ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN II

DONE BY: KALEAB MELAKU RU 4224/11

DATE: AUGUST,2020

kaleabmelaku15221738@gmail.com
SUBMITTED TO: INS SINISHAW

jimma iNstitute of technology

ARCHITECTURE AND URBAN DESIGN DEPARTMENT
ABSTRACT
The document included the literature review and case study of multifunctional building; the aim
is to prepare the student for their design project. typically an attached housing unit that is rented
it is typically owned by one entity (often a partnership or corporation rather than individual),
with the various dwelling

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my gratitude to our teachers who gave us this assignment and also all the
people who helped me in this assignment including MR. Penny Chueng for instructing and
allows me to present you this international case study. Lastly for my friends and family who
helped me while this complicated time in searching and gathering the necessary needs to
complete this assignment.

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Contents
1. Introduction........................................................................................................................................6
2. DEFINATION........................................................................................................................................8
2.1 Factors Making the Mixed-Use Development Popular....................................................................8
3. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND.................................................................................................................9
3.1 The return of mixed-use development as urban design concept..................................................12
4. FUNCTIONAL ROOMS AND PROGRAMS IN A MIXED-USE BUILDING...............................................13
4.1. RESIDENTIAL(APARTMENT)...........................................................................................................14
4.1.1. Definition................................................................................................................................14
4.1.2. Historical Background of Apartments...............................................................................15
4.1.3. Types of apartment...........................................................................................................15
4.1.4. Design......................................................................................................................................16
4.1.5. Standards...........................................................................................................................17
4.1.6. Layout of Rooms in apartment.........................................................................................26
4.2. OFFICES......................................................................................................................................27
4.2.1. Private Offices.........................................................................................................................28
4.2.2. Semiprivate Offices.................................................................................................................28
4.3. RESTAURANT AND EATING PLACES..........................................................................................30
4.3.1. RESTAURANT KITCHENS..........................................................................................................34
4.4. BANKS........................................................................................................................................34
4.4.1. Description of spaces...............................................................................................................35
4.5. RETAIL SHOPS AND SUPERMARKET..........................................................................................36
4.5.1. BARBER SHOP..........................................................................................................................36
4.5.2. TAILOR AND CLEANER.............................................................................................................38
4.5.3. BEAUTY SHOP.........................................................................................................................38
4.5.4. SHOE STORES...........................................................................................................................39
4.5.5. Men’s Wear.......................................................................................................................40
4.5.6. Women's Wear..................................................................................................................40
4.5.7. SUPERMARKET..................................................................................................................40
4.5.8. DRUGSTORES.....................................................................................................................42

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 4.6. CAR PARKING............................................................................................................................42
4.6.1. Standards................................................................................................................................43
4.6.2. Parking Orientation.................................................................................................................43
4.6.3. Parking types...........................................................................................................................46
5. Design consideration of a Mixed-use buildings....................................................................................46
5.1 Entrances of Apartments................................................................................................................46
5.2 Circulation.......................................................................................................................................47
5.2.1. Vertical Circulation..................................................................................................................47
5.2.2. Horizontal Circulation...........................................................................................................48
5.3 Corridors........................................................................................................................................50
5.4 Communal outdoor space.............................................................................................................50
5.5 Private outdoor space ‐ courtyards..............................................................................................51
5.6 Private outdoor space – balconies.................................................................................................51
5.6 Acoustic privacy.............................................................................................................................52
5.7. NATURAL VENTILATION.......................................................................................................52
5.7.1. Window ventilation................................................................................................................53
5.7.3. Door ventilation.....................................................................................................................53
5.8. DAY-LIGHTING..........................................................................................................................54
5.9. FIRE PROTECTION AND ESCAPE.........................................................................................56
5.9.1. Fire protection.........................................................................................................................56
5.9.2. External fire spread..................................................................................................................57
5.9.3 Fire Escape................................................................................................................................57
5.10. Building Facades.........................................................................................................................58
5.11. Material Selection.........................................................................................................................59
5.12. Building Setbacks.........................................................................................................................62
5.12.1. Front yard setbacks................................................................................................................63
5.12.2. Side setbacks (side yards)......................................................................................................64
5.12.3. Second Side yard setbacks.....................................................................................................65
5.12.4. Rear yard setbacks.................................................................................................................65
6. Conclusion............................................................................................................................................66
Case study................................................................................................................................................68
Local Case Study.................................................................................................................................68

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 INTERNATIONAL CASESTUDY....................................................................................................72

Literature review
1. Introduction
A mixed-use development is a real estate project with planned integration of some combination
of retail, office, residential, hotel, recreation or other functions. It is pedestrian-oriented and
contains elements of a live-work-play environment. It maximizes space usage, has amenities and
architectural expression and tends to mitigate traffic and sprawl.
A mixed-use development is not a standardized product form. It can differ in location because it
can be built in an urban setting or a suburban setting. The density levels are generally higher in
an urban setting but not necessarily. It can differ in relation to its surroundings. It can be a higher
density infill project in an established urban setting or it can be a development in the growth
corridor in a suburban setting. It can also differ in configuration.

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Contemporary cities disperse in a very dynamic way. Development of modern urban structures
follows the tendencies of efficient space management which manifests itself in the form of a
multifunctional building. At present more and more complex multifunctional objects are being
designed, where their structure can be defined as a complex system. Currently architects are
obliged to adjust the design of the building to the law and this is sufficient. However, due to the
complexity of the designed structures, the multi-criteria approach is required, as presented in the
paper. Multifunctional buildings are absorbing an increasing number of people through an ever-
expanding service sector. Urban centers are expanding mainly through the development of
increasingly large areas. The development of urbanized areas naturally assumes the expansive
character of urban agglomeration. This process can be determined organic because of total
control over it nobody can handle. At present, spatial planning is concerned in control of urban
sprawl. Opposition to expansive urban sprawl should be the intensive use of existing space
resources. The increase in investment in the currently used space will minimize horizontal
development interfering with the environment.

Multifunctional buildings are one of the predominant buildings of today's urban agglomeration.
However, it is difficult to introduce any systematic among objects that exist. It can be said that
the integration of functions in one building is currently associated with the expectations of an
investor who defines his demands in the project. From a theoretical and practical point of view, it
would be beneficial to combine functions with respect to the wider environment. Such an
approach is beneficial not only for functional reasons. The benefits of combining urban functions
into an integrated one are significant. Multifunctional systems also have a social, economic and
environmental dimension. Multi-criteria design approach is a systematic way to define the design
process to reach the basic values of sustainable development.
A mixed-use development can take four general forms. These are: -
• First, it can be a single high-rise structure on a single site that contains two or more uses
integrated into the structure. Typically, this form of the mixed-use development has retail on the
street level with offices over the retail and either residential units or hotel space over the office
space.
• Second, it can be two or more high-rise structures on a single site with each structure holding a
different use. The office building, residential tower (condominium ownership) and a hotel are the
typical combination. Retail, but different forms of it, can also exist on the ground levels of each
use.
• Third, the mixed-use development can be a combination of different low-rise structures on a
single site with retail on the ground level with residential units above in one structure and office
space above in another structure.
• Fourth, it can be a single mid-rise structure on a single site typically in an urban setting with
retail on the ground and residential or office above. Depending on the developer’s insights and
opportunities, each of the four forms of mixed-use developments in the previous paragraph can
be built in an urban or a suburban setting, and it can be considered an infill project or an
expansion project.

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 2. DEFINATION
Multifunctional building is a structure that contains at least two different destination spaces, but
most of present realizations contain a large number of them. In general, multifunctional building
contains a large amount of functions, mixed-used spaces that create a complex system.
Multifunctional building allows to use the urban space in a more efficient and compact way.
Two differentiating terms about the uses in a mixed-use development appear in the literature.
They are “cornerstone use” and “dominant use.” The cornerstone use is the most viable and
profitable use in the project. It drives the development concept as well as the decisions about the
suitability and compatibility of the other uses in the project. The dominant use is the use that
takes up the most space in the project. The dominant use might not be the cornerstone use but it
needs to be financially strong.

2.1 Factors Making the Mixed-Use Development Popular

From the developer’s perspective a mixed-use development is identified as being a popular
format because it is perceived as providing the following benefits:
• Convenience of live-work-play options in a single location
• Satisfying the desire to live in more of a small-town (e.g. "Main Street") environment. This
desire is brought about by changing demographics and psychographics favoring the property
type
• Reducing traffic congestion
Again, from the developer’s perspective a mixed-use development is fostered by the following
occurrences:
• Rising land prices
• Encouragement by local public agencies (economic development, planning, zoning board, etc.)
Finally, a developer’s “optimal land use plan” for a mixed-use development has been stated as:
• Highest land density
• Most rapid absorption of finished sites at the highest price
• Highest present value of the project

3. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
The medieval village is a perfect example of a functional, productive example of a functional,
productive community, incorporating all of the rule’s community, incorporating all of the rules
of mixed of mixed -use development.
A medieval village was typically located A medieval village was typically located on a hill
protected by walls. The smaller on a hill protected by walls. The smaller the circumference of the
walls, the more the circumference of the walls, the denser the village. dense the village. By
building all property uses close by building all property uses close together, the walls were able

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to protect together, the walls were able to protect the village more securely than if the village
more securely than if the village were spread out over many villages were spread out over many
hundred acres.

FIG1.1: Mixed use buildings and city structure of medieval Europe

As the population of a village grew, density was contained within the density was contained
within the limitations of the walls until no further limitations of the walls until no further growth
could be supported. Only then were new ramparts constructed. Rules for Building a Medieval
Village

 Compactness.

 Density.

 Mixed uses & Limited transportation systems.

As cities sprouted from medieval villages, they medieval villages, they adopted many of the
adopted many of the principles common to a mixed -use community. In this time the mixed-use
development strategies started to spread where Europeans move and there were in USA and
other counties.
As the populations of early American cities swelled to American cities swelled to dangerous
levels, local dangerous levels, local governments began to mandate segregation of uses for the
health and welfare of its citizens.

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 FIG1.2: New York city in1890 before Euclidian zoning

Zoning was first used as a method for local government to control development in New York
City, in 1916.
The Concept of Zoning Local government has the right to regulate how a private property can be
developed under the police powers granted to government.

