerig voor die mense.
—A, dis omdat ons ’n held hier het, sê Paula, om haar broer te
pla. Hul staan aldrie op en gaan die besoekers tegemoet. Mevrou
Delourens het die eerste afgeklim, en haar eerste woorde doel al op
die kaptein, want die eerste wat sy aan mevrou Kibert sê is:
—O, mevrou, hoe trots moet u tog wees op so ’n seun!
Mevrou Delourens is van adellike geboorte en vergeet dit nooit
nie; daardeur dink sy dat al sulke bemoeiinge, van haar kant, uit hoë
genade geskied, en selfs ’n soort van welwillende beskerming is van
alle verdienste en heldedade, wat eintlik alleen die voorreg van die
adel behoort te wees, maar waarvan die adel darem die eer kan
bemagtig deur daar maar baie lawaai oor te maak.
Heeltemal agter sy vrou verdwene, maak meneer Delourens ’n
bevestigende buiging sonder opgemerk te word. Van kop tot teen,
van hoed tot skoene, is hy in ’n grys pak gekleed. Instinkmatig het hy
ontdek dat so ’n kleur by iemand pas wat op die agtergrond staan.
Hy het ’n vreesagtige bewondering vir sy vrou, wat met hom getroud
is ondanks sy burgerlike afkoms, omdat hy ryk was; maar deur haar
houding teenoor hom laat sy hom altyddeur voel wat ’n opoffering dit
van haar kant was. Hy dank sy ydelheid en sy politieke opienies aan
hierdie huwelik, wat hom met diepe eerbied vervul vir die adellike
stand, waarvan hy ’n persoonlike voorstelling sien in sy mooi vrou,
groot en swaar van liggaam, met ferm, gebiedende gelaatstrekke en
’n gesagvoerende, selfs knorrige stem.
Alida is die laaste van almal van die rytuig afgestap. Sy dra ’n
ligblou rok, bekoorlik soos die fyn kleur wat die see smôrens vertoon;
die tint pas goed by haar gelaatskleur en verhoog nog die sagte
skoonheid daarvan. Sy kom nader met ’n bangerige bevalligheid,
wat aan haar skoonheid ’n aansien van swakkerigheid gee. Dadelik
kyk Marcel na niemand meer as na die jongnooi. Sonder dat dit hom
plesier doen, bedank hy vir die komplimentjies wat almal hom maak;
sy nederigheid en militêre eergevoel maak dit vir hom ondraaglik.
Sonder enige twyfel is hierdie besoek op hom gemunt—hy is
daarvan die beweegrede en doel. Die adellike mevrou Delourens
betoon wel enige beleefdheid, en selfs lieftalligheid, aan mevrou
Kibert en Paula, maar dis ’n hooghartige beleefdheid en ’n
neerbuigende lieftalligheid, wat deur die moeder nie raak gesien
word nie, dog wat nie ontsnap aan haar dogter nie, wat fyner sien en
die ou wêreld beter ken. Maar onophoudelik draai mevrou Delourens
haar na Marcel se kant toe, net of sy die jonge beroemdheid somaar
wil steel en wegneem in haar rytuig.
—Nou wel, jonkman, sê sy aan die end brutaalweg, u is nou al ’n
paar dae terug, maar ’n mens sien u nêrens nie. ’n Mens sou sê u
kruip weg. Dis tog nie u gewoonte nie. Die vyande weet dit wel goed.
Meneer Delourens het baie bewondering vir mense wat werkkrag
en moed besit, en wil die woorde van sy vrou krag bysit:
—O, maar dit was ’n swaar veldtog . . . . U het seker nie dikwels
rus gehad nie?
Paula bars amper uit van die lag. Almal is al so gewend aan
meneer Delourens se praatjie oor rus, dat hy al die bynaam het van
die Rustige Ridder—’n gelukkig gekose naam wat sy adellike
neiginge en sy liefde vir vreedsaamheid mooi saamvat.
Mevrou Delourens neem nou weer die woord:
—Al ons vriende wil graag met u kennis maak. My huis is vir u
oop, as u maar net wil kom.
 En, net of sy meteens vir Paula sien, sê sy daarby:
—Natuurlik, met u suster.
Die suster moet ook maar by, omdat dit nie anders kan nie—dis
duidelik.
En dis Paula wat antwoord gee:
—Dank u, mevrou; maar ons is nog in die rou.
