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Hong Wang Editor
Report on the
Development of
Cruise Industry in
China (2019)
Report on the Development of Cruise Industry
in China (2019)
Hong Wang
Editor
Report on the Development

of Cruise Industry in China
(2019)
123
Editor
Hong Wang
Shanghai International Cruise
Business Institute
Shanghai University of Engineering Science
Shanghai, China
ISBN 978-981-15-4660-0 ISBN 978-981-15-4661-7 (eBook)

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-4661-7
Jointly published with Social Sciences Academic Press
The print edition is not for sale in China (Mainland). Customers from China (Mainland) please order the
print book from: Social Sciences Academic Press.
© Social Sciences Academic Press 2020

This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publishers, whether the whole or part
of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations,
recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission
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The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this
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The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721,
Singapore
Editorial Board
Advisor: Yongchang Qian

Editor-in-chief: Hong Wang
Associate Editors: Xinliang Ye, Jianyong Shi, Ping Su, Weihang Zheng,
Younong Wang, Ling Qiu and Guojian Zhu
Editorial Board: (listed in the order of the number of strokes in their
surnames)
Yichuan Wang, Jing Wang, Younong Wang, Qiang Ye, Xinliang Ye, Jianyong Shi,
Guojian Zhu, Ruiqin Jiang, Peixing Xu, Ping Su, Mingyuan Wu, Zhong Wu,
Ling Qiu, Hong Wang, Shaojun Shen, Jianming Zhang, Lu Zhang, Jigang Lu, Xinde
Chen, Weihang Zheng, Yong Meng, Yongjun Xia, Huiquan Gu, and Shuguang Lei
v
Compilers of the Book
General Report (Listed in the order of appearance)

Hong Wang, Jianyong Shi, Junqing Mei, Ping Su, Xinliang Ye, Younong Wang
Special Topic
Jianyong Shi, Ling Qiu, Linkai Qi, Hong Wang, Ruiqin Jiang, Junqing Mei
Wenyu Hou, Fushun Lin, Ishihara Hiroshi
Industry Development Chapter

Linkai Qi, Ling Qiu, Qiuxia Dong, Ling Sun, Shuguang Lei, Junqing Mei, Yanling
Huang
Policy Suggestions
You Nong Wang, Yan Hui Gao, Jun Qing Mei, Zhanglin Lin, Ruihong Sun,
Qingqing Zhang, Huiyu Hong, Yuanqin He, Xinliang Ye, Jingjun Gu, Guodong
Yan, Jinlin Zhao, Jing Shen, Wenlu Shen, and Wei Wang
vii
Foreword
2019 is the 70th anniversary of the founding of New China, the key year for building
a moderately prosperous society in all respects, the sprint year for implementing the
13th Five-Year Plan, and the first year for launching the whole industry chain of
China’s cruise economy substantively. Under the era background of further depar-
ture of reform and opening up, China’s cruise economy has entered a critical period
of transition from “high-speed growth” to “high-quality and high-grade develop-
ment” and a key stage of initiating a China’s era for international cruise economy.
The global cruise tourism market size keeps a steady growth. The Cruise Lines
International Association (CLIA) is positively optimistic about the development
prospects of the cruise tourism market. It is predicted that the global cruise pas-
senger throughput will reach 30 million in 2019 and 37.6 million in 2025, indi-
cating that the international cruise market enjoys good projects and potential.
Asia-Pacific is becoming the most promising important part of the global cruise
market. Seen from the homeport cruise ships operating in the Chinese market, there
were 12 ships in 2015, 18 ones in both 2016 and 2017, 16 ones in 2018, and 14
ones in 2019. Although the Chinese market has temporarily fallen back in quantity
in 2019, the quality is still continuing to improve from the perspective of the whole
market. In the next few years, China will welcome the latest and best international
cruise ships one after another. “Spectrum of the Seas”, the first cruise ship of the
Quantum Ultra Class of Royal Caribbean Cruises accessed the Chinese market on
June 3, 2019, with the latest technology in the cruise industry, serving as the largest
and most expensive cruise ship in Asia. It is planned to deploy “Oasis V”, the
world’s largest cruise ship with a tonnage of 230,000, in the Chinese market in
2021. “Venezia”, the first Vista class cruise ship tailored for the Chinese market by
Costa Crociere S.p.A also accessed the Chinese market in 2019, and its sister ship
“Costa Frienze” will enter China in 2020. MSC Bellissima, the new flagship cruise
ship, will also present itself in China in the spring of 2020. The two “world class”
cruise ships with a tonnage of 204,000 and a maximum passenger capacity of 9,500
newly built by Genting Cruise Lines will be deployed in Shanghai Home Port in
2021. While some cruise lines are adjusting their transport capacity, more inter-
national cruise lines will deploy their latest and best cruise ships in the Chinese
ix
x Foreword
market, which is the most powerful proof of market confidence. Over the past
decade, China’s coastal cities have invested heavily in cruise ports. Shanghai,
Dalian, Tianjin, Qingdao, Zhoushan, Xiamen, Sanya, Guangzhou and Shenzhen
have built cruise ports one after another. There are also about 20 seaports with
cruise reception capacity in Zhejiang, Fujian and Shandong. All these lay a good
foundation for the development of cruise tourism.
With the new development in the new era, people’s spending power has
increased, which makes them more demand for a better life, and their demand for
leisure tourism is also moving to a higher level. In this case, cruise tourism is
definitely an important choice. China has maintained its position as the world’s
largest source of outbound tourism for many years and kept a steady growth. This
also provides a good customer base for the development of China’s cruise market.
In the past two years, China’s cruise economy has achieved a high-quality devel-
opment and stepped into a key stage of initiating a China’s era for international
cruise economy. China has introduced many policies on cruise ships from the
central government to local governments. 10 national sectors including the Ministry
of Transport and the Ministry of Culture and Tourism jointly issued the Several
Opinions on Promoting the Development of Cruise Economy in China. Shanghai
Municipal People’s Government issued the Several Opinions on Promoting the
Deepening Development of the Cruise Economy in Shanghai. The People’s
Government of Fujian Province promulgated the Implementation Plan for
Promoting the Development of Cruise Economy. The People’s Government of
Guangzhou Municipality promulgated the Several Measures for Accelerating the
Development of Guangzhou International Cruise Industry. All these have given a
strong and powerful guidance and support for the high-quality development of
cruise economy. Both the policy environment and market environment for the
development of cruise economy have improved significantly. With the imple-
mentation of relevant policies on cruise economy step by step, the policy dividend
will be further released, which will certainly propel China’s cruise economy to a
better development.
The cruise industry has entered the second decade of development in China, with
both opportunities and challenges. The popularization of cruise culture is still
sluggish. Many tourists still attach great importance to tourism ashore. They
overvalue the cost performance of cruise products rather than the essential attributes
of cruise ship itself for leisure and vacation. There is an urgent need to enhance
tourists’ awareness of cruise ships, strengthen the development momentum of the
cruise market, and cultivate China’s pursuit of a new lifestyle of cruise ships. To
effectively solve the problem of independent development and low interaction
between multi-regional cruise ports in China, the “multi-port call” policy has been
implemented. However, no breakthroughs have been made so far, causing bottle-
necks in the development of multi-home-port and mutual-home-port routes,
affecting the collaboration effect. There is still no major breakthrough in the design,
manufacturing and maintenance of cruise ships in the upstream and midstream
of the industry chain. The development of cruise lines headquarters economy and
cruise industry chain is still in its infancy, requiring a greater strategic innovation.
Foreword xi
The local cruise industry develops slowly and there is a lack of strong local cruise
fleet. The cluster effect of industry factors is low. No mature industrial system has
been formed for the design and construction of cruise ships. No independent
intellectual property rights of cruise repair and construction have been mastered.
And regional radiation and impetus effect are limited.
To have a better study of the development of China’s cruise economy and a
systematic and in-depth research on the future trend of China’s cruise market,
Shanghai University of Engineering Science and Shanghai International Cruise
Business Institute initiated the compilation of the report, which is an annual
research report written based on the latest development of international cruise
economy. It has become the most authoritative research works on the cruise
industry in China. As the trend of China’s cruise economic development, the report
has attracted much attention and positive evaluation from the academic circles and
the industry, becoming an important basis for the government and cruise lines to
formulate the cruise industry development plan and strategy. I would like to express
my sincere gratitude and admiration for the achievements it made.
Report on the Development of Cruise Industry in China (2019) focuses more on
the study of cruise economy industry chain based on the previous editions and the
latest trend of China’s cruise economy, includes Special Topic: Cruise Economic
Reform and Innovation in the New Era, explores Asia cruise economic prosperity
index, China’s cruise economy whole-industry-chain strategy in the new era, the
development of cruise destinations in the context of the Yangtze River Delta
integration, which provides a good reference for better promoting the high-quality
development of China’s cruise market.
I hereby express deep gratitude to the editors and workers, who have long been
contributing to the Report on the Development of Cruise Industry in China (2019),
as well as heartfelt thanks to all the friends who have cared for and supported the
development of China’s cruise economy. Hopefully, my colleagues will make
persistent efforts to have greater innovations, in order to better realize the
high-quality development of China’s whole cruise industry chain and explore the
Chinese path and model. I am expecting to see that more and more people with
vision join the development tide of whole industry chain of China’s cruise economy
to make unremitting efforts to better meet the needs of the people for a better life
and contribute to building a moderately prosperous society in all respects and
realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.
Beijing, China Yongchang QIAN

September 2019 Former minister of the Ministry
of Transport, Chairman
of China Communications
and Transportation Association
Introduction to the Main Editor
Hong Wang, Ph.D. in Business at Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Postdoctoral