“Ambler v. Village of Euclid, Ohio  The Village of Euclid, Ohio, down The Village of Euclid,
Ohio, down-zoned a zoned a parcel of ground owned by the Ambler parcel of ground owned by
the Ambler Realty Company from industrial, which Realty Company from industrial, which was
valued at the time at $10,000 per was valued at the time at $10,000 per acre, to residential, which
was valued at acre, to residential, which was valued at $2500 an acre. $2500 an acre.  Ambler
sued, and in 1926, the U.S. Ambler sued, and in 1926, the U.S. Supreme Court validated the
concept of Supreme Court validated the concept of zoning. zoning.”

After the case was upheld in court, the concept of Euclidian Zoning –where in land use is
segregated into separate distinct areas –became the dictate by local governments when deciding
how and where their town should grow.
Modern zoning practices assigned land uses according to function Houses were segregated from
commerce, work, and school. From the 1910s through the 1950s finely mixed land uses were
rare in new developments. In the 1960s and 70s mixed use re-emerged, as a tool for urban
revitalization, in large- scale projects referred to among the development community as MXDs
(Mixed-use Developments) MXDs were variations on PUDs (Planned Unit Developments). In
the late 1970s and 80s, mixed-use developments were built on smaller scales than older MXDs
and PUDs They also were more integrated with their urban contexts, as interest in historic
preservation grew. In the 1990s–2000s, mixed use emerged as a key component of Transit
Oriented Development (TOD), Traditional Neighborhood Development (TND), Livable
Communities, and Smart Growth principles.
In Europe, advocates of the Garden City Movement were attempting to think through these
issues and propose improved ways to plan cities based on zoning areas of land so that conflicts
between land uses would be minimized. Modernist architects such as Le Corbusier advocated
radical rethinking of the way cities were designed based on similar ideas, proposing plans for

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Paris such as the Plan Violin, Ville Contemporize and Ville Radiuses that involved demolishing
the entire center of the city and replacing it with towers in a parklike setting, with industry
carefully sited away from other uses.
In the United States, another impetus for Euclidian zoning was the birth of the skyscraper. Fear
of buildings blocking out the sun led many to call for zoning regulations, particularly in New
York City. Zoning regulations, first put into place in 1916, not only called for limits on building
heights, but eventually called for separations of uses. This was largely meant to keep people
from living next to polluted industrial areas. This separation however, was extended to
commercial uses as well, setting the stage for the suburban style of life that is common in
America today. The introduction of mass transit systems; the private automobile, bus, rail
systems, highways and motorways, led to the creation of dispersed, low-density cities where
people could live very long distances from their workplaces, shopping centers and entertainment
districts.

3.1 The return of mixed-use development as urban design concept

There was a rapid increase in population and urbanization patterns in most town and cities during
the 20th century. The population and urbanization growth rate were more than the rate of
infrastructural development. This led to severe urban issues such as vehicular and human
congestion, urban sprawl, slums, pollution and pressure on the available infrastructure and
services. Considerable amount of time could be spent in commuting to and from work. There
were environmental and sanitation issues because towns and cities developed without the
necessary infrastructural and services layout. Large amount of fuel was needed by commuters for
their vehicles hence, considerable portions of their incomes was spent on transportation. The
health of individuals was also affected since due to the stress involved in commuting to and from
work. Carbon emissions from vehicles also polluted the environment.
In order to alleviate these urban issues and it their associated problems, people started looking
for employment close to where they live. Also, large residential neighborhoods served as a
source of market for commercial activities. Hence, residential activity gravitated towards
commercial activity and vice versa. Also, the advent of information and telecommunication
technology made it possible for people to live and work from the same location. The mixed-use
building type is not only aggressively reappearing in our cities throughout the world as high-
density, urban in-fill mixed-use developments but is also beginning to emerge as a critical
component of large commercial developments.

4. FUNCTIONAL ROOMS AND PROGRAMS IN A MIXED-

USE BUILDING
The functions and programming that are included in mixed use development are different but
mostly they are:

 Residential

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  Manufacturing
 Entertainment
 Community/Cultural Community/Cultural
 Religious
 Office
 Hotel
 Retail
 Parking etc.………

4.1. RESIDENTIAL(APARTMENT)
4.1.1. Definition
Apartment will deal with multifamily living in general, with some additional attention to the
problems of the medium- and high-rise building type (i.e. building types which require a degree
of vertical servicing).

An apartment is a self-contained housing unit that occupies only part of a building. Apartments
may be owned (by an owner-occupier) or rented (by tenants).

The term "apartment" is favored in North America, whereas the term "flat" is sometimes, but not
exclusively, used in the United Kingdom and most other English-speaking areas and
Commonwealth nations

Some apartment-dwellers own their own apartments, either as co-ops, in which the residents own
shares of a corporation that owns the building or development; or in condominiums, whose
residents own their apartments and share ownership of the public spaces. Most apartments are in
buildings designed for the purpose, but large older houses are sometimes divided into
apartments. The word apartment connotes a residential unit or section in a building. In some
locations, particularly the United States, the word specifically connotes a rental unit owned by
the building owner, and is not typically used for a condominium.

When there is no tenant occupying an apartment, the lessor is said to have a vacancy. For
apartment lessors, each vacancy represents a loss of income from rent-paying tenants for the time
the apartment is vacant (i.e., unoccupied). Lessors' objectives are often to minimize the vacancy
rate for their units. The owner of the apartment typically when transferring possession to the
occupant(s) gives him/her the key to the apartment entrance door(s) and any other keys needed to
live there, such as a common key to the building or any other common areas, and an individual
unit mailbox key. When the occupant(s) move out, these keys are typically returned to the owner.

Apartments can be classified into several types. One is a Studio, efficiency, bedsit, or bachelor
style apartment. These all tend to be the smallest apartments with the cheapest rents in a given
area. These kinds of apartment usually consist mainly of a large room which is the living, dining,
and bedroom combined. There are usually kitchen facilities as part of this central room, but the
bathroom is its own smaller separate room.

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Moving up from the efficiencies are one-bedroom apartments where one bedroom is a separate
room from the rest of the apartment. Then there are two-bedroom, three-bedroom, etc.
apartments. Small apartments often have only one entrance/exit.

4.1.2. Historical Background of Apartments

Apartment buildings have existed for centuries. In the great cities of the Roman Empire, because
of urban congestion, the individual house, or domes, had given way in early imperial times to the
communal dwelling, except for the residences of the very wealthy. Four stories were common,
and six-, seven-, or eight-story buildings were occasionally constructed
By 18th century, when tall blocks of flats for middle-class tenants began appearing. In the typical
Parisian apartment building, the size of the apartments. By the mid-19th century, large numbers
of inexpensive apartment houses were under construction to house swelling numbers of
industrial laborers in cities and towns across Europe and in the United States
The modern large apartment building emerged in the early 20th century with the incorporation of
elevators, central heating, and other conveniences that could be shared in common by a
building's tenants. Apartments for the well-to-do began to offer other amenities such as leisure
facilities, delivery and laundry services, and communal dining rooms and gardens.
4.1.3. Types of apartment
Apartment types are a way of describing apartments based on characteristics.
These are;
1.The number of levels
2.The orientation and number of walls
3.The number of bedrooms
4.1.4. Design
4.1.4.1. Simplex apartments
• Most common and simplest type.
• All the components are in one level.
• Size varies from Efficiency up to Multi-bedroom unit.
• Simplex and most economic to build.
• Simplified circulation.
• Planning can be followed in High-rise as well as in Garden Apartment.
• More floor area due to corridors and stairs.
• The type is usually blend with other type
4.1.4.2. Duplex apartments
• located on two levels.
• Living, dining and kitchen on one level and sleeping on upper level.
• Separation of sleeping and living provides greater privacy.

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 • Elimination of corridor and elevator as the economic factor.
• Both levels can have through ventilation.
• Need of interior stair – sever problem for handicapped and elderly people.
• Has more prestige and values than other.
• Expensive than conventional
4.1.4.3. Triplex apartments
• Located on three different levels
• Functions are similar to that of duplex type
• Restricted to most luxurious hi-rise apartment.
• Greater privacy and livability
• Interior staircase most be provided
4.1.4.4. Efficiency apartments
• One large space-living, dining, sleeping, kitchen and toilet.
• Apartment for single person, newly married couple, elderly etc.
• Referred as “STUDIO APARTMENT" when efficiency units’ increase.
• Often less than minimum area is provided for subsidiary functions
4.1.5. Standards
When the apartment to be searched is occupied, probable cause searches will follow these
guidelines, a variety of apartment types could include a range of the following:

• Unit sizes, including studio apartments, 1, 2, 3+ bedroom apartments; and

• Including additional living areas such as studies; and
• Apartment design and internal layout, including dual aspect, loft and mezzanine and cross-over
apartments (with two opposite aspects and a change in level between one side of the apartment
and the other),

Unless otherwise specified in a Neighborhood Plan, Master Plan or other approved area strategy,
all apartments have floor areas greater than the following minimum standards:

 Studio apartments 40sqm

 1-bedroom apartments 50sqm
 2-bedroom apartments 70sqm
 3+ bedroom apartments 95sqm

For the purposes of above calculation of apartment floor area excludes balconies and garages.
The internal storage area required under section can be included as part of this calculation.

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Studio apartments less than 40sqm may be acceptable where there is extensive provision of
shared facilities e.g. laundry, lounge, storage etc.