—Halwe rou. Na agtien maande mag jongmense al uitgaan, veral
agtermiddags.
En sy sê aan die jong offisier:
—Ons gaan Maandag na die stad om deel te neem aan die
blommefees. Gaan nou met ons saam. In die aand eet ons almal
saam. U sal daar vriende ontmoet: graaf Marthenay, luitenant Berlier,
u vriend van lank al. U weet sy huwelik met die mooie Isabella
Orlandi word nou bekend gemaak.
Sy vertel die leuen, so op die oomblik bedag, om die trotse Paula
te tref, wat haar planne so dwarsboom. Vrouens het ’n voorgevoel
(niemand weet hoe nie), wat ingegee word deur ’n begeerte om te
behaag sowel as om seer te maak—’n voorgevoel van die
geneëntheid wat daar bestaan tussen geeste en harte wat mekaar
soek en uitkies. Is daar nie vrouens wat tog so goed weet hoe om ’n
sukses te maak van ’n eetmaal, deur mense naas mekaar te plaas
aan tafel van wie hul veronderstel dat hul goed met mekaar sal
klaarkom nie? So gee hul selfs dikwels aanleiding tot toenadering.
Paula laat niks merk nie, dit sy dat sy betyds klaar was om haar te
beheers, dit sy dat die nuus haar heeltemal onverskillig is.
—Ons kan dus op u reken, nie waar nie? hou mevrou Delourens
aan, net of sy van Marcel self antwoord wil hê.
Alida kyk die jong offisier vriendelik aan met haar ligblou oë. Paula
het ook haar oog op hom. Hy lyk somber. Hy het goed gevat dat
mevrou Delourens hom wil aftrek van sy suster, en, gelei deur die
famieliegees wat dr. Kibert aan al sy kinders ingeprent het, weier
Marcel:
 —Dank u, mevrou, my terugkoms lê nog te na aan ons droewige
herinneringe; ek wil liewer op Maupas bly.
Daar straal blydskap uit Paula haar swart oë, terwyl die lang
oogwimpers neerval oor die half geslote blou oë van Alida.
—Hy moet rus hê, sê mevrou Kibert.
Alida, nog altyd met haar oë op die grond gerig, bloos ’n bietjie,
terwyl sy sê:
—Dis u vader, meneer, wat my gesond gemaak het. Vroeër het u
ons dikwels opgesoek. Paula was my beste vriendin. Ons moenie
van mekaar vervreem nie.
As sy eindelik haar hemelblou oë opslaan, ontmoet sy die blik van
Marcel, en sy glimlag. Dan bloos sy weer: haar bloed volg die
geheime roeringe van haar hart.
—Seker sal hulle u kom sien, juffrou, sê mevrou Kibert, ’n bietjie
verwonderd oor Paula se teenstribbeling.
—Waarom juffrou gesê? U het my vroeër altyd Alida genoem.
—Dis lank gelede: u was toe nog klein.
—Ag, ek is nog maar ’n bietjie klein.
Mevrou Delourens kan dit nie reg verkrop dat sy so uit die veld
geslaan is nie. Sy dink aan die naam wat sy met haar partytjies sal
maak. As sy hierdie held van Madagaskar kan beetkry, dan kan sy
haar teenstander, barones Vittos, ’n mooi vlieg afvang, want
laasgenoemde spog nou met ’n ontdekkingsreisiger wat sy in die
hande gekry het.
Ja, sy het Jan Berlier goed verstaan; die jong kaptein het ’n
skitterende verlede. Aan sy vasberadenheid en moed is dit
grotendeels te danke dat die oorlog in Madagaskar ’n sukses was.
Aldag word nog van hom gepraat. Hy het die erekruis ontvang en
nog meer erkenningstekens van sy verdienste. Hy is dus net
uitgeknip om tot pronk van die ydelheid te dien. En ’n strydlustige
vrou soos mevrou Delourens het aan so ’n held meer as aan ’n
letterkundige of wetenskaplike beroemdheid. En daarby is die
teenwoordigheid van die jong kaptein by haar huis nodig om graaf
Marthenay ’n bietjie bang te maak, want hy is tog alte stadig om
Alida ten huwelik te vra.