Fellow in Applied Economics at Fudan University, current Secretary of Baoshan
District Committee of the CPC, and a researcher of Shanghai International Cruise
Business Institute. As a doctoral advisor and professor of Shanghai Jiao Tong
University, she also enjoys special allowances of the State Council and is one of the
members of the 10th, 11th, 12th, and 14th Shanghai Municipal People’s Congress
and a national candidate for “the New Century National Hundred Thousand-and-Ten
Thousand Talents Project”.
Professor Hong Wang has been serving as the Vice Chairman of the Professional
Education Steering Committee on Business Administration of Colleges and
Universities, the Ministry of Education for a long time and she once served as the
Vice Chairman of the Professional Education Steering Committee on Management
Science and Engineering of Colleges and Universities, the Ministry of Education.
At present, Professor Hong Wang is one of the scholars listed in the New Century
Talent Support Program of the Ministry of Education, Shanghai Dawn (Shughuan)
Program and Shanghai Dawn (Shughuan) Tracking Program, honored as the
leading talent and excellent academic leader of Shanghai Municipality.
Professor Hong Wang initiatively interfaces with the general trend of develop-
ment of the international cruise industry and has innovatively extended the content
of teaching of the discipline of “tourism management”. She is the first person in
China to start the undergraduate and graduate programs for “cruise economy” and
serves as the discipline leader. She led the “Program of Innovative Practices for
Cultivating Badly-Needed Talents of the International Cruise Industry on the Basis
of Government Support, Industry Development, Talent Cultivation, Scientific
Research and User Application”, and won the second prize for 2014 National
Teaching Achievements and the outstanding award for Shanghai Teaching
Achievements. Professor Hong Wang emphasizes the direct transformation of
research achievements into productivity and application. Some of the achievements
have been converted into the basis for decision-making by cruise companies and the
government. She has successively headed 6 projects including National Social
Science Foundation, National Soft Science projects, major projects of National
xiii
xiv Introduction to the Main Editor
Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) and over 30 provincial and min-
isterial research projects, published over 70 monographs and essays, many of which
have been included by EI and ISTP. More than 30 of her research achievements
have been successively awarded the first prize for Shanghai Governmental
Decision-Making and Consultation Research Achievements, the second prize for
Shanghai Science and Technology Progress Award, the excellent award of
Shanghai Deng Xiaoping Theory Research and Propaganda, the excellent award of
Shanghai Philosophy and Social Science Community Discussion, the first prize for
Shanghai Teaching Achievements, and the first prize for Shanghai Education and
Scientific Research Achievements and other provincial and ministerial awards.
Professor Hong Wang once served as the Executive Committee Member of the
All-China Federation of Trade Union, Representative of the All-China Women’s
Federation, President of Shanghai University of Engineering Science,
Vice-Chairman of Shanghai Federation of Trade Unions, Vice-Chairman of
Shanghai Commercial Enterprise Management Association, Vice-Chairman of
Shanghai Creative Industry Association, Vice-Chairman of Shanghai Science and
Art Society, and Director of Shanghai International Cruise Economic Research
Center, etc.
Contents
Part I General Report

1 Research on Developments in Global Cruise Industry
in 2018–2019: Size Beyond Expectation, Industry Reconstruction,
and Enhanced Economic Contributions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Hong Wang, Jianyong Shi, and Junqing Mei
2 Research on the Developments in China’s Cruise Industry
in 2018–2019: The Development of Whole Industry Chain
of the Cruise Economy Has Substantially Taken Off . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Hong Wang, Ping Su, Xinliang Ye, and Junqing Mei
3 Top 10 Hot Topics in the Development of China’s Cruise
Industry in 2018–2019 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Xinliang Ye, Hong Wang, Jianyong Shi, and Younong Wang
Part II Special Articles on Cruise Economic Reform

and Innovation in the New Era
4 Research on Cruise Economy Prosperity Index of Asia . . . . . . . . . 103
Jianyong Shi, Ling Qiu, and Linkai Qi
5 Research on Full Industry Chain Strategy of China’s Cruise
Economy in the New Era . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
Hong Wang, Ruiqin Jiang, and Junqing Mei
6 Research on the Development of Cruise Tourism Under
the Background of Tourism Integration in the Yangtze
River Delta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
Wenyu Hou
xv
xvi Contents
7 Environmental Change of Cruise Industry in Northeast Asia and

Challenges Facing the Korean Cruise Industry—Development
Strategy Centered on North Busan Port . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
Fushun Lin
8 Developments in Japan’s Cruise Industry in 2018–2019:
Efforts Toincrease Cruise Passengers Visiting Japan
to 5 Million by 2020 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
Ishihara Hiroshi
Part III The Cruise Industry

9 A Study on the Globalization Strategies of China’s Cruise
Tourism Market Under the “Belt and Road” Initiative . . . . . . . . . 171
Ping Su and Linkai Qi
10 Research on Comprehensive Evaluation and Improvement
Approaches of Cruise Industry Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
Ling Qiu and Qiuxia Dong
11 A Study on the Strategies for the Diversified Development
of Cruise Products and Routes in China’s Home Port . . . . . . . . . . 199
Ling Sun
12 A Study on the Development Path of Supporting Industrial Park
of Cruise Shipbuilding and Repair Industry in Shanghai . . . . . . . . 207
Shuguang Lei and Junqing Mei
13 A Study on Consumer Perception of International Cruise
Travel in China-Based on Web Text Data Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
YanLing Huang
Part IV Policy Suggestions

14 A Study on Evaluation of Supportive Policy System of China’s
Cruise Industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
You Nong Wang, Yan Hui Gao, and Jun Qing Mei
15 A Study on the Admission Mechanism of International Cruises
in China’s Home Ports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
Zhanglin Lin
16 Research on Environmental Monitoring and Supervision
System in Cruise Port Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
Ruihong Sun, Qingqing Zhang, Huiyu Hong, Yuanqin He,
and Xinliang Ye
Contents xvii
17 Strategic Research on Profoundly Promoting Single Window

in Cruise Ports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
Jingjun Gu
18 Research on Optimal Route of Material Distribution Center
of Asia Pacific Cruise Ships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
Guodong Yan, Jinlin Zhao, Jing Shen, Wenlu Shen, and Wei Wang
Part I
General Report
Chapter 1
Research on Developments in Global
Cruise Industry in 2018–2019: Size
Beyond Expectation, Industry
Reconstruction, and Enhanced Economic
Contributions
Hong Wang, Jianyong Shi, and Junqing Mei
Abstract In 2019, despite the significant increase in the risks and uncertainties
of the world economy, the global cruise tourism market keeps a steady growth.
According to the forecast of the CLIA, the global cruise passenger throughput is
expected to reach 30 million in 2019, up 5.19% year-on-year. This will be the first
time for passenger throughput to exceed 30 million and it is expected to reach 37.6
million in 2025, indicating that the international cruise market enjoys good projects
and potential. North America is still the world’s largest cruise market. In 2018, its
passenger throughput reached 14.2 million, up 9% year-on-year. The cruise passenger
throughput in Caribbean reached 11.3 million, up 6% year-on-year, continuing to be
the world’s No. 1 cruise destination. The cruise passenger throughput in Alaska
exceeded 1 million, up 13% year-on-year. The cruise passenger throughput in Euro-
Mediterranean Area exceeded 4 million, up 8% year-on-year. Asia has become the
fastest growing region in the global economy, providing a more solid foundation
and development potential for the cruise economy. In 2018, the cruise passenger
throughput in Asia reached 4.2 million, up 5% year-on-year, and there is a large
room for growth in the future. It is becoming the most promising important part
of the global cruise market. There is an increasing demand for cruise construction
market. By 2027, there will be 114 new cruise ships ordered worldwide, with 247,600
new seats available, most of which are cruise ships with a tonnage above 130,000.
As China become more engaged in the whole industry chain of cruise economy such
as cruise design and construction, cruise operation and cruise industry supporting
services, the world cruise industry is gradually adjusting its development pattern to
H. Wang (B)
CPC Baoshan District Committee, Shanghai, China
e-mail: wh@sues.edu.cn
J. Shi
Party Committee of Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai, China
e-mail: shijy@edu.cn
J. Mei
Shanghai Wusongkou Development Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
e-mail: m@cruiseresearch.cn
© Social Sciences Academic Press 2020 3

H. Wang (ed.), Report on the Development of Cruise Industry in China (2019),
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-4661-7_1
4 H. Wang et al.
further boost the sustained prosperity of the global cruise economy and enhance the
status and influence of Asia-Pacific in the global cruise market.
Keywords Industry · Pattern · Cruise economy · Industry chain · Development

potential
1 Analysis on the Developing Situation of Global Cruise

Market
1.1 The Global Cruise Tourism Market Grows Faster

than Expected
The cruise economy features large scale, stable growth and strong clustering. It has
gradually become a featured industry for coastal port cities to transform and upgrade
their industries and improve their urban functions, and a new momentum to promote
the development of the marine economy. According to the statistics of the CLIA,
the global cruise passenger throughput reached 28.5 million in 2018, up 7% year-
on-year, higher than 28.2 million originally predicted. It grows faster than expected.
North America is still the largest cruise market in the world, with a cruise passenger
throughput reaching 14.2 million, up 9% year-on-year. Among which, Caribbean
that boasts the most coastal countries has been the most popular cruise destination in
the world with its excellent port resources, abundant tourism resources and favorable
climate conditions. It attracts many cruise brands, a wealth of cruise routes and a
wide range of tourists. Its cruise passenger throughput reached 11.3 million in 2018,
up 6% year-on-year, maintaining its absolute dominant position as the No. 1 cruise
destination in the world. The cruise passenger throughput in Alaska exceeded 1
million, up 13% year-on-year. The cruise passenger throughout in Asia increased by
5%, and then to 4.2 million, and that in Mediterranean increased by 8% to over 4
million (Fig. 1).
The CLIA is positively optimistic about the development prospects of the cruise
tourism market. It is predicted that the global cruise passenger throughput will reach
30 million in 2019 and 37.6 million in 2025, indicating that the international cruise
market enjoys good projects and potential. The global cruise market is mainly con-
centrated in Caribbean, Asia-Pacific, Mediterranean, Northern and Western Europe,
Australia and Alaska, which account for 85% of the total. Caribbean is still the most
concentrated area of the global cruise market. Its passenger throughput accounts for
nearly 40% of the total, reaching 38.4% in 2018. The development of Asia-Pacific
economy provides a good consumer base for the development of cruise tourism in
Asia-Pacific, with a remarkable space for growth. Its share of passenger throughput
in global cruise market has increased from 8% in 2013 to 15.1% in 2018, making it
the world’s second largest cruise market after Caribbean (Fig. 2).
1 Research on Developments in Global Cruise Industry in 2018–2019 … 5
Global Cruise
Growth rate
Passenger Throughput