4.1.5.1. STUDIO
A one-room apartment, combining living area, bedroom and kitchen into a single space. The
bathroom is a separate room, and though it often comes with a full bath, many studio
apartment layouts include only a shower.
This is a studio apartment, that has an alcove off the main room. Often referred to as an "L-
shaped" studio. The alcove is usually utilized as a bedroom, allowing the tenant to "hide"
their bed from the main living area, often by utilizing a screen or curtains.
 Studios apartment are small flat/apartment with one main room for living and sleeping in
a usually a kitchen and separated bath room.
 And these spaces are defined using several techniques
 this can be by orientation of furniture as well as the position of the room.
 Studio apartments should not be less than 40m2.
Living spaces
Functionality = Living room is a room in a residential house for relaxing and socializing. Such a
room is sometimes called a front room when it is near the main entrance.
Program = Necessary planning considerations include: provision of adequate floor and wall
space for furniture groupings; segregation of traffic ways from centers of activities; ease of
access; and a maximum of flexibility.
Living spaces with minimum standard of 12m2

Arm chair dimension table arm chair

Dining space
Should include minimum dining space of 2m2.
It is often desirable to have space in the kitchen or eating snacks, breakfast etc. and

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use the dining room for main meals only. This can be provided by including a
retractable table, with a height of 70-75cm, which is pulled out of a base unit. A movement area
of a t least 80cm is needed to the left and right of the table.

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Dining room space and furniture standard Space clearance in dining space Sitting and dining
chair
Kitchen
Functionality = It is a room or part of a room used for cooking and food preparation, food
preservation, storage of food and utensils and also in many cases, for eating.
Program =Since more time and effort are frequently spent in the kitchen than in any other area of
the house, careful planning is especially important. This requires careful selection of appliances
and storage units and convenient arrangement of the area.
Standard = Kitchen space with Minimum standard 0f 6m 2. (Exclude wall around the dining and
door openings).
Despite increasing standardization, the dimension and manufacturing ranges of kitchen fitting
still vary considerably. Built in units are generally available from20- 120cm [in 5cm steps],
usually with a height of 85cm.

Minimum kitchen space and furniture standard Space Clearance Kitchen center compacted
kitchen
Sleeping space
Sleeping spaces with minimum standard of 9m2. (excluding wall enclosure)

Standard
sleeping space Single bed Double
bed
Bed standards and types
King size bed - 2m*2m /2m*2.1m
Queen size -1.5m*2m/1.5m*2.1m

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Double size -1.5m*2m/1.5m*2.1m
Twin size -1m*2m (single size)
Storage space
For studio apartments there should be at least 4m 2 storage space and with minimum height of 2m
from the finished floor to upper part or the space.

Bath rooms
Functionality = Activities commonly performed in the bathroom include washing of hands, face,
and hair, bathing, elimination, and grooming.
Program = The room arrangement should permit more than one family member to us its
facilities at the same time. Sound control - Noise can be reduced by proper placement
Standard = Bath rooms with minimum standard of 4m2.

Minimum bath room standard and furniture standard

Bath unit toilet bowl WC under sloped roof

4.1.5.2. One bed Room apartment

A one-bedroom apartment includes a bedroom with a closet and a door that closes, a separate
living room area, at least one separate bathroom (some luxury one-bedroom apartments include
an additional half-bath), and, often, a separate kitchen. One-bedroom apartment characterized by
the bedroom is a separate room from the rest of the apartment. And also, like studio contains a
separated bath room, but 1 bed apartment add common toilets in addition to bath rooms. And
minimum area for one bed room apartment building is 50m2.

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 Size: 56 sum to 59 sqm1 Powder/Toilet room and End-suite bathroom.

No. of Units: 58 Apartment Size: 56 sq. to 59 sq.

Max Occupancy: 2 persons* Configurations: Kitchen/ Living / Dining Area

2 adults + 1 children below 12 years (without Floor: 1- 6 View: normal

extra bed) Flooring: Parquet (hard-wood)

* Extra bed is not possible in this type of

View: normal
Apartment

Living room
Living room of 1 bed room apartment is separated from other spaces and these are furniture of
living room in the place of studios.

Two seats
coffee table
Kitchen
Kitchen with minimum standard of 12 m2including breakfast or snack area.

Kitchen with breakfast area

Bed room
No additional consideration than studios but separated from other spaces.

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Closet Section

4.1.5.3 Two Bed Room

Apartment
These apartments include 1 more additional bed rooms than 1 bed room and minimum standard
of 2 bed room apartment is 70 m2
Size: 60m2/645ft2
Max capacity: 6persons
Rooms: 1x bedroom, living room with kitchen
Living room
These is additional to 1 bed room.

3 seats
Dining room
Minimum standard of a room which accommodates for 6 people is around 14 m2 and this could
be possible lay out of plan.

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Storage space
Minimum storage space for 2 bed room apartment is 5m2 with minimum 2m high.
Bed room 1
This bed room should contain a bed with queen size and should have 70 cm clearance around the
bed, and closet with standard of 1mX0.6m per person.
Bed room 2
The room should contain single bed, and closet.
Common toilet and shower
This is additional room which is not present in studios which is additional to the bath room.
Minimum space requirement for this room is 3.2m2.

Fig.12. standard size of two-bedroom apartments

4.1.5.4. Three Bed Room Apartment

Three, four- and five-bedroom apartments are similar to a two-bedroom apartment, with the
difference being additional bedrooms. Apartments of this size are fairly uncommon, but can be
found in a variety of types of buildings. In densely populated areas like NYC, they generally
account for about 5% of available apartments. These are apartments which include 3 beds which
are separated and these apartments should be minimum 90 m2.
Laundry
These are spaces provided in order to wash clothes and give also other services supporting to
washing. Services provided in this space is washing clothes, drying clothes, ironing as well as a

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place for storage space if the service is commercial. Space anthropometry and furniture
dimension.

SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR DISABLED

Requirements include: ramps of 6 % slope, corridors at least 915mm wide; doors 815mmclear
opening with lobbies 460mm wider than the door on the latch side. Bathrooms require: 1.52 m
central turning space and 2.75m width, specially designed fittings and grab bars. Between beds
and furniture, 910mm space is required; 685mm for knee space; switches set 1.2m high. For
window calls, mirrors, etc., note that wheelchair eye level is 1.07-1.37m high.

4.1.6. Layout of Rooms in apartment

Physical characteristics of a site may impose limitations on a building program; therefore, an
early analysis of site data and conditions should be undertaken by the architect in order to
ascertain and evaluate such limitations.
A survey indicating boundaries, contours, or spot elevations is necessary and, in the case of
difficult sites, such a survey may indicate terrain and other conditions which will strongly
influence design decisions. Limitations imposed by difficult terrain-in addition to those imposed
by local laws or ordinances may limit such items as location of driveways and parking entrances.

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 Fig: corner aspect of an apartment

Fig: Apartment Layout:

Furniture

4.2. OFFICES
The location has number of advantages it allows all window space to be utilized as rentable
office space and depending up on the configuration of the building plan will permit offices of
varying depths to receive natural light. The central location is also extremely convenient in terms
of access and in some cases may be equidistant for all sides. This simplifies area division and
provides good flexibility of tenant distribution in the same way.

4.2.1. Private Offices

The private office is the most controversial problem facing the space planner. The assignment of
private offices and the type of partitioning to be used are issues to be settled by top management
acting on the advice and recommendations of the space planner. Private offices should be
assigned primarily for functional reasons, I. e., nature of work, visitor traffic, or for security
reasons. When private offices are provided, they should be only large enough for the occupant to

22
conduct his normal business with a reasonable degree of dignity. The following are some of the
factors requiring consideration prior to making the assignment:

4.2.2. Semiprivate Offices

The semiprivate office is a room, ranging in size from 150 to 400 sq. ft., occupied by two or
more individuals. These offices can be enclosed by ceiling-high, three-quarter-high,
or bank-type partitions. Examples of semiprivate offices are shown. Because of the loss of
flexibility introduced by the use of the partitions required to enclose these offices, the same rigid
review given private offices should be employed. Generally, the need to house members of a
work team or other groups of employees assigned to a common teak is an acceptable justification
for semiprivate acccr111nrodations.

Furniture arrangement
Circulation
This is the area required to conveniently permit ingress and egress to work stations. The size of
an aisle should be governed by the amount of traffic it bears. The following standards with
regard to internal circulation will be applied in space planning surveys:
1. Aisles leading to main exits from areas which carry substantial traffic (main aisles) should be
60 in.(160cm) wide.
2. Aisles which carry a moderate amount of traffic (intermediate aisles) should be 48 in.(130cm)
wide.
3. Aisles between rows of desks (secondary aisles) should be approximately 36 in.(100cm) wide.

Work Flow
The relationship of individuals, as determined by operating procedures, must be the governing
factor in any layout.
The development of a layout which conforms to and complements the predominant work flow
requirements of an office is perhaps the most important phase of space planning.

23
 By the systematic study of the operations, processes, and procedures involved in individual (or
group) tasks.

Straight-Line Principle
In a well-planned office, paper goes from one desk to another with the least amount of handling,
traveling, and delay. Work should progress in a series of straight lines with a general forward
movement, avoiding cries-cross motion and backward flow. When the layout is being developed,
the flow pattern can be traced from desk to desk. Caution must be exercised, however, since the
straight-line work principle cannot be adapted to all activities, particularly those headquarter or
departmental offices whose staff activities do not lend themselves to assembly-line processing.

GENERAL PRINCIPLES
Work flow the relationship of individuals, as determined by operating procedures must be the
governing factor in any layout.
The development of a layout which conforms to and complements the predominant work flow
requirements of an office is perhaps the most important phase of space planning. By the
systematic study of the operations, processes, and procedures involved in individual (or group)
tasks, the planner can assist management by providing work station patterns which ensure a
smooth, straight-line flow of work.
It should be understood that space planning does not conflict with or overlap the field of methods
and systems analysis.

4.3. RESTAURANT AND EATING PLACES

Dining area. The number of times a seat is occupied during a given period is commonly referred
to as "turnover." The turnover per hour, times the number of seats available, gives the total
number of patrons who can be served in an hour. If peak loads, or number to be served at one
time, are known, the number of seats required can be estimated. Turnover re tea tend to vary, for
they are influenced by such factors as the amount of food eaten, the elaborateness of the service,

24
and the diner's time allowance. A breakfast meal of few foods may be eaten more quickly than
dinner, and a simple fare faster than e many-course meal.

It is often appropriate to have not only major storage areas but also interim, smaller storage
facilities. As the cost of labor increases, many designers are rethinking the old concept of having
a single walk-in refrigerator, for example, and locating smaller process refrigerators strategically
throughout the layout.

