Objectives of Lubricating System

ICE 1. Reduce wear.

2. Minimize friction power loss.

Lubrication System 3. Act as a coolant.

4. Act as a cleaner.
5. Act as a sealant.
6. Absorb shock wave resulting from the rapid pressure rise at the start of combustion.
Lecture 12 Types of Lubricating Oils
Spring 2023 1. Mineral oil: derived from crude oil.

Dr. Nader Koura 2. Semi-synthetic oil: modified mineral oils with some artificial additives for improving the
lubricating properties.
3. Synthetic oil: artificial oil better lubrication and linger life-time.
1 2

Properties Types of Lubricating systems

1. Viscosity. (high, low, SAE number, 5-20W =Winter, 30-50 =Summer, 10W-40 • Lubrication systems are classified into:
=multi-grade oil)
I. Mist lubrication system.
2. Pour point.
II. Dry sump lubrication system: oil supply
3. Flash point. is carried in an external tank where an
4. Specific weight. oil pump draws and circulates it under
5. Precipitation number. pressure. Oil dripping is removed by scavenging pump which in turn pass oil through a
filter and is fed back to supply tank.
6. Color.
III. Wet sump lubrication system: the bottom of crankcase (oil sump or pan) contains oil
7. Anti-foaming agent. which is pumped to engine components. After lubrication, oil flows back to the
8. Anti-freezing agent. sump by gravity.
9. Anti-oxidant agent. I- Mist lubrication system
10. Carbon residue. This system is only used in light-loaded 2-stroke engines.
11. Acidity. Lubrication oil is mixed with fuel with a ratio of 3% : 6%. The mixture is inducted
through the carburetor, the fuel vaporize and the oil in the form of mist goes into the
12. Water content. crankcase into the cylinders lubricating bearings, piston, piston rings and cylinders.4
3
Advantage of Using Mist Lubrication System
1. Simplicity
2. low cost
3. doesn’t require oil pump.
Disadvantage of Using Mist Lubrication System
1. Heavy exhaust smoke due to burning of lubrication oil.
2. Form deposit on piston crown and exhaust port effecting efficiency.
3. Insufficient lubrication during moving down a hill as fuel supply is low.
4. Need of some additive to give good oil mixing characteristics.
5. Corrosion of bearing surface due to acidic vapor contamination.
5 6
Types of Wet Lubricating systems
1. Pressure feed system. Ensure oil supply under pressure to all main and secondary
bearings, splash oil to cylinder walls from bottom, and leakage to all moving engine
parts. System encompasses all lube oil system-parts. Used in some CIEs and SIEs.
2. Full pressure (force) feed system. Same as in the previous system with an extra
supply of oil under pressure to small end of the connecting rod ( holes inside
connecting rods between big and small ends). Used in most CIEs and high
technology SIEs.
3. Splash feed system (mist lubrication). It is a primitive system used in
some 2-stroke SIEs. The big end of the connecting rod splashes oil to
all engine parts via one of two systems. In the first a spoon-like shaped
end dips in oil trough filled by an oil pump. While in the second there is
no pump at all and the big-end dips in the lube oil inside the oil sump.
4. Modified splash feed system. It is a modification of the previous system, where an oil
pump has two functions. It supplies lube oil only to main bearings and lubricates the
connecting rod big-end via nozzles centered under drilled hole in the big-end.

1&2 3 Components 8

1. Oil pump driven either by the cam-shaft or crank shaft.

• Gear or rotor (positive displacement type) pump that pressurizes from about 1.5 to 7
bars.
• In large-sized engines a second pump is used for priming the engine i.e., floating the
crank shaft.
• In some engines oil is cooled in a radiator or by fins in contact with the cooling water.
4 2. Oil sump (reservoir, pan, crank-case).
• Steal or aluminum alloy casted sometimes with fins for lube oil cooling in CIEs.
• Oil plug is located at the lowest point in the sump.
• If engine block is made of cast iron alloys, a magnetic plug is preferably used.
3. Oil filters.
• Small sizes for SIEs and larger sizes for CIEs and more than one can be used.
7 • Some types have a built-in relief valve that operates when the filtering media is clogged.
Components- continued
a) Coarse filter, whether fixed or floating at the lowest point in the oil sump. It is used to
collect large-sized particles and prevent it from entering the oil pump.
b) Fine filter, mostly made of cellulose or paper and must be replaced at fixed time
intervals or after certain number of operating hours or distances.
4. Oil pipes/passageways (gallery) to connect between different lubricated engine
parts.
5. Oil gauge to display the pressure value or oil indicator to indicate whether the pump
is functioning or not.
6. Dip stick, to check oil level (max. and min.)
7. Ventilation system, to relief the build-up pressure of oil to the intake pipe after the air
filter. This can be done either by a) vent and tube, or b) positive crank-case ventilation
(PCV) valve.
8. Crankcase Pressure relief (regulating) valve, as engine speed increases pump
delivers oil at higher pressures. Relief valve opens and relives some oil to the oil
sump.
9. Filling cap, to allow feeding of fresh oil.
10. Safety, engine shut-down if oil pressure drops below a set value. It is usually operated
by a pressure sensor.
11. Pressure sensor, to sense oil pressure and send signal to oil gauge/indicator. 9 10