—Ek glo nog nie dat u weier nie, sê sy aan die jonkman, terwyl sy
klaarmaak om te vertrek, ons verwag u in die stad by die
blommefees. Sy verander werktuiglik haar manier van praat toe sy
mevrou Kibert groet, en sê, op ’n soet-salwende toon wat heeltemal
in stryd is met haar aard:
—Ag, al die moeders beny u, mevrou!
Alida is oordadig vriendelik by haar afskeid van Paula, wat haar
nog maar ewe koel hou. Die rytuig is al lank die hek uit toe Marcel
nog altyd na die ope hek staan en kyk. Hy is so in gedagtes verlore
dat hy nie merk hoe sy suster hom staan en aankyk met liefderyke
droefgeestigheid nie.
—Waaraan dink jy tog? vra sy.
Hy keer hom na haar kant toe met ’n half swaarmoedige
glimlaggie, net of hy hom skuldig voel aan ’n swakheid.
—Ons gaan tog eendag by hulle kuier, nie waar nie?
Hy is ’n bietjie verwonderd oor die uitwerking van sy vraag, want
Paula haar gesig betrek en haar oë is neergeslae:
—Jy het alreeds nie genoeg aan ons nie, sê sy saggies.
Oombliklik oorwin sy haar, en sê met vaster stem:
—Wat my betref, ek gaan nie. Hulle het my nie gevra nie.
—Maar seker, sê Marcel.
—Ja, ja, soos ’n handjievol op die koop toe! Mevrou Delourens het
my dit goed laat voel.
—Paula, ou sus, jy weet ek gaan nie sonder jou nie.
—Nou kom, ons gaan glad nie. Laat ons hier bly. Ma en ek is so
bly dat jy hier is by ons; ons wil jou vir ons hou. Die huis was so lank
stil en onder ’n wolk. Maar jou aankoms het ’n sonnetjie daarin
gebring.
 —Ja, my kind, sê mevrou Kibert, bly tog maar by ons.
Marcel se voorhoof lyk somber. Hy hou daar nie van dat sy vryheid
aan bande gelê word nie, en hy verdra dit sleg selfs van dié wat hy
die liefste het. Bowenal is hy ontevrede met homself. Hy het
teruggekom met die vaste besluit om hom in Maupas af te sonder,
om die lug van sy ou tuis in te asem tot hy daar genoeg van sou hê,
om te lewe in die herinnering van dié wat oorlede is, en om ook sy
moeder en suster ’n bietjie op te vrolik—en kyk, die besoek van
daardie noointjie was genoeg om al sy planne te bederwe, om sy
trots en sy wil te breek.
Ondanks hul mooi-praat bly hy stil. Paula kan die somber
stemming van haar broer nie lank verdra nie:
—Nou kyk, sê sy, jy gaan alleen daarnatoe; ek kan nie gaan nie;
ek het nie klere nie.
Sy antwoord is maar alte gou klaar en toon aan hoe erg hy op die
besoek gesteld is:
—Ek sal vir jou ’n rok bestel, ou sus: ek het nog geld.
—Jy het ons reeds gehelp, sê mevrou Kibert, en liefderyk kyk sy
haar seun aan, net of sy nog nie heeltemal gewend is om hom so
naby haar te sien nie.
Laat in die aand, terwyl mevrou Kibert met stadige stappies
rondgaan om, soos al dae, te kyk of die huis goed toe is, sien Paula
vir Marcel weer in gedagtes verlore staan, in die voorkamer; sy
nader hom en lê haar hand saggies op sy skouer:
—Jy staan nou te dink aan mooi Alida? Sy sê dit op so ’n
vriendelike manier, dat hy glimlag:
—Nee, sê hy, en verloën so sy swakheid. Maar dadelik erken hy
dit deur te sê:
—Maar sy is darem regtig mooi. Hou jy van haar?
—Ons het saam skoolgegaan, soos jy weet. Sy is ’n bietjie ouer as
ek; sy het my altyd liefgehad soos ’n ouer suster, want sy is
sagaardig, onderdanig, bangerig: sy laat liewer iemand anders
voorgaan as dat sy dit self doen.
—Vir ’n vrou is dit mooi, sê hy.
Paula lê haar hand op haar broer se voorhoof en sê:
—Alida is nie ’n vrou vir jou nie.
Sy antwoord is vinnig:
—Ek het daar nog nooit aan gedink om met haar te trou nie.