Fig. 1 Global cruise passenger throughput and growth rate in 2009–2019. Data source Cruise
Lines International Association
Caribbean
Asia-Pacific Region
Australia
The Mediterranean
Western Europe
Alaska
Other Regions
West Coast
Canary Islands
South America
Northern and
Fig. 2 Distribution of global cruise passenger market. Data source Cruise Lines International
Association
1.2 The Size of Global Cruise Operation Fleet Expands

Significantly
At present, Carnival Corporation, Royal Caribbean Cruises, Norwegian Cruise Line,

MSC Cruises, and Genting Cruise Lines are the top five cruise operators in the world.
6 H. Wang et al.
Table 1 Overview of the world’s top five cruise lines in 2018 (data updated to early 2019)
Cruise Headquarter Founding time Number of Number of
companies base cruise ships brands
Carnival Miami, the U.S. In 1972 105 9
Corporation
Royal Caribbean Miami, the U.S. In 1968 52 6
Cruise Ship
Norwegian Miami, the U.S. In 1966 26 3
Cruise Line
MSC Cruises Naples In 1987 15 1
Genting Cruise HKSAR, China In 1993 9 3
Lines
Data source Cruise Lines International Association
In terms of the world cruise market structure, the cruise lines giants dominate the
market. The giant cruise lines with the fleet size and strength of among the top three
in the world cruise industry occupy more than 80% of the world cruise market shares.
The fleet size is quite large. All the cruise lines except MSC Cruises adopt multi-brand
strategy. They operate various cruise brands and put different levels of cruise brands
into different regions. In 2018, there were 342 cruise ships operating worldwide, with
a total of 569,000 lower berth seats. Among which, Carnival Corporation, the largest
cruise operator in the world, had the most passenger seats, with a market share of
43%. Royal Caribbean Cruises accounted for 27%, Norwegian Cruise Line for 9%,
and MSC Cruises for 8%. However, with the continuous increase of new cruise ships
in MSC Cruises, MSC Cruises is expected to rise to the third largest cruise operator
in the world, and its international influence and status will be significantly enhanced
(Table 1).
Carnival Corporation has nine cruise brands, a total of 105 cruise ships, with
240,400 berths. Among which, Carnival Cruise Line has the most fleets, up to 26,
with 69,890 berths. It mainly operates in the North American market. Costa Crociere
S.p.A that pursues hospitable Italian service has 14 cruise ships, with 34,874 berths.
Princess Cruises has 17 cruise ships, with 45,180 berths. Aida Cruises has 13 cruise
ships, with 30,212 berths. Holland America Line, with a history of 140 years, has 15
cruise ships, with 26,022 berths. P&O Cruises, the oldest cruise lines in the world,
has 7 cruise ships, with 17,311 berths. P&O Cruises Australia has 5 cruise ships,
with 7,710 berths. Cunard Line has 3 cruise ships, with 6,712 berths. The luxury
cruise brand Seabourn Cruises Line has 5 cruise ships, with 2,588 berths.
Royal Caribbean Cruises currently has 4 cruise brands including 52 cruise ships,
with 132,000 berths. Among which, Royal Caribbean International has 25 cruise
ships, with 80,690 berths. Celebrity Cruises at higher level has 13 cruise ships. TUI
Cruises, a joint venture with TUI Group, has 6 cruise ships. While Skysea Cruise
Line, a joint venture with Ctrip Group, closed in September 2018. Norwegian Cruise
Line owns three cruise brands including 26 cruise ships, with 54,800 berths. Among
which, Norwegian Cruise Line has 16 cruise ships. Oceania Cruises, a young brand
founded in 2002, has 6 cruise ships, with 5,256 berths. The luxury cruise line Regent
Seven Seas Cruises has 4 cruise ships, with 2,660 berths. MSC Cruises, the world’s
largest private cruise line, is the only single-brand operator among the top five cruise
lines in the world. It owns 15 cruise ships, with 44,600 berths. Genting Hong Kong
Limited, a local cruise lines in Asia, owns 9 cruise ships, with 15,400 berths. Among
which, Star Cruises has 4 cruise ships, with 6,505 berths. Dream Cruises, the first
local luxury cruise line in Asia, has 2 large cruise ships, i.e. “Genting Dream” and
“World Dream”, with 6,800 berths. The luxury line Crystal Cruises has 3 cruise
ships, with 2,104 berths (Table 2).
On February 1, 2019, the construction of the second cruise ship of the Quantum
Ultra Class of Royal Caribbean International officially kicked off at Meyer Werft
GmbH in Papenburg, Germany. This is the 27th cruise ship under Royal Caribbean
Cruises and was named “Odyssey of the Seas”. “Odyssey of the Seas” is scheduled
to set sail in the United States in the fall of 2020. In early 2019, Fincantieri S.p.A
officially delivered “Seven Seas Splendor”, a 55,000-GT cruise ship, to Regent Seven
Seas Cruises after “Seven Seas Explorer”. Another cruise ship will be delivered in
2023. Oceania Cruises also signed a contract with Fincantieri S.p.A for the construc-
tion of two Allura class cruise ships with a passenger capacity of 1,200. The deal
exceeded USD 1 billion, and the two cruise ships will be delivered in 2022 and 2025
respectively. Fincantieri S.p.A has delivered “Viking Jupiter”, a 47,000-GT cruise
ship with a passenger capacity of 930, to Viking Cruises. It will gradually deliver
10 new cruise ships of the same specifications to Viking Cruises, which will expand
Viking Cruises’ fleet size. In January 2019, Quark Expeditions, which specializes in
polar exploration, held a steel cutting ceremony for a new cruise ship at Brodosplit,
the largest shipyard in Croatia. The new polar expedition cruise ship will be built and
delivered in 2020. This new cruise ship will be 128 m long, with a gross tonnage of
13,500 and a maximum passenger capacity of 200. Carnival Corporation will usher
in two larger cruise ships with a gross tonnage of 180,000 and a passenger capacity of
5,200, which will be unveiled in 2020 and 2022. On November 21, 2018, “Celebrity
Edge”, the latest cruise ship of Celebrity Cruises, launched its maiden voyage in Fort
Lauderdale, USA. It mainly operates the Caribbean cruise routes. In February 2019,
Fincantieri S.p.A officially delivered to Viking Cruises its sixth cruise ship, Viking
Jupiter. Viking Jupiter, with a gross tonnage of 47,800 and a passenger capacity of
930, will be put into operation on the South American route from Buenos Aires to
Santiago. In addition to large ocean cruise ships, the expedition cruise fleet is also
expanding. There will be 12 expedition cruise ships built and put into operation in
2019, further expanding the market size of expedition cruise ships.
Those cruise lines have deployed their business in North America where there is
the largest cruise market in the world, including Carnival Corporation & PLC, Royal
Caribbean Cruises, Norwegian Cruise Line, and Crystal Cruises under Genting Hong
Kong Limited. Among which, Carnival Corporation & PLC has deployed 57 cruise
ships, with the largest market share, reaching 43.8%. It boasts 128,300 berths and
a cruise passenger throughput of 6.3983 million, with a market share of 43.8%.
Royal Caribbean Cruises has deployed 38 cruise ships, with 96,800 berths. Its cruise
passenger throughput has reached 4.3275 million, with a market share of 29.6%.
8 H. Wang et al.
Table 2 Fleets of world’s top five cruise brands in 2019

Carnival Corporation Royal Caribbean Cruises
Brand Number of Number of Brand Number of Number of
cruise ships berths cruise ships berths
Carnival 26 69,890 Royal 25 80,690
Cruises Caribbean
Lines International
Costa 14 34,874 Celebrity 13 25,330
Cruises Cruises
Princess 17 45,180 TUI Cruises 6 14,784
Cruises
AIDA 13 30,212 Pullmantur 4 7358
Cruises Cruises
Holland 15 26,022 Azamara 3 2122
America Club Cruises
Line
P&O Cruises 7 17,311 Skysea 1 1800
Cruise Line
(closed)
P&O 5 7710
Australia
Cunard Line 3 6712
Seabourn 5 2588
Cruise Line
Norwegian Cruise Line Genting Hong Kong Limited
Brand Number of Number of Brand Number of Number of
cruise ships berths cruise ships berths
Norwegian 16 46,930 Star Cruises 4 6505
Cruise Line
Oceania 6 5256 Dream 2 6800
Cruises Cruises
Regent 4 2660 Crystal 3 2104
Seven Seas Cruises
Cruises
MSC Cruises
Brand Number of Number of
cruise ships berths
MSC Cruises 15 44,640
Norwegian Cruise Line has deployed 25 cruise ships, with 50,600 berths. Its cruise
passenger throughput has reached 2.2131 million, with a market share of 15.2%.
Carnival Corporation & PLC, Royal Caribbean Cruises and Norwegian Cruise Line
accounted for 88.6% of the total, occupying an absolute share of the North American
market. Genting Cruise Lines has put its luxury cruise brand Crystal Cruises into the
North American market. With 2,104 berths, it received 59,600 cruise passengers in
2018, with a market share of 0.4% (Table 3).
Table 3 Major cruise brands deploying business in North American market

