COLLEGE of NATURAL SCIENCE

DEPARTMENT of MATHEMATICS

APPLICATIONS of FOURIER SERIES

B.SC. RESEARCH PROPOSAL

BY: Ermias Asfaw

ADVISOR: D.R ABDELA.A

APRIL, 2023

WERABE UNIVERSITY, ETHIOPIA

Declaration and Evaluation

I the undersigned declare that this research project under mathematics department of Werabe
University.

 Some materials used for this study are my own efforts and been duly acknowledged.

Name of student signature and date

 This student research has been submitted for examination following the continuous
assessment under my supervision.

Name of advisor signature and date

 This project/research work done by Ermias Asfaw is successfully defended and

completed.

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Advisor:

Examiner:
 ABSTRACT
Fourier theory was initially investigated to solve certain differential equations. Therefore, it
is of no surprise that Fourier series are widely used for seeking solutions to various ordinary
differential equations (ODEs) and partial differential equations (PDEs). In this work, we
consider applications of Fourier series to the solution of ODEs and the most well-known
PDEs:

2
∂u 2 ∂ u
 The heat equation =a 2
;
∂t ∂x
2 2
∂u 2 ∂ u
 The wave equation 2
=a 2
;
∂t ∂x
Moreover, we have solved some examples analytically and graphically.

The application of Fourier series has been instrumental in a broad range of scientific fields
such as engineering, physics, mathematics, and signal processing. The study of Fourier series
and their properties enables us to represent complex periodic signals as a sum of simple
sinusoidal functions. This representation is used in numerous applications, such as image
and sound processing, electrical engineering, and quantum mechanics. The use of Fourier
series also aids in the prediction of dynamic systems' evolution, enabling us to model and
analyze their behavior in a precise and comprehensive manner. This paper aims to provide
an overview of Fourier series' applications and to highlight their importance in various
scientific areas.
ACKNOWLEGEMENTS
Above all, I would like to thank the almighty God that, he carried us to reach this level. I
would like to express my sincere and deepest thanks to my advisor, D.R Abdelah .A who
provided constructive advice and unreserved guidance to successfully complete this work. I
would like also to express my sincere and deepest thanks to my family especially my mother
Fentaneshi Chaklu. I would like thanks Werabe University. This provided to give different
materials that helped us to finish all our works. Finally I extend my thanks to our friends who
asked and advised us in any time to conduct and finalize the paper.
Table of Contents
ABSTRACT..........................................................................................................................................ii

ACKNOWLEGEMENTS...........................................................................................................................iii

SYMBOLS...........................................................................................................................................6

CHAPTR ONE..........................................................................................................................................1

1. INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................................1

1.1 Definition of Fourier series and Typical Examples.................................................................1

1.1.1 Basic Concepts...................................................................................................................1

1.2 Ortogonality:..........................................................................................................................2

1.3 Fourier series of Even and Odd Functions.............................................................................3

1.4 Definitions and Theorems......................................................................................................4

1.5 Typical Examples....................................................................................................................4

1.6 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY............................................................................................................8

1.6.1 GENERAL OBJECTIVES...........................................................................................................8

1.6.2SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES.............................................................................................................8

1.7 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY......................................................................................................8

1.8 SCOPE OF THE STUDY..................................................................................................................9

1.9 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY..........................................................................................................9

CHAPTR TWO.......................................................................................................................................10

Applications of Fourier series to Heat Equation and Applications of Fourier Series to Wave Equation
.............................................................................................................................................................10

2.1 Mathematical formulation and solution....................................................................................10

2.2 Applications of Fourier series to Wave Equation.......................................................................15

2.2.1 Mathematical formulation and solution.............................................................................15

CHAPTER THREE..................................................................................................................................21

3. METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY.......................................................................................................21

3.1 STUDY AREA AND PERIODS........................................................................................................21

3.2 SOURCE OF INFORMATION........................................................................................................21

3.3 DATA COLLECTION PROCEDURES..............................................................................................21

3.4 DATA ANALYSIS..........................................................................................................................21

3.5 ETHICAL ISSUE.........................................................................................................................21

