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Manoj Kumar Jhariya · Arnab Banerjee
Ram Swaroop Meena
Dhiraj Kumar Yadav Editors
Sustainable
Agriculture,
Forest and
Environmental
Management
Sustainable Agriculture, Forest
and Environmental Management
Manoj Kumar Jhariya • Arnab Banerjee
Ram Swaroop Meena • Dhiraj Kumar Yadav
Editors
Sustainable Agriculture,
Forest and Environmental
Management
Editors
Manoj Kumar Jhariya Arnab Banerjee
Department of Farm Forestry Department of Environmental Science
Sarguja University Sarguja University
Ambikapur, Chhattisgarh, India Ambikapur, Chhattisgarh, India
Ram Swaroop Meena Dhiraj Kumar Yadav

Department of Agronomy Department of Farm Forestry
Institute of Agricultural Sciences Sarguja University
Banaras Hindu University Ambikapur, Chhattisgarh, India
Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
Additional material to this book can be downloaded from http://extras.springer.com.
ISBN 978-981-13-6829-5 ISBN 978-981-13-6830-1 (eBook)

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-6830-1
© Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2019

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Singapore
Preface
Existence of life on the earth primarily depends upon the agriculture, forest, and
environment. Climate change is imposing multifaceted challenges in front of human
civilization, food crisis, poverty, and eco-friendly development. It also influences
the agroecosystem services through climatic irregularities that are essential for agri-
cultural productivity. The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) plays key role
in promoting research and developmental activities in various sectors to achieve the
Sustainable Development Goals under 2030 Agenda (FAO 2016). The optimum
quality food helps to combat climate change through lesser greenhouse gas (GHG)
emission (0.6 PgC/year). More than 75 years of phasing out of chlorofluorocarbons
(CFCs) have been estimated to bring $1.8 trillion net health benefit globally along
with prevention of loss worth $460 billion for natural resources. Modern agriculture
practice and technologies lead to higher productivity with destruction of agricul-
tural habitat leading to soil-water-air pollution. This has necessitated the develop-
ment of eco-friendly practices in the agricultural system. Global forests cover
accounts for 30% of the total land area on the earth’s surface (approx. 4 billion
hectares). One fourth of the human population directly or indirectly depends upon
the forest resources. Forest simultaneously supports biodiversity as well as helps to
combat the global phenomenon of climate change. The growing human population
along with the growing human needs has put this valuable resource into question of
existence.
As per the UN Strategic Plan for Forests 2017–2030 (UNSPF), an initiative
throughout the world has taken for sustainable management of forests in order to
check deforestation and its subsequent environment degradation (UN 2017). It
includes issues such as sustainable management of forests, combating desertifica-
tion, reducing land degradation, preventing biodiversity loss, etc. Accordingly, UN
(United Nations) general assembly has declared 21st of March to be celebrated as
International Day of Forests throughout the world. The motto behind such programs
includes increasing forest cover up to 3% worldwide, promoting different afforesta-
tion and reforestation schemes by 2020, giving stress upon livelihood security of
forest dwellers, etc. A global network through establishment of interrelated net-
working system needs to be developed between UNFCCC (The United Nations
Framework Convention on Climate Change), CBD (Convention on Biological
Diversity), and UNCCD (The United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification)
for worldwide protection of forests. Sustainable forest management practices need
v
vi Preface
to be implemented immediately. The present book aims to address these issues

related to forestry and their future implications.
Environment is itself a scare resource nowadays due to human alteration of the
habitat. Environment is being degraded in various ways with gradual growth and
development of the technology in the modern era of science. Environmental man-
agement is a broad term which encompasses pollution prevention, inhibition of
environmental degradation, restoration of degraded habitat, and maintaining overall
integrity of ecosystem. It is an integrated approach which encompasses food secu-
rity, poverty alleviation, social justice, healthy environment, and well-being of the
people. Pollution reduction is a major challenge from environmental perspectives
for human civilization. It has been observed that, globally, net economic gain
appears to be $2.5 trillion per annum, or 4% of global GDP (gross domestic prod-
uct) through phasing out lead from gasoline. In this context, Vienna Convention and
Montreal Protocol (VCMP) have successfully phased out more than 90 ozone-
depleting substances. As a consequence, incidences such as eye cataracts, skin can-
cer, and other allied diseases would be reduced to a considerable extent up to 2030
(UNEP 2015). Eco-friendly technologies can reduce different pollutants causing
global warming up to 0.5 °C along with saving the lives of more than two million
people from climatic hazards till 2030. Recently, during the Bonn Convention held
in Germany (2017), special emphasis has been given to ecological restoration of
vegetation in riverside and other fringe areas of river. Such approach would there-
fore promote sustainable development of surface water system on earth. This would
benefit mostly the agriculture in terms of irrigation practice as well as help to main-
tain the ecological integrity of forest ecosystem.
This book would be a valuable asset for teachers, researchers, policy-makers,
and undergraduate and graduate students of agriculture, forestry, ecology, soil sci-
ence, and environmental sciences. Highly professional and internationally renowned
researchers have contributed toward cutting-edge scientific information on a broad
range of topics covering agriculture, forestry, and environment. The present book
focuses on current developments in the field of sustainable agriculture, forestry, and
environment which aims toward all-round development of this naturally build eco-
system. Therefore, sustainable agriculture, forest management, and eco-friendly
practices are the need of the hour. The objectives of this book are (1) to develop
sustainable agricultural practices keeping harmony between agricultural productiv-
ity and soil health; (2) to understand the present scenario of forest resource from
global perspective and to identify the key aspects for forest protection, conservation,
and management; and (3) to understand the various problems of environment deg-
radation and its subsequent remedy and management. This is much important from
modern perspectives. Agriculture, forestry, and environment are very much interre-
lated to each other. The existence of one is not possible without the other. Current
updates in the form of sustainable agriculture, forestry, and maintaining ecological
integrity by eco-friendly practices are essential for the blissful existence of human
civilization. Recent approaches aiming toward sustainable development in the form
of eco-friendly farming system, forest conservation, and environment protection,
Preface vii
along with implementation of greener and cleaner technologies, need to be identi-