Brand Number of Passenger Passenger Market share
cruise ships capacity throughput (%)
Carnival Corporation & PLC
Carnival Cruises 25 67,790 4.2242 million 28.9
Lines passengers
Princess Cruises 12 31,980 1.2666 million 8.9
passengers
Holland 15 26,022 837,200 5.7
America Line passengers
Seabourn Cruise 5 2558 72,600 0.5
Line passengers
Royal Caribbean Cruises
Royal 22 62,390 3.4502 million 23.6
Caribbean passengers
International
Celebrity 13 25,330 820,400 5.6
Cruises passengers
Azamara Club 3 2122 56,800 0.4
Cruises passengers
Norwegian Cruise Line
Norwegian 15 42730 1.9931 million 13.7
Cruises passengers
Oceania Cruises 6 5256 144,800 1
passengers
Regent Seven 4 2660 75,100 0.5
Seas Cruises passengers
Genting Hong Kong Limited
Crystal Cruises 3 2104 59,600 0.4
passengers
10 H. Wang et al.
1.3 Global Cruise Tourism Products Continue to Innovate
Boosting the innovation of cruise tourism products is an important basis to enhance

market attractiveness and an important link to promote brand value. During 2020–
2021, Royal Caribbean Cruises will launch seven cruise ships remodeled by Royal
Amplified modernization project with USD 1 billion in 2018, to bring a variety
of exciting adventures to passengers of all ages. Based on the insights into the
North China market, it works with Deyunshe to jointly offer a series of voyages
themed on “Ocean of Joy, Feast for Laughter”. By integrating modern cruise facili-
ties with traditional Chinese crosstalk culture, it provides passengers with unique and
diversified entertainment experience from the perspective of localization in China.
Royal Caribbean Cruises introduces Baidu WiFi Translators that integrate Baidu
AI and Tuge global cloud communications technology, offering an extraordinary
service experience on land and sea featuring “intelligent translation + global Inter-
net access”. Passengers can access the Internet anytime and anywhere for real-time
online intelligent translation.
Oceania Cruises is planning its ultra-long voyage round the world in 2021. Its
cruise ship will depart from Miami in January 9, 2021 and span three oceans and
six continents in 180 days, covering 44 countries. It will call at 100 port destinations
and visit more than 120 UNESCO World Heritage Sites. The total voyage will reach
more than 39,000 nautical miles. Dream Cruises, a subsidiary of the Genting Cruise
Lines, has launched Asia’s first all-inclusive luxury cruise experience of “Boutique
Yacht in Ship”. The “MSC Meraviglia” of MSC Cruises will call at the Ocean Cay, a
private island, in November 2019, allowing passengers to enjoy a pure natural beach.
Hurtigruten Cruise Line is planning to open up more expedition routes for its cruise
ship for polar expeditions including MS Trollfjord, MS Finnmarken, MS Spitsbergen
and MS Midnatsol from 2021.
1.4 The Profitability of Global Cruise Lines Is Significantly

Improved
As the world cruise tourism market gets better and better, the profitability of the
world’s top five cruise operators continues to improve as well. In 2018, Carnival
Corporation & PLC, the world’s largest cruise operator with 41.8% of the global
cruise market share, reported a total annual revenue of USD 18.88 billion, up 7.83%
year-on-year, and a net profit of USD 3.152 billion, up 21% year-on-year. Among
which, the revenue from cruise operation reached USD 18.609 billion, up 7.7% year-
on-year, including USD 13.93 billion from passage ticket, which accounts for 75%
of the cruise operation revenue, up 7.6% year-on-year. The net income per berth
reached USD 183.3 per night, up 5.3% year-on-year. The total operating cost per
berth was USD 158.96 per night. Royal Caribbean Cruises with 23.2% of the global
cruise market share reported a total annual revenue of USD 9.494 billion in 2018,
up 8.2% year-on-year, including USD 6.793 billion from passage ticket, up 7.6%
year-on-year. The net profit reached USD 1.816 billion, up 11.7% year-on-year. The
net income per berth reached USD 195.7 per night, up 4.4% year-on-year. Norwegian
Cruise Line with 9.4% of the global cruise market share, had a total annual revenue
of USD 6.055 billion in 2018, up 12.2% year-on-year, including USD 4.64 billion
from passage ticket, up 13.6% year-on-year. The net profit reached USD 955 million,
up 25.7% year-on-year. The net income per berth reached USD 249.8 per night, up
3.7% year-on-year (Fig. 3).
MSC Cruises, the world’s largest private cruise lines, had a total annual revenue
of about USD 3.961 billion in 2018, up 21.5% year-on-year, including USD 2.967
billion from passage ticket, up 21.5% year-on-year. The net profit was about USD
500 million, up 11.9% year-on-year. The net income per berth was about USD 152.2
per night, up −0.8% year-on-year. According to the financial report of Genting Hong
Kong Limited, a well-known Asian cruise operator, its revenue in 2018 totaled USD
1.6 billion, up 34% year-on-year. The number of days for cruise ships available
increased by 19%, the net income increased by 15%, and the load factor increased to
91%. With the first full-year operation of the two new cruise ships, Dream Cruises’
economies of scale have improved. Its earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation
and amortization (EBITDA) amounted to USD 72 million, reversing the loss of
USD 161 million in 2017. Dream Cruises, the first local luxury cruise brand in Asia
designed for Chinese and Asian high-end cruise market, had a profitability above
industry average (Table 4).
Carnival Royal Caribbean Norwegian Cruise Line

Corporation Cruises
Fig. 3 Developments in total revenue of three major cruise operators in recent years. Data source
Four Major Cruise Lines’ Financial Report in 2018
12 H. Wang et al.
Table 4 Financial status of the four major cruise operators in the world in 2018
Cruise companies Financial indicator In 2018 Growth rate compared to
2017 (%)
Carnival Corporation Total revenue (USD 100 188.8 7.83
million)
Ticket revenue (USD 100 139.3 7.6
million)
Net profit (USD 100 31.52 21
million)
Net income per berth per 183.3 5.3
night (USD)
Royal Caribbean Cruises Total revenue (USD 100 94.94 8.2
million)
million)
Net profit (USD 100 18.16 11.7
million)
night (USD)
Norwegian Cruise Line Total revenue (USD 100 60.55 12.2
million)
million)
Net profit (USD 100 9.55 25.7
million)
night (USD)
MSC Cruises Total revenue (USD 100 39.61 21.5
million)
million)
Net profit (USD 100 5 11.9
million)
Net income per berth per 152.2 −0.8
night (USD)
Data source Four Major Cruise Lines’ Financial Report in 2018
2 Analysis on the Global Cruise Construction Market
2.1 Global Cruise Construction Market Is in Short Supply
With the growing demand for the world cruise market, the supply of existing interna-
tional cruise construction plants is difficult to meet the increasing demand. Currently,
an average of 12 large cruise ships is needed every year. It is difficult to meet the fast-
growing demand of the market in a short time by relying solely on European cruise
construction plants. By 2027, there will be 114 new cruise ships ordered worldwide,
with 247,600 new seats available, of which Carnival Corporation & PLC accounts for
35%, Royal Caribbean Cruises for 16%, Norwegian Cruise Line for 11%, Genting
Hong Kong Limited for 5%, other cruise lines for 15% (Table 5).
Fincantieri S.p.A, as the world’s largest luxury cruise construction plant, has not
been affected by the slump of the international ship construction market. Its orders
are still in short supply. Its handling orders are 52 cruise ships, with 104,000 seats,
accounting for 49.1% of the global cruise construction market share. Among which,
the orders for the construction of 27 new ships were awarded in 2018, with a total
value of about USD 9.6 billion, including 14 cruise ships. Its operating revenue
reached USD 6.15 billion, up 9% year-on-year. The cruise business revenue grew
by 6.4%. The group profit was approximately USD 77.6 million, an increase of
30%. Fincantieri S.p.A boasts strong R&D and innovation capabilities to effectively
meet the new needs of the cruise market. It has 3 design centers and 1 research
center, as well as 20 shipyards in Italy, USA, Australia, Singapore, Norway, India,
Poland, Brazil, etc., with 20,000 employees. In the first quarter of 2019, Fincantieri
S.p.A received orders for 11 cruise ships from 5 cruise lines including Oceania
Cruises, Regent Seven Seas Cruises, Viking Cruises, MSC Cruises and Princess
Cruises, with a contract value of USD 9.36 billion. STX France holds orders for 10
cruise ships with 42,400 seats. Its orders are mainly from Royal Caribbean Cruises
and MSC Cruises. The four new “World Class” cruise ships built by MSC Cruises
in cooperation with STX France will be delivered in 2022, 2024, 2025 and 2026
respectively. All four new-class cruise ships with a gross tonnage above 200,000
will enlarge MSC Cruises’ fleet rapidly. Meyer Werft GmbH, which is known as
the world’s most modern shipyard and boasts the world’s largest indoor dry dock
so far, holds orders for 11 cruise ships with 38,900 seats. Its orders are mainly
from cruise operators such as Carnival Cruise Lines, Norwegian Cruise Line, Royal
Caribbean Cruises and Disney Cruises Line. Turku Shipyard in Finland holds orders
for 7 cruise ships with 35,000 seats. Its orders are mainly from Carnival Cruise Lines,
Royal Caribbean Cruises, MSC Cruises, Norwegian Cruise Line, and Disney Cruises
Line. MV Werften under Genting Hong Kong Ltd., which focuses on large cruise
ship construction, holds orders for 6 cruise ships with 11,400 seats. All these cruise
ships are tailored for Dream Cruises. Two 200,000-ton “world class” cruise ships are
currently under construction, which will be launched in 2021 and 2022 respectively.
By the end of 2018, the construction of the first “world class” cruise ship had been
completed by 20%. The first cruise ship is expected to be stationed in Shanghai
Home Port and Tianjin Home Port to meet the market demand in East China and
North China.
14 H. Wang et al.
Table 5 Delivery of new cruise ships in the global market in 2019

