CHAPTER 3

Error Detection and Correction

and wireless Communication
MARKS 12
 WIRELESS LAN 802.11
➢ IEEE 802.11 is a set of standards that defines wireless LAN
(WLAN) technologies.
➢ It is commonly known as Wi-Fi.
➢ It uses radio waves to transmit data between devices over
short distances.
➢ Wi-Fi is simply a trademarked phrase that means IEEE
802.11.
➢ IEEE 802.11 wireless LAN:
➢ The 802.11 architecture define two types of services and three
different types of stations.
➢ 802.11 services: The two types of services are
➢ 1) Basic services set (BSS)
➢ 2) Extended services set (ESS)
 Basic services set
❑ The basic services set contain stationary or mobile
wireless station and central base station=>access
point (AP)
❑ The use of access point is optimal.
❑ If the access point is not present, it is known as
standalone network. These types of architecture is
known as adhoc architecture.
❑ The BSS in which an access point is present is known
as infrastructure network.
 WIRELESS LAN 802.11
➢ If no access point =>adhoc architecture.
➢ The BSS with access point =>infrastructure network.
 Extended services set
➢ An extended service set is created by initializing two or
more basic services set (BSS) having access points(AP)
➢ These extended networks are created by joining the
access points of basic station set through a wired LAN
=>distribution system.
➢ The distribution system can be any IEEE LAN.
➢ There are two types of station in ESS.
➢ Mobile Station: These are normal station inside a BSS
➢ Stationary Station: these are AP station that are part of a wired LAN
➢ Communication between two stations in two different BSS usually
occurs via two AP’S. A mobile Station can belong to more than
one BSS at the same time.
WIRELESS LAN 802.11
 WI-MAX 802.16
➢ Wi-Max- Wi- Max is worldwide interoperability for Microwave
Access.
➢ It is a wireless communication standard which can provide data
rates up to 1Gbps:
➢ It is refers to interoperable implementation of IEEE 802.16
family of standards.
➢ Uses and Application:
➢ Portable mobile broadband connectivity.
➢ It can be used as an alternative to cable, digital subscriber line
(DSL) for providing a broad band access.
➢ To provide services such as voice on IP (VOIP)
➢ For providing a source of internet connectivity.
 WI-MAX 802.16
➢ Wi-Max is capable of providing at home or mobile
internet access across the whole city or country.
➢ It is cheap to use Wi-Max to provide Internet Access to
the remote locator.
BLUETOOTH ARCH
 BLUETOOTH ARCH
❖Bluetooth is short range wireless technology.
❖Range of Bluetooth is 10 meters.
❖Bluetooth Architecture defines 2 types of
networks.
1. Piconet
2. Scatternet
 BLUETOOTH ARCH
P
✓ Piconet S

❖ It consists of 1 master node and 7 slave nodes.

S M SB
❖ Piconet have 8 active nodes (7+1) in the range of 10
meters. SB
S
❖ There can be only 1 master station in each piconet.
P

❖ Communication is between master and slave

❖ Slave to slave communication is not possible.
❖ Piconet can have 255 parked nodes, that cannot take
part in communication
❖ There will be 7 slaves in active state and 255 nodes in
parked state.
 Scatternet
❖ It is formed by combining various piconets.
❖ Slave in one piconet can act as master in other
piconet.
❖ Such a node can receive message from the master in
the first piconet and deliver the message in second
piconet.
❖ Station can be member of two piconets.
❖ Station cannot be master of two piconet.
 Mobile Generatio-1G
• 1G or (1-G) refers to the first generation of wireless
telephone technology (mobile telecommunications).
• These were the analog telecommunications standards that
were introduced in 1979 and the early to mid-1980s and
continued until being replaced by 2G digital
telecommunications.
• The main difference between the two mobile telephone
systems (1G and 2G), is that the radio signals used by 1G
network are analog, while 2G networks are digital.
 Mobile Generation-2G
• 2G (or 2-G) provides three primary benefits over their
predecessors:
– phone conversations are digitally encrypted;
– 2G systems are significantly more efficient on the spectrum
allowing for far greater mobile phone penetration levels;
– and 2G introduced data services for mobile, starting with SMS
(Short Message Service) plain text-based messages.
• 2G technologies enable services such as text messages,
picture messages and MMS (Multimedia Message Service).
• It has 3 main services: Bearer services is one of them which
is also known as data services and communication.
• Second generation 2G cellular telecom networks were
commercially launched on the GSM standard in 1991.
 Mobile Generation-3G
• 3G refers to the third generation of wireless mobile
communication technology.
• It was introduced in the early 2000s(1998) and used digital radio
signals for voice and data communication.
• It had higher capacity, better quality, and introduced mobile
internet and video calling.
• 3G technology provides an information transfer rate of at least
200 kbit/s.
• CDMA2000 is a family of 3G mobile technology standards for
sending voice, data, and signaling data between mobile phones
and cell sites.
 Mobile Generation-3.5G
• 3.5G is a grouping of disparate mobile telephony and data
technologies designed to provide better performance than 3G
systems, as an interim step towards the deployment of full 4G
capability. The technology includes:

• High-Speed Downlink Packet Access

• 3GPP Long Term Evolution, precursor of LTE Advanced
• Evolved HSPA
 Mobile Generation-4G
• 4G refers to the fourth generation of wireless mobile
communication technology.
• It was introduced in the 2008s and used advanced digital radio
signals for voice and data communication.
• It had even higher capacity, better quality, and introduced
features such as mobile broadband, video streaming, and faster
data transfer speeds.
• Potential and current applications include amended mobile web
access, IP telephony, gaming services, high-definition mobile TV,
video conferencing, 3D television, and cloud computing.
 Mobile Generation-4.5G
• 4.5G provides better performance than 4G systems, as
a process step towards deployment of full 5G
capability.
• The technology includes:

• LTE Advanced Pro

• MIMO
 Mobile Generation-5G
• 5G refers to the fifth generation of wireless mobile
communication technology.
• It was introduced in 2019 and uses advanced digital
radio signals for voice and data communication.
• It has extremely high capacity, low latency, and faster
data transfer speeds than 4G.
• It also introduces features such as massive machine-
type communication, ultra-reliable and low latency
communication, and network slicing.