Evaluating the

Impact of Design
Failure on the
Perak Tengah
District Mosque
Zuraihana Ahmad Zawawi1, Mohd Khazli Aswad Khalid1, Alia Abdullah Saleh1, Hasnizan Aksah2, and Nurul Fadzila Zahari1

1Department of Built Environment Studies & Technology, College of Build Environment,

Universiti Teknologi MARA, Perak Branch, Seri Iskandar Campus, 32610 Seri Iskandar, Perak, Malaysia

&
2Department of Built Environment Studies & Technology, College of Build Environment,

Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia

 Agenda of Topic

Abstract

Introduction

Literature Review

Methodology & Sample Criteria

Analysis

Conclusion
2
Abstract
This study investigates how structural defects in buildings
effect maintenance management in mosques at Perak Tengah
District. Along with offering suggestions for improving
maintenance effectiveness, it draws attention to the
fundamental design defects that cause issues with
maintenance.

A literature study, semi-structured interviews, observation, and

a survey were used to collect the data. According to the goal of
this study, inadequate site supervision, an inadequate cover of
reinforcing concrete, poor structural design, noncompliance
with specifications, improperly placed or applied paint, and a
failure to specify suitable materials are the main design flaws
that lead to maintenance issues.

These defects result in increased maintenance expenses, job

loads, labour force, and frequency of maintenance. Based on
the study, all departments should collaborate and employ
weather-resistant materials to improve job standards and
building upkeep.
Introduction
The context of the research highlights the frequency
of mosque building defects in the Perak Tengah
District, the importance of maintenance
management, and the influence of building design
on the longevity and performance of buildings.

It also discusses the upkeep challenges that

mosques face and the need for further study and
international gatherings to resolve these issues. The
examination of flaws in Singapore's wet building
zones provides an example of the kinds of issues
that can arise from subpar material selection,
construction, maintenance, and design.
 Introduction-cont
• The phrase emphasises the possibility of building defects resulting
from subpar design and construction, insufficient maintenance, or a
combination of both, emphasising the significance of efficient
maintenance procedures in preventing building defects and
guaranteeing satisfactory building performance while averting user
discomfort and safety risks.
• Effective maintenance management is essential for preserving a building's value, extending its lifespan,
and ensuring safety. Any stage of a structure's life cycle, from design to construction to maintenance,
might include building defects, which emphasises the need of addressing any issues early on and
maintaining a close watch on the structure.

• In thirty percent of cases, problems with maintenance management are the root cause of building
defects, indicating the critical role that effective maintenance practises have in averting building defects.
It was discovered that insufficient money for maintenance activities, a lack of qualified staff, and
inadequate maintenance management practises were the main causes of building defects.

• This underscores the need of employing excellent maintenance management approaches to stop
building faults from happening.
 Literature review

• This research's goal is to give an overview

of the current literature on building flaws
and maintenance. It starts by gathering the
different kinds of building maintenance and
how important they are.
• This research also looks at mistakes in
architectural design, the reasons behind
them, and how they affect the upkeep of
buildings. Additionally, it looks at various
kinds of building flaws.
• Two main goals of this research are to fully
understand all the issues related to the
study topic and to add to what is already
known in the field. The collected data will
form the basis for the study's design.
 Literature review
The concept of building Maintenance
• The term "building maintenance" describes the variety of operations and duties performed
to ensure that a structure, its components, and its systems can continue to operate as
intended and serve their original purpose for the remainder of their useful lifetimes.
Building maintenance is the act of keeping a building's physical conditions, services, and
surrounds in a state of operation and repair to satisfy the needs of its users, according to
Hassanain, M. A., et al., (2021).
Building maintenance is the process of keeping a
building in good shape and halting its degradation. It
encompasses a wide range of maintenance
techniques, including predictive, preventive, and
corrective maintenance.

Because it prolongs the life of the structure, reduces

repair costs, and guarantees occupant safety, building
maintenance is essential. Several articles have
addressed the concept of building upkeep, notably
Alabdulkarim et al., (2013).
Literature review
Type of Maintenance
Refer in figure 1 below, BS 3811
information is used to give building
maintenance guidelines that
include a wide range of subjects,
such as structural elements,
finishes, services, and equipment.
Figure 1. Relationship between various forms of maintenance.