Cruise Cruise ship name Shipyard Aggregate Passenger
companies tonnage capacity
MSC Cruises MSC Bellissima Chantiers de 167,600 4500
l’Atlantique
Costa Cruises Venezia Fincantieri S.p.A 135,500 4200
Asia
Coral Coral Adventurer Fincantieri S.p.A 5000 120
Adventurer
Cruises
Viking Cruises Viking Jupiter Fincantieri S.p.A 47,800 930
Royal Caribbean Spectrum of the Meyer Werft 168,600 4180
Seas GmbH
Celebrity Cruises Celebrity Flora Shipyard De 5739 100
Hoop
TUI Cruises Mein Schiff 2 Meyer Werft 111,500 2894
GmbH
Hurtigruten Roaid Amundsen KlevenWerft 20,889 530
Cruise
Oceanwide Hondius Brodosplit 5590 180
Expeditions
Hapag-Lloyd Hanseatic Nature Fincantieri S.p.A 16,100 230
Cruises
Ponant Cruise Le Bougainville Fincantieri S.p.A 10,000 184
Hurtigruten Fridtjof Nansen KlevenWerft 20,889 530
Cruise
Legend Cruises Spirit of Discovery Meyer Werft 55,900 972
GmbH
Aurora Greg Mortimer China Merchants 8000 180
Expeditions Group
Ponant Cruise LeDumontD’Urville Fincantieri S.p.A 10,000 184
Norwegian Norwegian Encore Meyer Werft 167,800 4200
Cruises GmbH
Carnival Cruises Carnival Panorama Fincantieri S.p.A 133,500 3954
Lines
The Ritz-Carlton Unnamed AstilleroBarreras 24,000 298
Costa Cruises Costa Smeralda Meyer Werft 180,000 5000
GmbH
Hapag-Lloyd Hanseatic Fincantieri S.p.A 16,100 230
Cruises Inspiration
MSC Cruises MSC Grandiosa Chantiers de 177,000 4900
l’Atlantique
Princess Cruises Sky Princess Fincantieri S.p.A 143,700 3560
2.2 The Size of New Cruise Fleet in the World Continues

to Expand
At present, the global orders for cruise construction have been scheduled to 2027. By
2027, the world’s largest cruise operator Carnival Corporation will have 122 cruise
ships, with 319,400 berths. Its passenger throughput will reach 15.7751 million, with
a market share of 39.9%. Among which, CSSC Carnival Cruise Shipping Limited,
a cruise joint venture between China State Shipbuilding Corporation and Carnival
Corporation will have two cruise ships. Its passenger throughput will reach 670,000,
with a market share of 1.7% (Table 6).
Royal Caribbean Cruises, the world’s second largest cruise operator, will have
60 cruise ships in 2027, with 168,400 berths. Its cruise passenger throughput will
reach 8.4302 million, with a market share of 21.3%. Royal Caribbean International
will be still the world’s largest cruise brand, with 30 cruise ships and 104,300 berths.
Its cruise passenger throughput will reach 5.7148 million, with a market share of
14.4%. Celebrity Cruises will have 15 cruises, with 34,000 berths. Its cruise passenger
throughput will reach 1.3356 million. As of December 31, 2018, Royal Caribbean
Cruises had signed orders for new cruise ships with a total value of about USD 11.4
billion, excluding the orders with its cooperative brands, TUI Cruises and Silversea
Cruises. By 2025, the value of Royal Caribbean Cruises’ handling orders will hit a
record USD 16.4 billion (about CNY 112.8 billion). Royal Caribbean Cruises has
Table 6 Cruise fleets of Carnival Corporation & PLC in 2027

Cruise ships Number of Number of Passenger Market share
brand cruise ships berths (each) throughput (%)
(10,000-passenger)
Carnival Cruises 29 84,090 516.05 13.0
Lines
Costa Cruises 18 53,247 304.09 7.7
Princess Cruises 19 53,380 215.86 5.5
AIDA Cruises 15 41,012 181.98 4.6
Holland America 16 28,682 106.06 2.7
Line
CSSC Carnival 2 10,000 67.00 1.7
Cruise Shipping
Limited
P&O Cruises 9 27,711 96.22 1.3
P&O Australia 5 9044 50.23 0.8
Seabourn Cruise 5 9721 8.29 0.2
Line
Total 122 319,436 1577.51 39.9
16 H. Wang et al.
Table 7 Cruise fleets of Royal Caribbean Cruises in 2027

Cruise ships brand Number of Number of Passenger Market share
cruise ships berths throughput (%)
(10,000-passenger)
Royal Caribbean 30 104,338 571.48 14.4
International
Celebrity Cruises 15 34,066 133.56 3.4
TUI Cruises 8 20,534 91.98 2.3
Pullmantur Cruises 4 7358 38.98 1.0
Azamara Club 3 2122 7.00 0.2
Cruises
Total 60 168,418 843.02 21.3
ordered the fifth Edge class cruise ship for its cruise brand Celebrity Cruises from
Chantiers de l’Atlantique at a cost of about USD 900 million in 2019 (Table 7).
MSC Cruises, a wholly-owned group in Italy, will have 9 new cruise ships in 2018–
2027. It will own 24 cruise ships in 2027, with 89,600 berths. Its cruise passenger
throughput will reach 4.5644 million, with a market share of 11.5%. It will surpass
Norwegian Cruise Line as the world’s third largest cruise operator (Table 8).
Norwegian Cruise Line, with a brand concept of “commitment, exclusiveness and
sincerity”, will have 6 new cruise ships in 2018–2017. It will own 32 cruise ships in
2027, with 72,900 berths. Its cruise passenger throughput will reach 3.5317 million,
with a market share of 8.9% (Table 9).
Genting Cruise Lines that focuses on Asian cruise market will have 6 new cruise
ships in 2018–2027, including 2 for Dream Cruises and 4 for Crystal Cruises. It will
own 15 cruise ships, with 26,700 berths. Its cruise passenger throughput will reach
2.0009 million, with a market share of 5% (Table 10).
Table 8 Cruise fleet of MSC Cruises in 2027

Cruise ships Number of Number of Passenger Market share
brand cruise ships berths throughput
(10,000-passenger)
MSC Cruises 24 89636 456.44 11.5%
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Symptoms. These are very indefinite, depending very much on the
complications. Some loss or perversion of appetite, a licking of the
soil or walls, eating litter, filth and even manure, a clammy mouth, a
redness along the margin of the tongue, eructations or attempts to
eructate, or actual vomiting, colicy pains which are usually dull until
the bowels are implicated, more or less rumbling in the bowels,
sometimes icterus, in other cases tympany, and nearly always tardy
passage of hard and scanty mucus-covered fæces. The colics may be
intermittent, appearing only just after food is taken, or they may be
continuous, the animal pawing incessantly hour after hour. A slight
hyperthermia and a distinct tenderness of the epigastrium and left
hypochondrium to pressure are valuable symptoms. Percussion
causes even keener suffering.
If the gastric contents are abundant and fermentation active, death
may ensue from gastric tympany. In other cases, the persistence of
colics at the time of feeding, of impaired appetite, constipation and
loss of condition are the main symptoms. In the last named cases the
patient may die of marasmus.
Lesions. In cases terminating in fermentation and fatal tympany
the stomach is full; in other types it is empty of all but water, mucus,
and perhaps some irritant contents, or decomposed food. The
alveolar mucosa of the right sac and above all of the pylorus is red,
congested, petechiated, macculated, thickened to double its normal
thickness or more, thrown into rugæ, and covered with tenacious
mucus. This mucus is highly charged with detached epithelial cells,
and at different points the mucosa is abraded by their desquamation.
The epithelium generally shows swollen, opaque cells. The red
congested spots show active engorgement of the capillaries, and this
is especially marked around the glandular follicles, with more or less
formation of embryonic cells. The duodenum is often implicated with
similar lesions of the mucosa and its epithelial layers, which may
block the orifices of the pancreatic and especially of the biliary duct.
In this case there is a yellowish discoloration of the liver, excess of
pigment in the hepatic cells, and hemorrhagic spots in the liver and
even in the kidneys. The urine may be yellow or reddish brown from
the presence of bile or blood pigment. In ruptured stomach,
spiroptera, bots, and other irritants, we find their characteristic
lesions, and in petechial fever there is excessive and partly
hemorrhagic infiltration of the mucosa and submucosa. In
protracted cases ulcers may be present on both stomach and
intestine. When it is a localization of some specific fever the
characteristic lesions of that affection will be found.
Treatment. If appetite continues, diet should be restricted to a
very moderate allowance of green food, pulped roots, bran mash,
boiled flaxseed, boiled middlings, with pure water or whey. If there
are irritants in the stomach they may be got rid of by a laxative (aloes
4 drachms, or sulphate of soda ½ pound). Sodium bicarbonate (½
drachm 2 or 3 times daily) is desirable to stimulate peptic secretion
and check acid fermentations. Pepsin (2 drachms) should be given at
equal intervals. Fermentations should be checked by the use of salol
(1 to 2 drachms), naphthalin (1 to 2 drachms), benzo-naphthol (1 to 3
drachms), or calcium salicylate (2 drachms).
In this connection bitters are of value to improve the tone of the
gastric mucosa, nux vomica, gentian, quinia and quassia in
combination with ipecacuan giving good results.
PHLEGMONOUS (PURULENT) GASTRITIS
IN THE HORSE.
Definition: deep inflammation tending to abscess. Causes: invasion by pus
microbes, infectious diseases, parasitism, traumas. Symptoms: hyperthermia,
colic, tenderness, icterus, coincident disease, hæmatemesis. Lesions: submucous or
subperitoneal abscess, parasites, peritonitis, exudation, thickening, neoplasm of
mucosa, catarrhal complications. Treatment: careful diet, antiseptics, bitters,
laxatives.
Definition. This is a gastric inflammation affecting the
membranous layers, and tending to submucous or subperitoneal
abscess. It is much less frequent than the catarrhal form.
Causes. It may be attributed to invasion of the gastric walls by pus
microbes, and appears as secondary abscess in pyæmia and above all
in strangles. The microbes are introduced more directly through the
wounds inflicted by the larvæ of œstrus, or by the burrowing of these
(Argus, Schlieppe, Schortmann), or of spiroptera (Argus). Wounds
by sharp pointed bodies taken in with the food, furnish other
infection—atria, and in their turn ulcers connected with catarrhal or
toxic inflammation may furnish a means of entrance.
Symptoms. These resemble those of catarrhal inflammation, but
are usually attended by greater hyperthermia, and the colicy
symptoms are more marked. There is also greater tenderness in the
epigastrium and left hypochondrium, and icterus is more marked.
When it occurs as an extension of strangles or pyæmia the symptoms
of these affections elsewhere are pathognomonic. When the abscess
bursts into the stomach there may be vomiting of bloody mucus
(hæmatemesis) which is not necessarily followed by a fatal result.
Lesions. As these are seen only in fatal cases, the presence of an
abscess is the characteristic feature. This is usually submucous, or
less frequently subperitoneal, and may vary in size from a hazelnut
upward. The tendency appears to be to open into the stomach,
though it may burst into the peritoneum and cause general infection
of that membrane. In case of parasites, the spiroptera or œstrus larva
may be found in the abcess cavity having a narrow opening into the
stomach. In certain cases the abscess on the pyloric sac has been
found opening into the duodenum. Congestion, thickening,
puckering into rugæ and laceration of the adjacent mucosæ may be a
marked feature, a circumscribed catarrhal gastritis complicating the
local phlegmon.
Treatment. This is less hopeful than in catarrhal gastritis, but
should be conducted along the same lines. The same careful diet,
with daily antiseptics and bitters may prove valuable in limiting the
inevitable suppuration, and, if the pus should escape into the
stomach, in healing the lesion. Sulphites of soda, sulphide of
calcium, chamomile, and quinia, are to be commended and pepsin
may be added to secure at once proteid digestion and antisepsis.
Laxatives may be required to counteract constipation or expel
irritants, and these may be combined with the antiseptics already
named or with salol, eucalyptol, sodium salicylate or other non-
poisonous agent of this class.
TOXIC GASTRITIS IN SOLIPEDS.
Causes: caustics or irritants acting on mucosa, accidently, or maliciously.

