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RETROPIONEERS:
ARCHITECTURE
REDEFINED
RIBA AMBASSADORS AND JANE DUNCAN
IV
© RIBA Enterprises Ltd, 2017
www.ribaenterprises.com
CONTENTS
02 Clients 10
The Future of Clients Stephen Hodder 12
How Architects Should Respond Caspar Rodgers 16
04 Professional Ethics 30
Advancing Architecture Everywhere Peter Oborne 32
Professionalism 2.0 Simon Foxell 36
05 Innovation 40
Knowledge Architects Flora Samuel 42
Connected Construction Oliver Lowrie 46
09 Business Skills 80
The Future is City Shaping Chris Williamson 82
Facilitating a Grassroots Technological Future Merlin Fulcher 86
Endnotes 90
Image credits 91
iii
iv RETROPIONEERS: ARCHITECTURE REDEFINED
INTRODUCTION essayist to present an opposite or different perspec-
tive. The result is a challenging, often disturbing,
mostly intriguing and thoughtful look at our future.
Stephen Hodder, Ambassador for Clients comes
JANE DUNCAN
to the view that ‘we are at a tipping point’. He believes
however that what clients want will not change, but
that what will change are their expectations, and the
profession needs to adapt. There is no question of
this.
Clients will demand new types of buildings that
are convenient, attractive and promote wellness,
productivity and happiness, and I hope we will be
ready to deliver them.
His guest contributor Caspar Rodgers taunts
us: how can you survive, he asks, with such an en-
cumbered business attitude? We should act more
like entrepreneurs, with profit-making as important
as making a great product; become developers, or
crowdsource funding to build social projects. Other
contributors agree with him it seems.
A building is merely a tool for clients to achieve
their aims he claims, it is the people skills which are
critical, and so he thinks that architects need a new
targeted learning strategy.
Virginia Newman, Ambassador for Equality
Diversity and Inclusion, and her guest contributor
Danna Walker are also worried, really worried about
education.
They express my own real and growing concern
among today’s educators, practitioners and the RIBA
Judging by the events of 2016/17 one thing is that the profession, with the huge increase of tuition
certain, and that is uncertainty about the future, for fees, is becoming increasingly rarefied and mono-
architects, for their clients or for the world. The pub- chrome.
lication of this book offers some poignant thoughts Virginia highlights the great work of some
from a range of passionate architectural advocates courses pioneering new routes into the profession
about our possible future challenges. including the Sheffield ‘earn and learn’ course for
I am filled with a great sense of hope. The core Part II students, where ‘joined-up thinking’ creates
of each of these essays is the same: that despite the an integrated approach between practice and edu-
changing world and the technological advancements cation. Win-win-win really.
being thrust at us, our key focus has always been and The current options for part-time courses in-
remains, people and our communication with them. clude the new independent London School of
The RIBA Ambassadors project was initiated Architecture (LSA), which is well considered and ad-
at the start of my presidency by my desire to form a vertises its course as ‘cost neutral’.
group of passionate and knowledgeable subject spe- Danna worries that Britain could soon become
cialists who would act as a mouthpiece for the RIBA “permanently divided” as a result of intergenerational
on topics which I was personally enthused by. inequality, with unequal access being embedded for
I had learned during my two years as the RIBA’s all. It is unquestionable that the training of the next
first Equality and Diversity champion, that these generation is now the responsibility of all architects.
posts offered a unique opportunity to raise the level Never has the connection between schools and
of awareness and debate within and outside of the practice been more significant for the sustainable fu-
profession. ture of the profession.
I did not proscribe the Ambassadors activities, Peter Oborn, Ambassador for Ethics advocates
but left each to promote their own agenda. I made Advancing Architecture Everywhere
only three requests: that they use their post to ele- Peter’s essay compels the RIBA to show leader-
vate their subject, that they present a series of rec- ship to its membership, as the wider context offers an
ommendations for Council to endorse, enabling new extraordinary opportunity for the profession to help
policy to be created for the Institute, and that they build a better world. He suggests we look at the ef-
produced an essay each on their topic area for pub- fects of rapid urbanisation to realise that the future
lication. cannot be like the past.