fied, prioritized, and implemented through research and development works.
The present book comprises of 16 chapters from eminent experts of various dis-
ciplines across the world. The experts are actively engaged in research and develop-
mental activity related to sustainability approach in agriculture, forestry, and
environment sector. The present book addresses various sustainability approaches
and presents research context in the field of agriculture, forestry, and environment.
In the chapters, problems, prospects, and possibilities of the future have been dis-
cussed thoroughly both at international and national levels. The issues of changing
climate and its mitigation strategies have been widely explored in various chapters.
The bioclimatic application, cultivation techniques, abiotic stresses for agricultural
crops under changing climate, maintaining soil and water sustainability through
ecosystem management, and major issues are covered in the book. Under forestry
section, the role of forestry under changing climate has been widely addressed.
Specific technologies in the form of short-rotation forestry, agroforestry, as well as
multiple utilizations of bamboo species and ecological role of tree outside forests
have been illustrated in various chapters. In the environmental management section,
inceptions were made through addressing strategies for combating the climate
change. Newer issues such as radioecology and its interaction with the environment,
pit lake biography, and their potential role toward environmental sustainability have
been widely addressed. Further addressing environmental management, the poten-
tial role of microorganism in waste management sector as well as phytoremediation
approaches has also been addressed.
Ambikapur, Chhattisgarh, India Manoj Kumar Jhariya

Ambikapur, Chhattisgarh, India Arnab Banerjee
Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India Ram Swaroop Meena
Ambikapur, Chhattisgarh, India Dhiraj Kumar Yadav
Contents
Agriculture, Forestry and Environmental Sustainability:

A Way Forward�� 1
Manoj Kumar Jhariya, Arnab Banerjee, Ram Swaroop Meena,
and Dhiraj Kumar Yadav
Mitigating Climate Change Through Bioclimatic Applications
and Cultivation Techniques in Agriculture (Andalusia, Spain)�� 31
E. Cano, A. Cano-Ortiz, C. M. Musarella, J. C. Piñar Fuentes,
J. M. H. Ighbareyeh, F. Leyva Gea, and S. del Río
Abiotic Stress in Agricultural Crops Under Climatic Conditions�� 71
Suarau O. Oshunsanya, Nkem J. Nwosu, and Yong Li
Agroforestry: A Holistic Approach for Agricultural Sustainability�� 101
Abhishek Raj, Manoj Kumar Jhariya, Dhiraj Kumar Yadav,
Arnab Banerjee, and Ram Swaroop Meena
Soil and Water Conservation Techniques for Sustainable Agriculture�� 133
S. Sarvade, V. B. Upadhyay, Manish Kumar, and Mohammad Imran Khan
Soil for Sustainable Environment and Ecosystems Management �� 189
Abhishek Raj, Manoj Kumar Jhariya, Dhiraj Kumar Yadav,
Arnab Banerjee, and Ram Swaroop Meena
Forest as a Sink of Carbon in Global and Nepalese Context �� 223
Anup K. C.
Properties and Importance of Various Bamboo Species
for Multi-Utility Applications�� 251
Perminder Jit Kaur, K. K. Pant, and Geetanjali Kaushik
Sustainable Forestry Under Changing Climate�� 285
Manoj Kumar Jhariya, Dhiraj Kumar Yadav, Arnab Banerjee,
Abhishek Raj, and Ram Swaroop Meena
ix
x Contents
Ecosystem Services of Trees Outside Forest�� 327

Sumit Chakravarty, Nazir A. Pala, Bisleshna Tamang, Biplov C. Sarkar,
Abha Manohar K, Prakash Rai, Anju Puri, Vineeta, and Gopal Shukla
Short-Rotation Forestry: Implications for Carbon Sequestration
in Mitigating Climate Change�� 353
Nongmaithem Raju Singh, Kamini, Naresh Kumar, and Dhiraj Kumar
Strategies for Combating Climate Change�� 393
A. O. Akanwa, H. C. Mba, U. Jiburum, and K. C. Ogboi
Radioecology and Substance Interaction with Nature �� 437
Arnab Banerjee, Manoj Kumar Jhariya, Dhiraj Kumar Yadav,
Abhishek Raj, and Ram Swaroop Meena
Effective Role of Microorganism in Waste Management
and Environmental Sustainability�� 485
Saikat Mondal and Debnath Palit
A Contemplation On Pitlakes of Raniganj Coalfield Area:
West Bengal, India �� 517
Debnath Palit and Debalina Kar
Phytoremediation: An Advance Approach for Stabilization
of Coal Mine Wastelands�� 573
Debalina Kar and Debnath Palit
About the Editors and Contributors
Editors
Manoj Kumar Jhariya is an assistant professor in the