Symptoms: colics, pinched face, small rapid pulse, hurried breathing,
hyperthermia, sometimes salivation, color of buccal mucosa, odor, congestion of
tongue, thirst, urination, icterus, albuminuria, analysis of urine or vomited matter.
Lesions: congestion, corrosion, necrosis or ulceration of gastric mucosa,
discoloration. Treatment: antidote, stomach pump, demulcents, coagulants.
Causes. Toxic gastritis in solipeds is peculiar in this that it must be

due to one or other of the more caustic or irritant agents, which act
chemically on the tissues, while those agents that require to be
absorbed to establish a physiological irritation are comparatively
harmless. This depends on the fact that few or none of the poisonous
agents are absorbed by the gastric mucosa of the soliped, and if
ingested they must pass on into the duodenum before they can be
absorbed into the tissues and blood-vessels. Hence the horse is
injured mainly by actual caustics like mercuric chloride, zinc
chloride, ferric or cupric sulphate, the caustic alkalies or earths, or
alkaline carbonates, and the mineral acids. These may be taken
accidently or administered maliciously, or as medicines.
Symptoms. Morbid symptoms vary according to the agent
swallowed. There are colics, anxious countenance, small accelerated
pulse, rapid breathing, hyperthermia, and salivation, especially
marked with mercuric chloride. The buccal mucosa may give
valuable indications, becoming white with muriatic acid, or zinc, or
antimony, or mercuric chloride, yellow with nitric acid, and white
changing to black with sulphuric acid or silver nitrate. Ferric or
cupric sulphate may give their respective colors to the saliva, and the
former will darken the fæces.
The mouth is usually dry, hot, and clammy, and the edges of the
tongue red. Temperature is usually elevated, yet with tartar emetic it
may be distinctly reduced. Thirst is usually marked, and urination
frequent. Icterus and albuminuria attend on phosphorus poisoning.
When vomiting takes place the appearance or analysis of the matters
rejected, or otherwise of the urine, will often indicate the nature of
the poison.
Lesions. The gastric mucosa is congested and discolored, but the
corrosion and even the ulceration are especially characteristic.
Patches of necrotic mucous membrane may be more or less detached
exposing a deep red submucosa. The coloration otherwise varies;—
white or black with sulphuric acid or silver nitrate; white with
muriatic acid, the caustic alkalies, or zinc chloride; yellow with nitric
acid; or green with salts of copper.
Similar lesions are found on the buccal, œsophagean and intestinal
mucosæ, and even at times on the respiratory.
Treatment. In the treatment of this form of gastritis the first
consideration is to expel, or use an antidote to, the poison. In the
soliped, emetics are useless. The stomach pump or tube may,
however, be applied with good effect in nearly all cases, alternately
throwing in water and drawing it off. Demulcents and coagulants are
also universally applicable. Milk, eggs beaten up in milk, blood
albumen, flaxseed tea, well boiled gruels, or slippery elm bark, may
be used as may be most convenient. Next come the other chemical
antidotes the use of which however demands a previous knowledge
of the poison present. For the mineral acids one can make use of
calcined magnesia, lime water, chalk, or carbonate of soda in weak
solution. For alkalies the appropriate antidote is vinegar. For carbolic
acid, vinegar, alcohol, or failing these a weak solution of soda or oil.
For tartar emetic, gallic or tannic acid. For bichromate of potash or
chromic acid, calcined magnesia, magnesia carbonate, or lime
carbonate. For phosphorus, old oil of turpentine and demulcents—no
oil. For ammonia, vinegar followed by almond, olive or sweet oil. In
case of œdema glottidis, tracheotomy. For copper salts yellow
prussiate of potash, which precipitates the copper in an insoluble
form, and demulcents. For mercuric chloride, demulcent drinks can
be resorted to, there is no other reliable antidote. In all cases after
the evacuation of the stomach and the use of the antidote,
mucilaginous agents must be given freely with morphia or other
anodynes.
CATARRHAL INFLAMMATION OF THE
FOURTH STOMACH.
Usually a complication. Causes, predisposing, exciting, changes of food or water,

spoiled, frosted or fermented food, green potatoes, caterpillars, nitrogenous food,
irritants. Symptoms: Separation from herd, grinding teeth, eructation, depraved
appetite, fever, tender epigastrium, coated dung, red eyes, fixed or retracted,
dilated, blind eyes, drooping ears, nervous symptoms, reckless unconscious
movements, bellowing, tender skin, tremors. Lesions: Congestion and exudate in
gastric mucosa, hemorrhagic discoloration, desquamation, excess of mucus,
resemblance to rinderpest, Texas fever and malignant catarrh. Treatment: Empty
stomach by bland laxatives, stimulants of peristalsis, calmatives, cold to head,
counter-irritants, enemata, bitters.
This affection is by no means rare in cattle, though it is usually