In the end each of the Ambassadors were of- The RIBA needs to recalibrate outreach in the
fered two essays, and were free to request a second context of international policy, and our communica-
v
tions and public programmes in terms of an interna- way, we could collate an enormous body of informa-
tional audience. tion on the value of the profession she argues. Those
Most of what we design doesn’t perform as it with the best knowledge and those who can commu-
should, he states, and proposes that we have a duty nicate it well reduce client risk, increase client con-
to address this in the global context. Many of the oth- fidence and allow others to learn from the process.
er ambassadors pick up this point. Oliver Lowrie analyses the process to assess
Peter’s guest Simon Foxell considers that the why, even on simple projects, their procurement
profession needs a reboot of professionalism and seems to be failing.
requires a more interactive set of responsibilities for He sees that knowledge is trapped in isolated si-
architects. los across the industry, and is not being deployed at
The challenges of serving both society and the the appropriate time in the life of a project, so build-
environment have grown ever more complex and sig- ings are not performing as predicted, and clients are
nificant he says; as a result a reciprocal, interactive getting a substandard product.
professionalism is undoubtedly challenging us. He advocates for a Connected Construction;
Architects need to design on the basis of re- to ensure that those with specialist knowledge are
search into and evidence of real-world outcomes; empowered to input at stages in the project where it
this should become the professional norm and archi- has the maximum impact, and the advantage is that
tects need to take responsibility for the whole life of ultimately it will give us a degree of autonomy
their buildings. Dale Sinclair Ambassador for Collaboration and
Many of the contributors to this book will agree Technical Advancement writes two compelling es-
that the RIBA needs to step up and act as curator in says. Change is all around us, driven primarily by
an arena of knowledge, operating an inclusive and technological innovations he thinks.
open model, benefitting all. Transition to technologies will enable buildings
Flora Samuel, Ambassador for Innovation and to be assembled rather than constructed, requiring
her guest contributor Oliver Lowrie discuss knowl- new, life-long learning processes, underpinning the
edge and process. importance of designing process as much as product
Flora argues that architectural activity sits firmly He warns of radical changes in the way we tran-
in the realm of technology and therefore needs a rig- sition from design to construction, with new ways to
orous, scientifically respected knowledge base. She connect design to construction more effectively, and
advocates for a future of the profession which would thinks that the majority of construction jobs are ripe
hinge on the way in which it organises its knowledge, for computerisation.
yet sees the vast majority of practices ignore the po- I can see the logic of this: once processes that
tential of knowledge architecture. radically reduce cost and time outcomes are rolled
If we categorise knowledge in a standardised out, why would clients continue to use traditional
design-to-construction processes? Like Oliver, Dale
thinks the architectural profession as a whole has not
yet significantly engaged with these developments.
Lynne Sullivan Ambassador for the Climate
Change Agenda and her guest contributor Chris
Burgess consider that current global commitments
demand that our approach to development is funda-
mentally reshaped; that our aim should be to achieve
net-positive benefits, for users and the planet.
Lynne argues for the vital role that architects
play in the global response to one of the greatest
challenges of our time, but thinks that our sector is
hopelessly adrift. She is concerned that UK govern-
ments of the last six years have declined to regu-
late further on sustainable buildings, and have also
abandoned a previous commitment to zero-carbon
homes.
Architects demonstrate a lack of sustainabil-
ity ‘literacy’, which is leading critics to suggest that
architects are part of the problem and not the solu-
tion, unaware of the actual carbon emissions of the
construction or operation of their building projects.
Ouch!
Architects should be powerful advocates as well
as informed practitioners, re-energised with a collec-
tive will to deliver on true sustainability.