3.6 MATHEMATICAL PROCEDURES................................................................................................21

CHAPTR FOUR......................................................................................................................................22

4.1 CONCLUSION.................................................................................................................................22

4.2 FUTURE SCOPE...............................................................................................................................22

References...........................................................................................................................................23
 SYMBOLS
 PDE……………..................... partial differential equations

 FOODE.................................First Order Ordinary Differential Equation

 G.S………............................General Solution

 I.F…………..…...................Integrating Factor

 LFOODE……..................…Linear First Order Ordinary Differential Equation

 ODE…..................................Ordinary Differential Equation

 CHAPTR ONE
1. INTRODUCTION
The Fourier series, the founding principle behind the field of Fourier analysis, is an infinite
expansion of a function in terms of sine’s and cosines or imaginary exponentials. The series
is defined in its imaginary exponential form as follows:

∞
f ( x )=∑ A n e inx (1)
−∞

Where the An ' s are given by the expression

π
1
An = ∫
2 π −π
inx
f ( x ) e (2)

Thus, the Fourier series is an infinite superposition of imaginary exponentials with frequency
terms that increase as n increases. Since sine’s and cosines (and in turn, imaginary
exponentials) form an orthogonal set 1, this series converges for any moderately well-
behaved function f (x). Examples of the Fourier series for different waveforms are given in
figure I.

1.1 Definition of Fourier series and Typical Examples

1.1.1 Basic Concepts

A function f (x) is said to have period P if f ( x + p )=f (x ) for all x . Let the function f (x)
has period2 π . In this case, it is enough to consider behavior of the function on the
interval[−π , π ].
a) Suppose that the function f ( x ) with period 2 π is absolutely integrable on
[ – π , π ] so that the following so-called, Dirichlet integral is finite;

∫ |f ( x)|d x < ∞ (1.1)

−π

b) Suppose also that the function f ( x ) ) is a single valued, piecewise continuous

(must have a finite number of jump discontinuities), and piecewise
monotonic (must have a finite number of maxima and minima).

1
 If the conditions 1 and 2 are satisfied, the Fourier series for the function
f ( x ) exists and converges to the given function. The Fourier series of the
function f ( x ) is given by
a0 ∞
f ( x )= + ∑ { a cos θ+ bn sinθ (1.2) }
2 n=1 n
Where the Fourier coefficientsa 0, a n , and b nare defined by the integrals.

}
π
1
a0= ∫ f ( x )d x
π −π
π
1
an = ∫ f (x)cos nx d x (1.3)
π −π
π
1
b n= ∫ f (x)sin nx d x
π −π

We will now study Fourier expansions in terms of the Eigen functions

πx πx 2 πx 2 πx nπx nπx
1 , cos , sin ,cos , sin ,… … … … ,cos ,sin ,…………
L L L L L L
If f (x) is integrable on −L , L its Fourier expansion terms of these function is called
the Fourier series of f (x)) on −L , L . Since
L

∫ 12 d x =2 L
−L

∫ cos 2 nπx
L
dx
−L

L
1 2 nπx
∫
2 −L
(1+cos
L
)d x

L
1 1 2 nπx
(x + sin ) =L
2 2 nπ L −L
And
L

∫ sin2 2 nπx
L
dx
−L

L
1 2 nπx
∫
2 −L
(1−cos
L
)d x =¿ ¿

L
1 1 2 nπx
(x − sin ) =L
2 2 nπ L −L

2
 The Fourier series of f on−L , L is

( )
a0 ∞ nπx nπx
+∑ an cos +b n sin
2 n=1 L L
L
1
a 0= ∫ f (x)d x
L −L
L
1 nπx
a n= ∫
L −L
f (x)cos
L x
d