Maar Paula ken sy gedagtes:
—Sy het geen moed nie. En dan, sy behoort nie tot ons kring nie.
—Nie tot ons kring nie? Omdat die famielie Delourens meer geld
het as ons? Gelukkig bepaal die rykdom hier nog nie ’n mens se
maatskaplike standpunt nie!
Paula het spyt dat sy hom ’n bietjie kwaad gemaak het.
—Dit wou ek ook nie sê nie. Dié mense neem die lewe anders op
as ons. Hulle maak daar ’n vertoning van en verwar bogterige dinge
met sake van belang. Ek kan my nie duidelik maak nie, maar dit was
nie my plan om jou kwaad te maak nie.
—Jy wil vir my preek oor die wêreld; voordat jy dit self ken, wil jy
daaroor oordeel!
Geraak deur die kwetsende toon van sy stem, draai Paula haar
om, en stort nou al die bitterheid uit wat in haar jong hart is.
—Dink jy waarlik dat ek nie onderskeid kan sien tussen ’n gryns
en ’n glimlag, en leuentaal nie kan onderskei nie? Daardie mense
verafsku ons en sou ons éénkant wil laat lê. Maar hulle haal jou aan
om hul ydelheid te voed; en vir ma en my stoot hul opsy, omdat ons
maar arme vroumense is. Alida is toegewys aan ’n seker graaf
Marthenay en is nie vir jou bestemd nie.
As die laaste woorde nie gespreek was nie, sou Paula se
uitstorting, so vol verontwaardiging, seker uitwerking gehad het. Wat
Paula so ronduit gesê het, voel Marcel self al, hoewel minder
duidelik. Sy trots en die liefde wat hy voel vir sy moeder en suster,
sou hom teruggehou het. Maar Paula se laaste woorde het alles
oorstem wat sy die eerste gesê het. Die gedagte alleen dat hierdie
voorkamer-offisiertjie in sy pad gegooi word as ’n teenstander, seker
van oorwinning, wakker meteens sy veglus aan, sy behoefte om
baas te wees en te heers. Hy is al jaloers voordat hy bemin.
 III.
DIE BLOMMEFEES.

—Daar kom hulle! Daar kom hulle! sê Jan Berlier, en hy wys na

die bo-end van die baan.
—Daar kom hulle, sê ook Isabella Orlandi, en sy klap haar hande.
Die rytuie, met blomme opgemaak, kom aan om verby te gaan
voor die tribunes wat beset is met ’n skaar van mooi aangeklede
mense. Die toeskouers trappel van geesdrif toe hul die rytuie sien
aankom en maak meteen allerhande beweginge soos ’n klomp
gekke of ’n werksame bye-swerm, neem die mandjies vol blomme
aan van die blommeverkopers wat verbygaan en sit dit voor hulle
neer; dis hul ammuniesie; en as inleiding op die komende slag, laat
hul uitroepe van opgewondenheid hoor, soos soldate maak voor ’n
aanval.
In die helder sonlig, van vér, lyk die naderende rytuie net soos
opmekaarvolgende helder lig-vlekke, met oral tussenin uitskietende
blitsies van die blinkende tuie en wiele. Hulle kom nader. Dit lyk soos
’n skitterend-ryke oosterse optog.
Voor op die groot tribune het die famielie Delourens en hul
uitgenooide vriende plaasgeneem: Jan Berlier naas Isabella, Marcel
Kibert tussen mevrou Delourens en Alida. Paula wou nie met haar
broer meegekom het nie, en Marcel staan swygend voor die
kleurryke skouspel en sien in sy verbeelding twee bedroefde
vrouegesigte; hy verlang na die stille vrede van Maupas en begin die
inwendige vernederinge te voel wat die liefde meebring.
Die musikante begin dansmusiek te speel. Op die ligte tone,
verlore in uitroepe en gelag, begin die blommeslag.
Op die grasperke oorkant hardloop die mense toe wat wil
deelneem en nie te laat wil kom nie, en dis daar ’n lewendige
geharwar van kleurige rokke en sambreeltjies.
 Die voorste van die optog is kinders, en die eerste bossies
blomme word na hulle gegooi. Hulle is self bekoorlike blommetjies
van die menslike lewe.
