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 SOCIAL AND
CULTURAL DYNAMICS
Transaction Social Science Classics

Vilhelm Aubert, The Hidden Society

Herbert Blumer, Critiques of Research in the Social Sciences
G.D.H. Cole, Guild Socialism Restated
Charles Horton Cooley, Human Nature and the Social Order
Charles Horton Cooley, Social Organization
Benedetto Croce, Historical Materialism and the Economics of Marx
Albert Venn Dicey, On the Relation between Law and Public Opinion
Adam Ferguson, An Essay on the History of Civil Society
Moses I. Finley, Studies in Land and Credit in Ancient Athens, 500-200 B.C.
Ruth Fischer, Stalin and German Communism
G.S. Ghuiye, The Scheduled Tribes of India
Ludwig Gumplowicz, Outlines of Sociology
Everett C. Hughes, The Sociological Eye
Helen MacGill Hughes, News and Human Interest Story
Kurt Koffka, Growth of the Mind
Walter Laquer, Young Germany
Harold J. Laski, The American Presidency
Gustave LeBon, French Revolution and Psychology of Revolution
Gustave LeBon, The Psychology of Socialism
Walter Lippmann, A Preface to Morals
Helen Merrell Lynd, England in the Eighteen-Eighties
Henry de Man, The Psychology of Marxian Socialism
Harriet Martineau, Society in America
Vilfredo Pareto, The Transformation of Democracy
Joseph A. Schumpeter, The Theory of Economic Development
George Bernard Shaw, The Intelligent Woman's Guide to Socialism
Werner Sombart, The Jews and Modern Capitalism
Pitirim Sorokin, Social and Cultural Dynamics
William Graham Sumner, Earth-Hunter and Other Essays
John W. Thibaut, and Harold H. Kelley, The Social Psychology of Groups
Thorstein Veblen, The Engineers and the Price System
Thorstein Veblen, The Theory of Business Enterprise
Graham Wallas, Human Nature in Politics
Max Weber, General Economic History
Florian Znaniecki, Cultural Sciences
Florian Znaniecki, The Social Role of the Man of Knowledge
 SOCIAL AND
CULTURAL DYNAMICS
A Study of Change in Major Systems of Art,
Truth, Ethics, Law, and Social Relationships
Revised and abridged in one volume by the author

PITIRIM SOROKIN

With A New Introduction by

Michel P. Richard

Π Routledge
Taylor & Francis Group
LONDON AND NEW YORK
First published 1985 by Transaction Publishers

Published 2017 by Routledge

2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon O X 14 4 RN
711 Third Avenue, New York, N Y 10017 , U SA
Routledge is an imprint o f the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa
business

New material this edition copyright © 1985 by Taylor & Francis.

Original edition copyright © 1957 by Pitirim Sorokin

A ll rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced

or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means,
now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and
recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without
permission in writing from the publishers.

Notice:
Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks,
and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to
infringe.

Library of Congress Catalog Number: 80-23730

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Sorokin, Pitirim Aleksandrovich, 1889- 1968.

Social and cultural dynamics.

(Social science classics)

Reprint of the 1957 ed. published by Porter Sargent.
Bibliography: p.
Includes index.
1. Civilization— Philosophy. 2 . History— Philosophy. 3 . Culture.
I. Title. II. Series.
[HM101.S752 1981] 901 80-23730
ISBN 0 -87855 -787-3 (pbk.)

ISBN 13: 978 -0 -87855 -787-5 (pbk)

 Introduction to the Transaction Edition
Michel P. Richard
Although I was not one of Sorokin’s students, I became interested in
his work while pursuing graduate studies, and began to correspond with
him in 1959. During the summer o f 1962 I visited him at his home in
Winchester, Massachusetts. Despite failing eyesight and a throat inflam­
mation, he was an excellent host, and it was a memorable day for me.
He was obviously pleased with his own accomplishments, but at the
same time he did not appear to take himself too seriously, and he was
also alarmingly blunt about the shortcomings of other leading sociolo­
gists who had been his students and colleagues. At the age of 73 he was
still full of energy and seemed deeply satisfied with the course of his life.
The amazing thing about Sorokin’s life is that he managed to survive
it. He was born in 1889 in a village in northern Russia, the second son of
an itinerant artisan and a Komi-speaking peasant girl. His earliest mem­
ory was the death of his mother, in the middle of winter, when he was
about three years of age. His father subsequently developed a severe
drinking problem, and at the age of ten Pitirim left home with his older
brother. Forced to make his own living by doing odd jobs, Sorokin had
little formal education until he entered a teacher’s seminary at the age of
fourteen, at which time he also joined one of the revolutionary parties.
In 1906 he was arrested at a rally and spent four months in jail. This
resulted in expulsion from the teacher’s seminary, but Sorokin con­
tinued his revolutionary work in the countryside under the assumed
name of “ Comrade Ivan.” One of the mass meetings he addressed was
broken up by mounted Cossacks; there were numerous casualties, and
Sorokin fled to St. Petersburg in a state of nervous exhaustion. For two
years he worked at various jobs and attended night school to prepare
himself for the university entrance examinations. In 1909 he was admit­
ted to the Psycho-Neurological Institute, but transferred to the Univer­
sity of St. Petersburg after one year to escape the draft.
To escape the czarist police Sorokin changed addresses frequently; on
one occasion he accompanied a sick friend to the Riviera disguised as a
student medical officer with a forged passport. Upon his return he re­
fused to take his examinations as a protest against the absence of aca­
demic freedom, and lost his scholarship. In 1913 he was again briefly
imprisoned for conspiring to write a pamphlet critical of the Romanov
dynasty, and he also completed his first book, entitled Crime and
v
vi SOCIAL AN D CULTURAL D YN AM ICS

Punishment. The years 1914-1916 were spent preparing for his M.A.
examinations; the reading list prepared by his three professors consisted
of some 900 books in criminal law, criminal procedure, and constitu­
tional law.
Sorokin received his M.A. in 1916, and after the collapse of the czarist
regime he was appointed secretary of Prime Minister Kerensky. He also
found time to marry Elena Baratynskaya; the wedding was sandwiched
in between committee meetings. When the Provisional Government
fell, Sorokin again found himself on the “wanted” list for his outspoken
attacks against the Bolsheviks. In 1918 he was arrested and charged with
plotting to assassinate Lenin. Influential friends obtained his release
from prison, but he immediately involved himself in military opera­
tions against the Bolsheviks in Archangel. When this effort failed,
Sorokin and a companion went into hiding in a forest for two months.
Finally, to protect friends who were harboring him, he gave himself up to
the Chekha police. He was sentenced to death, but again influential
friends persuaded Lenin that he was a good candidate for rehabilitation.
(His two brothers were not so fortunate; both lost their lives during this
period.)
In 1919 Sorokin returned to his posts at the University of St. Peters­
burg and the Psycho-Neurological Institute. In 1921 he conducted a
study of the effects of mass starvation in the countryside, and in 1922 his
doctoral dissertation, System o f Sociology, was illegally printed. By Sep­
tember of 1922 the Soviet Union had had its fill of Professor Sorokin,
and he was exiled. A series of lectures in Berlin and Prague led to an
offer to visit the United States in 1924, and a permanent appointment at
the University of Minnesota. While there he published several books on
social mobility, rural sociology, the sociology of revolution, and so­
ciological theory. In 1930 he was invited to organize the Department of
Social Relations at Harvard University, where he remained until his
retirement in 1959. (Two sons were born in 1931 and 1933, but in his
autobiography Sorokin says very little about his family except to note
with satisfaction their academic accomplishments.) In 1949 he estab­
lished the Harvard Research Center in Creative Altruism, devoted to the
study of positive forces in human behavior. In 1960 he became the first
president of the International Society for the Comparative Study of
C ivilizations, and in 1964 served as president o f the Am erican
Sociological Association.
According to Carl Zimmerman ( 1968), Sorokin’s legacy to the disci­
pline of sociology includes some 500 articles and about 40 books. His
books have been translated into 17 languages, and a number of books,
dissertations, articles, and reviews have been written about Sorokin and
INTRO D U CTIO N TO THE TRAN SACTION EDITION

his work. Since its first year of publication in 1953 through 1978, So­
ciological Abstracts listed 72 articles about Sorokin in the subject index,
and this average of approximately three articles per year holds constant
even after his death in 1968. In his final tribute to Sorokin, Arnold
Toynbee expressed the opinion that

no future student of human affairs will be able to bypass Sorokin’s

work. The future student may be a disciple or he may be a dissenter,
but in either capacity his encounter with Sorokin will be a major event
in his own progress.1

By any standard Sorokin’s most important contribution is the four

volume work, Social and Cultural Dynamics. This study occupied
Sorokin and a team of assistants working in the United States and
abroad for nearly ten years. It represents an impressive attempt to apply
quantitative methods to historical materials, and to generate proposi­
tions about Graeco-Roman and Western civilization that have predic­
tive as well as explanatory value.
The publication of the Dynamics was not only a sociological triumph
but also a literary event. The first three volumes appeared in 1937, and
on May 29 of that year the Saturday Review o f Literature featured him
in a full-cover portrait along with a review by the economist Frank
Knight. Between 1937 and 1942 (the fourth and final volume appeared
in 1941) at least 55 reviews of the work appeared in popular magazines
and scholarly journals in the United States and abroad.
Many of the reviewers seemed stunned by what Professor Knight
called “this monster parade of learning.” He described the effect of it as
“ staggering” ; others called it “ astonishing,” “brilliant,” “encyclopedic,”
“ extraordinary,” “ gigantic,” “ Herculean,” “ immensely fruitful,” “ re­
markable,” “ revolutionary,” and “terrifyingly impressive.” Sorokin was
compared favorably with Montesquieu, Hegel, and Marx; and from the
other side of the Atlantic Leopold von Wiese commented:

Comtes, Spencers, Paretos und Spenglers Versuch etwa erscheinen

willkürlicher, im Vergleich zu Sorokins Werk. [The efforts of Comte,
Spencer, Pareto, and Spengler seem somewhat whimsical, in compari­
son with Sorokin’s work.]2

Other critics, however, were disturbed or exasperated by the Dynam­

ics. Crane Brinton referred to it as “ socio-astrology” (Southern Review,
Autumn 1937); Ruth Benedict called Sorokin a “ modern Jeremiah”
(New Republic, February 2 , 1942), and Robert Maclver complained
about his “ apocalyptic happiness” (American Sociological Review, De-
V ili SOCIAL AN D CU LTU RAL D YN AM ICS

cember 1941). The most vitriolic attack came from Lewis Mumford,
who charged Sorokin with blindness, confusion, puerility, and “lack of
emotional poise” {The New Republic, July 14, 1937).
In an interesting analysis of 30 reviews of the Dynamics published in
the United States, Tibbs ( 1943) found that 11 were positive, 11 were
negative, and eight were neutral or mixed. He concluded:

Fellow specialists are either severe in judgement or high in praise, with

more on Sorokin’s side than against him. . . . Specialists in other fields
which the work of Sorokin encompasses seem to be lined up against
him rather than for him. . . . Popular reviewers are, more than any
other group, decidely in favor of what the author does (Tibbs,
1943:478).

In short, it seems impossible to be lukewarm about Sorokin’s work.

What is lofty to one observer is arrogance to another. Sorokin is both
painstaking and perfunctory, concise and repetitious, scholarly and pro­
saic, platitudinous and profound. He scolds sociologists as well as so­
ciety, and he is so committed to the principle of altruistic love that he
stands ready to square off against any opponent. In Sorokin these at­
tributes are not really contradictory, they are complementary opposites.
As we shall see, this notion of complementarity is central to an under­
standing o f Social and Cultural Dynamics, in which Sorokin dis­
tinguishes sociocultural systems from biological ones. Unlike biological
organisms, civilizations are not perfectly integrated, and therefore they
do not “decline” or die, as Oswald Spengler would have us believe.
Rather, they undergo phase-movements. The most profound changes
emanate from the cultural value system, rather than from institutional
factors or as a result of the actions of great men. The reason for this is
that the cultural system is more fundamental and more encompassing
than the social system (on this point Sorokin disagrees sharply with
Marx) or the personality system.
Sorokin’s data on Graeco-Roman and Western civilization exhibit a
pattern of recurrent fluctuation between what he calls “ sensate” and
“ ideational” value-systems. During a sensate period all aspects of life are
dominated by a materialistic world view, and economic and scientific
activities flourish, particularly during the “ active” sensate phase. During
the “ passive” phase hedonistic values prevail, and in the final “ cynical”
stage the sensate mentality negates everything including itself. Idea­
tional periods, in contrast, are spiritually oriented, and social relation­
ships are familistic rather than contractual. Ideational periods move
from the “ ascetic” to the “ active” (expansionistic) mentality, but finally
degenerate into “ fideism” (a desperate will to believe).
IN TRO D U CTIO N TO THE TRAN SACTION EDITION ix

When civilization shifts from one of these “ supersystems” to the

other, there is a stormy period of transition marked by increases in the
intensity and magnitude of wars and revolutions, and by general social
disorganization (increasing rates of crime and mental illness, break­
down in family structure, etc.). Sorokin’s “ law of polarization” states
that during such periods violence and egoistic behavior increase, but
there is a counterbalancing increase in altruistic behavior (love, self-
sacrifice, and mutual aid). At the same time, government becomes in­
creasingly coercive during these periods. Sometimes, however, there is a
harmonious combination of the best elements of the two supersystems;
a blend o f faith, reason, and empiricism. These “ idealistic” periods seem
to be of shorter duration than the other two supersystems, but in any
case the time frame is variable for all three. History does not repeat itself
in detail (as Nietzsche suggested) but only in its general conformations.
But what causes these shifts to take place? Sorokin invokes two princi­
ples to account for change. The first is the principle of “immanent
determinism” ; a sociocultural system, like a biological system, unfolds
according to its inherent potentialities. External factors can only serve
to accelerate or retard the system’s growth, but they cannot alter the
nature of the system itself. (Sorokin does not give much weight to
cultural diffusion.) The second is the “ principle of limits,” which states
that the number of basic cultural forms is small, and that growth cannot
continue indefinitely in one direction. Both the sensate and the idea­
tional principles are one-sided and incomplete; the more exclusive and
dominant one principle becomes, the more limited it becomes. Finally,
it exhausts its creativity and begins to wane, permitting its complemen­
tary opposite to ascend once more.
The ideational/idealistic/sensate paradigm is based mainly on the
study o f art forms, truth systems, and scientific discoveries and inven­
tions. The remainder of Sorokin’s data on wars and revolutions, legal
statutes, crime, mental illness, economic conditions, family organiza­
tion, etc., are more relevant to the understanding of transitional periods.
Rather than sampling his data, Sorokin attempted an exhaustive clas­
sification of art works and thinkers over a 2 , 500 -year span. His assistants
examined and classified over 100,000 works of art as well as all the
major philosphers in the Encyclopedia Britanica (their influence was
weighted according to the number of secondary sources on each
thinker). In the case of armed conflict, casualty lists were obtained for
967 wars and 1,622 revolutions in order to establish the magnitude per
million population.
A painting or sculpture was classified “ ideational” if it portrayed sub­
lime subjects or supernatural beings, was static and free of adornment,
X SOCIAL AN D CULTURAL D YN AM ICS

generateci a sense of reverence or submission, and if the work was un­

signed (i.e. the artist was an anonymous member of a community of
believers). It was classified as sensate if it portrayed mortal persons in
secular activities and if it was detailed, representational, and dynamic.
(Caricature, sordid or satrical themes, and abstractionism were classified
as cynical sensate.)
Sorokin’s typology of philosophical systems is too complex to be re­
viewed here, but in somewhat simplified form the fluctuation of truth
systems in Graeco-Roman and Western civilization looks like this:

Period Classification

Up to the 5th century b .c . Ideational

5th and 4 th centuries b .c . Idealistic

3rd to the 1st century b .c . Sensate

1st century a .d . to end of Transition and crisis
4 th century a .d .

5th to 12th centuries a .d . Ideational

12th to 14th centuries a . d . Idealistic
Second half of 14th and 15th Transition and crisis
century a .d .
16th through 20th centuries Sensate (active, then
passive, now cynical,
entering transition)

The pattern obtained by Sorokin for art periods matches quite well
the rhythm of truth systems, but the fit is not perfect because of the
relatively loose integration of the various components of culture.
As indicated earlier in this paper, the remainder of Sorokin’s data
deals with crisis phenomena. For example, his examination of criminal
statutes indicates that the severity of punishment is a function of the
integration of the system rather than the type. In periods of transition,
government becomes more repressive. By the same token, wars and
internal disturbances increase in magnitude during transitional periods
and have reached a crescendo in the twentieth century, the bloodiest
period in human history.
The implications of all this are profound. From the standpoint of
epistemology, the most controversial point is that the scientific method
of apprehending reality is not the only valid one. Equally valid is the
truth of faith: insight, intuition, revelation. Even time and space are
relative to the sociocultural context in which they occur. This does not
IN TRO D U CTIO N TO THE TRAN SACTION EDITION

mean that Sorokin is a relativist, however. The most valid method is

what he calls “ integral truth,” since it combines reason, faith, and em­
piricism. Another significant point is that the evolutionary model of
social change is a ninteenth-century illusion based on looking at a small
segment of a large curve with a sensate bias. Sorokin does not deny that
the cycle may repeat itself on higher levels; the scientific accomplish­
ments of the twentieth century are unquestionably greater than those of
ancient Rome. But the essential point is that no exponential curve of
economic growth or scientific development can continue indefinitely,
and we can expect the present trend to peak and then take a downturn
in the near future. The scientific paradigm in physics has already shifted
from Newtonian determinism to relativity theory and quantum me­
chanics, and our faith in “better living through chemistry” will soon
turn to despair. We are now living in the twilight of a declining sensate
era, and after a stormy period of transition new ideational values will
appear on the horizon. And this majestic process will probably repeat
itself indefinitely, without end. The closest we will ever come to Utopia
is in the relatively short-lived idealistic periods (when integral truth
prevails). At this point in time the only thing we can do is to try to
mitigate the ravages of the transitional period by emulating the altruistic
practices of saints, yogins, and “good neighbors.”