L
1
b n= ∫ f (x)sin nπx
L −L L x
d

1.2 Ortogonality:
The two integrable function f and g are orthogonal on an interval [a , b] if:
b

∫ f ( x ) g ( x ) d x =0(1.4 )
a

More generally, we say that the functions ∅ 1 , ∅2 , ∅ 3 ,… … . ∅ n,….. (finitely or infinitely

many) are orthogonal on[a , b]if i= j whenever,
b

∫ ∅i ( x ) ∅ j (x )d x =0(1.5)
a

The importance of ortogonality will become clear when we study Fourier series in
the next section.
Example: Show that the following Eigen functions are orthogonal on −1 ,1
1 , cos(πx ), sin(πx ), cos (2 πx ),sin (2 πx ), … … … … , cos (nπx ), sin(nπx), … … … …
Solution: We must show that
1

∫ f ( x ) g ( x ) d x =0
−1

|
1 1
sin(πx ) 1 1
∫ 1∗cos πx=¿ π = sin(π )−sin ⁡(−π ¿)= ( 0 )=0 ¿ ¿
π π
−1 −1

| = 1π ¿ ¿
1 1
cos πx
∫ 1∗sin πx=¿ π
−1 −1

∫ cos ( πx ) sin ( πx ) d x =¿ ∫ cos ( πx ) sin ( πx ) d x , u=sin ( πx ) ¿

−1

3
 d 1
u=¿ cos ( πx ) dx ¿
π

¿ ∫ πu d u
2
u
¿π
2

[ ]
1
(sin( πx ))2
¿π =0
2 −1

And so on.

1.3 Fourier series of Even and Odd Functions

The Fourier series expansion of an even function f (x) with the period of 2 π does not
involve the terms with sines and has the form:

a0 ∞
f ( x )= + ∑ a cos ∅ (1.6)
2 n=1 n

Where the Fourier coefficients a 0 ,a nand b n are defined by the integrals.

}
π
2
a 0= ∫ f ( x )d x
π 0
π
(1.7)
2
an = ∫ f (x )cos nx d x
π 0

Accordingly, the Fourier series expansion of an odd 2 π -periodic function f ( x )

consists of sine terms only and has the form:
∞
f ( x )=∑ bn sin θ ,(1.8)
n=1

Where the Fourier coefficients a 0 , a n , and b n are defined by the integrals.

π
2
b n= ∫ f ( x )sin nx d x (1.9)
π 0

1.4 Definitions and Theorems

Theorem 1.1.4
The eigenvalue problem y ( L )=0 , y +λy=0, , = + = =  has infinitely many positive
nπx
eigenvalues λ n=n2 π 2 /L2 , with associated Eigen functions y n=sin ,n=1 ,2 , 3 ….
L
there is no other eigenvalues.

4
 Definition 1.1.4
The formal solution of the initial-boundary value problem
2
ut =a utt , 0< x < L ,t >0
u ( 0 , t ) =0 , u ( L , t )=0 , t>0
0 ≤ x ≤ Lu ( x ,0 )=f ( x ) ,
Is
∞
nπx
u ( x , t )=∑ α n e−n π
2 2 2
a t/L
sin ,
n=1 L
Where
∞
nπx
S ( x )=∑ α n sin
n=1 L
Is the Fourier sine series of f on [0 , L] that is ,
L
2
a n= ∫ f ( x )sin nπx
L 0 L x
d

1.5 Typical Examples

Solution:
Since this function is even, the coefficientsb n=0. Then

|
π π 3 π
1 2 2x 2 2
a 0= ∫ x d x = ∫ x d x =
2 2
= π .
π −π π −π π 3 0 3
π π
1 2
a n= ∫
π −π
x cos nx d x = ∫ x cos nx d x
2
π 0
2

Apply integration by parts twice to find:

a n=
4
πn 2 [
n cos nx−
sin nx
n ]
As sin nx=0 and cos nx=(−1)n for integern, we have

a n=
4
πn [
2
π cos nπ−
sin nπ
n
4
πn ] 4
= 2 [ π (−1)n−o ]= 2 (−1)n .
n
Then the Fourier series expansion for the parabolic wave (Figure 1) is