Department of Farm Forestry at Sarguja University,
Ambikapur (Chhattisgarh), India, and is the author or
coauthor of more than 60 research papers in peer-
reviewed journals, 4 books, 20 book chapters, and sev-
eral extension articles. Dr. Jhariya obtained BSc
(Agriculture), MSc (Forestry), and PhD (Forestry) from
Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya (IGKVV),
Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India. He was awarded University
Gold Medal for securing first class first position in PhD,
Chhattisgarh Young Scientist Award in the year 2013
from Chhattisgarh Council of Science and Technology,
and a University Grants Commission-Rajiv Gandhi
National Fellowship (UGC-RGNF), New Delhi, India.
He is editorial board member of several journals and
life member in the Indian Science Congress Association,
Applied and Natural Science Foundation, Society for
Advancement of Human and Nature, Medicinal and
Aromatic Plants Association of India, and International
Society for Development and Sustainability. He has
supervised 41 MSc (Farm Forestry) students and
dynamically involved in teaching (postgraduate) and
research.
xi
xii About the Editors and Contributors
Arnab Banerjee is an assistant professor, Department

of Environmental Science, Sarguja Vishwavidyalaya,
Ambikapur, Chhattisgarh, India. He has completed
MSc and PhD (Environmental Science) from Burdwan
University and MPhil in Environmental Science from
Kalyani University, West Bengal. He won the University
Gold Medal for securing first class first position in MSc
examination. He has been awarded Young Scientist
Award for best oral presentation at the international
conference held at the University of Burdwan. He was a
project fellow under UGC-sponsored major research
project. To his credit, he has published 65 research
papers in reputed national and international journals, 5
books, and 5 book chapters. He is life member of the
Academy of Environmental Biology. He has supervised
23 postgraduate students and engaged in postgraduate
teaching and research.
Ram Swaroop Meena was born in a farmer family in

VOP, Harsana, Tehsil, Laxmangarh, Alwar District,
Rajasthan, India. Dr. Meena had his schooling in the
same village and graduated in Agriculture in 2003 from
the Sri Karan Narendra Agriculture University, Jobner,
Jaipur (Rajasthan). Dr. Meena has obtained his Master’s
and Doctorate in Agronomy from the Swami
Keshwanand Rajasthan Agricultural University,
Bikaner (Rajasthan), securing first division in all the
classes, Junior Research Fellowship (JRF), and Senior
Research Fellowship (SRF) from the Indian Council of
Agricultural Research, and RGNF Award from the
University Grants Commission, Government of India
(UGC, GOI). Dr. Meena has been awarded Raman
Research Fellowship by the Ministry of Human
Resource Development (MHRD), GOI. He has com-
pleted his postdoctoral research on soil carbon seques-
tration under Prof. Rattan Lal, distinguished scientist
and director, Carbon Management and Sequestration
Center (CMASC), Ohio State University, USA. He is
working on soil sustainability, crop productivity, and
resources use efficiency, under current climatic era. Dr.
Meena has supervised 17 postgraduate and 4 PhD stu-
dents, and he has 8 years research and teaching experi-
ence at undergraduate/postgraduate/PhD level. He is
working on the three externally funded running projects
including the Department of Science and Technology
About the Editors and Contributors xiii
(DST), GOI, and involved in many academic and

administrative activities going on at the institute/univer-
sity level. Dr. Meena has published more than 100
research and review papers in peer-reviewed reputed
journals and contributed in the edited books with 25
book chapters at national and international levels. He
has published three books on the national level and
another three on the international level. He has worked
as an expert in the National Council of Educational
Research and Training (NCERT), MHRD, GOI, to
develop the two books for school education at XI and
XII standards. Dr. Meena has been awarded several
awards, namely, Young Scientist, Young Faculty, Global
Research, Excellence in Research, Honorable Faculty
Award, etc. Dr. Meena is a member of 9 reputed national
and international societies and is working as a general
secretary, editor, and member of the editorial board in
12 national and international peer-reviewed reputed
journals and attended several national and international
conferences in the country and abroad. Dr. Meena is
contributing to the agricultural extension activities on
farmers’ level as associate coordinator in trainings,
meetings, workshops, and farmers’ fair.
Dhiraj Kumar Yadav is an assistant professor and

head, Department of Farm Forestry, Sarguja
Vishwavidyalaya, Ambikapur, Chhattisgarh, India. He
completed graduation, postgraduation, and PhD in
Forestry from Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa
Vidyalaya (JNKVV), IGKVV, and Kumaun University,
Nainital, respectively. He has pursued MBA in Human
Resource Management from Sikkim Manipal University
and Diploma in Environmental Management. He has
been awarded Chhattisgarh Young Scientist Award in
the year 2008 from Chhattisgarh Council of Science
and Technology. He received a merit scholarship during
BSc curriculum. He also worked as JRF, SRF, research
assistant (RA), and project coordinator in various for-
estry institutes. He has published many research papers
(30), articles, books (2), and book chapters (10) in vari-
ous national and international reputed publishers. He is
also member of several academic societies of India. He
has supervised 41 MSc (Farm Forestry) students and
involved in teaching (postgraduate) and research.
xiv About the Editors and Contributors
Contributors
A. O. Akanwa Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University, (COOU), Uli