Filtration systems 12

11
1. Full-flow filtration system, where all oil coming out of the pump is filtered
before lubricating engine moving parts. Oil is filtered down to 5μm.
2. By-pass filtration system, where only 10% of lube oil out of the pump is
filtered down to 1-2μm and is fed back to the oil sump. The rest of the lube oil
out of the pump is directly fed to the engine.
3. Combined system, to get benefit of both systems.
 Crankcase ventilation system -- PCV Valve Objectives of the PCV valve
• In an internal combustion engine, a crankcase ventilation system removes unwanted
gases from the crankcase. The system usually consists of a tube, a one-way valve and a 1. Prevent lube-oil vapor pollution.
vacuum source. The unwanted gases, called "blow-by", are mainly products of the combustion
gases and in part fresh charge during compression stroke. 2. Blow-by back into the intake.
• The PCV system uses manifold vacuum to draw vapors from the crankcase into the 3. Prevent sludge in the engine.
intake manifold. Vapor is then carried with the fuel/air mixture into the combustion
chambers where it is burned. The PCV Valve is effective as both a crankcase ventilation
system and as a pollution control device.
• Diesel engines are not required to have these valves. They either have an Open Crankcase -35 -17 38℃
Ventilation (OCV) or Closed Crankcase Ventilation (CCV) system that are typically about
90% effective in reducing PM and oil mist. However, the remaining 10% of particulate matter
and oil mist that passes through the CCV system can coke, build-up and alter the engine
turbocharger compressor surfaces thereby, reducing operating efficiency. OCV and CCV can
remove particles of contamination and oil mist down to 0.3 microns at a 99.5% efficiency
level.
• Diesels do not produce sufficient vacuum for a PCV system. They use only a crankcase
breather which is vented to the filtered side of the intake ducting. The engine can "breathe"
both in and out via the breather cap.
• On both PCV and CCV systems, the breather cap usually employs a baffle or mesh for
the purpose of preventing oil from splashing into the vent tube and entering the intake.
These systems also generally include a breather cap/filter or tube to let air into the
crankcase so that the crankcase is neither pressurized or depressurized. 13
14

16

15
 OCV and CCV filters
OCV and CCV for CIE
• Contaminated crankcase gasses are
filtered to remove contamination, soot
and oil.
• In an open system, the remaining
fumes are vented to the
atmosphere.
• In a closed system, the remaining
fumes stay in the engine, never
allowing polluted air to enter the
atmosphere.

17 18

Piston rings Piston Rings

• Objects • Function of pressure/thermal rings
1. Seal pressure inside the combustion chamber. 1. Seal pressure inside the combustion chamber.
2. Lubricate cylinder walls.
2. Remove heat away from the piston to the cylinder walls.
3. Scrub gumming materials from cylinder walls.
4. Reduce friction.
3. Minimize wear in the cylinder (variable pressure against the cylinder walls)
• Types
1. Compression/thermal rings.
2. Oil/scrubber rings.
Limit for upper
• Material piston ring
Material has to be elastic and hard. Grey cast iron is commonly used and is coat plated Piston Cylinder
with chrome. wall
• Number Limit for lower
piston ring
Ranges from 2 (in small 2-stroke cycle engines) to 3 in SIEs and up to 5 in CIEs, with
number of compression rings is the maximum.
19 20
 Carbon
21
Some types of piston
deposit on the
neck of a
rings
valve

Most pistons have

two compression
rings and one oil
control ring with
two rails and an
expander spacer. 22

1-Compression Ring-seals
the combustion chamber Piston Rings
from any leakage during the
combustion process.

2. Wiper Ring- used to further

seal the combustion chamber
and to wipe the cylinder wall
clean of excess oil.

3. Oil Ring-Wipes excess oil

from the cylinder wall during
piston movement. Openings
in the ring returns the excess
oil to the engine block. 23