Chris proposes new ways to incorporate the
vii
viii RETROPIONEERS: ARCHITECTURE REDEFINED
CONTRIBUTORS DANNA WALKER
Danna Walker is Founder of Built By Us,
ELENA K. TSOLAKIS
Elena is director of the award winning
former Chair of Architects for Change practice Kyriakos Tsolakis Architects
and Trustee for the Stephen Lawrence running their London office. She is
Charitable Trust. currently project architect on a NASA
Star Observatory, a Culinary School,
PETER OSBORNE a Monastery and recently completed
Peter is the former Deputy Chairman of Women’s Shelter in Cyprus, nominated
Aedas Architects Ltd and has considerable for the 2017 EU Prize for Contemporary
experience of working internationally. He Architecture Mies Van der Rohe Award.
is a National member of the RIBA Council
and was elected the RIBA’s Vice President PAUL FINCH OBE
International in October 2011. Paul Finch is Programme director of the
World Architecture Festival, as well as
SIMON FOXELL Editorial director for both Architectural
Simon Foxell is an architect and author Review and Architects’ Journal.
and principal of The Architects Practice.
CHRIS WILLIAMSON
ALBENA ATANASSOVA FLORA SAMUEL Chris Williamson is the RIBA’s Ambassador
Albena is currently an Architect at Scott Flora Samuel is Professor of Architecture for business skills and a founder Partner
Brownrigg and recently became the first in the Built Environment in the new of WestonWilliamson+Partners which was
RIBA Vice-president for Student and University of Reading School of established following their acceptance in
Associate members after having sat on Architecture and Chair of the RIBA the RIBA’s 40 under 40 exhibition in 1985
RIBA council for the past 4 years. At work Research and Innovation Group.
she is involved with the Stephen Lawrence MERLIN FULCHER
Trust work experience students and is a OLIVER LOWRIE Merlin Fulcher is a writer and competi-
business leader for well-being. Flora’s co-author, Oliver Lowrie, is a tions editor for The Architects’ Journal and
Director at Ackroyd Lowrie. Architectural Review.
VINESH POMAL
RIBA Presidential Ambassador for Young DALE SINCLAIR
Architects Dale Sinclair is an AECOM Director,
Vinesh is an architect at Levitt Bernstein the CIC BIM champion and the RIBA’s
and teaches at Leicester School of Ambassador for Collaboration and
Architecture. He is also a RIBA London Technical Advancement and is passionate
Regional Councillor and co-chairs the about developing innovative iterative inter-
RIBA Equality, Diversity and Inclusion disciplinary digital design processes.
advisory group.
LYNNE SULLIVAN
STEPHEN HODDER Lynne Sullivan has practiced as an
Stephen Hodder MBE was educated at Architect for three decades, won the UK’s
University of Manchester. He formed first Zero CO2 housing competition, and
Hodder Associates in 1992 which went on was founding Partner of sustainable-
to receive the inaugural Stirling Prize for BYdesign. She chaired and co-authored
Architecture for the Centenary Building, the Low Carbon Building Standards
University of Salford. He was RIBA Strategy for the Scottish Government, is
President 2013-15. a member of the UK Government’s Green
Construction Board, and was awarded the
CASPAR RODGERS OBE in 2011.
Stephen’s co-author, Caspar Rodgers, is
Director of Alma-nac Ltd. CHRIS BURGESS
Chris began his career working in retail
VIRGINIA NEWMAN design in London, before travelling
With over 30 years’ experience, Virginia extensively throughout Asia and the Far
Newman is a Director of KSR Architects. East. After moving to India in 1989, Chris
She takes an active role in the profes- became involved in designing and building
sion and is the RIBA›s Ambassador for sustainable community projects under the
Equality, Diversity and Inclusion. guidance of a spiritual master in 1997.
ix
01 VIEWS FROM THE
NEXT GENERATION
ALBENA ATANASSOVA AND VINESH POMAL
01
THE FUTURIST and see the whole picture.