Campus, Anambra State, Nigeria
Arnab Banerjee Department of Environmental Science, Sarguja University,
Ambikapur, Chhattisgarh, India
E. Cano Departamento Biología Animal, Vegetal y Ecología. Botánica, Universidad
de Jaén, Jaén, Spain
A. Cano-Ortiz Departamento Biología Animal, Vegetal y Ecología. Botánica,
Universidad de Jaén, Jaén, Spain
Sumit Chakravarty Department of Forestry, Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya,
Pundibari, West Bengal, India
S. del Río Department of Biodiversity and Environmental Management (Botany),
Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of León, León, Spain
J. M. H. Ighbareyeh Departamento Biología Animal, Vegetal y Ecología. Botánica,
Mohammad Imran Khan College of Agriculture, Balaghat, Jawaharlal Nehru
Krishi Vishwa Vidhyalaya, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India
Manoj Kumar Jhariya Department of Farm Forestry, Sarguja University,
U. Jiburum Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Faculty of Environmental
Sciences, University of Nigeria Nsukka (UNN), Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
Abha Manohar K Department of Forestry, Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya,
Anup K. C. Department of Environmental Science, Amrit Campus, Tribhuvan
University, Kathmandu, Nepal
Department of Parks, Recreation and Tourism Management, Clemson University,
Clemson, SC, USA
Kamini ICAR-Indian Grassland and Fodder Research Institute, Jhansi, Uttar
Pradesh, India
Debalina Kar Department of Conservation Biology, Durgapur Government
College, Durgapur, West Bengal, India
Perminder Jit Kaur Center for Rural Development and Technology, Indian
Institute of Technology, Delhi, India
Geetanjali Kaushik Center for Rural Development and Technology, Indian
Institute of Technology, Delhi, India
About the Editors and Contributors xv
Dhiraj Kumar ICAR-Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi, Uttar

Pradesh, India
Manish Kumar Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India
Naresh Kumar ICAR-Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi, Uttar
Pradesh, India
F. Leyva Gea Departamento Biología Animal, Vegetal y Ecología. Botánica,
Y. Li Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment and Agro-Product Safety, Guangxi
University, Nanning, China
H. C. Mba Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Faculty of Environmental
Sciences, University of Nigeria Nsukka (UNN), Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
Ram Swaroop Meena Department of Agronomy, Institute of Agricultural
Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
Saikat Mondal Department of Zoology, Raghunathpur College, Purulia, West
Bengal, India
C. M. Musarella Departamento Biología Animal, Vegetal y Ecología. Botánica,
Dipartimento di Agraria, Università “Mediterranea” di Reggio Calabria, Reggio
Calabria, Italy
Nkem J. Nwosu Department of Agronomy, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo
State, Nigeria
K. C. Ogboi Centre for Environmental Management and Control (CEMAC),
University of Nigeria Nsukka, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
Suarau O. Oshunsanya Department of Agronomy, University of Ibadan, Ibadan,
Oyo State, Nigeria
Nazir A. Pala Department of Forestry, Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya,
Debnath Palit Department of Botany, Durgapur Government College, Durgapur,
West Bengal, India
K. K. Pant Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology,
Delhi, India
J. C. Piñar Fuentes Departamento Biología Animal, Vegetal y Ecología. Botánica,
Anju Puri Baring Union Christian College, Batala, Punjab, India
Prakash Rai Department of Forestry, Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya,
xvi About the Editors and Contributors
Abhishek Raj Department of Forestry, College of Agriculture, Indira Gandhi

Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India
Biplov C. Sarkar Department of Forestry, Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya,
S. Sarvade College of Agriculture, Balaghat, Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa
Vidhyalaya, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India
Gopal Shukla Department of Forestry, Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya,
Nongmaithem Raju Singh ICAR-Research Complex for Eastern Region, Patna,
Bihar, India
Bisleshna Tamang Department of Forestry, Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya,
V. B. Upadhyay College of Agriculture, Balaghat, Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa
Vidhyalaya, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India
Vineeta Department of Forestry, Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Pundibari,
West Bengal, India
Dhiraj Kumar Yadav Department of Farm Forestry, Sarguja University,
Agriculture, Forestry and Environmental
Sustainability: A Way Forward
Manoj Kumar Jhariya, Arnab Banerjee,

Ram Swaroop Meena, and Dhiraj Kumar Yadav
Contents
1 Introduction 3
2 Agriculture, Food and Environmental Security 5
3 Challenges for Agriculture Sustainability 7
4 Forestry 9
5 Challenges Towards Sustainability of Forests 15
6 Environment 17
7 Environmental Sustainability and Its Challenges 20
8 Green Growth Roadmap in Indian Perspective 21
9 Sustainability and Sustainable Development 23
10 Future Prospects of Research and Development
Vis-a-vis Sustainable Management 24
11 Conclusion 25
References 26
Abstract
Sustainability is a big issue in the modern context, with the focus to sustainable
development for the earth will be clean and green. The issues of the environmen-
tal damage, forest depletion and food security are all coming under the umbrella
of sustainability. Approaches for the sustainable development are a need of time
for proper environmental management, boosting up the agricultural productivity,
and conservation of the forests with least harm to environment. Proper manage-
M. K. Jhariya (*) · D. K. Yadav