Turnover is quickest in dining rooms where food has been prepared in advance for fast service
and where patrons serve themselves and bus their soiled dishes. The turnover time is speeded up
10 percent by patrons removing their soiled dishes and that tables are quickly available for other
guests. Deluxe service for leisure dining, involving removal and placement of several courses,
takes the longest time.
Although specific turnover may vary from 10 minutes to 2 hours, actual eating time is normally
10 to 15 minutes for breakfast, 15 to 20 minutes for lunch, end 30 to 40 minutes.

fig

25
TABLE AND CHAIR UNITS
Desirable seating layouts, and necessary clearances are needed in restaurants. Tabulations are
divided into three groups. The most luxurious establishments ordinarily use as minima the largest
figures given, and vice-versa.
BOOTHS
There are, in some localities, code and other restrictions on booth furniture dimensions.
Authorities having local jurisdiction should be consulted. One designer consulted regarded the 2-
person booth (side-by side) as a waste of space; others recognize that conditions may arise when
no other type of furniture will suffice. Booth seats for more than four persons close are also
commonly encountered.
NONDINING SPACES
Diagrams, tables and other date given in and below illustrate only a few of the many types of
non-dining spaces and clearances required. Data included here may, however, suggest methods
of solving most problems.
CASHIER SPACE
Preferred location for the cashier's desk or counter, is on the right-hand side of the door when
leaving, in order to avoid cross-traffic and resulting congestion. Dimensions vary from those
given in the table according to what merchandise is sold by the cashier and can beat be
determined in conjunction with each job. If quantities of tobacco, etc., are sold, a back-wall case
may be necessary.
COAT CHECKING
selection of type and size depends on the job under consideration. It is generally considered
uneconomical, except in the most luxurious restaurants, to provide check rooms capable of
accommodating garments for the peak load of patrons, for the following reasons:
(1) Women usually do not check coats;
(2) not all male patrons check coats; (3) space required can usually be used otherwise to greater
advantage. The Albert Pick Co. estimates that approximately 5 garments can be hung per linear
foot on each side of the type of racks diagrammed. Use of coat trees in dining areas is formed
"necessary but never desirable." These occupy approximately 20 by 20 in., are 72 in. high, and
can accommodate 8 garments per costumer.
Overshoe racks are considered undesirable; umbrella racks, desirable in check rooms.

26
4.3.1. RESTAURANT KITCHENS
Usually foodstuffs are received and immediately stored. Generally, there are refrigerated, frozen,
and dry storage areas and these logically should be adjacent to receiving areas and should also be
readily accessible to the preparation facilities.
It is often appropriate to have not only major storage areas but also interim, smaller storage
facilities. As the cost of labor increases, many designers are rethinking the old concept of having
a single walk-in refrigerator.
Certain of the preparation processes may be located in separate floors. A bakery, for example,
may be tucked out of the way.

fig

4.4. BANKS
Bankers of today have recognized the increased mobility of the nation and the financial needs of
the average homeowner, and in combining the two have arrived at a new expression and image
for the bank.
"The banks will be made more inviting through the further use of glass, color, and art; and by
offering their services more conveniently; and through increased point of contact at the street and
through drive-in facilities."' The innovation of the drive-in and walk-up window recognizes
today's informal, mobile living and extends the bank's services to make them more attractive and
more convenient to the public. Flexibility, then, becomes a key word in bank design.

Fig

27
4.4.1. Description of spaces
1. Public spaces
a. Lobby: This must be easily accessible to the public, contains reception/ information, loan
officers, tellers, and check-writing desks.
(1) If located on the lower level or Banking second floor of a building, escalators are
recommended for public conveyance to the lobby.
(2) Tellers should be located so that they are easily accessible and so that the spaces
surrounding them allow easy circulation of the public.
(3) Loan officers and others who have direct contact with the customer should be readily
available.
(4) Check-writing desks should be placed so as not to block circulation, especially of the
lineup space in front of the tellers.
b. Tellers are usually located at one side of the bank to allow for expansion. This is usually
considered to be the most flexible of all schemes.
C. Officers' plat for. This should provide open space for contact officers, cubicles for collection
officers, and offices for the installment loan and commercial loan officers. A conference room
should be provided in this area unless the need warrants more than one.
d. Access: access to the safety deposit vault should be provided for customers. Access to the
money vault for tellers should be provided.
Bank vault

The above plans are recommended for single-aisle vaults up to 14' inside clear widths. Interior
vault dimensions should be established in accordance with individual requirements and the
emergency vault ventilator should be located through a convenient wall area that is exposed
inside the building. Location of the vault alarm control cabinet is designed [sic] by "A" and

28
should be recessed in the vault wall when If interferes with the removal of the bond boxes. When
the vault width is 14' or more, refer to double- or multiple-aisle vault plans.

4.5. RETAIL SHOPS AND SUPERMARKET

4.5.1. BARBER SHOP
The typical five-chair barber shop can be accommodated in a store 14 by 42 ft. in size. A shop
for a small community ordinarily has a single shampoo basin; if individual basins are required at
all barber chairs, space requirements have to be slightly increased

SHOP CLEARANCES
A. 10' 9" 3.01M
B. 4' 6" 1.11M
C. 7' 6" 2.11M
D. 4'-0" 1.01M
Manicure table: 2'-4” 4'-6" 0.5-1.11M X 1.11M-1.8M

Protection against theft is provided ordinarily by keeping stock in a vault at night, and by
installing alarm systems at all windows and doors. Where available, various private, police, or
similar protective agency systems are usually interconnected.

Conveniences installed for customers' comfort include private telephone booths, drinking
fountains, and a lavatory, as well as vanity tables.

SPACE UNIT
a. 3'-0" 0.83M
b. 1' 6" “0.44M

29
c. 1'-6" 0.44M
d. 4' 6" 1.27M
4.5.2. TAILOR AND CLEANER
The schematic plan here presented shows areas required for the various functions in a complete
small tailoring and cleaning establishment. If a tailors’ shop is the only requirement (for pressing
and repairs) and cleaning work is sent out, cleaning and boiler-room areas may be omitted.

PRESSING UNIT
Vacuum steam unit: 2' 6' x 7' 9 " 0.7m x 2.19m
Pressing machine: 5'-9" x 3'-0", 5'-0"or 6'-0" 1.6m x 0.8m, 1.38m or 1.6m
Tables and racks: 2'-0"wide, 0.55m
HANDWORK AREA
Tables: 3'-0" x 6' 0". 2'-6" x 5'-6" 0.83m x 1.6m, 0.72m x 1.55m
Sewing: 3'-6" x 6'-0" 1m x 1.6m
Finishing board: 4'x0" x 6' 0" 1.11m x 1.66m
Hanging rack: 2' 0" wide, 0.55m

4.5.3. BEAUTY SHOP

The typical small beauty shop has to contain at least six to eight booths in order of do enough
business to be successful. If manicuring is to be done in booths, 20% of the shop's total area is
devoted to waiting room. If manicure tables (15 by 30 in, with 5 ft. between tables) have to be
placed in waiting space, the 20% proportion may have to be enlarged.

DIMENSIONS
a. l'-0" to l'-6" 0.2 to 0.4m e. 6'-6" to 7-0" 1.83m to 1.94m
b. l'-0" 0.2m f. 3'-6" to 7-0" 0.83m to 1.94m

30
c. 5'-0", 6'-0" 1.38m, 1.6m g. 6'-6" to 7-0" 6.6m to 1.94m
d. 3'-0" 0.83m

4.5.4. SHOE STORES

Different requirements and customer demands have generally required separate stores for men,
women, and children. A shoe store is a volume trade operation and is highly competitive.

Th
e storefront is the see-through type, with a large enclosed show window for display of the
maximum number of shoes. Average depth of the show window is from 4ft 6 in. (1.27m) to 5ft
0in. (1.38m) With platforms 2ft 0in (0.55m). Above the floor. Dust on shoes shows up very
quickly, downgrading the merchandise, thus show windows should be enclosed and have tight
sliding or hinged access doors.

A ceiling display grid facilitates the handling of suspended items. In show windows, lighting
must be predominantly incandescent; fluorescent lighting is used only to provide general
illumination.
4.5.5. Men’s Wear
Counters and clerks' aisles are seldom, if ever, included in clothing sales space, but are ordinarily
required in combination with wall cases for haberdashery and accessories. One or more fitting
rooms are necessary in clothing departments; a small fitting platform, one step high and
approximately 4ft by 4ft (1.11m x 1.11m), is sometimes needed. Chairs and smoking stands are
standard equipment. "Daylight" lighting fixtures aid in matching or determining colors.

fig
4.5.6.
Women's
Wear
The exterior of the
lower-price store,
31
like the interior, will have large displays, hence large show windows with low bulkheads. The
vestibule, or distance from the building line to the entrance doors, is usually greater than for the
average store. The smaller stylish store will have a smaller show window, or perhaps no-show
window, only a display platform which is really part of the store.

4.5.7. SUPERMARKET
Architecturally, the supermarket is a large-scale emporium of merchandise that doesn't have to
shout to be noticed. Shops which can be entered from the market or from a separate outside
entrance) offer a perking ratio of 3 .6 sq. ft. to 1 sq. Ft. of total store area. To obtain the
necessary parking area in areas with high land costs, rooftop and basement parking should be
considered.

fig
Interior Displays- Interior displays require particular attention in specialty shops. Types range
from displays of staple goods which assist customers in selection, to displays of accessories
which the sale of staples may suggest to the customer.
Inducing Entrance- Show windows, in addition to attracting passersby, should induce them to
enter the store. Show windows may be opened up to display the shop's interior; or closed in, to
give privacy to customers within.
Conveniences: - Conveniences intended primarily for the customers' benefit, while not strictly
allied to the problems of attracting trade or selling goods, are necessary to some types of shops.
Conveniences of this kind include: telephone booths, drinking fountains, lavatories or powder
rooms, desks for writing cards or checks, stools or chairs at counters.

32
 Fig:

4.5.8. DRUGSTORES
Today's drugstore is no longer the small neighborhood pharmacy or "wet" store that included a
soda fountain with tables. It is now either a small "dry" store, primarily handling prescriptions,
sundries, and cosmetics, or the large variety type of store, very often part of a chain operation
with certain departments leased out.
In addition to the departments already mentioned for the small store, it may have a complete
luncheonette and departments for tobacco, film, greeting cards, books, and certain household
items typical of the variety store. The larger store very often is part of a shopping center
complex.