It explains the various types of upkeep, including:

1. Reactive maintenance - repairing faults and failures as they occur,

2. Planned maintenance - scheduled routine maintenance to prevent failures and prolong the life of
building components,
3. Preventive maintenance - activities to prevent deterioration of building components,
4. Condition-based maintenance - maintenance based on monitoring the condition of building
components,
5. Predictive maintenance - maintenance based on predicting when failures are likely to occur,
Literature review
Building Defect
A building defect is defined as any flaw or malfunction in the design, construction, or
maintenance of a structure that reduces its usability, safety, or aesthetic appeal. Table 2
shows the types of architectural faults found in a previous investigation.

There are several reasons why structures develop defects, as illustrated in the table above. Structural problems
occur in the building's structural components, such as the foundation, beams, and columns. They could be
caused by bad planning, subpar craftsmanship, or the use of insufficient materials
Literature review
Building Defect
Figure 2,3,4 & 5 show
the type of defect on
case study.
Literature review
Use of
materials

Factors of Building Design That

Related Building Maintenance Construction Layout and
quality design
The information above demonstrates
several design-related elements that
may affect building upkeep.

Use of Age of the

technology building
 Methodology &
Sample Criteria
• This study used two approaches. The first
method involved performing literature research
and deep interviews the mosque management to
identify 67 design and construction problems,
as well as 8 implications for building upkeep
(see table 4 below).
 Methodology & Sample Criteria

• The second method entails creating

a poll based on the issues
discovered and asking respondents
questions to determine how these
flaws impacted maintenance.
• A mixed-methods approach will be
used to study the impact of bad
design on mosque building
maintenance management. The
questionnaire was physically
handed over to the respondents, and
an interviewer was ready to address
any queries about the questionnaire.
 Methodology & Sample Criteria
• Table 5 shows the criteria selection for the mosque in Seri Iskandar, Perak Tengah District, Perak, all five of which were
chosen for the research with the principal's agreement, for their management of facility upkeep, design, and style.
 Analysis
• Following the distribution of the survey, we were
able to identify issues with building maintenance
based on the responses we received. Of the 67
design and construction defects, Table 7 shows the
top ten, the severity index, and the mean.
• Based on each severity indicator and mean, the
survey taker identified the following seven issues as
the most serious. Material selection that isn't
appropriate for the current weather is the top
category of construction material flaws, with an
average mean score of 3.84.
Analysis
• Table 8 displays the results from the survey questionnaire, as
well as the impacts of issues on building upkeep.
• The result was based on the order of each effect's rank,
mean, and severity index.
• Eight impacts are listed in the table. Respondents reported an
average severity index of 89.71% and a mean impact on
building maintenance of 3.59% due to an increase in
maintenance work, budget, and manpower, the most
significant influence. This effect mirrors the first effect's
consequences. The building is in a state of extreme distress,
with a severity rating of 94.96%.

• Second place goes to the absence of inspection coverage, which has a severity index of 93.21% and a mean score
of 3.73. Construction inspection is the source of this flaw.

• The third and fourth categories have a severity index of 91.98% if the influence of load on structural stability and
local weather conditions are not considered during the exterior form design process (which is associated with civil
and architectural design and has an average mean of 3.68).
 Finding
The top 10 flaws that had a significant impact on the Description of how flaws affect building
maintenance building are listed below: maintenance:

17
 Conclusion
For conclusion, it's clear how important it is to find problems as soon as possible, carefully consider them,
and then fix them when you know how flaws affect building maintenance.
By fixing problems quickly and putting in place good maintenance procedures, building owners and
maintenance teams can lower the negative effects, improve long-term maintenance results, and make sure
the structure will last and work.
The last part of the declaration says that people who design buildings should think about how they will be
maintained before they start the design process.
Future maintenance needs depend on several factors, such as the type of materials used, the layout of the
building, its age, how well technology is integrated, and the quality of the construction.
By thinking about these things and making designs that are easy to maintain, designers can make structures
last longer and save money on ongoing costs. This includes choosing materials that will last, making sure
the layout is easy to use, thinking about how the building will age, adding smart technologies, and making
sure the quality of the construction is high. When you design with maintenance needs in mind, you save
money, make the building work better, and make users happier.
 Sr Ts Mohd Khazli Aswad Bin Hj Khalid
013-3860035
khazliaswad@uitm.edu.my

Thank
you