It might be worth giving you some background…
Once a self-confident
profession, we are
It is the year 2034, which would have been the now wondering where
200th anniversary of the Royal Institute of British we sit within the
ALBENA ATANASSOVA
Architects – that is, if it still existed. The world is industry.
slowly approaching the Fourth Industrial Revolution (Harwood, 1996)1
of creating cyber-physical systems and reaching the
technological singularity. The promise of buildings
that can self-evolve and anticipate the occupants’
needs and desires has been fulfilled, thus shifting the Architecture has been
focus to buildings as a service augmenting the well- defined in terms of
being of occupants rather than being the mere prod- one activity, and that
uct of one’s design. Twenty years ago the professions activity is adding
were blindly digitising existing processes and meth- to the world. A few
ods of design while their clients were burdened with years ago I realized
unnecessarily complicated buildings that performed the profession was
very poorly. as if lobotomized – it
How we live today is very different to what I was stuck conceiving
grew up with. Now, don’t get too excited: we haven’t of itself only in terms
destroyed our planet and had to relocate somewhere of adding things and
in outer space like the films suggest. We have be- not in terms of taking
come less consumerist and vain, I guess. We don’t away or erasing
wear fancy clothes or drive expensive cars: money, in things.
fact, isn’t as important as it used to be – the currency (Koolhaus 1996)2
of today is imagination. It’s all about how people live
in the time they are given and the experiences they
have.
How did we get to this point? Some 20 years The potential for
ago virtual reality came about – with headsets and a future role for
clothing that took the user to a virtual world. At the architects within the
Dear 2016 Me, time the big hit for designers was to create an ex- built environment will
You know how sometimes you end up, in mo- perience that fully conveyed a place, a project. Your be explored, where
ments of reflection, thinking: if I could go back and clients could be taken through their new office build- the architect will act
tell myself this or that, would that change where I am ing by simply putting on their Oculus Rift headset. as the ‘holder’ of the
now? This helped them to make decisions such as picking big picture, capturing
I’m writing this letter in the year 2034, just in case office furniture, and enabled them to visualise using requirements and
we crack time travel and I can take myself back to their meeting rooms or simply being in their future proposing solutions
2016 – the year I passed all the necessary thresholds home with their family. Simulation scenarios allowed with an eye to the
to be able to call myself ‘an architect’. It’s my attempt for various ways of optimising building performanc- interests of all
to write a few dos and don’ts, reflecting on what I es: you could test emergency exit systems by plac- stakeholders.
should have done differently nearly 20 years ago. ing someone in an obscure part of a virtual building (Saxon, 2006)3
As architects we have always been driven by the model and seeing how quickly they could exit using
idea of playing a significant role – be it in society or the signage system you’d put into place. So for archi-
in an individual’s life, hoping to achieve some sort tects, this led to an intuitive understanding of spaces,
of legacy. For decades we have been lamenting the allowing them to immediately realise designs of form, In order to survive,
long lost role of the ‘master builder’, lamenting being material and space in another dimension. It gave us the architect must
further down the pecking order on design projects, opportunities to redefine how design is understood design beyond
with our roles being more and more about simply and how clients affect and co-design projects, and buildings. (Robinson et
digitising work rather than leading the project. ultimately led to fewer rounds of reworking through al, 2009)4
In the past, schools of architecture gave such the ability to review projects ‘live’ and instantly.
significance to the meaning of ‘architect’ that it was After the invention of television and the world
viewed as a respected and envied profession. More wide web, this was the next big step for humanity.
recently, younger generations have distanced them- The problem was that this soon led to a dystopia full VR is bringing
selves from this opinion, as they see the traditional of isolated individuals in VR headsets; virtual expe- designers and end-
architectural practice being very much tied to a desk riences ultimately never truly feel real until they can users together in a
space, CAD-ing away the next housing association be shared, because reality is about more than places. way we’ve never been
or developer’s optimum layout to be sold to foreign It’s about people. able to before
investors. Yet the one thing we have somehow for- And that’s what caused the next step for human- (Funk, 2016)5
gotten about is probably the most important feature ity – a move from virtual realities to augmented ones,
of our training and the one function that has saved where the real world meets the virtual one. A world
us from becoming extinct – the ability to read people where everyone and anyone could be ‘an architect’
03
of their own spaces. A world for users who want to predicting and manipulating one’s buying preferenc- Figure 1: Virtual
reality experience
interact with the virtual environment at a deeper lev- es. The Architect – a title protected fiercely by regu-
el than simply viewing it and moving around; that latory bodies of the past – in fact has disappeared.