Fig:

4.6. CAR PARKING

Objectives
To integrate the location and design of car parking within the design of the site and the building.
To provide safe and convenient car parking.
4.6.1. Standards
Resident parking is to be provided behind the front building line.
Ramps to basements shall be wholly within lease boundaries.
If visitor parking is provided in the basement level, it is to:
a) Be located separately from secured resident parking area e.g. before security gate; and
b) Allow visitors safe and direct pedestrian entry to the common building entry foyer.

33
4.6.2. Parking Orientation
As well-planned circulation system efficiency moves vehicles in a well define manner while
avoiding and reducing potential on flics between pedestrian and vehicle.
 On site surface parking between the front property line and the building is strongly
discouraging
 Vehicular access shall be providing from side street, adjacent always and parallel street
whenever possible
 The numbers of clubs cut for vehicular entry in to the site shall be minimized so that
pedestrians and bicycle areas safe, secure and possible
 Rear parking lots shell be designed and located continuously so vehicles can travel from
one private parking lot to another without having to enter the street
 Consolidation of parking is encouraging to reduce the number of access drives from
major road ways.
 Pedestrians shall have been a clean and direct route from one site parking to the building
entry and public side walk system.

34
 Turning and Parking
Vehicles traveling on curved paths are acted on by centrifugal
force proportional to the square of the velocity and inversely
proportional to the radius of curvature. This centrifugal force
must be balanced by other forces that are developed by side-
friction of the tires on pavement, and super elevation
(banking) of the ramp surface. Although speeds in parking
garages are low, turning radii are much smaller than those required for street or highways, thus
resulting in rather large centrifugal forces.

Garage ramp super elevation should be approximately t/2-in/ft. (approximately 4 cm/m) of ramp
width at the point of sharpest turning, with lesser amounts adjacent to straight sections or storage
floors.

Angle of Departure
A reasonable minimum value is necessary to
reduce the incidence of tailpipe and rear bumper
dragging. The standard calls for a minimum
of 10 degrees, most cars are substantially
above 10 degrees. The most critical condition
is at driveways where the apron is steep, or a
combination of excessive crown to gutter and
apron slope.
Angle of Approach
The trend of approach angle of domestic cars
below 15 degrees. The standard developed in
1960 by the Society of Automotive Engineers
calls for a minimum value of 15degrees.
The standard has been maintained up

35
to be reduced to 14 .6 degrees.

4.6.3. Parking types

Underground parking Ground floor parking Above ground parking
Semi-Basement parking Multi-story car parking

5. Design consideration of a Mixed-use buildings

A mixed-use building can be characterized as the following:
• Two entrances/exits, front and back
• Laundry, water, heating, telephone, cable, electricity facilities common, parking, air
conditioner, extra storage, garbage disposed in trash containers, provision of fire escape and lifts
because of the no. of stories
• Space must be simple and universal for variety of lifestyles
• Balconies for aesthetic purpose, visual extension of living space, outdoor sitting area, green
area, extra storage space

5.1 Entrances of Apartments

Characteristics
• Building main entrances should be visible and easily identifiable from the street and directly
accessible from street level.
• Building entrances should provide pedestrian shelter.
• Apartments at street level should have a street address and the number that have a front door
directly accessible from the street should be maximized.
• For mixed use developments in Area A, separate pedestrian entrances should be provided for
residential activities (mixed uses are not permitted in Areas B and C).
• Mailboxes should be easily accessible for mail delivery from the exterior of the building, and
secure and conveniently accessible to residents from within the foyer, without obstructing access
to lifts, stairs, or impeding general circulation.

36
5.2 Circulation
There are two main circulation systems in apartments:
 Vertical circulation
 Horizontal circulation

5.2.1. Vertical Circulation

Characteristics
• Vertical circulations cores should be expressed on at least one exterior face of the building.
This provides natural light within and outlook from the foyers and reduces energy consumption.
Foyers so located also provide casual surveillance of the street and assist in varying the façade
and reducing the scale of a long building.
• Stairs should be easily accessible and inviting, to encourage residents to use stairs in preference
to lifts. This promotes healthy exercise and assists sustainability.
• A mix of single, corner and dual aspect apartments may be accommodated on a single floor,
allowing a diversity of plans and avoiding long corridors.
A Vertical access arrangement can consist of a single vertical circulation core or multiple
vertical circulation cores.
a. Slab block with multiple circulation, below.
b. Point block with a single circulation core, right.

37
 Fig:

5.2.2. Horizontal Circulation

Characteristics
 Horizontal access is unavoidable; it should preferably be based upon a single loaded
corridor or a skip‐stop corridor.
 Double loaded internal corridors make cross ventilation of apartments difficult and the
corridors themselves require artificial lighting and ventilation.
 If a double loaded corridor cannot be avoided, the corridor should be oriented north‐south
so that there are no solely south facing apartments.
 Access corridor should be short, wide and have windows at each end to provide natural
light and ventilation.
 Exterior horizontal access should be designed to provide visual and acoustic privacy for
apartment rooms adjacent to the access space. This can be achieved with extra wide access
balconies or by pulling the balcony away for the exterior face of the apartment and providing
‘bridges’ to the entry doors.

38
Fig.3 Horizontal access of an Apartments

39
 5.3 Corridors
Where a long corridor is necessary the width is established according to its position, whether the
doors are on one or both sides, the arrangement of the doors, and the anticipated volume of
circulation. If possible, all doors should open into the rooms.

Fig: Corridor and room arrangement

5.4 Communal outdoor space

Characteristics
• External space within residential apartment developments should provide a combination of
high-quality courtyards for ground level apartments and communal passive recreational space for
residents.
• Where communal space is located on top of basement car parking, provision should be made
for trees to grow to their mature height and remain healthy.
• High retaining walls should be avoided where possible. Any walls higher than 1m should be
stepped at an appropriate and visually attractive height and incorporate planting.
• The landscape should incorporate indigenous vegetation, and/or draw upon the established
planting within the Residential 9a zone or the Racecourse environment.

Fig.4 communal outdoor space

5.5 Private outdoor space ‐ courtyards

Characteristics
• All apartments at ground level or on the roof of a basement car park should be provided with a
private courtyard for outdoor living.
• The courtyard should have a minimum area of 27m2, a minimum horizontal dimension of
4.5m, and be directly accessible from the principal living space.

40
• The walls of courtyards facing the street or publicly accessible spaces should not exceed 1.2m
in height. For rear courtyards or those edging communal open space, walls should not exceed
facing 1.8m in height.
Fig.6 Private outdoor space ‐ courtyards

5.6 Private outdoor space – balconies

Characteristics
• All apartments above ground level should be provided with a private balcony directly
accessible from the principal living area.
• For one- and two-bedroom apartments, the balcony should have a minimum area of 6m2, with
a minimum horizontal dimension of 2m.
• For apartments with three or more bedrooms, the balcony should have a minimum area of
9m2, with a minimum horizontal dimension of 2.4m.
• Balconies that are private, sheltered and can be used all year round are encouraged.
• Balconies that are fully recessed within the overall building form are to be preferred over those
that project fully beyond the face of the building. These provide better weather protection and
façade articulation.
• A hose tap should be provided on each apartment’s principal balcony.

Fig.7 Private outdoor space – balconies

5.6 Acoustic privacy

Characteristics
• Apartments should be arranged to minimize noise transmission between apartments by:
I. placing living rooms adjacent to living rooms, bedrooms adjacent to bedrooms, and
service rooms adjacent to service rooms, both horizontally and vertically.
ii. Utilizing storage or circulation zones to contain noise within the apartment and to buffer
noise from adjoining mechanical services or corridors and lobby areas.
iii. Minimizing the number of inter‐tenancy (shared) walls between apartments.

41
5.7. NATURAL VENTILATION
 All accommodation should be provided with natural cross ventilation by having
window openings facing different directions. Dual aspect and corner apartments are best
able to provide such window openings, but shallow depth single aspect apartment can be
naturally ventilated in a satisfactory manner.
 Notwithstanding any requirements to achieve internal acoustic privacy,
ventilation provided solely by mechanical means is discouraged.
 As apartments are often uninhabited during the daytime, ventilation elements
should be secure and rainproof when left open.

Fig: Natural ventilation air flow of hot and cold air

5.7.1. Window ventilation

Is generally adequate for rooms. Sash windows are favorable, where the outside air is admitted at
the bottom and internal air flows out above. Intensive ventilation is brought about by window
ventilation systems. Window is psychologically
desirable. Closed carrels are not recommended.

42
 Fig: Window ventilation

5.7.3. Door ventilation

The door cannot strike any person using any fixture, the door will shield or conceal the room;
and the door may be left fully open for ventilation in warm weather. ventilation, through door
reduce space requirements, make possible better flow of work, simplify supervision, and
eliminate partition costs. In many cases, however, should be subdivided either by use of file
cabinets, shelving, railing, or low bank-type partitions.
5.8. DAY-LIGHTING
Good lighting helps to prevent fatigue, as well as promoting safety and a pleasant atmosphere.
Comfortable levels of light, with a minimum of shadows, should be planned throughout the
kitchen. Adequate daylight makes the room more agreeable and attractive:
 In order to reduce reliance on artificial light and reduce energy consumption,
daylight access to apartments should be maximized.
 The site layout should orientate buildings to optimize the northerly aspect.
 Sunlight access from the north, east and west should be able to be controlled by
residents to prevent buildings becoming too hot.
 The depth of single aspect apartments should be minimized.
 Single aspect apartments with a southerly aspect should be avoided, and where
this is not possible the percentage of southerly aspect apartments (south ‐west through
south‐east) should not exceed 10% of the total number of apartments in the building.
 At least 70% of living rooms and private open spaces in any development should
receive a minimum of three hours of sunlight between 9.00am and 3pm in mid‐winter.

Fig: Light entry for every room

Good lighting helps to prevent fatigue, as well as
promoting safety and a pleasant atmosphere.