5
 2 2 2 4 n
x = π + 2 (−1) cos nx (1.10)
3 n

6
Solution:
First, we calculate the constant a 0 :
π π
1
a 0= ∫ f (x)d x = 1π ∫ 1 d x = 1π π =1.
π −π 0

Find now the Fourier coefficients forn ≠ 0:

|
π π π
1 1 1 sin nx
a n= ∫ f (x)cos nx d x = ∫ 1. cos nx d x = =0 ,
π −π π 0 π n 0

|
π π π n
1 1 1 −cos nx 1−cos nπ 1−(−1)
b n= ∫
π −π
f (x)sin nx d x = ∫ 1. sin nx d x =
π 0 π n
=
nπ
=
nπ
,
0

Thus, the Fourier series for the square wave is

∞ n
1 1−(−1)
f ( x )= +∑ sin nx (1.11)
2 n=0 nπ

7
8
1.6 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
1.6.1 GENERAL OBJECTIVES
The general objectives of applications of Fourier series include:

1. To represent periodic signals or functions in terms of a set of simple harmonic functions;

2. To analyze and manipulate the frequency content of signals or functions;

3. To estimate signal properties such as amplitude, frequency, and phase;

4. To design filters and other signal processing systems that modify or extract specific
frequency components;

5. To solve differential equations and partial differential equations involving periodic

functions;

6. To model physical phenomena that exhibit periodic behavior, such as electromagnetic

waves, sound waves, and mechanical vibrations.

Overall, the main goal of applying Fourier series is to understand and control the behavior of
signals and functions in the frequency domain, which is essential for many areas of science
and engineering.

1.6.2SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES
The specific objectives of applying Fourier series depend on the particular application. Some
examples of specific objectives include:

1. Signal processing: To analyze and manipulate the frequency content of signals to enhance
their quality, remove noise, or extract specific information.

2. Image processing: To represent and analyze digital images in terms of their frequency
content, which can be used for compression, filtering, and feature extraction.

9
3. Communications: To design filters and modulation schemes that manipulate the
frequency content of signals to transmit information efficiently over a communication
channel.

4. Control systems: To analyze and design controllers that can stabilize and control systems
that exhibit periodic behavior.

5. Physics and engineering: To solve differential equations that arise in the modeling of
physical phenomena using periodic functions.

Overall, the specific objectives of Fourier series applications vary widely, but they generally
focus on understanding and controlling the behavior of signals and functions with periodic
components in a variety of contexts.

1.7 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The research project would be believed to have the following significance
 It helps students as reference book if there is scarcity of books in library on
Fourier series properties and applications.
 It may help as a bridge for their wants to do more research on this similar title.
 For any individual who want to know about the Fourier series properties and
its applications it may serves as initial point or source of information.

1.8 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The general over view of this Research project would investigate applications of Fourier
series and its application in partial differential equation, since applications of Fourier series
have wide scope. This study is delimited to study to study applications of Fourier series to
partial equation of order one and two.

1.9 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

The following are some of the limitations of this study project work:

 Shortage of time
 Lack of available books in library.
 Shortage of materials related to my title.
 Budget constraint.

10
 CHAPTR TWO
Applications of Fourier series to Heat Equation and Applications of
Fourier Series to Wave Equation

2.1 Mathematical formulation and solution

The study of partial differential equations with the problem of heat flow in a uniform bar of
length L, situated on the x axis with one end at the origin and the other at x=L (Figure 3).
We assume that the bar is perfectly insulated except possibly at its endpoints, and that the
temperature is constant on each cross section and therefore depends only on x and t. We
also assume that the thermal properties of the bar are independent of x and t. In this case, it
can be shown that the temperature u=u(x ,t ) at time t at a point x unit from the origin
satisfies the partial differential equation.

2
∂u 2 ∂ u
=a 2
, 0< x < L , t>0 (2.1)
∂t ∂x

Where a is a positive constant determined by the thermal properties. This is the heat
equation.