is, who wish to manipulate objects and the space There is no separation between professions, but
itself. So here we are: people are now purchasing rather, ironically, architects are back where we start-
empty spaces with white walls and windows which ed – as master builders or, what people call us today,
they fill in with pretty much anything their imagina- ‘Futurists’: a hybrid of many professions, open-mind-
tion can create. You wake up in the morning, you put ed and collaborative in nature. Part town planner, part
your contact lenses in, and you ‘open your eyes’ – you community mediator and part technology specialist,
could be having breakfast in Venice, working in New the Futurist manages and encodes an augmented re-
York at lunchtime and rushing home to meet your ality environment within cities – a visualisation of the
best friend for their birthday party in Cape Town. One city’s future, and a real-time way to mediate between
day your room is full of books and looks like a library; the interests of local landowners, foreign investors,
on another it is a minimalistic office space with wa- local town planning authorities and the government.
tercolours on the wall and holograms appearing for a As Futurists we consider all those individual choices
chat. Storage is of course still problematic – I guess and preferences that people make on a daily basis
as humans we never quite got over the desire to pos- in order to ensure that while everyone’s wellbeing is
sess more and more, to get bored easily and then maintained and people are ‘happy’ we still have the
want more stuff; the only difference is that storage necessary systems in place to help us survive in the
is no longer physical but rather in the form of data. long term. Some of us are focused on repurposing
How is it all possible? We are all connected the empty former office buildings in the city, others
through what I could explain most simply as an aug- are working on new building materials. We don’t use
mented version of Facebook. We meet someone a mouse and keyboard, or screens at all, but rather
new, we shake hands and we exchange our finger- use our hands to put together building elements in
prints. Depending on the level of interaction we want a simulated environment that is then prototyped and
to have we could share some experiences, or invite tested before being manufactured on site.
people to experience our memories. We still have to So, dear 2016 Me, if I could give you some useful
travel to physically meet but rather than spending advice it would be this:
90% of our time commuting to work, rushing to catch • Don’t worry too much about job titles – soon they
planes, having two-day weekends, we only work five won’t matter at all.
hours a day, three days a week. The rest of the time • Never stop imagining and creating – it will come
we use to gather experiences, to help us unlock our in handy.
creativity, to make us happier and much more ful- • Challenge yourself – get to know other
filled. Ultimately one could argue that, as a result, we consultants and what they do – one day you Figure 2: Printed
are much healthier and less stressed. might have to do it yourself. floor structure
We don’t have overpopulation problems and a • Don’t worry too much about working in a big
housing crisis in London because people don’t feel office or a small office; make sure you maintain
the need to constantly relocate in search of new op- connections with your colleagues.
portunities. Whereas work used to be one of the main • Develop people skills, learn to read people, to
drivers of bringing people to one place, now we can understand them – that will be essential.
live anywhere we want and still do what we do and • Never stop dreaming of a better world.
work collaboratively. In fact, we don’t have to com-
mute at all, because conventional office spaces don’t Yours sincerely,
exist anymore. You can work anytime, anywhere; you Future Me
can have a meeting inside the model of your future
building which is not constructed yet. People have
stopped competing for that higher role as big cor-
porations don’t really exist anymore. Companies are
now replaced by individuals coming together in col-
lectives around mutual interest and ideas.
What about architects? As you can see, our
world in 2034 has somehow managed to bring out
the architect in all of us when it comes to personal
space preferences and choice of lifestyle. What used
to be ‘the profession’ today sees itself repurposed
– it no longer serves the developer in providing the
optimum building layout for them to maximise profit,
pushing the architect further down the pecking or-
der of consultants tied to RIBA Stages 3–5; nor are
architects ‘odd creatures’ tied to their desks, creat-
ing virtual environments with the sole purpose of
07
Hill balcony concept A/HA balcony concept Hanover balcony concept
Hill private sale balconies Arguddas Israel HA balconies Hanover independent living winter gardens
09
02 CLIENTS
STEPHEN HODDER AND CASPAR RODGERS
10 RETROPIONEERS: CLIENTS
Clients mean work. Without work, we can’t practise architecture.