43
Comfortable levels of light, Vertical and horizontal limits of reach. Residential with a minimum
of shadows, should be planned throughout the kitchen. Adequate daylight or artificial lighting
makes the room more agreeable and attractive than a dark or poorly lighted room.
Light Redirection
As the depth of a room increases (normally 5-7m), the intensity of the daylight in the room
diminishes. Redirecting the light allows rooms to be completely illuminated with day light, even
rooms of considerable depth.
The Redirection of light is based on the principle that the angle of incidence equals the angle of
reflection. The aim is to
 obtain more uniform distribution of daylight,
 obtain better daylight illumination in the depths of the room,
 to diffuse radiation and use pure light

Fig: Light reflection entry

Sunlight is important to both physical and mental conditions and, therefore, planning should
insure that living spaces will receive some sunlight during each sunny day (probably no less than
30 percent of the day). Northern orientations should be avoided. Reference should be made for
acceptable sun orientations.

Sunlight, direction of prevailing summer and winter winds, views (both those that already exist
and those that can be developed), and location of the public road and driveway should all be
considered.
North facing rooms:
Have good daylight most of the day Have solar grain for most of the day throughout the
year Many require horizontal shading to prevent overheating in summer  Have good passive
solar gain in water
East facing rooms
 Have good morning light  Have solar gain in the morning throughout the year to provide
initial warming  Will be cooler in the late afternoon
West facing rooms
 Have good after noon daylight  Can overheat the late afternoon for much of the year 
May require vertical shading to prevent excessive overheating and glare in the afternoon 
Provide good direct solar gain for thermal mass heating of living spaces in the evening.
South facing rooms Are not suitable for habitable spaces as they:
 Have lower levels of daylight during parts of the year  Have little or no heat gain

44
 Fig: Light penetration in North, East and West facing rooms

5.9. FIRE PROTECTION AND ESCAPE

5.9.1. Fire protection
Fireproof (Glazing); and sprinklers, smoke doors, fire detectors, and alarms are
additionally required for various classifications of construction in some codes.
Fire regulations may determine outcomes that seem to be less than ideal from a
sustainability perspective. It may not be possible, for instance, to ensure that all bathrooms and
wet areas can have both natural light and ventilation.
Internal fire spread
Structure of the building: Fire resistance and structural stability is necessary in order to allow
people to escape. Resistance to collapse, Resistance to fire penetration and Resistance to heat
penetration.
Walls and Floors: particularly the junction details between floors and walls the integrity of fire
resistance is maintained.
Cavity barriers: With modern construction methods there can be many hidden voids and
cavities within the walls, floors and roof. These can provide a route along which fire can spread
rapidly. These cavities are fire stoppers that are sealed to prevent spread through crack
5.9.2. External fire spread
Walls and Roofs: the spread of fire from one building to another is prevented by the fire-
resistant qualities of external walls and roofs. They must provide a barrier to fire and resist the
surface spread of flame.
Distance Between Buildings is another issue that the distance between buildings must follow
the regulations required for fire resistant qualities of external walls and proportions allowable for
unprotected areas.
5.9.3 Fire Escape
Horizontal escape root
Given the short occupancy periods of wet areas generally, and the tight constraints on space
planning typical of the kind of denser dwelling type represented by apartments, the trade off
from resorting to mechanical ventilation may be justifiable.
Stair

Fig: Fire escape to the door must start less than 45 0 from the wall
Light wells and atriums need careful design consideration if there is to be any attempt to use
them as part of a passive design strategy. It is advisable to explore this sort of issue early in the
design process and discuss options with both service engineers and building certifiers.

45
5.10. Building Facades
The façade design will arise, in part, from the building massing. To achieve visual richness and
help viewers ‘read’ the building and the activity within.

The apartment building will usually comprise a principal façade that addresses the adjacent
street. That façade should be visible and attractive and should be made on a street context.
However, when a building is exposed to public view on all sides, or is conspicuously taller than
its neighbors, all visible parts of its facades should be carefully designed.

For a Better Design Practice

Vertical elements or proportions, stepping (setting forward or back) parts of the building or
varying the materials in a vertical manner.

Consider articulating a base, middle and top where the overall building form is predominantly
vertical. Horizontal elements can be emphasized through different horizontal bands of color or
materials. Techniques such as positive or negative details can be used to express different uses
and story heights.

Balconies are one of the most interesting elements of an apartment façade and have the potential
to enhance its overall design.

They must be designed to ensure the user will have a good level of privacy and to provide
adequate usable space. Cheap balustrade treatments should be avoided.

Positive contribution to the street and public realm the façade design should respond to any
positive characteristics in the local area and street, and these should directly inform the design
response.

Fig: BIM Building Façade design

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5.11. Material Selection
For purposes of economy and efficiency, building shape should be such that expensive exterior
walls are mini empire in ratio to area enclosed and that breaks and
direction changes in the perimeter are minimized
Concrete
Reinforced concrete with randomly placed columns, thereby eliminating the need for a hung
ceiling and allowing the flat underside of the slab to serve as the finished ceiling of the space
below. This reduces floor-to-floor and overall building height and eliminates the separate
construction of a hung ceiling.
2. The possibility of placing columns randomly adapts well to the inherently irregular module
generated by a typical apartment floor layout. Columns may thus be "buried" in convenient
locations within an efficient layout.
3. As a rule, openings for vertical services may be located at will in this type of structure;
however, large openings near columns should be handled with care so as to assure continuity of
vertical and horizontal reinforcing.

Fig: concrete use for a wall

Steel
Although much less common than cast-in place concrete, steel frame structures are also
employed in the construction of apartment buildings. The advantages of strength and relative
simplicity of erection may recommend steel for use in extremely tall structures or for use in
locales where there is limited experience in the use of concrete.

Steel structural frames tend to be laid out in a regular grid pattern, and this in turn regularizes
the apartment layout. One should bear in mind that in this type of structure mechanical and
structural lines may not coincide.

Handrails of a bright color or material in bold contrast to the walls should be provided on
corridor walls. Such handrails are especially helpful to people with poor vision end to blind
persons.

Floor surface materials should have nonslip properties. Some materials are satisfactory when
dry but dangerous when wet and therefore should not be used in the bathroom, kitchen, or near
the entrance doors when these doors are in the exterior walls. Slippery floor surfaces are
particularly dangerous to users of canes or crutches

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Ongoing maintenance is also a significant cost. Specify durable, low-maintenance materials
locally available by considering the future maintenance and repair costs associated with proposed
materials at the design stage.

Glass

Glass viewing panels is suggested for this function. A work counter with storage for syringes and
accessories and a sink with gooseneck-type spout and foot or wrist controls for handwashing are
recommended.

If stepped shelves, sized for the smaller medicine bottles, are provided, the nurse can read labels
quickly and arrange medicines in the order desired. A wall cabinet is suggested for bottles of
solutions, and an eyelevel locked cabinet for narcotics should be furnished.

Fig: Glass treatment for facades

Interior Building materials and color use

Interior building materials and finishes should convey an impression of permanence and
durability. Materials such as masonry, stucco, wood, terra cotta, and tile are encouraged.
Where masonry is used for exterior finish, decorative patterns should be considered. These
patterns could include a change in color or material. Interior colors should be given careful
consideration in the context of the surrounding buildings and environment.
To contribute successfully to their location, mixed use buildings must have active street
frontages.

 Ground floors need to be nonresidential spaces, with between70-80% of the façade should
be glazing if on a main street, and between 60%-70% on other street frontages.
 Day time activity will provide visual interest and passive surveillance of pedestrians.
Limit tenancies to 7m-12m street frontage to create greater variety and visual interest.
Avoid blank walls, reflective glass at street level.
 Use the building to define the edge of the street. Ensure that foot paths are wide enough to
allow flexibility of use of ground floor tenancies e.g. a bar, restaurant, or café may want
to provide outdoor dining
 Provide a continuous canopy or arcades along all ‘main street’ edges, and canopies over
all other entrances for shelter. Consider transparent canopies to allow sunlight through to
the footpath

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5.12. Building Setbacks
The setback of buildings from the back edge of public pavement influences a range of issues.
These include the perception of the streetscape and the experience of being in that street, the
level of activity conveyed by the building onto the street, and the relationship of building's
occupants to the street (i.e. the privacy of internal spaces and the potential for occupants to
overlook the street).

Street setbacks help to maintain and enhance an area's character. In new areas it will help to
establish the character of the street by providing a consistent building line for adjacent buildings
to align with.

5.12.1. Front yard setbacks

The front yard setback should establish or reinforce the desired streetscape character, particularly
the general height-to-width ratio of the area, or where an existing landscape character is to be
maintained.

The setback also helps to define the qualities of the street edge. It can achieve variation or
punctuation in the streetscape by altering the setback at specific locations (e.g. at junctions or
open spaces), or simply to break up a monotonous street edge. It is important that the setback
forms a continuous positive edge to the street that responds to the buildings on each side.

Where no front yard setback is required: ensure any setback enhances the streetscape by
providing a high quality open space or maintaining an existing pattern of setbacks along the
street ensure the setback supports the intended development use and location (e.g. town centers
and business zones will require zero setback); any setback should match that of existing
developments.

Where buildings are built up to the street edge, generally in commercial (shopping) streets, and
where no podium is provided, upper level setbacks should be used to maintain a human scale
(three to four stores) along the street. This prevents taller buildings appearing oppressive or
dominant.

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5.12.2. Side setbacks (side yards)
Side and rear setbacks provide privacy and daylight for occupants and the residents of adjacent
buildings. They may also help to reinforce street character in areas that are characterized by
setbacks.

In residential streets front yards also provide privacy for the front apartments of a development.
Passersby are kept away from windows and the front yard allows for some landscape screening.

On sites that have commercial ground floors a 'zero' setback is often prescribed. This maintains a
strong street edge and provides a direct relationship between the commercial ground floor uses,
which are often shops, and the street.

5.12.3. Second Side yard setbacks

The side yard serves several important functions. It: maintains light, air, sun and privacy can
provide a space for landscaping between developments allows windows and articulation on the
side of the building provides a transition space between different buildings, particularly if they
are different heights. This helps to prevent the dominance of larger buildings over smaller ones.