To determineu, we must specify the temperature at every point in the bar whent=0 , say

u ( x , 0 )=f ( x ) , 0< x< L ( 2.2 )

We call this the initial condition. We must also specify boundary conditions that u must
satisfy at the ends of the bar for allt >0. We will call this problem an initial-boundary value
problem. We begin with the boundary conditionsu(0; t )=u(L ; t)=0, and write the initial-
boundary value problem as

2
ut =a utt , 0< x < L ,t >0

11
 u ( 0 , t ) =0 , u ( L , t )=0 , t>0

u ( x , 0 )=f ( x ) , 0≤ x ≤ L

Our method of solving this problem is called separation of variables. We begin by looking
for functions of the form

u ( x , t )=X ( x ) T ( t ) (2.3)

That is not identically zero and satisfies

dT ( t ) 2
d X
ut =X ( x ) ,u xx = 2 T (t)
dt dx

Substituting into the differential equation

2
ut =a u x x

dT ( t ) 2
2d X
X (x) =a 2
T (t ) ÷ X ( x ) T (t )
dt dx

1 dT ( t )
2
1 d X
= =−λ
2
a T ( t ) dt X ( x) dx2

1 dT ( t )
=−λ
a T ( t ) dt
2

dT ( t )
=−λ a 2 T (t)
dt

2 2
1 d X d X
=−λ=¿ 2 =−λX ( x )
X ( x ) dx 2 dx

Therefore, is an eigenvalue of the boundary value problem.

dT ( t ) 2

=λ a 2 T ( t )=¿ T (t )=e−λ a t
dt

2
d X
2
=−λX ( x ) =¿ X ( x )=cos √ λx +sin √ λx (2.4)
dx

2 2
n π
From Theorem4.1 , the eigenvalues are λ n= 2
, so
L

12
 X ( 0 )=0=¿ X ( x)sin √ λx

2 2
n π
X ( L )=− λX ( x )=¿ sin √ λx=0=¿ √ λx=nπ =¿ λ n= 2
L

nπx
With associated Eigen functions x n=sin √ λ n x=¿ sin , n=1, 2 , 3 ,… …. ¿
L

Substituting into equations (2.4) we get

2 2 2
−n π a
t
L
2
nπx
un ( x , t )=T n ( t ) X n ( x )=e sin , n=1 ,2 , 3 , … … .(2.5)
L

More generally, if α 1 , α 2 , α 3 , … … … , α mare constants and

2 2 2
m −n π a
t
nπx
un ( x , t )=∑ e
2
L
sin (2.6)
n=1 L

Using the initial condition, un ( x , t )=f ( x ) ,

m
f ( x )=∑ f ( x ) sin nx dx .
n=1

2.1 Example

Solution

Consider the form

dT ( t ) 2
d X
ut =X ( x ) ,u tt = 2 T ( t )
dt dx

Substituting into the differential equation

13
 ut =4 utt

dT ( t ) 2
d X
X (x) =4 2 T ( t ) ÷ X ( x ) T ( t )
dt dx

1 dT ( t )
2
1 d X
= =− λ
4 T ( t ) dt X ( x ) dx 2

1 dT ( t ) dT ( t )
=−λ=¿ =−4 λT ( t )
a T ( t ) dt dt
2

2 2
1 d X d X
=−λ=¿ 2 =−λX ( x )
X ( x ) dx 2
dx

Therefore, is an eigenvalue of the boundary value problem.

dT ( t )
=−4 λT ( t )=¿ T ( t )=e− 4 λt
dt

2
d X
2
=−4 λT ( t )=¿ X ( x )=cos √ λx +sin √ λx ( 2.4 )
dx

From Theorem 4.1, the eigenvalues are λ n=n2 π 2 , so

X ( 0 )=0=¿ X ( x ) =sin √ λx

2 2
nπ n π
X ( 2 )=0=¿ sin 2 √ λ=0=¿ √ λ= =¿ λn =
2 4

nπx
With associated Eigen functions X n=sin √ λn x=sin , n=1 , 2 ,3 , … ..(2.5)
2

More generally, if α 1 , α 2 , α 3 , … … … , α mare constants and

2 2 2
m −n π a
t
nπx
un ( x , t )=∑ e
2
L
sin (2.6)
n=1 L

Using the initial condition, u ( x , 0 )=x 3−2 x2 +3 x−1

( nπx2 )(2.7)
m
x −2 x +3 x−1=∑ α m sin
3 2

n=1

14
 2

Where, α m=2 ∫ ( x −2 x +3 x−1)sin

0
3 2
( nπx2 ) dx .
2
α m=2 ∫ ( x −2 x +3 x−1)sin
0
3 2
( nπx2 ) dx
2 ( 5 (−1 )n +1 ) 32(2 (−1 )n+ 1)
¿− + 3 3
πn π n