Department of Farm Forestry, Sarguja University, Ambikapur, Chhattisgarh, India
A. Banerjee
Department of Environmental Science, Sarguja University, Ambikapur, Chhattisgarh, India
R. S. Meena
Department of Agronomy, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University,
Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
© Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2019 1

M. K. Jhariya et al. (eds.), Sustainable Agriculture, Forest and Environmental
Management, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-6830-1_1
2 M. K. Jhariya et al.
ment of forests resources and eco-friendly agricultural practices would help to

maintain the ecosystem services and ecological resilience leading to environ-
mental sustainability. The natural balance of sustainability through effective
management of agriculture and forestry sector would help to maintain the eco-
logical systems of the world. As per the Food and Agricultural Organization
(FAO), globally 815 million people is suffering from proper supply of food with
155 million children have age group below 5 years without adequate food. As per
the reports of the State of Food Security and Nutrition (SFSN) in the world, the
global food production needs to be increased up to 50% depending upon popula-
tion strength and changing dietary pattern. Globally around 3.3 million hectares
of forests area were reduced between 5 years from 2010 to 2015. It was found
that within a time span of 130 years, the warming of earth’s surface has taken
place up to 0.85 °C, and level of sea rise has taken place up to 0.2 m within a span
of 10 years. Environmental degradation, food security and deforestation are the
three-dimensional challenge towards sustainable development. Considering
these issues, pathways towards sustainability are yet to be properly explored.
Newer technologies would lead to expansion of agriculture and put pressure on
other natural resource base. Under such situation, integrity between activities of
human being with ecological system is the key to achieve sustainable develop-
ment. Minimizing use of non-renewable inputs in the agriculture would help to
maintain the agricultural sustainability. Protecting the resource base of forests
along with promoting various sustainable forest management (SFM) schemes
would help to maintain forest sustainability. Lesser pollution and degradation of
the environment with a sustained environmental management approach is the
key for environmental sustainability. To achieve such conditions, one should go
for productive use of indigenous knowledge along with technological expertise.
Community participation in all aspects would act as workforce towards achiev-
ing sustainable development. However, challenges are there to develop integrated
policies both at the national and international level to achieve sustainability in
agriculture, forestry and environment. To overcome such challenges, knowledge
both at institutional level and policy level would act as appropriate incentive for
development towards sustainable earth. The main objective behind writing this
title is to address sustainability issues and approaches of conservation in the
fields of agriculture, forestry and environment. The present chapter would act as
basic guidelines of sustainability approaches for effective management of natural
resource.
Keywords
Agriculture · Climate change · Environment · Forestry · Sustainability
Agriculture, Forestry and Environmental Sustainability: A Way Forward 3
Abbreviations
C Carbon
CDM Clean development mechanism
CO2 Carbon dioxide
FAO Food and Agricultural Organization
GHGs Greenhouse gases
IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
R&D Research and development
SFM Sustainable forest management
SFSN State of Food Security and Nutrition
1 Introduction
Sustainable development is a major issue which incorporates various approaches

that address the problem and simultaneous planning towards their solutions
(Koutsouris 2008; Cerf et al. 2011). Sustainable development is a theme which
embraces the society, economy and environment (Reed et al. 2006). This is an
important aspect to addressing survivality of human civilization.
The term sustainability aims towards conserving natural resources without their
further depletion. Traditional knowledge and wisdom practiced throughout the
world is working towards achieving sustainability of the earth’s ecosystem (Parotta
et al. 2006). It would bring benefits for the human civilization continuously genera-
tion after generation (Reboratti 1999). Sustainable development refers to a develop-
mental process which considers economic, social and environmental dimension
(Strange and Bayley 2008; Ashoka et al. 2017).
In this context it has now become very much essential to consider agriculture,
forestry and environment as the key issues of sustainable development. Such think-