If we can’t practise architecture, we can’t improve the social, eco-
nomic and cultural fabric of our world. And so it pays to really nur-
ture clients. Throughout my several decades of leading an architec-
tural practice, this virtuous circle has been central to my thinking.
Over that same period, I’ve seen challenges which threaten
that relationship. The profession has responded well, but at a cost.
Relentless increases in sophistication, complexity and specialisa-
tion have caught us scrambling not to be stranded as mere gener-
alists. Meanwhile, better informed clients have questioned estab-
lished hierarchies, eroding our professional status.
It’s the reason I put the client - architect relationship at the heart
of my RIBA Presidency, and accounts for my continuing involve-
ment in the RIBA Client Liaison Group’s important research. And
now that as RIBA Ambassador for Clients I’ve had the opportunity
to contemplate the future, I realise that the pattern of change that
has confronted us to this point will only accelerate. In short, we are
at a tipping point.
If anyone has the mental agility to adapt and prosper, it’s the
next generation of architects. Caspar Rodgers, my co-writer of this
chapter and fellow member of the Client Liaison Group, is a prime
example of this new cohort. Young, hungry and digitally savvy, his
growing London practice, Alma-nac, typifies the profession trem-
bling on the cusp of change.
Our essays synthesise our professional experiences with what
we’ve learnt from our research into the client - architect relationship
– but from very different perspectives. Taken together, we hope they
establish a constructive agenda for change.
11
THE FUTURE OF CLIENTS ily be our everyday routine sooner than we think.
Much sooner.
Figure 1: Bob
Champion Research
and Education Building
Three variables influence the impact of this
change: timing, penetration and speed. When will it
STEPHEN HODDER
occur? How many people will it affect? How strong
will its impact be? These questions are critical, but
the difficulty of answering them sums up the chal-
lenge for architects anticipating future client needs.
This is the nature of uncertainty – there are
multiple futures and so making business plans is a
gamble.
12 RETROPIONEERS: CLIENTS
13
More to the point, there is a strong argument By standing still while other providers change, archi- Figure 3: The Whitworth
that says the industry does what the client body pays tects’ field of influence has already shrunk. Art Gallery
for. It takes two to tango, and clients have a crucially As the RIBA’s Client Liaison Group so clearly
important role to play in choreographing change in found in its recent research, the profession needs
a famously cyclical industry. Short-termism and fear, to adapt. The trick is knowing when to do so. Get it
especially fuelled by economic slowdowns, tend to right and there are not only handsome commercial
shift the focus onto cost at the expense of value. rewards but also a continued governance of archi-
If all the players in construction procurement tectural quality so important to the social, economic
are pieces of a jigsaw puzzle, architects are the edge and cultural life of our world.
pieces. They are the traditional starting point. They The World Economic Forum1 identifies global
frame the whole picture and determine its shape and megatrends that increase the pressure to adapt for
size. everyone, clients as well as their architects and other
Until now, that is. It doesn’t take much imagina- providers.2 Looming large and already engulfing the
tion to see how vulnerable architects’ jigsaw primacy construction sector, these are amply analysed else-
is to change. If other puzzle pieces come pre-assem- where, so I shall not dwell on them. Briefly, though,
bled, or their connections are reconfigured to be eas- they are categorised into several broad, deeply inter-
ier to put together, or are bigger, or the target picture related issues:
is simplified, for example, the edge pieces are no • climate change, sustainability and resilience
longer so important. • society and the workforce
In fact, the other players are already on the • demographics, markets and customers
move. Mergers, acquisitions, specialisation, reskill- • politics and regulation.
ing, upskilling, disruptive new entrants, all buoyed They are making and will continue to make new
by emerging tech, converging tech, better market- conditions, meaning that if ‘business as usual’ ever
ing, better processes and different business models existed, which is doubtful, it has long since evaporat-
– the change is constant and pressuring architects. ed. There is already a compelling motivation to fix the
14 RETROPIONEERS: CLIENTS
industry’s shortcomings. These additional pressures • The new ways of working will be worked out
turn it into a global moral imperative. As profession- initially in larger project environments, but
als in a position to help, architects have a duty to un- inexperienced and one-off clients for smaller
derstand and respond to these trends. projects will soon catch up and expect to enjoy
Architects had better get ready quickly. In an- the same kinds of benefits.