[ ]
−2 ( 5 (−1 ) +1 ) 32 ( 2 (−1 ) +1 ) −n
n n

( nπx2 )( 2.8)
m
U n ( x ,t )=x −2 x +3 x−1+ ∑
2 2
3 2 π t
+ 3 3
e sin
n=1 πn π n

15
2.2 Applications of Fourier series to Wave Equation
The partial differential equation uu=a2 uxx is called the wave equation. It necessary to
specify both f and g because the wave equation is a second order equation in t for each
fixed x .
This equation and its generalizations
2 2
uu=a (u ¿ ¿ xx +u yy + uzz )¿ And uu=a (u ¿ ¿ xx +u yy )¿
to two and three space dimensions have important applications to the propagation of
electromagnetic sonic and water waves.

2.2.1 Mathematical formulation and solution

We motivate the study of the wave equation by considering tis application to the vibrations
of string - such as a violin string – tightly stretched in equilibrium along the x − axis in the xy
− plane and tied the points (0 , 0) and (L , 0)

16
The initial-boundary value problem of the from

2
uu=a uxx , 0< x < L ,t >0

u ( 0 , t ) =0 , u ( L , t )=0 , t>0

u ( x , 0 )=f ( x ) ,u t ( x , 0 ) =g (x)

Where a is a constant and , g are given functions of x . Our method of solving this problem
is called separation of variables. We begin by looking for functions of the form

u ( x , t )=X ( x ) T ( t ) (2.9)

That are not identically zero and satisfy

2
d T (t ) d2 X
ut =X ( x ) , uxx = 2 T ( t )
dt 2 dx

Substituting into the differential equation

2
uu=a uxx

2
d T ( t ) 2 d2 X
X (x) =a T (t) ÷ X ( x )T (t )
dt 2 dx 2

2
1 d T (t ) 1 d2 X
= =−λ
a2 T ( t ) dt 2 X ( x ) dx 2

2 2
1 d T (t ) d T (t )
2 2
=−λ=¿ =−λ a 2 T ( t )
a T (t ) d t dt 2

2 2
1 d X d X
=−λ=¿ 2 =−λX ( x )
( )
X x dx 2
dx

Therefore, λ is an eigenvalue of the boundary value problem.

17
 }
2
d T (t )
2
=−λ a 2 T (t )=¿ T ( t ) =cos √ λt + sin √ λt
dt (2.10)
2
d X
2
=−λX ( x )=¿ X ( x )=cos √ λx+ sin √ λx
dx

2 2
n π
From Theorem 4.1, the eigenvalues are λ n= 2 , so
L

X ( 0 )=0=¿ X ( x ) =sin √ λx

2 2
n π
X L =0=¿ sin √ λL=0=¿ √ λL=nπ =¿ λ n= 2
( )
L

nπx
With associated Eigen functions x n=sin √ λ n x=¿ sin , n=1, 2 , 3 ,… …. ¿ and
L

T n=α m cos n a √ λn t + βm sin a √ λ n t

nπat β n L nπat
¿ α m cos + sin , n=1 , 2, 3 , … .(2.11)
L nπa L

More generally, if α 1 , α 2 , α 3 , … .. α m , and β 1 . β 2 , β 3 , …. β m are constants and

( )
m
nπat β n L nπat nπx
un ( x , 0 )=∑ α m cos + sin sin (2.12)
n=1 L nπa L L

( )
∂ un nπa nπat nπat nπx
( x ,t )= −α n sin + βn cos +sin
∂t L L L L

So

nπx ∂u nπx
un ( x , 0 )=α n sin and n ( x ,0 )=β n sin .
L ∂t L

Using the initial condition, u ( x , 0 )=f ( x ) ,t ( x , 0 ) =g (x)

m m
nπx nπx
f ( x )=∑ α m sin , g ( x ) =∑ β m sin (2.13)
n=1 L n=1 L

L L
2
Where, α m=
L0
∫ f ( x ) sin nπx
L
2
dx , β m= ∫ g ( x ) sin
L0
nπx
L
dx

18
2.2 Example

Solution

Functions of the form

u ( x , 0 )=X ( x ) T ( t ) (2.14 )

