xviii Contents

29.4.2 Risk-Based Fatigue Criteria for Critical Weld Details..................................................... 526

29.4.3 Risk-Based Compliance Process for Engineering Systems ............................................. 526
29.5 References ............................................................................................................................... 527
CHAPTER 30 RISK ASSESSMENT APPLIED TO OFFSHORE STRUCTURES ...................529
30.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 529
30.2 Collision Risk .......................................................................................................................... 530
30.2.1 Colliding Vessel Categories............................................................................................. 530
30.2.2 Collision Frequency ......................................................................................................... 530
30.2.3 Collision Consequence..................................................................................................... 532
30.2.4 Collision Risk Reduction ................................................................................................. 533
30.3 Explosion Risk......................................................................................................................... 533
30.3.1 Explosion Frequency........................................................................................................ 534
30.3.2 Explosion Load Assessment............................................................................................. 535
30.3.3 Explosion Consequence................................................................................................... 535
30.3.4 Explosion Risk Reduction................................................................................................ 536
30.4 Fire Risk .................................................................................................................................. 538
30.4.1 Fire Frequency ................................................................................................................. 538
30.4.2 Fire Load and Consequence Assessment......................................................................... 539
30.4.3 Fire Risk Reduction.......................................................................................................... 540
30.4.4 Guidance on Fire and Explosion Design .......................................................................... 541
30.5 Dropped Objects...................................................................................................................... 541
30.5.1 Frequency of Dropped Object Impact .............................................................................. 541
30.5.2 Drop Object Impact Load Assessment............................................................................. 543
30.5.3 Consequence of Dropped Object Impact ......................................................................... 544
30.6 Case Study - Risk Assessment of Floating Production Systems............................................. 545
30.6.1 General ............................................................................................................................. 545
30.6.2 Hazard Identification........................................................................................................ 546
30.6.3 Risk Acceptance Criteria.................................................................................................. 547
30.6.4 Risk Estimation and Reducing Measures......................................................................... 548
30.6.5 Comparative Risk Analysis.............................................................................................. 550
30.6.6 Risk Based Inspection...................................................................................................... 551
30.7 Environmental Impact Assessment.......................................................................................... 552
30.8 References ............................................................................................................................... 553
CHAPTER 31 FORMAL SAFETY ASSESSMENTAPPLIED TO SHIPPING INDUSTRY 555 ...
3 1.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 555
31.2 Overview of Formal Safety Assessment.................................................................................. 556
3 1.3 Functional Components of Formal Safety Assessment........................................................... 557
3 1.3.1 System Definition............................................................................................................. 557
31.3.2 Hazard Identification........................................................................................................ 559
3 1.3.3 Frequency Analysis of Ship Accidents ............................................................................ 562
31.3.4 Consequence of Ship Accidents....................................................................................... 563
31.3.5 Risk Evaluation................................................................................................................ 564
3 1.3.6 Risk Control and Cost-Benefit Analysis .......................................................................... 564
3 1.4 Human and OrganizationalFactors in FSA ............................................................................. 565
31.5 An Example Application to Ship's Fuel Systems.................................................................... 565
31.6 Concerns Regarding the Use of FSA in Shipping ................................................................... 566
31.7 References ............................................................................................................................... 567
CHAPTER 32 ECONOMIC RISK ASSESSMENT FOR FIELD DEVELOPMENT .................569
32.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 569
32.1.1 Field Development Phases ............................................................................................... 569
Contents XiX

32.1.2 Background of Economic Evaluation .............................................................................. 570

32.1.3 QuantitativeEconomic Risk Assessment......................................................................... 570
32.2 Decision Criteria and Limit State Functions............................................................................ 571
32.2.1 Decision and Decision Criteria ........................................................................................ 571
32.2.2 Limit State Functions ...............................................
32.3 Economic Risk Modeling ........................................................................................................ 572
32.3.1 Cost Variable Modeling ................................................................................................... 572
32.3.2 Income Variable Modeling............................................................................................... 573
32.3.3 Failure Probability Calculation ......
32.4 Results Evaluation .................................
32.4.1 Importance and Omission Factors.. ............................................. 575
32.4.2 Sensitivity Factors ............................ ............................................. 575
32.4.3 Contingency Factors....................... ............................................. 576
32.5 References ............................................................................................................................... 576
CHAPTER 33 HUMAN RELIABILITY ASSESSMENT .............................................................. 579
33.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 579
33.2 Human Error Identification...................................................................................................... 580
33.2.1 Problem Definition ........................................................................................................... 580
33.2.2 Task Analysis................................................................................................................... 580
33.2.3 Human Error Identification.............................................................................................. 581
33.2.4 Representation.................................................................................................................. 582
33.3 Human Error Analysis ............................................................................................................. 582
33.3.1 Human Error Quantification............................................................................................. 582
33.3.2 Impact Assessment........................................................................................................... 582
33.4 Human Error Reduction........................................................................................................... 583
33.4.1 Error Reduction................................................................................................................ 583
33.4.2 Documentation and Quality Assurance............................................................................ 583
33.5 Ergonomics Applied to Design of Marine Systems................................................................. 583
33.6 Quality Assurance and Quality Control (QNQC) ................................................................... 584
33.7 Human & OrganizationalFactors in Offshore Structures ....................................................... 585
33.7.1 General ............................................................................................................................. 585
33.7.2 Reducing Human & Organizational Errors in Design...................................................... 586
33.8 References ....................................................
CHAPTER 34 RISK CENTERED MAINTENANCE .................................................................... 589
34.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 589
34.1 .1 General ............................................................................................................................. 589
34.1.2 Application....................................................................................................................... 590
34.1.3 RCM History .................................................................................................................... 591
34.2 Preliminary Risk Analysis (PRA)............................................................................................ 592
34.2.1 Purpose............................................................................................................................. 592
34.2.2 PRA Procedure................................................................................................................. 592
34.3 RCM Process ........................................................................................................................... 594
34.3.1 Introduction .......... ....................................................................................................... 594
34.3.2 RCM Analysis Procedures ............................................................................................... 594
34.3.3 Risk-Centered Maintenance (Risk-CM)........................................................................... 601
34.3.4 RCM Process - Continuous Improvement of Maintenance Strategy ............................... 602
34.4 References ............................................................................................................................... 602
SUBJECT INDEX.............................................................................................................................. 603

JOURNAL AND CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS FREQUENTLY CITED .............. 607

Part I: Structural Design Principles