The setback can also continue or create a pattern of development that positively defines the
streetscape. The spaces between buildings must be designed to be organized and coherent, and
not determined by what is left over around the building form.

5.12.4. Rear yard setbacks

The ‘back to back’ distance between buildings should maximize sunlight, privacy and the
amount of usable open space. A large rear setback also allows for more planting, including
mature trees.

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 Fig: Rear set-back

6. Conclusion
The literature on mixed-use development contains things to consider for a design success that
come from the background and experience of developers. Many of the points acquired points
towards using the maximum sustainable and profitable designing considering different
perspectives for different situation/problems and circumstances. Taking in many well-defined
ideas helps to develop successful practice.

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52
Case study
Local Case Study
Addis Ababa is in a state of change. The change needs to be guided through planning and
design. Hence, The Architecture of Housing is the most basic unit qualifying for an in -depth
study, which in turn can contribute its share in guiding the change rationally to create
convenience, comfort, efficiency, play & pleasure for the citizens.
There has not also been an organized research done referring the internationally accepted,
overlapping dimensions of urban design that could help decision makers, developers, planners
and designers of the city not to make mistakes in any housing development works.

Therefore, a theoretical guideline must be formulated to accompany the rapid

development in the housing sector. The study will leave so many opportunities for any group
who is interested to make further detailed studies about housing from urban design view point.
A place where different types of houses are located
& rapid housing developments have been going on
by infill is selected as a case study area for making
the analysis practical.
Having an understanding of this concept,
“Geri” is selected as a case study area to forward
relevant information that would help to apply urban
design principles in the future developments of the
city. For the sake of clarity, the case study area
would be compared with other developments in the
sub city, if there were any and the analysis needed
further explanation.
The major objective of this paper is analyzing the
components of housing existing and their proper location in the case study area called “Geri”
administered by the Bole Sub-city of Keeble 10/11, to forward an urban design guideline that
would create a balance between “Efficiency", which is usually the need of the government and
“Quality" that urban design provides for an urban place.

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Further, the neighborhood would be tested on the touchstone of urban design dimensions &
requirements for the existing population. The study also extends its impact in an urban
development process and provides remedies & recommendations to be used by policy makers
and professionals for the wellbeing of the society and for future use.
THE ARCHITECTURE OF HOUSING – The case of Nears silk, Addis Ababa

Specific objectives of the study

1) To assess the spatial distribution of various land uses and their effects in the case study
area.
2) To assess the physical components like blocking, parking, community facilities such as
shopping, educational institutions, health centers, entertainments, and worship places,
apart from necessary hierarchy of roads, design, & open spaces (play lots, play grounds,
play fields, fitness trails, parks & gardens), landscape, aesthetics, environment, climate,
infrastructure, etc. and recommendations would be forwarded as guidelines for the
provision of proper housing in the future.

3) To assess the socio-economic factors that contributes to the character of the settlement.
4) To examine any lacunae or shortcoming of the available controlling mechanisms and
regulations, and the housing developments in the case of provision, linkage or interaction
between different spaces.

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 5) To identify a benchmark for future development and to enable stakeholders correct their
mistake in the development process.

6) To propose some urban design guidelines for future developments of the case study area that
can be applied to the city, too

INTERNATIONAL CASESTUDY
Raffles City Chongqing

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 Architects: Sadie Architects, works in Asia
Clients: CapitaLand (with Capita Malls Asia and Sing Bridge Holdings Pte Ltd.)
Program: Mixed-Use
Floor Area: 1,127,000 sq. m
Height: 300 m
Floor Level:67
Cost:

Design concept
The design was inspired by the historic images of great Chinese sailing vessels on the river,
paying tribute to Chongqing’s noble past as a trading center.

Introduction
Raffles City Chongqing is located at the very heart of the city, facing the junction of the Yangtze
River and Jialing River. This strategic location attaches a great deal of symbolic significance to
the super-scale development—as an icon of booming Chongqing.
This mixed-use development will consist of a shopping mall and eight towers for residential,
office, serviced residence and hotel use, yielding a total GFA exceeding 1,127,000m². The
complex will also serve as an important transportation hub integrating bus terminal, subway
station and ferry terminal.

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The complex has an ambitious structure with eight towers gently arcing toward the water,
forming the ‘apex’ to the city’s peninsula—like the great masts of a ship with its sail pulling the
city forward.
They adopted four mega corner columns connected to the central core wall via diagonal
outriggers and belt trusses, forming an effective mega frame structural system.

Fig: The Raffles City Building (at night)

Site Development
The site is found in the Chongqing municipality
The site is also political, economic, and entertainment center of the city
As the site is surrounded on three sides by water, Yuzhong is effectively a peninsula between the
Jialing and Yangtze River. Due to the limited space, its hilly nature, and the fact that it is the
main central business district for Chongqing.
The site is also a place which contains some of the tallest skyscrapers in china
The site also has currently working four metro lines

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 Fig: site location
Filling the site is a podium building of six above-grade stories, which houses some 220,000 sq.
m of retail space, as well as subway, bus, and ferry terminals. Over the podium, a public park
and private residential gardens are created, with direct access from the city on the southern end
of the site. Atop the podium, eight towers rise up, with six of southern towers reaching 250 m
and the two northern towers topping out at 350 m. The towers are a mix of uses, comprised of
residences, high end luxury residences, offices, service apartments, and hotel programs.

Functional Arrangement

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STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
In any development, the tall tower always stands out and become a focal point of the design
in different ways. In the Raffles City Chongqing project, the tall towers draw additional
discussion points due to their large number, slenderness, curvature, and most headline grabbing,
location of the conservatory structure on top of four towers and linking six of them. There are a
total of eight towers in the development. The two towers in the north are 350m in height. Six
towers of 250m height line up to form the south towers.
North Towers

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The two north towers serve a program mix of office, hotel and apartment. These towers are very
slender, with footprint dimensions of 38m by 38m, and slenderness ratio of about 9.4. It is worth
noting that the Chinese Code recommends tower slenderness to be around 7.0. Extensive
schematic studies were carried out early in the design to identify the most appropriate structural
system for the towers. The final chosen structural system caters to the architecture of the mixed
program, and is very cost sensitive. Material-wise, the towers are of typical high-rise typology,
with a reinforced concrete core and composite construction in the vertical and floor framing
systems.
The stability structural system comprises:
• Reinforced concrete core
• 4 corner mega-columns
• Belts trusses
• Hybrid outriggers (refer to separate section in this report describing in detail this innovative
system)
• Perimeter moment frame which has a secondary contribution to the main mega-column/belt-
truss frame.
Refer to Figure 3 below showing the tower stability system.

South Towers
There are six 250m tall towers in the project collectively described as the south towers. The
towers are similar in architectural form and shape, with different functions. Similar to the north
towers, the south towers are very slender (in the east-west direction). They are also curved in

60
elevation. The most western (T1) and the most eastern (T6) towers are standalone mirrored
forms. The central four south towers T2, T3S, T4S, and T5 are connected by supporting the
conservatory structure on top.
South towers structural systems
The 6 south towers carry different programs, with T1, T2, T5, T6 being luxury residential, T3S
office, and T4S a mix of office and luxury residential. The towers structural material is mainly
reinforced concrete, with some of the columns (low zone) in composite construction, and the belt
truss and outriggers (in T2, T3S, T4S and T5) a mix of composite and structural steel. The floor
systems for the south towers are of reinforced concrete beam-slab framing.
The structural stability system of the towers is characterized by:
• Reinforced concrete core
• Perimeter moment frame with some columns in composite sections.
• Belts trusses
• Limited number of outriggers trusses in the towers supporting the conservatory. The belt and
limited outrigger trusses are mainly to provide for the horizontal stability system for wind and
seismic action.

The conservatory structure

Undoubtedly the most noticeable structure in the Chongqing Raffles City development will be
the Conservatory structure. This is also the most complex structure in the development, and a
world first. It is a 300m long continuous structure which sits astride four towers at a height of
250m above ground. The structure is indeed a world first – high-rises are common, as are long
span structures – but the combinations of long span structures on top of high-rises has no
precedence. Perhaps the closest resemblance to the conservatory can be drawn from the Marina

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Bay Sands development in Singapore. Yet that is on a much smaller scale, and Singapore does
not experience the design wind conditions in Chongqing, nor is it seismic.

(Figure 4 is a reference comparison of long span and cantilevered horizontal structures at height.)
At the outset, the structural challenge has been to determine the articulation of the conservatory
in relation to its supporting towers, i.e. whether and how to fix or float the conservatory on top of
the four supporting towers.
Design options where the conservatory is fixed to or isolated from the towers, in various
permutations, were compared and their impact on building cost considered. The software
LSDYNA was used to perform the intensive non-linear time-history seismic analytic modeling
studies.
These studies supported the hypothesis that the isolation options are beneficial in terms of
reduction of shear forces measured at the base of the towers. In the best case, the base shear
reduction can reach 30% compared to the fixed conservatory option. The chosen articulation
solution is one of isolation using a combination of friction pendulum bearings (FPBs), lead
rubber bearings (LRBs), and dampers. The final solution utilizes a total of 26 FPBs and 16
dampers.

Figure 6 shows a typical friction pendulum

bearing device. For the project, the friction pendulum bearings are in the magnitude of 2m
diameters. The chosen articulation philosophy is that the conservatory is performed as if fixed
during serviceability including wind and service limit earthquake (SLE, or the common design
earthquake), and the conservatory to dynamically move under design based earthquake (DBE, or
moderate earthquake in Chinese Code) and maximum considered earthquake (MCE, or rare
earthquake in the Chinese Code) to dissipate the seismic energy.