That are not identically zero and satisfy

2
d T (t ) d2 X
ut =X ( x ) , u tt = T (t )
dt 2 dx2

Substituting into the differential equation

utt =uxx

2
d T ( t ) d2 X
X (x) = 2 T (t) ÷ X ( x )T (t )
dt 2 dx

2
1 d T (t ) 1 d2 X
= =−λ
T ( t ) dt 2 X ( x ) dx 2

2 2
1 d T (t ) d T (t )
2 2
=−λ=¿ =−λT ( t )
a T ( t ) dt dt 2

2 2
1 d X d X
=−λ=¿ 2 =−λX ( x )
( )
X x dx 2
dx

Therefore, λ is an eigenvalue of the boundary value problem.

19
 }
2
d T (t)
=− λT ( t )=¿ cos √ λt + sin √ λt
dt 2 (2.15)
2
d X
2
=− λX ( x )=¿ X ( x ) =cos √ λx+ sin √ λx
dx

From Theorem 4.1, the eigenvalues are λ n=n2 π 2, so

X ( 0 )=0=¿ X ( x ) =sin √ λx

X ( 1 )=0=¿ sin √ λx=0=¿ √ λx=nπ =¿ λn=n π y

2 2

With associated two Eigen functions X n=sin √ λn x=sin nπx , n=1 , 2, 3 , … . and

T n=α m cos n a √ λn t + βm sin √ λn t

βn L
¿ α m cos nπt+ sin nπt , n=1 ,2 , 3 , … .
nπa

The general solution is

( )
m
βn L
un ( x , t )=∑ α m cos nπt+ sin nπt sin nπx (2.16)
n=1 nπa

So

∂ un
un ( x , 0 )=α n sin (nπx) And ( x ,0 )=β n sin (nπx ).
∂t

Using the initial condition, un ( x , 0 )=x ( 1−x ) , u ( x , 0 ) =0

m m
x (1−x )=∑ α m sin(nπx )0=∑ β m sin(nπx ).(2.17)
n=1 n=1

With

1 1
α m=2 ∫ x ( 1−x ) sin(nπx)dx , β m =2∫ 0 sin (nπx )dx
0 0

Using

1 1
−1 d
∫ sin (nπx )dx=∫ x dn
cos(nπx)dx
0 0

20
 1
1 d
¿− ∫ cos(nπx) dx
x dn 0

|
1
1 d 1
¿− sin(nπx )
x dn nπ 0

( )
2 2 n
2−n π 2 1 (−1)
cos (nπ ) 3 3
− 3 3 =cos ( nπ ) =
n π n π nπ nπ

We have

1
α k =2 ∫ x ( 1−x ) sin(nπx)dx
0

¿2¿

4
¿ 3
3
[− cos ( nπ ) ]
n π

{
0 , if n even
4
¿ 3 3
[ 1−(−1 )n ]= 8
, if n odd
n π 3 3
n π

The general solution becomes

m
4
un ( x , t ) = ∑ 3 3
[ 1−(−1 )n ] cos ( nπt ) sin ( nπx ) (2.18)
n=1 n π

21
22
 CHAPTER THREE
3. METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY
3.1 STUDY AREA AND PERIODS
This study is theoretical review on Applications of Fourier series in analysis of Biology,
physics and partial differential equation. This was done under Mathematics Department,
College Of Natural Sciences, Werabe University and this would be performed from March,
2023 up to May, 2023.
3.2 SOURCE OF INFORMATION
The sources of information for this study would be secondary source such as books, internets
and etc.
3.3 DATA COLLECTION PROCEDURES
The design is performed by arranging time and space to collect concepts and ideas from
different books and internet.
3.4 DATA ANALYSIS
The data would be processed using editing and checking whither it is complete or not. Then
editing process involves adjusting and checking of the errors. Therefore, it insure that the
consistency and completeness of data. Then the data would be summarized using examples
and theorem.
Finally it would be analyzed using theoretical and conceptual method based on the
comparative study on different articles of the study.