C r it ic is m

Rather than attempting to review the major criticisms of Sorokin’s

work3 here, I shall limit myself to three points that have not been raised
previously and which seem particularly relevant today.
First, Sorokin does not clearly specify the content of the coming idea­
tional (or idealistic) supersystem in the West. We are now confronted
with a variety of competing groups, including yoga and meditation
cults, pentecostal and charismatic Christians, and even neo-pagans. Al­
though questions can be raised about the leaders of some of these move­
ments, the followers are no doubt quite sincere.
In his later studies on creative altruism ( 1954 ) Sorokin indis­
criminately lumps together saints, yogins, and good neighbors. My own
personal experience with meditation cults, spiritualists, and “ reborn”
Christians indicates that they are very different in terms of beliefs, prac­
tices, organization, personality types, and lifestyles. Sorokin tends to
gloss over such differences, and to ignore the possibility of spiritual
warfare. In short, he does not make any attempt to assess the growth
potential of various religious movements in the Western world, and this
remains a task for the future.
xii SOCIAL AN D CU LTU RAL D YN AM ICS

Second, Sorokin never gives us a clear picture of how shifts in values

actually take place. Compared to Max Weber’s sensitive analysis in The
Protestant Ethic and the Spirit o f Capitalism, Sorokin’s pronounce­
ments seem clumsy and dogmatic. For example, he speculates that in
the event of nuclear war the technical basis of Western civilization and
its associated value system would collapse. Surely there are less dramatic
but more probable scenarios that ought to be considered.
Third, Sorokin never tried to test his paradigm on non-Western cul­
tures. He believed that Eastern cultures based on Hinduism, Buddhism,
Jainism, Taoism, and Sufism (but not Confucianism) are more consis­
tently ideational over time, but he devoted very little space to this ques­
tion and it is by no means settled. If we take India, for example, what are
we to make of the Kama Sutra and the erotic temple sculptures at
Khajuraho? To call these cultural products “ ideational” would be to
distort the term beyond recognition. Richard Lannoy ( 1971) offers a
different interpretation. He stresses the interplay between erotic and
repressive elements in Indian culture, and says that “according to Indian
thought, subject and object, thesis and anti-thesis, are not opposed to
one another, but constitute two aspects of the same thing.” This coinci-
dentia oppositorum represents a fusion of ideational and sensate values.
It is alien to the metaphysical dualism of the West, which produces
oscillation between these two poles. It comes closest to Sorokin’s defini­
tion o f the idealistic supersystem, but it is not really the same thing.
Sorokin’s categories reflect his own Western heritage, but his concept of
time is cyclic rather than linear, and in this respect it resembles the
Indian rather than the Judeo-Christian model.
Is Sorokin’s magnum opus still worth reading? When I put this ques­
tion to Professor Matthew Melko, past president of the International
Society for the Comparative Study of Civilizations, he replied as follows:

I see the four volume work as a source book. It provides a frame of

reference for scholars from many fields to make a beginning. For in­
stance, if I want a long-range view of the fluctuations of war in society,
there is no other book that will give it to me. Quincy Wright has the
range, but not the quantification. Singer and Small are more sophisti­
cated, but they cover less than two centuries.
Am I a philosopher? Then I have to read Sorokin for a long-range view
of where I am in society. I may disagree. I may think his evaluations are
wrong or that his emphasis is misplaced. But even as I make these
corrections, I am developing a frame of reference.

What about sociology? We need to balance micro-sociology with some

broad views besides those of Marx. Even Marx does not have Sorokin’s
IN TRO D U CTIO N TO THE TRAN SACTION EDITION xiii

range; he does not cover the same time-frame, and he is not interested
in aesthetics or science or other non-political or non-economic catego­
ries that Sorokin includes. Sorokin claims that it is sociology’s province
to explore total society; he encourages inter-disciplinary activity.
You would think, by now, that he would be outdated; that there would
have appeared a sociologist with Sorokin’s range, but better meth­
odological tools. But too often the methodological tools have had the
effect of narrowing the range, of forcing the practitioner to choose
problems appropriate for the tools instead of shaping the tools to fit
the problem. The result is that Sorokin’s paradigm still awaits
development.

In a recent paper ( 1978) I tried to follow up on Melko’s suggestion.

Specifically, I tried to assess current trends in American society in terms
o f Sorokin’s categories, and to consider the implications of these trends
for the developing nations of the Third World. Although the data are
quite fragmentary and by no means conclusive, they suggest that
Sorokin was generally on the right track.
With respect to American society, my impression is that active sensate
values are decaying, as Sorokin predicted. Passive sensate values are still
very pervasive, but there is a tendency to reject cynical sensate values
and ideational values appear to be growing stronger. My justification for
making these statements follows.

Active Sensate Values

At least indirect evidence of the decline of active sensate values is

provided by Daniel Yankelovich ( 1974), who conducted surveys in the
United States between 1968 and 1973.
For example, in 1969, 37 percent of the college youth sample agreed
with the statement that “big business needs reform or elimination.” In
1973, the proportion had risen to 54 percent. Among working-class
(noncollege) youth the corresponding figures were 24 percent and 54
percent. Among college youth, 65 percent said they wished there was
“ less emphasis on money” in 1968, and 80 percent felt this way in 1973.
In 1969, 76 percent o f college youth and 88 percent of noncollege youth
subscribed to the belief that private property is “ sacred,” but in 1973 the
proportions had dropped to 67 percent and 74 percent respectively.
Another indication of the weakening of active sensate values can be
found in the Club of Rome report. In this study, Meadows and his
associates at M.I.T. used computer simulation techniques to develop a
world model and concluded that we would reach the limits of growth
early in the twenty-first century. Measured by crowding and pollution
the standard of life has already deteriorated in the industrial countries,
xiv SOCIAL AN D CU LTU RAL D YN AM ICS

and our disproportionate consumption of the world’s nonrenewable re­

sources must be checked or the ecosystem will collapse. A shift from
growth to equilibrium cannot be accomplished, however, without a cor­
responding shift in values (Meadows et al., 1972).
The assumptions of this study have been challenged (Oltmans, 1974,
1975) but if the computer projections have any validity it would appear
that the active phase of sensate culture is finished. My own judgment is
that the space program represented the “last hurrah” of the active sen­
sate mentality, and that the yawning disinterest that surrounds this en­
terprise today signifies the end of an era.4
O f even greater significance is the fact that Sorokin’s conclusions are
directly or indirectly supported by many of the authors of the 41 studies
prepared for the Joint Economic Committee (U.S. Congress, 1976-77 ).
The current phenomenon of “ stagflation” (inflation coupled with un­
employment) indicates that basic changes are taking place in the econ­
omy, and several of the contributors cheerfully anticipate a transition
from our “ throwaway” economy based on energy-intensive production
and consumption to a “ steady state” economy based on the strategy of
eliminating scarcity by reducing wants. This phase of economic growth
is analogous to growth in adolescence, and it is now drawing to a close.
On the other hand, technological progress will not stop, as Sorokin
originally predicted.5 The economy of the future will not be a stagnant
one, but a “ dynamic equilibrium,” in which technology is redirected
toward the conservation of natural resources and pollution abatement.

Passive Sensate Values

Sorokin’s book on The American Sex Revolution ( 1957) is not one of
his best, but it does suggest a deepening of “ passive” (hedonistic) sensate
values. In 1974, Yankelovich reported that both college and working
youth are increasingly tolerant of casual premarital and extramarital
sex, abortion, and homosexuality between consenting adults. The cur­
rent spread o f pornography, sex clinics, massage parlors, and venereal
disease among teenagers is also indicative of this trend. Furthermore,
the increasing use and abuse of psychoactive drugs (prescription and
contraband) is another case in point, attesting to the power of our belief
in “ better living through chemistry.”

Cynical Sensate Values

In the Yankelovich study it was reported that 63 percent of the college
youth “believe this country is a democracy in name only and that spe­
cial interests run things.” This figure is for 1973; in 1971 it was 57 percent.
Public attitudes toward government have soured as a result of exposure
INTRO D U CTIO N TO THE TRANSACTION EDITION xv

of C.I.A. and F.B.I. activities, and the belief that corruption is limited to
state and municipal levels could no longer be sustained after the Water­
gate scandal. As we have already seen, “big business” is also becoming a
term of opprobrium among college youth. While large segments of the
public will probably always react with shoulder-shrugging indifference
to these revelations, others are participating in various reform move­
ments. The conservation and ecology movements, as well as consumer
advocacy groups, are good examples of the reaction against sensate
values.
Ideational Values

In the Yankelovich survey there is one item which is difficult to inter­

pret, and this has to do with “religion as a very important value.” In
1973 both college and noncollege youth considered this less important
than they did in 1969. The proportions are 28 percent and 42 percent
respectively, down from 39 percent and 65 percent in 1969. This might
suggest a decline in ideational values, but it is not clear whether the item
is tapping attitudes toward organized religion or spiritual values.
In my opinion there is considerable evidence that the interest in re­
ligious themes is increasing rather than declining. In addition to the
proliferation of religious sects mentioned earlier in this paper, pop cul­
ture provides many examples. Rock operas such as Jesus Christ Super-
star and Godspell have enjoyed enormous success, and there is also a
fascination with the demonic, judging by the popularity of films such as
Rosemary's Baby, The Exorcist, and The Omen, to mention only a few.
At the risk of stretching the point, I would add that even certain sports
have become contemplative and interiorized. We now have “inner” ten­
nis, the “yoga” of jogging, and various “ martial arts” in which nobody
ever gets hurt. Although I have no hard data to support this, interest in
the occult also seems to be increasing, or at least holding steady. A
surprising number of people use astrology, tarot, and the I-Ching for
purposes of decision-making. Finally, the interest in parapsychology,
which was once limited to such phenomena as clairvoyance, precogni­
tion, thought transference, and telekinesis, has now expanded to include
Kirlian photography, psychic surgery, fire-walking, levitation, hypnotic
regression, and reincarnation. Since the interest in these phenomena is
at least partly scientific and empirical, it may be misleading to character­
ize this interest as “ ideational” but it is certainly “ meta-sensate.”
In the studies prepared for the Joint Economic Committee, several of
the contributors detect a shift toward the satisfaction of “ symbolic
needs.” Even Herman Kahn anticipates a “turning to non-material or
even mystical and trancendental values” ( 1976, p. 23 ).
XVI SOCIAL AN D CU LTU RAL D YN AM ICS

I m p l i c a t i o n s f o r D e v e l o p m e n t in t h e T h i r d W o r l d

If a shift in values is taking place in the Western world and economic

growth is retarded as a result, what would the consequences be for the
less-developed nations o f the world? The traditional view is that growth
in the industrial countries (particularly the United States) is essential to
the health of the global economy. This position is taken by Irma Adel­
man, one of the contributors to the Joint Economic Committee studies.
According to Adelman:

Far from benefitting non-OPEC Third World countries, a reduction in

the U.S. economic growth rate would lead to a disastrous slowdown in
those nations; would increase, rather than reduce, the absolute income
gap between the industrial nations and the developing nations, and
lead to further impoverishment of the already poorest 40 to 60 percent
of the population of the latter. The basic reason for this is that eco­
nomic slowdown in the United States would lead to reduced market
opportunities for the products of the developing nations and therefore
to reduced growth therein (Adelman, 1977, p. 1).