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As to the conservatory structure itself, it is made of structural steel, composed of three primary
trusses, interconnected by secondary steel trusses. The conservatory is enclosed by a light-
weight space truss enclosure (see figure 7).
Hybrid outrigger
As mentioned earlier, the slenderness and height of the north towers are a major challenge to the
structural design. The towers are designed for wind and seismic action. Chongqing being in a
moderate seismic intensity zone, seismic action for the intermediate and rare earthquakes is
critical to the towers design. The design of the towers, and conservatory connection, are affected
by both wind and seismic action, depending on the level of the earthquake.
The adopted structural stability system addresses these problems through the use of outriggers. In
the design process, Arup modified the outriggers and developed the hybrid outrigger system
(patent applied and approved). Under normal operation, including design wind load, and the
common Level 1 earthquake loading (this is the frequent earthquake with an expected return
period of 100 years), the system behaves in the same way as a normal outrigger system.
However, the building also requires resisting the medium and rare earthquakes.
Adopting a standard outrigger to the building to resist the higher modes of earthquake would be
very expensive. Thus the hybrid outrigger was developed.
The hybrid outrigger system comprises three components - an energy dissipation fuse, steel
bracing, and reinforced concrete wall outrigger.
Hybrid outrigger system innovative design is able to have 7% improvement on the tower lateral
stiffness at elastic stage compared to traditional design. The system operates whereby, at the
higher loading conditions, the fuse element is designed to yield first. This protects the reinforced
concrete wall and the rest of the system from damage. The fuse can be readily replaced after
yielding. Compared to the standard outrigger system (which is predominantly structural steel),
the hybrid outrigger system constitutes a cost saving of approximately 40 million RMB.
Since the hybrid outrigger system relies on a yielding sequence, different steel grades are
designed for each part. The fuse is designed to yield the first, so Q225LY steel is used. The steel
bracing connecting the fuse and outrigger wall is designed to be made of Q235B steel. The
reinforced concrete wall is thickened near the core wall corner to ensure a strong connection.
As the hybrid outrigger system is a newly developed system, tests have to be carried out to verify
its adequacy, and as part of the design approvals process. Three tests have been specified and
completed to high satisfaction. The first experiment involved testing the shear capacity and lag
properties of the fuse. The geometry of the fuse was optimized after the experiment. The second
experiment tested the load path through the three components, leading to the optimization of
rebar placement in the reinforced concrete wall.
The third and last experiment verified the performance of the whole system, including behavior,
capacity, deformation, and element characteristics. Figure 9 shows prototype testing of the
hybrid outrigger system.
Basement and podium design strategy

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This development is the largest single investment by any Singapore company in China, with
development cost expected to reach RMB21.1billion. The podium retail component, at around
250,000 square meters, is also possibly the largest in China, covering a plan dimension of

approximately 400m by 250m.

Complementing the retail program, office, residential and hotel amenities, the podium also
serves as a very important transportation hub which includes new integrated bus terminal, metro
station and ferry terminal. Figure 11 shows a Revit extract of the podium
and some major program zones. The basement and podium mass of the development consists of
9 stories total. Three levels are basement housing MEP, car parking and back of house usage.
An important characteristic to note is that the basement is not underground on all sides. Due to
the nature of the site, with the bedrock and ground sloping towards the east, west and north of the
site, only the south side basement wall is underground. The basement is exposed for much of the
other three sides.
The design strategy from the very beginning was to design a fully connected basement at every
level with no permanent joints - S6, B1, B2 and B3 integral with the basement retaining wall –
what is essentially a big concrete box!
The benefits of having no permanent joints are obvious to functional needs, architecture, and
operation and maintenance. However, this approach introduces challenges to the structure and
construction. There is a separate section in the paper addressing the long structure without joints.
The basement box was designed as stiff enough to resist all the horizontal shear forces (from
wind, seismic, and retained soil pressure from the south of the development) from the towers and
the podium itself as the basement on east, west and north sides are semi open.
The basement is essentially a downward continuation of the podium structure, with added shear
walls and moment frames as necessary. Thus the shear walls and moment frames provided the
load path to the base. Above the S6 level, a number of movement joints are introduced into the
podium. The location of the movement joints has been carefully considered addressing different
needs, and aligning with the tower masses and podium skylight locations. Refer to figure 12
showing the podium massing breakup by movement joints.

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The movement joints are placed with each individual tower integrated with a section of podium
(like a surrounding podium island). The tower stability system assists in stabilizing the section of
podium. Slabs will cantilever to the void edges, thus creating column free or single column
movement joints.
Roof garden

One of the most unique aspects of the podium is the sky garden on the podium roof. The roof is
continuously sloping with a 5% gradient from the north to the south. The roof was designed as a
big park with many sky-lights for lending more light into the podium levels. There are swimming
pools for entertainment, water features and large deep planted areas to imitate the natural
environment and also heavy fire access loading. From the structural point of view, the structural
elements shall be designed to work efficiently to achieve the minimal structural zone (the
structural depth was confine many areas to meet the finished architectural level and headroom
requirements) under the heavy loadings, whilst respecting the complicated movement joint
details to build up the beautiful “forest”. The challenges to the roof garden structure include
heavy loadings from fire trucks, deep planting, long spans, headroom pressures, and other issues.
Design of the basement box
The typical measurements for the basement floor in the project are 270m long, 400m width and
90,000m2 in area. As referred to in the basement introduction, the basement structures are
designed as a whole without structural joint.
In the design of very long structure, the common approach is to add more reinforcement into the
structural slab and foundation raft to withstand the shrinkage and thermal stress. Last cast strips
are introduced to reduce the shrinkage effect.
However, this approach often leads to an excessive amount of additional reinforcement. Restraint
from foundation. In standard practice, rigid pins were commonly used to simulate the support
foundation regardless the foundation type.
For this development, considering the scale of pile foundation, solid elements rather than springs
were used in simulating hand-dug caisson piles in pile reaction analyses by Praxis FEM, this is
able to consider the flexural rigidity of the piles; in addition, horizontal spring is introduced to
simulate soils and rocks around the piles, as compared with the rigid pin, the relative stiffness of
pile is small. The smaller stiffness of pile gives a certain amount of freedom for the base slab to

65
expand and contract while help to release stress in the base slab and the rest of the basement
floor.
Appropriate time and ambient temperature for concreting the last cast strip. It is a known fact
that, the longer the time after final set of concrete and the lowered temperature when late cast
strip is concreted, the lower the ensuing shrinkage and thermal stress. However, delaying the late
cast strip construction is always a challenge to construction
scheduling and site progress. Choosing to cast the strip in lower temperature also means
restricting the construction to fewer suitable days in the year. In this project, sensitivity analyses
were carried for the time (with consideration of construction sequence) and ambient temperature.
Based on the results, an appropriate ambient temperature and time after final set of concrete were
selected.
As compared with traditional analysis approach without putting construction sequence and
support stiffness in consideration, a comprehensive analysis could obtain a more realistic
shrinkage and thermal stress. Eventually it made the construction of this very long structure
possible and practicable for the Raffles City Chongqing project.
Foundations
As discussed in the previous section, the ground has varied mix of shallower rock head level
around the south and middle areas, whilst deeper at other areas.

FIG: foundation plan

In addition, thick miscellaneous fill, cobble soil and cobble strata are noted in the east area of the
site. At scheme design stage, in view of the loading schedules of tower superstructures and the
complex site conditions, machinery bored pile and hand-dug caisson options were studied in
terms of constructability, construction speed, cost, site constraints local practice and regulatory
requirements.

66
Relevant pros and cons were assessed carefully, followed by various technical reviews and
discussions with local authorities and relevant parties. The foundation for the towers is decided
finally to be large size hand-dug caisson, with founding bell-out to sustain the large loads of the
superstructure. It is worthy to note that hand-dug caisson foundations, whilst phased out many
parts of the world, are standard practice in Chongqing. Pile length varied significantly (7m to
25m), with capacity varying 120000kN to 310000kN. The founding layer is typically moderately
decomposed mudstone or sandstone. Typical socketed length of tension piles is 5m. To enable
the hand-dug caisson construction, necessary water stop curtains shall be installed around the
site. Other health and safety measures shall also be taken. The cross-section of the hand-dug
caissons varied, and is either circular or irregular in shape. The largest hand-dug caissons have
pile diameters exceeding 5m with bell-out diameter exceeding 9m.
These will be the largest hand-dug caisson for building projects in Chongqing. The podium and
basement are supported on a mix use of hand-dug caissons, machined bored piles and shallow
footings. Figure 15 below is a foundation plan of the north tower (using hand-dug caissons).
Technology
Featuring architectural breakthroughs and cutting edge science and building technology, Raffles
City Chongqing stands as one of the biggest engineering marvels being built around the world
today. From advance district cooling systems, composite outrigger design, innovative structural
seismic design to the adoption of Building Information Modelling (BIM).
Facade
A distinctive architectural feature is the 13,000 sq. m The Conservatory. Wrapped in a 300-metre
translucent glass structure, it links four of the eight towers. Standing at a height of 250 meters,
approximately 400 meters above sea level, The Conservatory will house a viewing deck, an
infinity sky pool and notable F&B establishments, offering stunning views of the Yangtze and
Jialing rivers.
Materials
As described above it used steel, concrete, glass and aluminum.

Recommendation
As we studied this two apartment buildings ( raffles city of chongquine and the nefas selk
condominium project ) I tried to identify several design based ideas or concepts which compare
and contrast these two buildings. As I studied the international case study has more suitable and
comfortable design aspects than the local ones. This is because
1. The raffles city of chongquine was built with more comfortable and environmentally
suitable materials than the local one
2. The degree of perfection ( the quality of the building ) is also better than the nefas
selk condominium
3. With in the scope of the surrounding site the raffles city of chongquine solve many
architectural problems than the local apartment.

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Conclusion

Generally, a mixed use building , or flat, is a self-contained housing unit that occupies
only part of a building. Such a building may be called an apartment building, especially if it
consists of many apartments for rent. Apartments may be owned by an owner/occupier or rented
by tenants.
Some of the benefits are-
 Best use of locally available resources
 Designing and building self efficient and economical structure
 Providing natural ventilation like light and air
 Innovate planning methodology
 Use of simple geometrical shapes
 Different construction techniques adopted to attain maximum thermal comfort

REFFERANCE
ARUP.COM/raffles city of chongquine
Neufert (second Edition)
Brief History of mixed use buildings(PDF)
Developmental Standards for Mixed use buildings(PDF)
The Architectural Mixed use by Narvaez Penn (PDF)
www.safdiearchitects.com/raffle_city_of_chongquine
www.Realethio.com

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