ing was also addressed in various international levels such as in the Rio + 20 sum-
mits, 2020 and 2030 agenda. The world is going through such crisis that human
existence has become questionable. Therefore, eco-resilient approaches in various
sector need to be formulated. It was also highlighted in the Rio summit, 1992. As
per this summit, major changes in the field of agriculture and environment should
be considered for developing policies and strategies (Farrelly 2013).
Agriculture is the major economic process for overall prosperity of human civi-
lization. This has created the problem of gap between demand and supply. With
gradual growth of science and technology, the human population is growing at an
unprecedented rate. Globally the world food production lies between 2 and 4% dur-
ing the last 50 years along with increase in cultivable land up to 1% per year. This
indicates the improved efficiency of global food production. It was found that eight
crop species (barley, beans, groundnut, maize, potatoes, rice, sorghum and wheat)
and five animal species (cattle, sheep, goats, pigs and chickens) constitute 53% and
31% protein diet of world human population. Three crop species (wheat, rice and
maize) act as major staple food crop for the entire world which fulfils 48% of mean
daily calories requirement on global basis (FAO 2016).
As a consequence, one has to go for more production and more output in rela-
tively short period of time. Modernization of agricultural technology has put the
entire environment under stress. It is also throwing challenge to the sustainability of
the entire environment. Environmental sustainability is such a concept which
requires regular monitoring of environmental issues related with developmental
process. This is a big issue as adequate data at the base level is a scarce resource at
local and national level. In most of the countries, government is in a misnomer posi-
tion in terms of policy formulation and implementation which would bring benefit
for mankind considering environmental sustainability in terms of forest conserva-
tion, lesser pollution and enriched biodiversity status. The policy issue does not
properly address the issue of livelihood generation and socioeconomic upliftment
leading to social sustainability. It has been observed that environmental impact has
long-term consequences over future generation. Mega global change events such as
changing climate, species extinction, biodiversity loss and alteration of nutrient
cycling have severe consequences in the sectors of agriculture, forestry and environ-
ment (Rockstrom et al. 2009). Such major problems also give rise to secondary
issues in terms of ozone layer depletion, coral bleaching and ocean acidification.
This is very unfortunate that at the present era of science and technology, we still do
not know the threshold boundary of sustainability and the harmful impacts over
human civilization.
Due to overall degradation of the environment, biodiversity loss is taking place
at an unprecedented rate. Species extinction has now become a common incidence
throughout the world (Rockstrom et al. 2009; Meena et al. 2017; Raj et al. 2018a).
The impact would be severe through massive alterations in global ecosystem. The
World Bank (2010) suggests that 15 out of the 24 ecosystem services are under the
threat of severe degradation due to unsustainable use. As per the reports of IPCC
(2014) within a span of 1 year (2010–2011), temperature has increased up to 3%,
and this increasing trend continues up to 1–2% within 2011–2012. This is a very
alarming situation causing increase in average global temperature (IPCC 2014).
FAO estimate (2011) mentioned that up to one third of food items globally were lost
or degraded from production to its ultimate destination site. Associated with this is
the production of GHGs emission creating the problem of global warming.
The problem of ecosystem service loss would further be aggravated through
intense agricultural operation, loss of forests, unprecedented growth of human pop-
ulation and ever-increasing environmental pollution. The worst sufferer would be
people under poor economy (CBD 2010). For instance, dieback of Amazon forests
through deforestation activity would be the major consequence of forest fire and
climatic abnormalities in terms of drought. Gradual building up of nutrients in
freshwater ecosystem may convert it into eutrophic condition harbouring algal
blooms. Coral bleaching due to ocean acidification increase in sea temperature and
other anthropogenic influence may raise the question of malfunctioning of ecosys-
tem and crisis of food. Forest is a key factor for biodiversity conservation, but activ-
ity related to forests conservation is yet to meet the target as set by the UNEP
(2010). Climate change would significantly impact the biodiversity in upcoming