The author adds that prosperity in the industrialized nations of the

world is generally associated with increased aid to less-developed coun­
tries (LDCs), and even more important, with greater tolerance for un­
favorable trade balances.
It should be noted, however, that Adelman’s time frame is short- to
medium-run; she does not specify the long-term consequences of slowed
growth.
Dennis Pirages takes a different view. According to his analysis, there
are very few countries that would be affected adversely by slowed U.S.
economic growth. “Canada, Japan, and possibly Mexico and Korea are
the diverse traders that would be affected because of the volume of trade
with the United States. Among the specialized traders, slow growth in
the United States might most adversely affect the economies of Haiti,
Jamaica, Peru, Trinidad, and Venezuela, all countries that supply either
fuels, or non-fuel minerals to U.S industry” (Pirages, 1977, p. 30 ).
In the long run, the prosperity of the industrial nations is not essential
to the development of the rest of the world, according to Sir Arthur
Lewis. It is open to question whether the free flow of trade and invest­
ment— at least in recent times— has done more harm than good to the
new nations. The LDCs have all the resources needed for their own
development. Taken together they have a surplus of fuel, fibers, iron ore,
copper, bauxite, and practically every other material. In agriculture they
are perfectly capable of feeding themselves, through exchange with each
other. The tropical countries, in short, should build up trade among
IN TRO D U CTIO N TO THE TRAN SACTION EDITION xvii

themselves rather than with the temperate lands (Lewis, 1969, p. 15).
According to Claude Alvares, they should also reduce their dependency
on Western technology. “Advanced” technology is not necessarily appro­
priate technology, and in any case the transfer of technology from indus­
trial nations to LDCs tends to produce a crippling dependency in the
recipient nations (Alvares, 1976, p. 382 ). The main reason why China is
ahead of India today is that circumstances force her to remain more
xenophobic and self-reliant.
At the same time that economists are anticipating a slowing down of
economic growth and a shift of priorities and values, the new nations
have announced their determination to raise their share of world indus­
trial production from its present level of 7 percent to 25 percent by the
year 2000 . This has been termed a “ modest” objective; it could be more.
If this goal is realized, what effect would it have on the West?
The increase could be absorbed without dislocation, if we assume a
continuing high level of world industrial growth (8 percent or more). On
the basis of current projections of 5 percent the picture is very different.
According to one calculation, this would be barely sufficient to maintain
employment in the United States at its present depressed level. If we add
to this an increasing share on the part of the socialist economies, the
effect would be to wreck the absolute position of the West, and relegate it
to a relatively weak position. “ In other words, the wheel which carried
the West to preeminence in 1900 will have turned again in 2000 ” (Al­
vares, 1976, p. 367 ).
In the last of the 41 papers published by the Joint Economic Commit­
tee, Ronald Muller supports this conclusion. In his view, the “balance of
negotiating power is clearly shifting from the MNCs (multinational cor­
porations) to national governments in the Third World, in turn, shifting
the terms o f trade between rich and poor nations in favor of the latter.”
(Muller, 1977, p. 74 ).
Muller’s assessment of the situation is quite consistent with a predic­
tion made by Sorokin some 20 years ago. In the foreword to The Crisis
o f Our Age, Sorokin predicted that the center of the world influence
would shift from the Western world to the nations of Asia and Africa.
He did not tell us exactly how this would happen, but the pattern is now
becoming more clear.

N otes

1. Arnold J. Toynbee, “Tribute,” Indian Journal of Social Research 9 (April

1968): xvi.
2. “Ideenkultur und Sinnenkultur,” Archiv für Rechts und Sozialphilosophie
XXXI (1937): 371.
XV111 SOCIAL AN D CULTURAL D YN AM ICS

3. The best critiques are to be found in Allen (1963) and Schneider (1964). For
an empirical test of Sorokin’s model, see Simonton (1976). Using factor
analysis, Simonton found that sensate and ideational philosophies are
positively rather than negatively associated, and that both flourish during
periods that are conducive to creativity. In periods that are not, sensate
ideas decline relatively more than ideational ideas.
4. For a baseline study, see my trend survey (Richard, 1965).
5. In his 1957 foreword to Crisis o f Our Age, Sorokin acknowledges his error in
predicting a decline in the rate of scientific discoveries and inventions.

R eferences

Adelman, Irma. 1977. “Interaction of U.S. and Foreign Economic Growth Rates
and Patterns.” In U.S. Congress, U.S. Economic Growth From 1976 to
1986: Prospects, Problems and Patterns, vol. 12, pp. 1-15.
Allen, Phillip J. Ed. 1963. Pitirim A. Sorokin in Review. Durham, N.C.: Duke
University Press.
Alvares, Claude Alphonso. 1976. “Homo Faber: Technology and Culture in
India, China and the West, 1500-1972.” Doctoral dissertation, University of
Eindhoven, the Netherlands.
Cowell, F. Richard. 1952. History, Civilization and Culture: An Introduction to
the Historical and Social Philosophy o f Pitirim A. Sorokin. Boston: Beacon.
Kahn, Herman. 1976. “Current, Medium, and Long-Term Economic Pros­
pects.” In U.S. Congress, U.S. Economic Growth From 1976 to 1986: Pros­
pects, Problems and Patterns, vol. 7, pp. 1-45.
Lannoy, Richard. 1971. The Speaking Tree: A Study of Indian Culture and
Society. London, New York: Oxford University Press.
Lewis, Sir Arthur W. 1969. Some Aspects o f Economic Development. New York:
Panther House.
Meadows, Donella H., et al. 1972. The Limits o f Growth. New York: New
American Library.
Muller, Ronald E. 1977. “National Economic Growth and Stabilization Policy
in the Age of Multinational Corporations: The Challenge of Our
Postmarket Economy.” In U.S. Congress, U.S. Economic Growth From
1976 to 1986: Prospects, Problems and Patterns vol. 12, pp. 35-79.
Oltmans, Willem. Ed. 1974-75. On Growth, 2 Vols. New York: Capricorn.
Pirages, Dennis C. 1977. “U.S. Growth Policy and the International Economy.”
In U.S. Congress, U.S. Economic Growth From 1976 to 1986: Prospects,
Problems and Patterns vol. 12, pp. 16-34.
Richard, Michel Paul. 1965. “Space and Public Opinion: A Trend Survey,”
Sociology and Social Research 46 (July), pp. 437-45.
Richard, Michel Paul. 1978. “Sorokin’s Scenario for the West: Implications for
Third World Development.” Paper presented at the IX World Congress of
Sociology, Uppsala.
Schneider, Louis. 1964. “Toward Assessment of Sorokin’s View of Change.” In
George K. Zollschan and Walter Hirsch, Explorations in Social Change.
Boston: Houghton Mifflin, pp. 371-400.
Simonton, Dean Keith. 1976. “Does Sorokin’s Data Support His Theory?: A
Study of Generational Fluctuations in Philosophical Beliefs,” Journal for
the Scientific Study o f Religion 15 (June), pp. 187-98.
IN TRO D U CTIO N TO THE TRAN SACTION EDITION XIX

Sorokin, Pitirim A. 1954. Forms and Techniques of Altruistic and Spiritual

Growth. Boston: Beacon.
Sorokin, Pitirim A. 1957. The American Sex Revolution. Boston: Porter Sargent.
Sorokin, Pitirim A. 1957. The Crisis o f Our Age. New York: E.P Dutton.
Sorokin, Pitirim A. 1957. Social and Cultural Dynamics, 4 Vols. New York:
American Book, 1937-41; abridged, one volume edition, Boston: Porter
Sargent.
Sorokin, Pitirim A. 1963. A Long Journey. New Haven: College and University
Press.
Tibbs, A. E. 1943. “Book reviews of Social and Cultural Dynamics: A study in
Wissensoziologie,” Social Forces 21 (May), pp. 473-80.
U.S. Congress, Joint Economic Committee. 1976-77. U.S. Economic Growth
From 1976 to 1986: Prospects, Problems and Patterns, 12 Vols. Wash­
ington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
Weber, Max. 1958. The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit o f Capitalism. New York:
Charles Scribner’s Sons.
Yankelovich, Daniel. 1974. The New Morality: A Profile o f American Youth in
the 70’s. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Zimmerman, Carl. 1968. Sorokin: The World’s Greatest Sociologist. Saskatoon:
University of Saskatchewan.
 FOREWORD xxi

