Module 8: Response of SDOF System to Periodic Excitations

Building structures are frequently subjected to loads that are arbitrary in nature.
These time varying loads may be due to the acceleration imparted to the ground
surface during earthquake or due to the impulse forces acting on the structure or
may be due to random periodic loads. A periodic load is a load that repeats its
value after some definite interval of time. Most of the forces are periodic or nearly
periodic in nature. A wind force induced by shedding on tall and slender structures
is the best example of periodic excitation imposed to the building.
These forces are dynamic in nature and may cause catastrophic damage to the
building leading to the collapsing of walls. These forces may also lead to lateral
instability of the building due to the alternating nature of load which repeats its
nature after definite time period.
Periodic excitation: this corresponds to excitation signals which repeat themselves
over time with a certain period T. As an example, piston engines generate periodic
excitation (the period corresponding to one full rotation of the crankshaft) which is
not made of a single sine or cosine component (existence of harmonics of the
fundamental frequency).
∞
𝑎𝑜
𝐹(𝑡) = + ∑(𝑎𝑛 cos 𝑛𝛺𝑡 + 𝑏𝑛 sin 𝑛𝛺𝑡)
2
𝑛=1

Where
2 𝑇
𝑎𝑜 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
𝑇 0
2 𝑇
𝑎𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑡) cos 𝑛 𝛺𝑡𝑑𝑡
𝑇 0
2 𝑇
𝑏𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑡) sin 𝑛𝛺𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑇 0
𝐹(𝑡) = 𝐹0 + 𝑎1 cos 𝛺1 𝑡 + 𝑎2 cos 𝛺2 𝑡 + 𝑎 cos 𝛺3 𝑡 + ⋯ +𝑏1 sin 𝛺1 𝑡 +
𝑏2 sin 𝛺2 𝑡 + 𝑏3 sin 𝛺3 𝑡
𝐹(𝑡) = 𝐹0 + 𝐹1 cos(𝛺1 𝑡 − 𝜃1 ) + 𝐹2 cos(𝛺2 𝑡 − 𝜃2 ) + 𝐹3 cos(𝛺3 𝑡 − 𝜃3 ) + ⋯

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 𝑏
Where 𝐹𝑖 = √𝑎𝑖2 + 𝑏𝑖2 and 𝜃𝑖 = tan−1 ( 𝑖 )
𝑎 𝑖

The equation of motion of SDOF to periodic excitation can be expressed as:

𝑀𝑢̈ + 𝐶𝑢̇ + 𝐾𝑢 = 𝐹(𝑡)
𝑀𝑢̈ + 𝐶𝑢̇ + 𝐾𝑢 = 𝐹0 + 𝐹1 cos(𝛺1 𝑡 − 𝜃1 ) + 𝐹2 cos(𝛺2 𝑡 − 𝜃2 ) + ⋯
Using superposition concept we can write
𝑀𝑢̈ + 𝐶𝑢̇ + 𝐾𝑢 = 𝐹0
𝑀𝑢̈ + 𝐶𝑢̇ + 𝐾𝑢 = 𝐹1 cos(𝛺1 𝑡 − 𝜃1 )
̈ + 𝐶𝑢̇ + 𝐾𝑢 = 𝐹2 cos(𝛺2 𝑡 − 𝜃2 )
𝑀𝑢
̈ + 𝐶𝑢̇ + 𝐾𝑢 = 𝐹3 cos(𝛺3 𝑡 − 𝜃3 )
𝑀𝑢
⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋮
Apply the formulation developed earlier for harmonic response for each equation
of motion and sum up all individual response to obtain the overall response of the
system to a specific periodic excitation

𝐹𝑜 𝐹1 2𝜉𝛽1
𝑢(𝑡) = + cos(𝛺1 𝑡 − tan−1 )+
𝑘 2 2 1−𝛽12
𝑘 √(1−𝛽1 ) +(2𝜉𝛽1 )2
𝐹2 2𝜉𝛽2
cos(𝛺2 𝑡 − tan−1 )+
2 1−𝛽22
𝑘√(1−𝛽2 2 ) +(2𝜉𝛽2 )2
𝐹3 2𝜉𝛽3
cos(𝛺3 𝑡 − tan−1 )+⋯
2 1−𝛽32
𝑘√(1−𝛽3 2 ) +(2𝜉𝛽3 )2

∞
𝐹𝑜 𝐹𝑛 2𝜉𝛽𝑛
𝑢(𝑡) = + ∑ cos(𝛺𝑛 𝑡 − tan−1 )
𝑘 2 1 − 𝛽𝑛2
𝑛=1 𝑘 √(1 − 𝛽𝑛 2 ) + (2𝜉𝛽𝑛 )2

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Example
A seven-foot roadside sign consists of an 81/2-foot long and 2” circular tubular
post (t=0.1”) that weighs 3lb/ft, and a 24”x 36” rectangular aluminum sheet that is
0.125” in thickness. Determine the displacement response of the roadside sign if it
was subjected to a periodic wind load that reaches 0.8 psi in 4 seconds and remains
at that peak for 3 seconds and decay linearly for the remaining part of the 22
seconds period. For Aluminum, take γ=168.5 lb/ft3, E= 106 psi and ξ=3%

psi

0.8

T
(sec)

− − − 𝑓𝑜𝑟 0 < 𝑡 ≤ 4
𝐹(𝑡) = { − − − 𝑓𝑜𝑟 4 < 𝑡 ≤ 7 }
− − − − 𝑓𝑜𝑟 7 < 𝑡 ≤ 22

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 Element I EI L K Fo ρ M σ
(in4) (lb-in2) (in) (lb/in) (lb) (in) (lb-in) (psi)
Cantilever

Element t L A V γ Weff m
Plate
Post

System K M ω ξ T Ω
(lb/in) (lb-sec2)/in (rad/sec) (sec) (rad/sec)
Traffic Sign

2 𝑇 1 5
𝑎𝑜 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = ∫
𝑇 0 10 0

Term ai bi Fi Ωi Θi
(lb) (lb) (lb) (rad/sec) (rad)
1
2
3

𝐹(𝑡) = 𝐹0 + 𝐹1 cos(𝛺1 𝑡 − 𝜃1 ) + 𝐹2 cos(𝛺2 𝑡 − 𝜃2 ) + 𝐹3 cos(𝛺3 𝑡 − 𝜃3 ) + ⋯

𝐹𝑜 𝐹1 2𝜉𝛽1
𝑢(𝑡) = + cos(𝛺1 𝑡 − tan−1 )+
𝑘 2 1−𝛽12
𝑘 √(1−𝛽1 2 ) +(2𝜉𝛽1 )2
𝐹2 2𝜉𝛽2
cos(𝛺2 𝑡 − tan−1 )+
2 2 1−𝛽22
𝑘√(1−𝛽2 ) +(2𝜉𝛽2 )2
𝐹3 2𝜉𝛽3
cos(𝛺3 𝑡 − tan−1 )+⋯
2 2 1−𝛽32
𝑘√(1−𝛽3 ) +(2𝜉𝛽3 )2