complicated with inflammation of the first three stomachs or of the
intestines. Nevertheless, when the disease appears to be
concentrated on the fourth stomach mainly, it may well take its name
accordingly.
Causes. A predisposition to the affection occurs in the weak and
debilitated, the overworked oxen, underfed cattle, in those that are
just recovering from a severe illness and in which the gastric
secretions and functions are still poor. The usual exciting cause is
some fault in the food, it may be a sudden change from one kind to
another, and especially from dry to green, or from one kind of green
food to another and more tempting one, as when the animal breaks
into a field of grain which is advancing to maturity. Even a sudden
change of water, as from soft to hard has seemed in our experience to
contribute to its development. Next come spoiled aliments, frosted or
frozen turnips, beets, carrots, potatoes, apples, turnip tops,
fermented grasses, musty hay, sun-exposed potatoes, putrid
vegetables, and caterpillars on cabbages, tree leaves and other
vegetables. Next come products that are highly nitrogenous, like
vetches, alfalfa, sainfoin, clover, and the cakes of linseed, rape and
cotton seed. Irritant plants such as colchicum, digitalis, yew, radish,
etc., have been charged as causative agents.
Symptoms. These are often difficult to distinguish from those of
indigestion or acute lead poisoning, and they vary in different cases
according to the severity of the attack. In the milder cases there may
be loss of appetite and rumination, some tympany, arching of the
back, uneasy movements of the hind limbs and tail, a disposition to
leave the herd, grinding of the teeth, and frequent gaseous
eructations. Some show a depraved appetite, picking up and chewing
various non-alimentary substances. Somewhat more characteristic
are the dry, hot muzzle, the hyperthermia of the body, the tenderness
to pressure of the epigastrium, and the baked appearance and
glistening surface of the fæces. In the more severe forms the
suffering is increased and the nervous system participates in the
disorder. The eyes are congested, fixed or rolled back, the pupils
dilated, the vision appears to be abolished, the ears are pendant, if
tied the subject attempts to get loose, if at liberty he moves steadily
in some one direction regardless of obstacles or dangers, he bellows,
pushes against walls or other obstructions and may seriously injure
himself or others. There is, however, no mischievous purpose, he is
simply impelled to blind motion, and no regard is had to anything
which may be in his way. In some instances the nervous disorder is
manifested by a sensitiveness of the skin, so that the animal shrinks
when handled or pinched along the chine or back. Tremors is
another marked symptom.
Lesions. These consist mainly in congestion and swelling of the
gastric mucosa, which is further covered by a thick layer of mucus.
The folds are especially thickened and discolored, and the seat of
hemorrhagic extravasations (petechiæ) and exudations in spots and
patches. Desquamation of the epithelium may be met with at points
and even distinct ulcers. Exudation in the submucous tissue, and
petechiæ in the peritoneum are common. The condition may bear a
close resemblance to what is seen in rinderpest or malignant catarrh.
Treatment. The first desideratum is the elimination of the irritant
ingesta from the stomach. But for this purpose emetics are useless
and we must fall back on laxatives. Again we are met by the
consideration that the inflamed stomach will neither readily absorb
nor respond to a stimulus. Yet as a rule the viscus is not equally
inflamed throughout, and even the affected parts do not necessarily
have the whole muscular coat involved and paralyzed. We can
therefore hope for a measure of response which once started will
deplete and improve the adjacent and more violently affected parts.
But irritant and drastic purgatives like croton, podophyllin or
gamboge are proscribed as very liable to aggravate the inflammation.
Pilocarpin 3 grs. hypodermically may be given or in default of this, 1
lb. each of Glauber and common salt in not less than six quarts of
water, free access being allowed to pure water until it shall have
operated. Bismuth may also be given as a calmative. Active rubbing
of the abdomen will assist in rousing the stomachs to action, and
hasten the action of the purgative. If there should be any sign of
cerebral disorder, cold water or ice may be applied to the head, and
oil of turpentine, followed by a pulp of the best ground mustard may
be applied to the epigastrium and right hypochondrium. This may be
accompanied and followed by copious enemata, and doses of quinia,
gentian or still better nux vomica three times a day.
CATARRHAL GASTRITIS IN SWINE.
Definition. Causes, irritants, fermented, putrid swill, spoiled vegetables, irritant
molluscs or larvæ, hot or cold food, alkalies, indigestible food, specific germs and
toxins, parasites. Symptoms: inappetence, restlessness, vomiting, colic,
constipation, diarrhœa, fever, stiffness, tender abdomen, arched back, chill,
plaintive grunting, drooping tail. Lesions. Treatment: change diet, mucilaginous,
milk, protection from saprophytes, change pen, emetic, laxative, calomel, bismuth,
cleanliness, washing.
Definition. Inflammation of the gastric mucosa with mucopurulent
discharge.
Causes. Irritants of various kinds, fermented or putrid swill,
spoiled vegetables, irritant molluscs or larvæ, too hot or too cold
aliment, excess of brine, excess of alkalies, in swill (dishwashings),
indigestible foods of all kinds. The stomach may also be the seat of
catarrhal inflammation in hog cholera, swine plague, rouget,
diphtheritic affections and in the case of gastric parasites, so that it is
very important to distinguish the affections due to simple irritants,
from those dependent on plagues and parasitism.
Symptoms. There is inappetence, vomiting, restlessness and
constant movement, colics, vomiting, constipation or diarrhœa,
hyperthermia, stiffness, tenderness of the abdomen to handling,
arched back, a disposition to hide under the straw, plaintive grunting
when roused, drooping of the tail. The tendency is to a rapid recovery
after the evacuation of the stomach by vomiting, though it may
persist under a continuance of the irritating ingesta.
In these last cases the lesions may closely resemble those of the
contagious affections of the abdomen, but the disease may be
distinguished by its indisposition to spread beyond the herd which is
subjected to the unhealthy dietary.
Treatment. Change the diet to one of pure and easily digestible
materials, soups, mush, fresh whey or buttermilk, boiled farinas or
flax seed, and even fresh grass. If there is violent diarrhœa boiled
milk is often of great value.
Whatever food is given should be furnished in a vessel into which
the animal can’t get his feet, as these are usually charged with septic
germs which are pathogenic to the diseased stomach, though they
may have started from ordinary saprophytes.
For the same reason it is usually desirable to change the pen, as
the animal grubbing in the ground charges the snout with the same
offensive microbes.
If vomiting is not already established, 30 grains of ipecacuan may
be given, or tepid water may be used to assist the process. If
constipation is present 10 to 30 grains of calomel (according to size)
may be given. In case of diarrhœa a combination of calomel 1 part
and chalk 12 parts, may be given in 3 grain doses, two or three times
a day. Or ½ to 1 drachm nitrate of bismuth may be substituted.
Cleanliness in food and surroundings is among the most important
measures, and if the skin has been filthy, repeated washing with soap
and warm water may be resorted to with great benefit.
CHRONIC GASTRIC CATARRH IN
SOLIPEDS.
Causes: Debility, age, anæmia, leucæmia, lymph gland, kidney, heart or lung
disease, parasitism, dental or salivary disease, coarse, fibrous food, spoiled food,
putrid water, gastric neoplasms. Symptoms: Impaired appetite, eating lime or
earth, weariness, costiveness, coated dung, tympanies, diarrhœas, fatigue,
sweating, unthrifty hide, pallid mucosæ, emaciation, colics. Lesions: Thickened
right gastric mucosa, discoloration, mucus, petechiæ, opaque granular epithelium,
gastric dilatation. Treatment: Remove causes, diet, watering, exercise, sunshine,
bismuth, pepsin, acids, bitters, electricity, antiseptics, stomachics.
Causes. These are in the main the causes which operate in
producing the acute affection. In most chronic cases they act
continuously on a system rendered susceptible by debility or
otherwise. Among predisposing causes may be named: The debility
of old age, anæmia, leucæmia, chronic diseases of the lymph glands,
of the liver, kidney, heart, or lung, parasitic diseases, diseases of the
jaws, teeth, or salivary glands which interfere with proper
mastication and insalivation. Among exciting causes may be named:
A coarse, fibrous, innutritious diet, a too bulky diet, spoiled fodders
of all kinds, putrid drinking water, and stomach parasites
(spiroptera, œstrus larva). Actual disease of the stomach—papilloma,
cancer, actinomycosis, tumors, and oat-hair or other concretions are
further causes.
Symptoms. Impaired or capricious appetite, a disposition to lick
the walls or earth, or to drink impure water, yawning, constipation
with glossy mucus-covered fæces, and slight tympany, alternating
with diarrhœa, small, accelerated pulse, susceptibility to perspiration
and fatigue on slight exertion, unthrifty skin and hair, hide-bound,
dry, hot mouth, coated tongue, pallor of the mucous membranes,
loss of condition, and increasing weakness. Slight colics may occur at
intervals, and the sluggishness may deepen into stupor or vertigo.
Lesions. The right sac is usually the seat of more or less
hypertrophy of the mucosa, which is thickened, rugose, with patches
of dark red, gray and slate color, and covered with a layer of
tenacious mucus. The surface may show warty-like elevations, or
papillary projections, with here and there patches of blood
extravasation. The epithelial cells are increased, opaque and contain
many fatty granules.
Dilatation of the stomach is not uncommon especially in old
horses, and then the mucosa may be attenuated and smooth.
Hyperthermia may be present, but is so slight that inflammation
cannot be predicated from it and it is difficult to establish a diagnosis
from chronic dyspepsia.
Treatment. It is important to first correct any curable predisposing
disorder, in teeth, jaws, salivary glands, blood, or internal organs, to
carefully regulate feeding, watering and work, to secure as far as
possible an outdoor life, and to employ bitter and other tonics. All
over-exertion or fatigue must be carefully avoided. The food may be
as advised for the more acute affection. Costiveness may be best met
by boiled flaxseed, or in case of necessity by bran mashes, or green
food. The irritation of the stomach may be benefited by nitrate of
bismuth (3 to 4 drs.) and pepsin, and dilute muriatic acid with each
meal are often of value. Nux Vomica (10 to 25 grs. twice daily) will
help to restore the lost tone, and a current of electricity may be sent
through the epigastrium daily. As alternatives, sulphate of quinia or
gentian may replace the nux, and salol or salicylate of bismuth may
take the place of the nitrate. Bicarbonate of soda in ½ dr. doses,
common salt in ½ oz. doses, and fennel in ½ oz. doses are
sometimes useful in re-establishing gastric functions.
CHRONIC GASTRITIS IN RUMINANTS.
Causes: As in acute form, parasites, gravid womb, insufficient ration, overwork,
exhaustive milking, chronic diseases. Symptoms: deranged appetite, rumination,
pica, eructations, regurgitations, tympanies, colics after feeding, coated dung,
diarrhœa, fever, hot clammy mouth, sunken eyes, small weak pulse, palpitations,
emaciation, weakness, tender hypochondrium. Lesions: hypertrophy of gastric
mucosa, granular epithelium. Treatment: tonic regimen, diet, green food, roots,
sunshine, bismuth, salol, strychnia, pepsin, muriatic acid, common salt, counter-
irritants.
Causes. These are in the main the causes of the acute affection.
There may, however, be special persistent factors like parasites
(strongylus contortus and filicollis, spiroptera) in the stomach, the
pressure of a gravid womb, an alimentation deficient in lime or
phosphorus, overwork, exhausting milking, or chronic disease of
important organs (heart, liver, lung, kidney).
Symptoms. These are indefinite and not easily distinguished from
those of disorders of the third stomach. There is impaired or
capricious appetite, a disposition to eat lime, earth, and all sorts of
non-alimentary objects, rumination is rare or altogether suspended,
efforts to regurgitate are ineffectual, or result in gaseous eructations
only, there are tympanies and abdominal pains especially after
feeding, and constipation with a firm glazed appearance of any fæces
passed, may alternate for a short time with diarrhœa. The mouth is
hot and clammy, the eyes sunken and semi-closed, the pulse small
and weak, though the heart may palpitate, and there is a constantly
progressive emaciation and prostration. Among the more
characteristic symptoms are tenderness of the right hypochondrium
to manipulation and percussion, and the presence of slight
hyperthermia.
Lesions. The changes consist mainly in hypertrophy of the gastric
mucosa, with changes in the epithelium and submucosa such as are
already described in the horse. The pyloric region suffers most, and
here ulcers are not at all uncommon.
Treatment. The main aim must be to remove the causes, and to
build up the general health, so that the patient may rise above the
debilitating conditions. More is to be expected from the change of
diet to green food, roots, mashes, etc., and an outdoor life than from
the action of medicines, which are liable to disappear by absorption
in the first three stomachs, so that they can only act on the fourth
through the system at large. Yet benefit may be expected from the
use of nitrate of bismuth, and salol, as calmatives and antiferments,
nux vomica as a tonic and even from pepsin and muriatic acid as
digestive agents. The two last are not dependent on the fourth
stomach for their activity but will digest the contents more or less in
the first three, and the finely disintegrated and partly peptonized
ingesta coming to the fourth stomach in a less irritating, and less
fermentescible condition, lessens the work demanded of that organ
and gives a better opportunity for recuperation. Small doses of
common salt and one or other of the carminative seeds may be
added. The application of mustard or oil of turpentine to the right
hypochondrium will sometimes assist in giving a better tone to the
organ.
CHRONIC GASTRITIS IN SWINE.
Causes. Symptoms: inappetence, dullness, arched back, colic, irregular bowels,