Met sierlik bedwonge gang volg die rytuie mekaar op, en
langsaam verbygaande kry ieder sy beurt om deel te neem aan die
aangename stryd. Die bevalligste wat die aarde besit, is in die rytuie
aanwesig; vroueskoonheid en blommegeur. Die siel van die
beroofde blomtuine leef nog in hierdie bewegende tuine. Rytuie van
allerhande soort en fatsoen verdwyn onder ’n blommereën van
duisende helder kleure. En die jongnooiens in die rytuie glimlag vol
vertroue, wetende dat hulle die skoonste en verleidelikste blomme
van almal is.
—Ere aan die blomme! Ere aan die blomme! roep al die mense vol
geesdrif.
Isabella Orlandi en Jan Berlier het in uitgelate vrolikheid met hul
blomme gegooi tot hul mandjies leeg is.
Alida Delourens het ’n pers rok aan, opgemaak met wit kant—dit
verhoog nog haar dromerige bevalligheid. Naas haar voel Marcel
Kibert hoe sy standvastigheid langsamerhand padgee en sy
droefgeestigheid verdwyn. So baie kleure en geure oorrompel en
bedwelm hom. Hy sien nog net blomme op sy toekomstige
lewensweg. Nou en dan kom daar herinneringe in hom op aan
skooltonele uit sy kindsheid, en tot sy spyt moet hy ondervind dat sy
gehegtheid daaraan hom ontval, hoe hy ook al teenstribbel. Maar
hoe kan hy nog by die verlede stilstaan as die teenwoordige so veel
aantrekliks het? Met die gevoel van triestigheid wat die ontluikende
liefde kenmerk, kyk hy na die blanke hals van die jongmeisie, wat
vooroor buie om te kan sien of haar sleggemikte blombossies hul
doel tref.
Alida kyk nou om na hom: sy spraakloosheid druk haar; en net
een opslag van haar hemelblou oë is genoeg om sy gedagtes te
verhelder. Sy wys hom, met haar fyn handjie, op die mandjie wat al
leeg begin te word.
—Daar is nog blomme. Waarom gooi jy nie?
 Sy bloos by die eenvoudige woorde, en die oordrewe verleëntheid
maak haar nog mooier.
Daar kom ’n rytuig aan met offisiere in uniform. Luitenant
Marthenay—’n bietjie dikkerig van postuur, omdat sy eerste jeug al
verby is—is die enigste wat regop staan in die rytuig. In sy hand hou
hy ’n bossie duur en seldsame blomme. Dit lyk of hy na iemand soek
op die tribunes. Hy sien nou vir Alida, en glimlaggend en langsaam
mik hy sy gooi na haar toe. Die brutale manier om die aandag van
almal op die jongnooi te vestig, is vir Marcel te veel: hy buk skielik na
Alida haar mandjie, en met snelle beraad val hy die eerste aan op sy
teenstander. Die doel was mooi berekend, maar nie die krag van die
gooi nie. Hy raak die offisiertjie hard in die middel van sy
glimlaggende gesig. Heeltemal uit die veld geslaan laat
laasgenoemde die kosbare blomme somar op die grond val.
Kwaadaardig kyk hy rond tussen die mense op die tribune, en sien
net vir Isabella Orlandi, wat haar hande klap en uitroep:
—Goed geraak! Die skerpskutters bo!
Jan Berlier juig haar toe: die uitbundige vrolikheid is vir hom mooi.
Luitenant Marthenay steur hom nie aan hulle spotterny nie. Naas
Alida, ’n bietjie na agter toe, sien hy eindelik die baasagtige en
minagtende gesig van Marcel Kibert. Hy is nog vol kwaadaardigheid
en nyd as die rytuig met hom en die ander offisiere weer aanry en
weggaan.
Elke keer as hy weer verbykom voor die famielie Delourens en hul
geselskap, sien hy hoe Alida heeltemal vergeet om deel te neem
aan die slag, en net staan en gesels met sy teenstander; en sy lyk
heeltemal van gedaante verander, vol aandag, opgefleur. En elke
keer het Isabella en haar vryer ’n ondeunde plesier daarin om hom in
sy waarneming te steur deur hom aanhoudend met blomme te
bombardeer.
Die mense begin nou genoeg van die fees te kry, en die geveg
verflou.
Die aand begin al te daal op die vlakte. Tere tinte, ’n mengeling
van rose kleur, violet, pers en goud, verdof die gesigseinder soos ’n