Some tw enty years have passed since the original publication of

Social and Cultural Dynamics in four volumes. During this period,
numerous popularizations of the work have appeared in the form of
articles, doctoral theses, chapters in texts on sociological theories, and
books like m y own Crisis of Our Age (so far translated into eight lan­
,
guages), F. S. Cowell’s History Civilization and Culture: A n Intro­
.
duction to the Historical and Social Philosophy of P A . Sorokin ,
W inston C. P. F an’s Introduction to P . A . Sorokin’s Theories (in
Chinese), Jacques J. M aquet’s Sociologie de la Connaissance (The
Sociology of Knowledge in American edition), Johanne Gjermoe’s
P . A . Sorokin’s Social and Historical Philosophy (in Norwegian),
among others. However admirable these popularizations, they in no
w ay suffice as an authentic abridged version of the Dynamics. None
of these works reproduces verbatim the text, the order of chapters
oi Dynamics; neither do they outline all of the important theories
developed in it.
During these tw enty years I have been urged b y several scholars
and readers to prepare a one-volume abridgement of this work which,
b y cutting out all the secondary paragraphs, pages and chapters of
the original text, would reproduce verbatim all its important parts in
exactly the same order and phrasing in which they were originally
given in the four volumes. In the friendly opinion of these schol­
ars and readers such an abridgement would make the Dynamics
accessible to a large circle of scholars and intelligent readers who
would otherwise have neither the time to study nor the means to
purchase the b ulky four-volume edition. When Extending Horizons
Books of Boston in February, 1957, and the Instituto de Estudios
Politicos of M adrid offered to bring out such an edition respectively
in English and Spanish, I accepted and this one-volume edition upon
which I immediately set to work, is the result of m y abridgement.
The condensation of Dynamics to one-fourth of its original size is
effected b y cutting out: (1) all the paragraphs and pages of secondary
importance ; (2) practically all the numerous foot-notes ; (3) refer­
ences and extensive bibliography ; (4) all the appendixes and the
sources on which the statistical tables and their respective conclusions
xxii FOREWORD

are based ; and, finally, (5) the first eleven chapters of the fourth
volume. Of these omitted parts, the numbers : 2, 3, 4, 5 are cut out
not because they are unimportant, but for the reason that they are
not urgently necessary for comprehension of the basic conceptual
framework of the Dynamics, and because they can easily be found b y
any probing researcher in the unabridged edition of the work. So
much for explanation of what is omitted and reproduced in this
abridged edition.
N ow a few words about what is added to, and changed from the
original text of the work. Besides a basic bibliography, a few short
paragraphs are added to bring the development of main trends and
fluctuations up to date. While the quantitative evidence and quali­
tative analysis of Dynamics (published in 1937-41) does not go be­
yond the years 1925-30, added paragraphs outline briefly what, if
any, important changes have occurred during this recent period, also
which of the old trends have continued, and whether several forecast­
ings of the Dynamics have come to pass. In this way, the analysis of
the Western sociocultural world is brought up to date.
As to the changes in the original text of the work, practically no
change is made because none is needed. Since the original publication
historical events have been unfolding according to its diagnosis and
prognosis, and its main forecastings have been coming to pass during
the last tw enty years. There is no need for correction of any of its
significant propositions, since up to this moment, the historical
processes have been proceeding as outlined.
In accordance with these prognoses, three basic processes of the
last few decades have consisted in : (a) an epochal shift of the creative
center of mankind from Europe to the larger area of the Pacific-
A tlantic ; (b) in a progressive disintegration of Sensate culture,
society, and man ; and (c) in an emergence and slow growth of the
first seedlings of the new — Idealistic or Ideational— sociocul­
tural order.
W e all know that up to roughly the fourteenth century the creative
leadership of mankind was carried on b y the peoples and nations of
Asia and Africa. While our forefathers in the W est had still a most
primitive w ay of life and culture, in Africa and Asia the great civiliza­
tions— the Egyptian, the Babylonic, the Iranic, the Summerian,
the H ittite, the Hindu, the Chinese, the Mediterranean (the Creto-
M ycenaean, the Graeco-Roman, the Arabic) and others— emerged,
FOREWORD XXili

grew, and fluctuated in their repeated blossoming and decay for

millennia. The Western, Euro-American, peoples were the latest
in taking the creative leadership of mankind. Th ey have carried
this torch only during the last five or six centuries. During this
short period they discharged their creative mission brilliantly, especi­
ally in the fields of science, technology, Sensate fine arts, politics,
and economics. A t the present time, however, the European monop­
olistic leadership can be considered as about ended. The unfolding of
the history of mankind is already being staged on the much larger
scenery of Asiatic-African-American-European cosmopolitan theater.
And the stars of the next acts of the great historical drama are going
to be : besides Europe, the Americas, Russia, and renascent great
cultures of India, China, Japan, Indonesia, and Islamic world. This
epochal shift is already under w ay and is rapidly moving from day
to day. It has manifested itself in the dissolution of the great Euro­
pean empires like the British and the French, in the decreasing politi­
cal and cultural influence of Europe in the international relationships,
in the shift of creativity from several European nations to other conti­
nents : the Anglo-Saxon to the United States, Canada, and Australia ;
the Spanish and Portuguese to the Latin Am erica; in the creative
growth of the Asiatic Russia in comparison with its European part,
and so on. A still stronger manifestation of this shift is the unquestion­
able renaissance of the great cultures of Asia and Africa : the Indian,
the Chinese, the Japanese, the Indonesian, the Arabic, and others.
This renaissance lies at the basis of a successful liberation of these
nations from Colonial servitude. It has shown itself in a rapid growth
of their political and social independence, and of their influence in
international affairs ; in their rapid scientific and technological devel­
opment, in the successful diffusion of their religious, philosophical,
ethical, artistic and cultural values in the Western world; as also
many other phenomena mark the shift of the creative leadership of
mankind from the monopolistic domination of Europe to the Ameri­
cas, Asia, and Africa. Such is the first basic sociocultural process of
the last few decades.
The other two processes : a continued decay of Sensate sociocultural
system of the W est and an emergence and growth of a n ew — Idealis­
tic or Ideational— sociocultural order are possibly still more impor­
tant for the present and. the future of mankind. Both these trends
increasingly manifest themselves in all compartments of Western
xxiv FOREWORD

culture and society : in the dynamic changes in science, philosophy,

religion, fine arts, ethics, law, politics, and economics, in remodeling
of our social institutions, in revaluation of our system of values, and
in the transformation of our m entality and overt behavior. Our
whole social, cultural, and personal w ay of life is in the state of a
tragic and epochal transition from the dying Sensate culture of our
magnificent yesterday to the coming new culture of the creative
tomorrow. W e are living, thinking, and acting at the darkest hour
of this transitory night with its nightmares, gigantic destruction, and
heartrending horrors. If mankind can avoid the irretrievable catas­
trophe of greater world wars, the dawn of a new magnificent order
in the human universe is waiting to greet the coming generations.
P i t i r i m A. S o r o k i n ,
Harvard University, 1957

For those who wish to refer to the original four-

P u b l i s h e r ’s N o t e :
volume edition, the following concordance :

Vol. I, pp. 1-224 oj the present edition

II, pp. 226-434
III, pp. 436-628
IV, pp. 630-704
 TA B LE OF C O N T E N T S

P art O n e : Introductory

1. Forms and Problems of Culture Integration and Methods of

Their Study . . . 2
2. Ideational, Sensate, Idealistic, and Mixed Systems of Cul­
ture . . . 20
3. Concrete Illustrations of the Chief Types of Culture Men­
tality . . . 40
4. Sociocultural Fluctuations: Concept and Forms of Sociocul­
tural Process . . . 53
P a r t T w o : F l u c t u a t io n of I d e a t io n a l , I d e a l is t ic ,
and Se n s a t e F orm s o f A r t

5. Is There Any Uniform Sequence in the Flourishing of Various

Arts in the History of a Given Culture? Preliminary Critical
Survey of Theories on the Subject . . . 68
6. Is the Curve of Art Development Uniformly Similar in Various
Societies and Cultures? Preliminary Critical Survey of Theo­
ries on the Subject . . . 73
7. Idealistic, Sensate, and Mixed Styles in Art: Painting and
Sculpture . . . 78
8. Recurrence in Social Space and Fluctuation in Time of the
Ideational, Visual, and Mixed styles in Painting and Sculpture
(Qualitative Outline) . . . 101
9. Fluctuation of the Main Styles in the Painting and Sculpture
of Western Europe . . . 118
10. Fluctuation of Ideational and Visual Forms of Architecture 148
11. Fluctuation of Ideational, Sensate, and Mixed Forms of
Music . . . 160
12. Fluctuation of Ideational and Sensate Forms of Literature
and Criticism . . . 187

P a r t T h r e e : F l u c t u a t io n o f I d e a t io n a l , I d e a l is t ic
and Se n s a t e Sy s t e m s o f T r u t h a n d K n o w l e d g e

13. Fluctuation of Ideational, Idealistic and Sensate Systems of

Truth and Knowledge (Quantitative) . . . 226
14. Qualitative Clarification of the Fluctuation of the Systems of
Truth and Knowledge . . . 257
15. Fluctuation of “ First Principles” : I. Idealism and Materi­
alism . . . 284
XXV
xxvi CONTENTS

16. Fluctuation of “ First Principles” : II. Eternalistic and Tem­

poralis tic Mentality . . . 303
17. Fluctuation of “ First Principles5’ : III. Influence of Realism,
Conceptualism, and Nominalism . . . 324
18 . Fluctuation of “ First Principles” : IV. Influence of Sociological
Universalism and Singularism . . . 336
19. Fluctuation of “ First Principles” : V. Realistic, Nominalistic,
and Mixed Conceptions of the Reality of the Juridical Person­
ality : Corporations and Institutions . . . 356
20. Fluctuation of “ First Principles” : VI. Influence of Determin­
istic and Inderterministic Mentalities . . . 361
21. Fluctuation of “ First Principles” : VII. Linear, Cyclical, and
Mixed Conceptions of the Cosmic, Biological and Sociocultural
Processes . . . 370
22. Fluctuation of the Basic Categories of Human Thought:
Causality, Time, Space, Number . . . 388
23. Fluctuation of General and Special Scientific Theories 402

P a r t F o u r : F l u c t u a t io n o f I d e a t io n a l a n d Se n s a t e F orm s
of E t h ic a l a n d J u r id ic a l C u l t u r e M e n t a l it y