3.5 ETHICAL ISSUE

This research project would be done through making polite approach to other persons and
also through the consent of all librarians and lab assistant in order to get sufficient
information and reference.

3.6 MATHEMATICAL PROCEDURES

To attain this research project the following steps are undertaken.
1. Using Separation of Variables
2. Assigning Separation Constant
3. Solving Separated ODEs
4. Combining Solutions and Apply Boundary Conditions.
5. Solving the coefficient by Fourier series

23
 CHAPTR FOUR
4.1 CONCLUSION
This work presented applications for the Fourier series as presented for heat and wave
equations. In other words, the students introduce this study in three chapters the first
contains basic definitions and theorems with typical examples. The second chapter applied
the Fourier series for the heat equation with a solved example. On the other hand, chapter
three presented the solution of the wave equation by Fourier series with the solved
problem. Finally, some functions obtained analytically and graphically by using Maple
program for different parameters. 4.2

4.2 FUTURE SCOPE

To overcome through solving Applications of Fourier series, it is better to have enough
time. Therefore the study of this research project is limited to the Applications of Fourier
series in partial differential equation. That means all parts are not including. However it is
recommended that by separating this wide title into some specific parts.

They should be given as a research project for someone who would be interested in doing his
or her project around Fourier series and its application

24
 References
1. Weinstein, Eric W. ”Fourier Series.” From Math World–A Wolfram Web Resource
http://mathworld.wolfram.com/FourierSeries.html
2. Weinstein, Eric W. ”Convolution Theorem.” From Math World–A Wolfram Web
Resource. http://mathworld.wolfram.com/ConvolutionTheorem.html
3. Numerical Methods in C: The Art of Scientific Computing. 2nd Edition.. W. H. Press,
S. A. Teukolsky, W T. Vetterling, B. P. Flannery. Ch. 12.
4. Numerical Methods in C: The Art of Scientific Computing. 2nd Edition.. W. H. Press,
S. A. Teukolsky, W T. Vetterling, B. P. Flannery.
5. Baker, R. E. (2016). Univercity of Oxford. Retrieved from Fourier Solutions of Partial
Differential.
6. William F. Trench, (2013), Elementary Differential Equations with Boundary Value
Problems.
7. George D. Birkhoff (1921) , An Elementary Treatment of Fourier's Series, American
Mathematical Monthly1y, vol. 28,iss. 5.
8. Hobson, E. W. (1907), Theory of functions of real variable and theory of Fourier
series ,Cambridge Press, pp.786..
9. Weinstein, Eric W. ”Generalized Fourier Series.” From Math World–A Wolfram Web
Resource. http://mathworld.wolfram.com/GeneralizedFourierSeries.htmI
10. Dym H, McKean HP (1972) Fourier series and integrals. Academic, New
York/London, p 305
11. Neugebauer OE (1952) .The exact sciences in antiquity. Princeton University Press,
Princeton, 2nd. ed. Brown University Press, Providence, R. I.1957
12. González-Velasco EA (1992) Connections in mathematical analysis: the case of
Fourier series. Am Math Monthly 99(5):427–441.
13. Fourier J-B-J (1768–1830) Gallic a, Oeuvres de Fourier. 1888, pp. 218–219
14. Bhatia R (1993) Fourier series. Hindustan Book Agency, Delhi
15. Dyke PPG (2000) An introduction to Laplace transforms and Fourier series,
16. Springer undergraduate mathematics series. Springer-Verlag London, London,
p 260.

25
17. [7] Tolstoy GP (1962) Fourier series. Translated from the Russian (trans: Silverman
RA). Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs.
18. [8]. Rudin W (1991) Functional analysis, McGraw-Hill Science/Engineering/Mat.
McGraw-Hill, New York. ISBN 0-07-054236-8

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