fever, emaciation. Treatment: diet, green food, milk, mashes, cleanliness, bismuth,
salol, sodium bicarbonate, strychnia, pepsin, muriatic acid, sunshine, washing.
Causes. These are like those producing the acute affection which
may easily merge into this by a continuation of such causes.
The symptoms too are alike. Inappetence, dullness, prostration,
arched back, vomiting, colic, constipation, with alternating diarrhœa.
There is hyperthermia with hot dry snout, thirst, increasing
emaciation, and anæmia.
Treatment. An entire change of diet, to green food, roots, fresh
milk, and soft mashes in limited quantity. Allow pure water freely.
Adopt all precautions against contamination of the food by the feet
or snout. The stomach may be quieted by oxide of bismuth (20 grs.)
or salol (10 grs.) two or three times daily, and the tone and secretions
of the stomach may be stimulated by bicarbonate of soda (1 dr.) and
nux vomica (1 to 2 grs.) thrice daily. In addition pepsin and muriatic
acid may be given with each meal in proportion adapted to its
amount. A life in the open air, and an occasional soapy wash will do
much to restore healthy gastric functions.
CHRONIC GASTRITIS IN THE DOG.
Causes: faults in diet, musty food, foreign bodies, poisons, lack of sunshine,
retained fæces, parasites, ill health, chronic diseases, icy bath, septic drink.
Symptoms: irregular appetite and bowels, fever, foul breath, red tongue, tartar on
teeth, dullness, prostration, vomiting of mucus or bile, tender epigastrium, arched
back, fœtid stools, emaciation. Treatment: regulate diet, sunshine, pure water,
scraped muscle, soups without fat, antiseptics, calomel, pepsin, muriatic acid,
strychnia.
Causes. The irregularity and variability of the food, overfeeding,
highly spiced foods, putrid or spoiled food, musty food, the
swallowing of pieces of bone, and of indigestible bodies, the
consumption of poisons, the absence of open air exercise, the
compulsory suspension of defecation in house dogs, and the
presence in the stomach of worms (spiroptera, strongylus), are
among the common causes of the affection. As in other animals, ill
health, debility, lack of general tone, and chronic diseases of
important organs (liver, kidney, heart, lungs) must be taken into
account. The plunging into cold water when heated and the licking of
septic water must also be named.
Symptoms. Appetite is poor or irregular, the nose dry and hot, the
mouth fœtid, the tongue reddened around the borders and furred on
its dorsum, the teeth coated with tartar, the animal dull and
prostrate, vomits frequently a glairy mucus mixed with alimentary
matters or yellow with bile, and there is constipation alternating with
diarrhœa. The epigastrium is tender to the touch, the back arched,
the fæces glazed with mucus or streaked with blood, and offensive in
odor. Emaciation advances rapidly and death may occur from
marasmus.
Treatment. Adopt the same general plan of treatment. Stop all
offensive and irritating food, give regular outdoor exercise, free
access to pure water, and every facility to attend to the calls of
nature. Give plain easily digestible food in small amount. In the
worst cases pulped or scraped raw meat, in the less severe mush, or
well-prepared soups with the fat skimmed off, and bread added.
Check the irritant fermentations in the stomach by salol, bismuth,
salicylate of bismuth, or naphthol. In case of constipation give 8 to 10
grs. calomel. Then assist digestion by pepsin (5 grs.) and
hydrochloric acid (10 drops) in water with each meal. If the
bitterness is not an objection 1 gr. nux vomica may also be added.
ULCERATION OF THE STOMACH.
Causes: peptic digestion, paresis, caustics, irritants, acids, alkalies, salts,

mechanical irritants, hot food, parasites, thrombosis, embolism, specific disease
poisons, aneurism, tumors, infective growths, nervous disorder, debility, toxins of
diphtheria, staphylococcus, etc. Symptoms: slight colics, tympany, emaciation,
vomiting blood, tender epigastrium, dark or bloody stools, irregular bowels; in
carnivora abdominal decubitus, arched back, bloody, mucous, acid vomit, colics
after meals. Lesions: in horse erosions, ulcers, parasites, neoplasms,
discolorations, extravasations; in cattle and dogs on folds, nature of ulcer.
Treatment: restricted, digestible diet, lavage, anodynes, bismuth, antacids,
antiseptics, salol, naphthol, chloral, pure water.
Causes. Gastric ulcers may arise from quite a variety of causes

which determine necrotic conditions of the mucosa and the gradual
invasion of the resulting lesion by destructive microbes. One of the
simplest factors is the peptic juice, the stomach, being struck with
paresis (in inflammation, fever, nervous disorder), while containing
a quantity of its secretion, undergoes an autodigestion which affects
particularly the lowest (pyloric) portion, toward which the liquid
gravitates, and the free edges of the folds which are the most exposed
to its action.
The swallowing of irritant and caustic agents (the mineral acids or
alkalies, mercuric chloride, tartar emetic, antimony chloride, Paris
green, arsenious acid, etc.) by corroding or causing destructive
inflammation of the exposed mucous membrane may similarly
operate. This is especially the case with monogastric animals, (horse,
pig, dog, cat), as in the ruminants such agents tend to be diluted in
the first three stomachs and rendered more harmless.
Mechanical irritants may cause the lesion and infection atrium in
any of the domestic animals, pins, needles, nails, pieces of wire and
other sharp pointed bodies being swallowed by horse and ox, and
small stones, pieces of bone, and all sorts of irritant objects picked up
by the puppy or rabid dog.
Cooked food swallowed hurriedly at too high a temperature is
especially liable to start necrotic changes in the single stomach of
horse, pig or dog, the ruminant being in a measure protected by the
food passing first into the rumen.
The wounds caused by gastric parasites may become the starting
points of molecular degeneration and ulceration. In the horse the
spiroptera megastoma, s. microstoma, and the larvæ of the various
œstri; in cattle and sheep the strongylus contortus, s. convulutus, s.
filicollis and s. vicarius; in swine the spiroptera strongylina,
Simondsia paradoxa, and gnathostoma hispida; in dogs spiroptera
sanguinolenta, and in cats the ollulanus tricuspis act in this way.
Gastric catarrh debilitates the affected mucosa and lays it open to
necrotic microbian infection especially in the pyloric sac and on the
summit of the folds.
Interruption of the local circulation in the deeper parts of the
mucosa as in inflammation and capillary thrombosis, arterial
embolism, venous thrombosis, may lead to local sloughing and
ulcerous infection. This may be seen in the petechial fever of the
horse, malignant catarrh, rinderpest, and anthrax in cattle and
sheep, and in canine distemper in dogs. Vogel found ulcers resulting
from a gastric aneurism in the dog.
Tumors and infective growths in the walls of the stomach may
prove an occasion of ulceration. Thus sarcoma, epithelioma,
actinomycosis and tubercle may be the primary morbid lesion in
different cases.
Gastric ulcers have also been attributed to morbid nervous
influences as in dogs they have been found associated with lesions of
the dorsal myelon, and the corpora quadrigemini, and faradisation of
the vagus has apparently led to their production.
General constitutional debility has been alleged as a factor, and
experimentally in dogs, the hypodermic or intravenous injection of
various microbes or their toxins (diphtheritic toxin, Enriquez and
Hallion, staphylococci, Panum, Lebert, Letulle, and a bacillus of
dysentery in man, Chantemesse and Widal), have produced gastric
ulcers.

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Report on the Development of Cruise

Industry in China 2019 Hong Wang

Annual Report on The Development of PPP in China Tianyi

Development of a Society on Wheels: Understanding the

Annual Report on the Development of the Indian Ocean

Annual Report on the Development of China s Special

Development of China s Cultural Industry Chang Jiang

Advances in Optoelectronic Technology and Industry

China Internet Development Report 2019 Blue Book for

Annual Report on Financing Old Age Care in China (2017)

Report on the Development

ISBN 978-981-15-4660-0 ISBN 978-981-15-4661-7 (eBook)

© Social Sciences Academic Press 2020

Advisor: Yongchang Qian

General Report (Listed in the order of appearance)

Industry Development Chapter

Beijing, China Yongchang QIAN

Hong Wang, Ph.D. in Business at Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Postdoctoral

Part I General Report

Part II Special Articles on Cruise Economic Reform

7 Environmental Change of Cruise Industry in Northeast Asia and

Part III The Cruise Industry

Part IV Policy Suggestions

17 Strategic Research on Profoundly Promoting Single Window

Hong Wang, Jianyong Shi, and Junqing Mei

© Social Sciences Academic Press 2020 3

Keywords Industry · Pattern · Cruise economy · Industry chain · Development

1 Analysis on the Developing Situation of Global Cruise

1.1 The Global Cruise Tourism Market Grows Faster

1.2 The Size of Global Cruise Operation Fleet Expands

At present, Carnival Corporation, Royal Caribbean Cruises, Norwegian Cruise Line,

Table 2 Fleets of world’s top five cruise brands in 2019

Table 3 Major cruise brands deploying business in North American market

1.3 Global Cruise Tourism Products Continue to Innovate

Boosting the innovation of cruise tourism products is an important basis to enhance

1.4 The Profitability of Global Cruise Lines Is Significantly

Carnival Royal Caribbean Norwegian Cruise Line

2 Analysis on the Global Cruise Construction Market

2.1 Global Cruise Construction Market Is in Short Supply

Table 5 Delivery of new cruise ships in the global market in 2019

2.2 The Size of New Cruise Fleet in the World Continues

Table 6 Cruise fleets of Carnival Corporation & PLC in 2027

Table 7 Cruise fleets of Royal Caribbean Cruises in 2027

Table 8 Cruise fleet of MSC Cruises in 2027

Causes: caustics or irritants acting on mucosa, accidently, or maliciously.

Causes. Toxic gastritis in solipeds is peculiar in this that it must be

Usually a complication. Causes, predisposing, exciting, changes of food or water,

This affection is by no means rare in cattle, though it is usually

Causes. Symptoms: inappetence, dullness, arched back, colic, irregular bowels,

Causes: peptic digestion, paresis, caustics, irritants, acids, alkalies, salts,

Causes. Gastric ulcers may arise from quite a variety of causes

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