24. Fluctuation of Ideational, Sensate and Mixed Systems of Ethics

in the Graeco-Roman and Western Cultures . . . 414
25. Fluctuation of Ethicojuridical Mentality in Criminal Law 430

P a r t F i v e : T y p e s a n d F l u c t u a t io n o f t h e Sy s t e m s
of S o c ia l R e l a t io n s h ip s

26. Familistic, Contractual, and Compulsory Relationships and

Systems of Interaction . . . 436
27. Fluctuation of the Familistic, Contractual, and Compulsory
Relationships in the Life Process of the Main European Social
Groups . . . 453
28. Fluctuation of the Theocratic and Secular Forms of Government
and Leadership . . . 474
29. Fluctuation of Ideational and Sensate Liberty . . . 487
30. Fluctuation of Systems of Social Relationships in Their Quan­
titative Aspects . . . 498
31. Fluctuation of Economic Conditions . . . 523

P a r t Si x : F l u c t u a t io n o f W a r in I n t e r g r o u p R e l a t io n s h ip s

32. Fluctuation of War in the History of Greece, Rome, and

Europe . . . 534
33. Summary and Main Results of Study of War in the History
of Europe . . . 548
CONTENTS xxvii

P a r t Se v e n : F l u c t u a t io n o f I n t e r n a l D is t u r b a n c e s
in I n t r a g r o u p R e l a t io n s h ip s

34. Fluctuation of Internal Disturbances in the History of Greece,

Rome, and Europe . . . 572
35. Summary and Main Results of Study of Internal Disturb­
ances . . . 587

P a r t E ig h t : C u l t u r e , P e r s o n a l it y , a n d C o n d u ct

36. Relationship between Types of Culture and Types of Person­

ality and Behavior . . . 606
37. The Crisis of Our Age . . . 622

P art N in e : W hy and How of S o c io c u l t u r a l C h a n g e

38. Principle of Imminent Change of Sociocultufal Systems and

Congeries . . . 630
39. The “ W hy” of Sociocultural Rhythms and Swings. The Prin­
ciple of Limit . . . 647
40. The Problems of Ever-Linear, Ever-New and Strictly Circular
Sociocultural Change . . . 664
41. The Reason for the Super-Rhythm of Ideational-Idealistic-
Sensate Phases in the Graeco-Roman and Western Super­
systems of Culture . . . 676
42. The Twilight of Our Sensate Culture and Beyond . . . 699
 PLATES, FIGURES A N D TABLES

For technical reasons, it has been necessary in this abridged edition

to retain the numbering of the plates, figures, and tables of the
original four-volume edition.

PLATES VII ...91 XV 127

VIII .. .92 XVI... .128

I . . . . 79

IX • · -97 X V II.. .141

II . . . . 80
X ...98 XVIII. . 142
III ....83
XI , 109 X IX . .. •145
IV ....84
XII. . .. no XX. . . . 146

V . . . .87 X III. . .115 XXI... • 151

VI 88 XIV.. .. 116 XXII.. •152

FIGURES from Volume II

I. Fluctuation of the Influence in Systems of Truth by Century
Periods . . . 242
10. Fluctuation of the Main Systems by Their Weight and by 20-
Year Periods . . . 28g
11. Fluctuation of the Three Main Systems by Their Weight and by
Centuries . . . 2go
12. Temporalism, Eternalism, Equilibrium of Both . . . 314
13. Movement of Nominalism, Conceptualism, and Realism 332
14. Movement of Singularism, Universalism, and Mystic Unity. 346
15. Fluctuation of Determinism and Indeterminism . . . 366
16. Fluctuation of Ethical Currents . . . 421

FIGURES from Volume III

6. Relative War Magnitude by Casualties and Internal Disturbances
for Greece, Rome, the Roman Empire,and Europe . . . 343
7. Relative War Magnitude by Army's Strength and Internal Dis­
turbances for Greece, Rome, the Roman Empire, and Europe 344
8. Periodic Recurrence of Internal Disturbances in China 362
10. Movement of Internal Disturbances in Ancient Greece 503
21. Movement of Internal Disturbances in Europe . . . 386
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 Belgium shall have stated its intentions as to the acceptation
of these dispositions, the sovereignty shall be exercised
collectively by the Council of three administrators of the
Free State and by the Governor-General."

----------CONGO FREE STATE: End--------

CONGRESS: Of the United States.

Reapportionment of Representatives.

See (in this volume)

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1901 (JANUARY).

CONSTANTINOPLE: A. D. 1896.
Attack of Armenian revolutionists on the Ottoman Bank,
and subsequent Turkish massacre of Armenians.

See (in this volume)

TURKEY: A. D. 1896 (AUGUST).

----------CONSTITUTION OF AUSTRALIA.: Start--------

The following is the "Act to constitute the Commonwealth of

Australia," as passed by the Imperial Parliament, July 9, 1900
(63 & 64 Vict. ch. 12)—see (in this volume) AUSTRALIA: A. D.
1900. The text is from the official publication of the Act:

Whereas the people of New South Wales, Victoria, South

Australia, Queensland, and Tasmania, humbly relying on the
blessing of Almighty God, have agreed to unite in one
indissoluble Federal Commonwealth under the Crown of the
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, and under the
Constitution hereby established: And whereas it is expedient
to provide for the admission into the Commonwealth of other
Australasian Colonies and possessions of the Queen: Be it
therefore enacted by the Queen's most Excellent Majesty, by
and with the advice and consent of the Lords Spiritual and
 Temporal, and Commons, in this present Parliament assembled,
and by the authority of the same, as follows:-

1. This Act may be cited as the Commonwealth of Australia

Constitution Act.

2. The provisions of this Act referring to the Queen shall

extend to Her Majesty's heirs and successors in the
sovereignty of the United Kingdom.

3. It shall be lawful for the Queen, with the advice of the

Privy Council, to declare by proclamation that, on and after a
day therein appointed, not being later than one year after the
passing of this Act, the people of New South Wales, Victoria,
South Australia, Queensland, and Tasmania, and also, if Her
Majesty is satisfied that the people of Western Australia have
agreed thereto, of Western Australia, shall be united in a
Federal Commonwealth under the name of the Commonwealth of
Australia. But the Queen may, at any time after the
proclamation, appoint a Governor-General for the Commonwealth.

4. The Commonwealth shall be established, and the Constitution

of the Commonwealth shall take effect, on and after the day so
appointed. But the Parliaments of the several colonies may at
any time after the passing of this Act make any such laws, to
come into operation on the day so appointed, as they might
have made if the Constitution had taken effect at the passing
of this Act.

{155}

5. This Act, and all laws made by the Parliament of the

Commonwealth under the Constitution, shall be binding on the
courts, judges, and people of every State and of every part of
the Commonwealth, notwithstanding anything in the laws of any
State; and the laws of the Commonwealth shall be in force on
all British ships, the Queen's ships of war excepted, whose
first port of clearance and whose port of destination are in
the Commonwealth.

6. "The Commonwealth" shall mean the Commonwealth of Australia

as established under this Act. "The States" shall mean such of
the colonies of New South Wales, New Zealand, Queensland,
Tasmania, Victoria, Western Australia, and South Australia,
including the northern territory of South Australia, as for
the time being are parts of the Commonwealth, and such
colonies or territories as may be admitted into or established
by the Commonwealth as States; and each of such parts of the
Commonwealth shall be called "a State." "Original States"
shall mean such States as are parts of the Commonwealth at its
establishment.

7. The Federal Council of Australasia Act, 1885, is hereby

repealed, but so as not to affect any laws passed by the
Federal Council of Australasia and in force at the
establishment of the Commonwealth. Any such law may be
repealed as to any State by the Parliament of the
Commonwealth, or as to any colony not being a State by the
Parliament thereof.

8. After the passing of this Act the Colonial Boundaries Act,

1895, shall not apply to any colony which becomes a State of
the Commonwealth; but the Commonwealth shall be taken to be a
self-governing colony for the purposes of that Act.

9. The Constitution of the Commonwealth shall be as follows:

THE CONSTITUTION.
This Constitution is divided as follows:-

Chapter I.—The Parliament:

Part I.—General:
Part II.—The Senate:
Part III.—The House of Representatives:
 Part IV.—Both Houses of the Parliament:
Part V.—Powers of the Parliament:

Chapter II.—The Executive Government:

Chapter III.—The Judicature:
Chapter IV.—Finance and Trade:
Chapter V.—The States:
Chapter VI.—New States:
Chapter VII.—Miscellaneous:
Chapter VIII.—Alteration of the Constitution.

The Schedule.

CHAPTER I. THE PARLIAMENT:

PART I.—GENERAL.

1. The legislative power of the Commonwealth shall be vested

in a Federal Parliament, which shall consist of the Queen, a
Senate, and a House of Representatives, and which is
herein-after called "The Parliament," or "The Parliament of
the Commonwealth."

2. A Governor-General appointed by the Queen shall be Her

Majesty's representative in the Commonwealth, and shall have
and may exercise in the Commonwealth during the Queen's
pleasure, but subject to this Constitution, such powers and
functions of the Queen as Her Majesty may be pleased to assign
to him.

3. There shall be payable to the Queen out of the Consolidated

Revenue fund of the Commonwealth, for the salary of the
Governor-General, an annual sum which, until the Parliament
otherwise provides, shall be ten thousand pounds. The salary
of a Governor-General shall not be altered during his
continuance in office.

4. The provisions of this Constitution relating to the

Governor-General extend and apply to the Governor-General for
the time being, or such person as the Queen may appoint to
administer the Government of the Commonwealth; but no such
person shall be entitled to receive any salary from the
Commonwealth in respect of any other office during his
administration of the Government of the Commonwealth.