century. Rising temperatures would influence species negatively by reducing their
ecological amplitude. For example, the UNDP (2008) reported gradual rise of sur-
face temperature of 3 °C; up to 30% of terrestrial species would be under the verge
of extinction. Average estimates show one tenth of species would become extinct
with only 1 °C rise of temperature (World Bank 2010). Changing climate may lead
to more pest outbreak, alteration in precipitation pattern and competition for food
and habitat (Raj et al. 2018b).
The present book addresses three most important interactive issues which fare
the need of the twenty-first century. Rapid growth of science and technology has
pushed human civilization to an industrialized and urbanized setup which is mostly
technology oriented. Now this has created the problem in the field of agriculture,
forestry and environment. For sustenance of life on earth, we need to take care about
these issues, and therefore the present book will provide an insight regarding current
scenario, R&D (research and development) and way forward towards sustainability.
It would have a broad readership at the international arena where there will exchange
of knowledge and thinking between scientists, research scholar, teachers and overall
academicians. This would be a good platform for people thinking globally, related
to sustainability issues of agriculture, forestry and environment. The present chapter
would act as a baseline database for the entire book where going through this chap-
ter by the readers would provide them a concise insight about the theme of various
chapters present in the book. It would also help the academicians as well as new
aspirants in the field of agriculture, forestry and environment to fulfil their inquisi-
tiveness about sustainability and ways to achieve sustainable development.
2 Agriculture, Food and Environmental Security
From food security point of view, two major challenges include higher level of hun-
ger and lack of nutrition which approximates more than 850 million people up to
2012 (FAO 2012a). Poverty alleviation is taking place at a very slow pace, and
unsustainable attitude of human being supersedes carrying capacity of the earth.
Some major events such as loss of biodiversity, overuse of nitrogen, phosphorous
fertilizer, soil degradation and acidification of the ocean are becoming an alarming
threat. This has further aggravated the problems of freshwater crisis, degradation of
land, loss of forests, less agricultural productivity and lesser livelihood generation.
The major problem is that lack of adequate policies to address such issues. Human
population growth is taking an alarming rate from 7 billion to 9 billion which is put-
ting pressure on agriculture and natural resources (Alexandratos and Bruinsma
2012; Verma et al. 2015). The situation is very complicated as one needs to design
policies to boost up the agricultural production to feed the ever-increasing human
population as the situation has now become so worse that optimum food and quality
environment is under question for the sustenance of human civilization (FAO
2012b).
Diverse agricultural activities provide diverse economic output through crop pro-
duction, aquaculture, agroforestry, farm forestry and other allied SFM (sustainable
forest management) practices which promote livelihood generation as well as works
for poverty alleviation (Jhariya et al. 2015; Singh and Jhariya 2016; Painkra et al.
2016). Therefore, agriculture sector has a huge potential towards addressing the
issue of poverty alleviation in comparison to nonagricultural sector. This is very
much effective for countries having poor economy system (FAO 2012a). As agricul-
ture has multifaceted role to play, therefore it addresses solution for diverse chal-
lenges and issues of environment. In order to make more fruitful output, one needs
to move from agriculture to sustainable agriculture practice for overall development
of human civilization.
Green revolution is such a concept which involves improved seed and planting
materials, improved technology and improved agricultural inputs in order to boost
up the productivity of staple food crops in various countries which would strengthen
the agricultural sector. This is applicable for the countries of third world nations or
agriculture-dependent economy. The positive impact of such process has helped
preservation of soil resource as well as forests areas which would otherwise be
overexploited through promotion of agriculture (Stevenson et al. 2011). This leads
to agricultural growth for small-hold farming community with increase in rural
economy and decline in food prices.
Under the present system of modern agriculture, non-judicious application of
fertilizer and pesticides and cultivating single cropping degrade the environment.
Degradation has taken place in the form of water loss, water pollution, loss of agri-
cultural biodiversity and soil and land pollution. As a consequence of this green
revolution in the format of agricultural intensification, this acts as boon and a bane.
Food security is the biggest challenge for both developed and developing nations of
the world (Fan and Brzeska 2016).
This problem is further aggravated as rising human population has put pressure
upon agricultural productivity sector (Grote 2014). As per UN (2015) estimates, we
would reach to a production of about 8.5 billion up to 2030, and it will further increase
up to 9.7 billion till 2050. Simultaneously, availability of land is also a biggest chal-
lenge due to rapid urbanization rate, and more production in a short span of time has
created the problem of land pollution (Montpellier Panel 2013). During the last half
century, global food production has increased tremendously due to rising demand of
average per capita food. Lesser external inputs have led to decline in productivity
from world agriculture perspective in some areas such as Africa. The condition is
perplexed in case of Africa due to low agricultural productivity and high population
growth which have made them from food exporter to importer. A very interesting fact
is that agriculture sector comprises of 80 percent of land area in the form of animal
husbandry consuming 70 percent of water (Kabat 2013). As a consequence, agricul-
ture is acting as the drivers of environmental deterioration (UNEP 2010).
The major threat in the agricultural sector is the loss of genetic diversity due to
global change in the environmental setup and traditional knowledge related to agri-
culture (MEA 2005). It has been observed that due to intense agriculture activity,
there is gradual increment at the level of GHGs. The major consequences of such
activities have promoted global climate change leading to rise in temperature and
other extreme climatic events. The negative impact includes lowering of agricultural
productivity to a considerable extent.
By considering the problems and issues in the agriculture and the environmental
sectors along with growing demand for fuel, fodder and wood, one needs to move
towards sustainable approach for environmental management. In terms of sustain-
ability, it is essential to address climate adaptation and mitigation, GHGs emission
reduction and prevention from natural hazards and maintain soil resources (Pretty
2008; Yadav et al. 2017b; Jhariya et al. 2018a, 2018b). On the energy sector, one
needs to go for energy efficiency, use of renewable energy resources, optimum pro-
duction in the agricultural sector and low wastage.
Sustainable agriculture approach is an ecosystem-oriented approach which
involves the use of biological resources to boost up the production in order to avoid
risks from pests and diseases. Such approaches also take due consideration about
natural resource base and its conservation. Therefore, it is an urgent need to develop
programmes aiming towards R&D in agriculture with eco-friendly technologies.
Maintaining the germplasm would be a sustainable approach to mitigate and adapt
climate change and subsequently agricultural biodiversity (Vignola et al. 2015;
Dadhich et al. 2015). Economic incentives should be widely adopted for the farm-
ing community for moving towards sustainable agricultural approach from unsus-
tainable one. This requires adequate financial support as well as detailed indigenous
knowledge about the farming practices. Some of the sustainable agricultural
approach involves worldwide adoption of crop rotation practices, minimum tillage
or zero tillage activity, biological control of pests, integrated nutrient and pest man-
agement, integrated farming and husbandry practices, drip irrigation, etc.
3 Challenges for Agriculture Sustainability
Agriculture happens to be the backbone of underdeveloped nation for their economic