other 30 years’ time – a mere generation from now All the technologies and tools are in place and
– clients will expect better solutions as well as im- either already market-mature or close to it: 5D BIM,
proved performance from their providers. It’s hard to surveying and mapping tech, low-cost sensors, data
say exactly when these things will happen or in what analytics, pre-assembly, robotics, AI and automation,
order, but here are some possible implications: dynamic modelling of various kinds, 3D printing,
• From their contractors, subcontractors and augmented reality, project management standards
suppliers, clients will expect the construction and protocols, different forms of contract, better ten-
process to be less wasteful, more efficient, dering, better cost-benefit analysis, better risk analy-
more cost-effective, faster and safer by far than sis. Equipped with the instruction manual for a better
it is today. construction process, the industry needs to read it
• From their architects, engineers and other and then apply it. It will take concerted collaborative
designers, or any other new entrants making effort and, of course, strong leadership from both the
the right noises, they will expect the brief to be industry and its paymasters – clients.
developed to better suit new prevailing socio- Piecemeal positive change is well under way but
economic conditions. Designs will need to be the whole construction industry needs to transform.
verifiable for the whole life of the building to This is the only possible conclusion to draw if archi-
better meet user needs and comfort. Clients tects want to meet clients’ expectations and, coin-
will require new types of buildings that are cidentally, the future needs of society. Pan-industry,
convenient, attractive and promote wellness, bilateral (client- and supply-side) engagement is go-
productivity and happiness. ing to be critical, with significant roles played by the
• From their project teams (including architects), various representative bodies, not least the RIBA.
clients will expect early joint engagement for Through all of this, architects somehow need to
an efficient, waste-free, problem-free, articulate the meaning of design quality and quantify
integrated, collaborative, best-value approach the value it adds – assuming it does. Clients are not
to the entire procurement process, with risks trained in it and can be forgiven for getting blinded
comprehensively managed through new by science, losing sight of what matters. All the tech
forms of contract. The industry has already and new systems in the world are worthless unless
made good headway on this score, but the appropriately and cleverly deployed. Architects al-
journey is far from over. One route is through ready own this territory. Now they need to convince
one-stop-shop, vertically integrated service clients to move there.
providers where the boundaries between tradi
tional disciplines are invisible.
• Clients will be expected by their investors,
insurers, markets, customers and, if they are
owner-occupier businesses, their own
business owners, to produce buildings that are
more resilient, more resource-efficient, more
flexible in use, more adaptable when uses need
to change, cheaper to run, easier to maintain,
and easier to recycle or decommission
sustainably. As the cost of transferring risk
(through insurance) becomes ever more
expensive, risk mitigation measures become
increasingly valuable.
• Clients will expect to be able to assess how
effective their buildings are over time on
standardised real-time digital dashboards.
They will expect their buildings to be equipped
with sensors to report back to them through
the Internet of Things. Just as important, they
will expect to analyse data from the Internet of
Everything to tell them how people enjoy using “Piecemeal positive
their buildings. Not only will this allow them to change is well under
monitor and fine-tune the building in use, it will way but the whole
also allow them to reflect on the value of their construction industry
chosen procurement route. needs to transform”
15
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only two years of age, was rode at the battle of Preston Pans, by a
young gentleman, who afterwards sold it to a farmer near Dunbar.
This pony, at forty-seven years of age, looked remarkably fresh;
trotted eight miles an hour for several miles together; had a very
good set of teeth; eat corn and hay well; was able to go a long
journey; and had not, to appearance, undergone the least alteration,
either in galloping, trotting, or walking, for twenty years preceding.
MUSEUM.
edited by
S. G. GOODRICH,
VOLUME II.
BOSTON:
BRADBURY & SODEN,
10 School Street.
1841.
CONTENTS OF VOLUME II.
Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1841, by S. G. Goodrich, in the Clerk’s
Office of the
District Court of Massachusetts.
MERRY’S MUSEUM.
VOLUME II.
The Siberian Sable-Hunter.
CHAPTER I.