5. The Governor-General may appoint such times for holding the

sessions of the Parliament as he thinks fit, and may also from
time to time, by Proclamation or otherwise, prorogue the
Parliament, and may in like manner dissolve the House of
Representatives. After any general election the Parliament
shall be summoned to meet not later than thirty days after the
day appointed for the return of the writs. The Parliament
shall be summoned to meet not later than six months after the
establishment of the Commonwealth.

6. There shall be a session of the Parliament once at least in

every year, so that twelve months shall not intervene between
the last sitting of the Parliament in one session and its
first sitting in the next session.

PART II.—THE SENATE.

7. The Senate shall be composed of senators for each State,

directly chosen by the people of the State, voting, until the
Parliament otherwise provides, as one electorate. But until
the Parliament of the Commonwealth otherwise provides, the
Parliament of the State of Queensland, if that State be an
Original State, may make laws dividing the State into
divisions and determining the number of senators to be chosen
for each division, and in the absence of such provision the
State shall be one electorate. Until the Parliament otherwise
provides there shall be six senators for each Original State.
The Parliament may make laws increasing or diminishing the
number of senators for each State, but so that equal
representation of the several Original States shall be
 maintained and that no Original State shall have less than six
senators. The senators shall be chosen for a term of six
years, and the names of the senators chosen for each State
shall be certified by the Governor to the Governor-General.

8. The qualification of electors of senators shall be in each

State that which is prescribed by this Constitution, or by the
Parliament, as the qualification for electors of members of
the House of Representatives; but in the choosing of senators
each elector shall vote only once.

9. The Parliament of the Commonwealth may make laws

prescribing the method of choosing senators, but so that the
method shall be uniform for all the States. Subject to any
such law, the Parliament of each State may make laws
prescribing the method of choosing the senators for that
State. The Parliament of a State may make laws for determining
the times and places of elections of senators for the State.

{156}

10. Until the Parliament otherwise provides, but subject to

this Constitution, the laws in force in each State, for the
time being, relating to elections for the more numerous House
of the Parliament of the State shall, as nearly as
practicable, apply to elections of senators for the State.

11. The Senate may proceed to the despatch of business,

notwithstanding the failure of any State to provide for its
representation in the Senate.

12. The Governor of any State may cause writs to be issued for
elections of senators for the State. In case of the
dissolution of the Senate the writs shall be issued within ten
days from the proclamation of such dissolution.

13. As soon as may be after the Senate first meets, and after
each first meeting of the Senate following a dissolution
thereof, the Senate shall divide the senators chosen for each
State into two classes, as nearly equal in number as
practicable; and the places of the senators of the first class
shall become vacant at the expiration of the third year, and the
places of those of the second class at the expiration of the
sixth year, from the beginning of their term of service; and
afterwards the places of senators shall become vacant at the
expiration of six years from the beginning of their term of
service. The election to fill vacant places shall be made in
the year at the expiration of which the places are to become
vacant. For the purposes of this section the term of service
of a senator shall be taken to begin on the first day of
January following the day of his election, except in the cases
of the first election and of the election next after any
dissolution of the Senate, when it shall be taken to begin on
the first day of January preceding the day of his election.

14. Whenever the number of senators for a State is increased

or diminished, the Parliament of the Commonwealth may make
such provision for the vacating of the places of senators for
the State as it deems necessary to maintain regularity in the
rotation.

15. If the place of a senator becomes vacant before the

expiration of his term of service, the Houses of Parliament of
the State for which he was chosen shall, sitting and voting
together, choose a person to hold the place until the
expiration of the term, or until the election of a successor
as hereinafter provided, whichever first happens. But if the
Houses of Parliament of the State are not in session at the
time when the vacancy is notified, the Governor of the State,
with the advice of the Executive Council thereof, may appoint
a person to hold the place until the expiration of fourteen
days after the beginning of the next session of the Parliament
of the State, or until the election of a successor, whichever
first happens. At the next general election of members of the
House of Representatives, or at the next election of senators
for the State, whichever first happens, a successor shall, if
the term has not then expired, be chosen to hold the place
from the date of his election until the expiration of the
term. The name of any senator so chosen or appointed shall be
certified by the Governor of the State to the
Governor-General.

16. The qualifications of a senator shall be the same as those

of a member of the House of Representatives.

17. The Senate shall, before proceeding to the despatch of any

other business, choose a senator to be the President of the
Senate; and as often as the office of President becomes vacant
the Senate shall again choose a senator to be the President.
The President shall cease to hold his office if he ceases to
be a senator. He may be removed from office by a vote of the
Senate, or he may resign his office or his seat by writing
addressed to the Governor-General.

18. Before or during any absence of the President, the Senate

may choose a senator to perform his duties in his absence.

19. A Senator may, by writing addressed to the President, or

to the Governor-General if there is no President or if the
President is absent from the Commonwealth, resign his place,
which thereupon shall become vacant.

20. The place of a senator shall become vacant if for two

consecutive months of any session of the Parliament he,
without the permission of the Senate, fails to attend the
Senate.

21. Whenever a vacancy happens in the Senate, the President,

or if there is no President or if the President is absent from
the Commonwealth the Governor-General, shall notify the same
to the Governor of the State in the representation of which
the vacancy has happened.

22. Until the Parliament otherwise provides, the presence of

at least one-third of the whole number of the senators shall
be necessary to constitute a meeting of the Senate for the
exercise of its powers.

23. Questions arising in the Senate shall be determined by a

majority of votes, and each senator shall have one vote. The
President shall in all cases be entitled to a vote; and when
the votes are equal the question shall pass in the negative.

PART III.—THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES.

24. The House of Representatives shall be composed of members

directly chosen by the people of the Commonwealth, and the
number of such members shall be, as nearly as practicable,
twice the number of the senators. The number of members chosen
in the several States shall be in proportion to the respective
numbers of their people, and shall, until the Parliament
otherwise provides, be determined, whenever necessary, in the
following manner:—

(i.) A quota shall be ascertained by dividing the number of

the people of the Commonwealth, as shown by the latest
statistics of the Commonwealth, by twice the number of the
senators.

(ii.) The number of members to be chosen in each State

shall be determined by dividing the number of the people of
the State, as shown by the latest statistics of the
Commonwealth, by the quota; and if on such division there
is a remainder greater than one-half of the quota, one more
member shall be chosen in the State. But notwithstanding
anything in this section, five members at least shall be
chosen in each Original State.
 25. For the purposes of the last section, if by the law of any
State all persons of any race are disqualified from voting at
elections for the more numerous House of the Parliament of the
State, then, in reckoning the number of the people of the
State or of the Commonwealth, persons of that race resident in
that State shall not be counted.

{157}

26. Notwithstanding anything in section twenty-four, the

number of members to be chosen in each State at the first
election shall be as follows:—

New South Wales, twenty-three;

Victoria, twenty;
Queensland, eight;
South Australia, six;
Tasmania, five;

provided that if Western Australia is an Original State, the

numbers shall be as follows:—

New South Wales, twenty-six;

Victoria, twenty-three;
Queensland, nine;
South Australia, seven;
Western Australia, five;
Tasmania, five.

27. Subject to this Constitution, the Parliament may make laws

for increasing or diminishing the number of the members of the
House of Representatives.

28. Every House of Representatives shall continue for three

years from the first meeting of the House, and no longer, but
may be sooner dissolved by the Governor-General.
29. Until the Parliament of the Commonwealth otherwise
provides, the Parliament of any State may make laws for
determining the divisions in each State for which members of
the House of Representatives may be chosen, and the number of
members to be chosen for each division. A division shall not
be formed out of parts of different States. In the absence of
other provision, each State shall be one electorate.

30. Until the Parliament otherwise provides, the qualification

of electors of members of the House of Representatives shall
be in each State that which is prescribed by the law of the
State as the qualification of electors of the more numerous
House of Parliament of the State; but in the choosing of
members each elector shall vote only once.

31. Until the Parliament otherwise provides, but subject to

this Constitution, the laws in force in each State for the
time being relating to elections for the more numerous House
of the Parliament of the State shall, as nearly as
practicable, apply to elections in the State of members of the
House of Representatives.

32. The Governor-General in Council may cause writs to be

issued for general elections of members of the House of
Representatives. After the first general election, the writs
shall be issued within ten days from the expiry of a House of
Representatives or from the proclamation of a dissolution
thereof.

33. Whenever a vacancy happens in the House of

Representatives, the Speaker shall issue his writ for the
election of a new member, or if there is no Speaker or if he
is absent from the Commonwealth the Governor-General in
Council may issue the writ.

34. Until the Parliament otherwise provides, the

qualifications of a member of the House of Representatives
shall be as follows:—

(i.) He must be of the full age of twenty-one years, and

must be an elector entitled to vote at the election of
members of the House of Representatives, or a person
qualified to become such elector, and must have been for
three years at the least a resident within the limits of
the Commonwealth as existing at the time when he is chosen:

(ii.) He must be a subject of the Queen, either

natural-born or for at least five years naturalized under a
law of the United Kingdom, or of a Colony which has become
or becomes a State, or of the Commonwealth, or of a State.

35. The House of Representatives shall, before proceeding to

the despatch of any other business, choose a member to be the
Speaker of the House, and as often as the office of Speaker
becomes vacant the House shall again choose a member to be the
Speaker. The Speaker shall cease to hold his office if he
ceases to be a member. He may be removed from office by a vote
of the House, or he may resign his office or his seat by
writing addressed to the Governor-General.

36. Before or during any absence of the Speaker, the House of

Representatives may choose a member to perform his duties in
his absence.

37. A member may by writing addressed to the Speaker, or to

the Governor-General if there is no Speaker or if the Speaker
is absent from the Commonwealth, resign his place, which
thereupon shall become vacant.

38. The place of a member shall become vacant if for two

consecutive months of any session of the Parliament he,
without the permission of the House, fails to attend the
House.
39. Until the Parliament otherwise provides, the presence of
at least one-third of the whole number of the members of the
House of Representatives shall be necessary to constitute a
meeting of the House for the exercise of its powers.

40. Questions arising in the House of Representatives shall be

determined by a majority of votes other than that of the
Speaker. The Speaker shall not vote unless the numbers are
equal, and then he shall have a casting vote.

PART IV.—BOTH HOUSES OF THE PARLIAMENT.

41. No adult person who has or acquires a right to vote at

elections for the more numerous House of the Parliament of a
State shall, while the right continues, be prevented by any
law of the Commonwealth from voting at elections for either
House of the Parliament of the Commonwealth.

42. Every senator and every member of the House of

Representatives shall before taking his seat make and
subscribe before the Governor-General, or some person
authorised by him, an oath or affirmation of allegiance in the
form set forth in the schedule to this Constitution.

43. A member of either House of the Parliament shall be

incapable of being chosen or of sitting as a member of the
other House.

44. Any person who—

(i.) Is under any acknowledgment of allegiance, obedience, or

adherence to a foreign power, or is a subject or a citizen or
entitled to the rights or privileges of a subject or a citizen
of a foreign power: or
 (ii.) Is attainted of treason, or has been convicted and is
under sentence, or subject to be sentenced, for any offence
punishable under the law of the Commonwealth or of a State by
imprisonment for one year or longer: or

(iii.) Is an undischarged bankrupt or insolvent: or

(iv.) Holds any office of profit under the Crown, or any

pension payable during the pleasure of the Crown out of any of
the revenues of the Commonwealth: or

(v.) Has any direct or indirect pecuniary interest in any

agreement with the Public Service of the Commonwealth
otherwise than as a member and in common with the other
members of an incorporated company consisting of more than
twenty-five persons: shall be incapable of being chosen or of
sitting as a senator or a member of the House of
Representatives. But sub-section iv. does not apply to the
office of any of the Queen's Ministers of State for the
Commonwealth, or of any of the Queen's Ministers for a State,
or to the receipt of pay, half pay, or a pension by any person
as an officer or member of the Queen's navy or army, or to the
receipt of pay as an officer or member of the naval or
military forces of the Commonwealth by any person whose
services are not wholly employed by the Commonwealth.

{158}

45. If a senator or member of the House of Representatives—

(i.) Becomes subject to any of the disabilities mentioned in

the last preceding section: or

(ii.) Takes the benefit, whether by assignment, composition,

or otherwise, of any law relating to bankrupt or insolvent
debtors: or
(iii.) Directly or indirectly takes or agrees to take any fee
or honorarium for services rendered to the Commonwealth, or
for services rendered in the Parliament to any person or
State: his place shall thereupon become vacant.

46. Until the Parliament otherwise provides, any person

declared by this Constitution to be incapable of sitting as a
senator or as a member of the House of Representatives shall,
for every day on which he so sits, be liable to pay the sum of
one hundred pounds to any person who sues for it in any court
of competent jurisdiction.

47. Until the Parliament otherwise provides, any question

respecting the qualification of a senator or of a member of
the House of Representatives, or respecting a vacancy in
either House of the Parliament, and any question of a disputed
election to either House, shall be determined by the House in
which the question arises.

48. Until the Parliament otherwise provides, each senator and

each member of the House of Representatives shall receive an
allowance of four hundred pounds a year, to be reckoned from
the day on which he takes his seat.

49. The powers, privileges, and immunities of the Senate and

of the House of Representatives, and of the members and the
committees of each House, shall be such as are declared by the
Parliament, and until declared shall be those of the Commons
House of Parliament of the United Kingdom, and of its members
and committees, at the establishment of the Commonwealth.

50. Each House of the Parliament may make rules and orders
with respect to—

(i.) The mode in which its powers, privileges, and immunities

may be exercised and upheld:
(ii.) The order and conduct of its business and proceedings
either separately or jointly with the other House.

PART V.—POWERS OF THE PARLIAMENT.

51. The Parliament shall, subject to this Constitution, have

power to make laws for the peace, order, and good government
of the Commonwealth with respect to:—

(i.) Trade and commerce with other countries, and among the
States;

(ii.) Taxation; but so as not to discriminate between States

or parts of States:

(iii.) Bounties on the production or export of goods, but so

that such bounties shall be uniform throughout the
Commonwealth:

(iv.) Borrowing money on the public credit of the

Commonwealth:

(v.) Postal, telegraphic, telephonic, and other like services:

(vi.) The naval and military defence of the Commonwealth and

of the several States, and the control of the forces to
execute and maintain the laws of the Commonwealth:

(vii.) Lighthouses, lightships, beacons and buoys:

(viii.) Astronomical and meteorological observations:

(ix.) Quarantine:

(x.) Fisheries in Australian waters beyond territorial limits:

(xi.) Census and statistics:

(xii.) Currency, coinage, and legal tender:

(xiii.) Banking, other than State banking; also State banking

extending beyond the limits of the State concerned, the
incorporation of banks, and the issue of paper money:

(xiv.) Insurance, other than State insurance; also State

insurance extending beyond the limits of the State concerned:

(xv.) Weights and measures:

(xvi. ) Bills of exchange and promissory notes:

(xvii.) Bankruptcy and insolvency:

(xviii.) Copyrights, patents of inventions and designs, and

trade marks:

(xix.) Naturalization and aliens:

(xx.) Foreign corporations, and trading or financial

corporations formed within the limits of the Commonwealth:

(xxi.) Marriage:

(xxii.) Divorce and matrimonial causes; and in relation

thereto, parental rights, and the custody and guardianship of
infants:

(xxiii.) Invalid and old-age pensions:

(xxiv.) The service and execution throughout the Commonwealth

of the civil and criminal process and the judgments of the
courts of the States:
(xxv.) The recognition throughout the Commonwealth of the
laws, the public Acts and records, and the judicial
proceedings of the States:

(xxvi.) The people of any race, other than the aboriginal race
in any State, for whom it is deemed necessary to make special
laws:

(xxvii.) Immigration and emigration:

(xxviii.) The influx of criminals:

(xxix.) External affairs:

(xxx.) The relations of the Commonwealth with the islands of

the Pacific:

(xxxi.) The acquisition of property on just terms from any

State or person for any purpose in respect of which the
Parliament has power to make laws:

(xxxii.) The control of railways with respect to transport for

the naval and military purposes of the Commonwealth:

(xxxiii.) The acquisition, with the consent of a State, of any

railways of the State on terms arranged between the
Commonwealth and the State:

(xxxiv.) Railway construction and extension in any State with

the consent of that State:

(xxxv.) Conciliation and arbitration for the prevention and

settlement of industrial disputes extending beyond the limits
of any one State:

(xxxvi.) Matters in respect of which this Constitution makes

provision until the Parliament otherwise provides:
 (xxxvii.) Matters referred to the Parliament of the
Commonwealth by the Parliament or Parliaments of any State or
States, but so that the law shall extend only to States by
whose Parliaments the matter is referred, or which afterwards
adopt the law:

(xxxviii.) The exercise within the Commonwealth, at the

request or with the concurrence of the Parliaments of all the
States directly concerned, of any power which can at the
establishment of this Constitution be exercised only by the
Parliament of the United Kingdom or by the Federal Council of
Australasia:

(xxxix.) Matters incidental to the execution of any power

vested by this Constitution in the Parliament or in either
House thereof, or in the Government of the Commonwealth, or in
the Federal Judicature, or in any department or officer of the
Commonwealth.

52. The Parliament shall, subject to this Constitution, have

exclusive power to make laws for the peace, order, and good
government of the Commonwealth with respect to—

(i.) The seat of government of the Commonwealth, and all

places acquired by the Commonwealth for public purposes:

(ii.) Matters relating to any department of the public service

the control of which is by this Constitution transferred to the
Executive Government of the Commonwealth:

(iii.) Other matters declared by this Constitution to be

within the exclusive power of the Parliament.

{159}

53. Proposed laws appropriating revenue or moneys, or imposing

taxation, shall not originate in the Senate. But a proposed
law shall not be taken to appropriate revenue or moneys, or to
impose taxation, by reason only of its containing provisions for
the imposition or appropriation of fines or other pecuniary
penalties, or for the demand or payment or appropriation of
fees for licences, or fees for services under the proposed
law. The Senate may not amend proposed laws imposing taxation,
or proposed laws appropriating revenue or moneys for the
ordinary annual services of the Government. The Senate may not
amend any proposed law so as to increase any proposed charge
or burden on the people. The Senate may at any stage return to
the House of Representatives any proposed law which the Senate
may not amend, requesting, by message, the omission or
amendment of any items or provisions therein. And the House of
Representatives may, if it thinks fit, make any of such
omissions or amendments, with or without modifications. Except
as provided in this section, the Senate shall have equal power
with the House of Representatives in respect of all proposed
laws.

54. The proposed law which appropriates revenue or moneys for

the ordinary annual services of the Government shall deal only
with such appropriation.

55. Laws imposing taxation shall deal only with the imposition
of taxation, and any provision therein dealing with any other
matter shall be of no effect. Laws imposing taxation, except
laws imposing duties of customs or of excise, shall deal with
one subject of taxation only; but laws imposing duties of
customs shall deal with duties of customs only, and laws
imposing duties of excise shall deal with duties of excise
only.

56. A vote, resolution, or proposed law for the appropriation

of revenue or moneys shall not be passed unless the purpose of
the appropriation has in the same session been recommended by
message of the Governor-General to the House in which the