output. Agriculture is associated with major issues such as food crisis and security.
Above all the agricultural productivity and quality is degrading day by day along
with rising human population. This problem is further complicated by the event of
climate change. Going for more production people are cultivating hybrid varieties
causing huge loss of traditional crop varieties along with gene pool (MEA 2005).
This is a big issue as it would promote degradation in the quality of food. Food qual-
ity degradation would lead to malnutrition and other health disorders for human
beings. Another big problem is the agricultural pollution in the form of uses of syn-
thetic agrochemicals for crop production and protection. This therefore indicates
multidimensional problems associated with the agricultural sector (FAO 2016).
The problem of environmental degradation, pollutions and depletion of soil qual-
ity in the form of faulty land-use practices has caused a dramatic change in the
scenario of Indian agriculture. There is a total change in land-use practices in the
agricultural sector which is a major challenge towards moving agricultural sustain-
ability. As per the reports of agricultural ministries (Table 1), it was observed that
8
Table 1 Land-use pattern in India

Years (area in thousand hectare)
Particulars 2000–2001 2004–2005 2008–2009 2012–2013
Forests 69843.16 69960.01 69978.25 70007.32
Not available for cultivation Area under nonagricultural uses 23751.84 24760.72 26210.91 26453.97
Barren and unculturable land 17482.67 17468.24 16581.11 17283.63
Total 41234.51 42228.96 43062.02 43737.60
Other uncultivated land excluding Permanent pastures & other grazing lands 10661.60 10452.12 10344.33 10240.25
fallow land Land under miscellaneous tree crops and groves (not 3444.77 3361.75 3343.43 3157.24
included in net area sown)
Culturable wasteland 13631.05 13271.73 12734.80 12578.20
Total 27237.42 27085.60 26422.56 25975.69
Fallow land Fallow lands other than current fallows 10266.93 10878.11 10289.52 11001.35
Current fallows 14777.06 14972.22 14192.21 15281.66
Total 25043.99 25670.33 24481.73 26283.01
Net area sown 141335.56 140642.06 141899.08 139932.01
Total cropped area 185340.38 191103.06 195327.91 194398.98
Area sown more than once 44004.82 50461.01 53428.82 54466.97
Agricultural land/cultivable land/culturable land/arable land 183455.37 182945.87 182459.04 181950.46
Cultivated land 156112.62 155434.28 156091.29 155213.67
Cropping intensity 131.13 135.88 137.65 138.92
Sources: Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare; Tea Board, Ministry of Commerce & Industry; Coffee Board,
Ministry of Commerce & Industry, Rubber Board, Ministry of Commerce & Industry
M. K. Jhariya et al.
within 15 years span, the total forest cover has shown an increasing trend through-
out the years. Further it was observed that the area under unculturable land also
reflected a rapid increase from 2010 onwards. It is very interesting to note that net
sown area reflects a flip-flop pattern over the years. Due to increasing demand of
human population, the total cropped area and cropping intensity have shown a con-
tinuous increase throughout the year. If the area under cultivation along with pro-
duction is considered, then mixed type of results was obtained. However, every
sector of agricultural crops reflected an increasing trend over the years. But, the area
under cultivation of each crop sometimes increased and sometimes decreased.
Higher production rate might be attributed towards improvement in the technology,
more scientific inputs and management and overall adaptability of local stakehold-
ers (Table 2).
Under these circumstances, concepts such as integrated nutrient, pest and water
management and organic farming are providing some solutions in the hands of
human civilization but yet to be satisfactory in results. Frequent field trials are being
organized in the research station to address the sustainability, but lab to land pro-
gramme is not becoming successful at broader scale. Therefore, more emphasis
should be given to lab to land programme and would be incorporated in the nation’s
action plan to achieve sustainable development.
4 Forestry
Forest is a crucial ecosystem for sustenance of life on Earth’s surface. Global cover-
age of forest lands happens to be 4 billion hectare covering 30% of total available
land. From the reports of FAO and Forestry Statistics, it was evident that the total
world forest cover appears to be 30.64% up to 2015. The major contribution in the
forest cover was done by South America, Europe and North and Central America. It
clearly reflects that the forest under tropics is under severe threat. Globally it was
observed the total forest area reflected a declining pattern from 1990 to 2015. In
Asian subcontinent, contrasting results were obtained between forest cover in mil-
lion hectares and percentage contribution. In terms of area, there is a rapid increase
in forest cover from 2010 onwards, but share of forest cover from world perspective
Asia represents minimum (19.02%) contribution (Table 3).
Forest performs the dual function of production of various resources along with
maintaining livelihood security. As per global estimates, one fourth of human popu-
lation is dependent upon forests for maintaining livelihood. Forests also harbour
rich heritage of biodiversity along with combating climate change (Jhariya and Raj
2014; Raj et al. 2018a). The problem starts from the point where human’s con-
sumeric lifestyle puts significant pressure on this valuable resource. Policy formula-
tion is required towards SFM to arrest deforestation and promote plantation to
increase the forest cover.
Forests perform various important services in the form of protecting soil and
water ecosystems, nurturing biodiversity (75% terrestrial), forest produce serving to
socio-economic development throughout the world (FAO 2014). Global forest
10
Table 2 Average yield (quintals per hectare) and cultivated area (‘000 hectare) of agricultural crops in India
Year
2001–2002 2005–2006 2009–2010 2014–2015
Particulars Crops Area Production Area Production Area Production Area Production
Food grains Rice (Oryza sativa) 44904.00 20.79 43659.80 21.02 41918.40 21.30 43855.34 23.90
(cereals) Wheat (Triticum aestivum) 26344.70 27.62 26483.60 26.19 28457.00 28.39 30969.07 28.72
Jowar (Sorghum bicolor) 9795.00 7.71 8667.30 8.80 7786.60 8.60 5298.79 9.53
Bajra (Pennisetum glaucum) 9529.00 8.69 9581.20 8.02 8903.60 7.31 7117.58 12.72
Maize (Zea mays) 6581.50 20.00 7588.30 19.38 8262.00 20.24 9257.83 25.57
Ragi (Eleusine coracana) 1647.00 14.42 1533.90 15.34 1268.10 14.89 1200.66 16.62
Small millets 1310.50 4.40 1064.30 4.43 831.30 4.60 584.64 6.41
Barley (Hordeum vulgare) 659.50 21.60 629.90 19.38 623.80 21.72 689.13 23.25
Total cereals 100771.0 19.80 99208.0 19.68 98051.0 20.75 98973.05 23.79
Food grains Tur/arhar (Cajanus cajan) 3327.70 6.79 3580.70 7.65 3466.00 7.11 3707.81 7.50
(pulses) Gram (Cicer arietinum) 6416.20 8.53 6926.40 8.08 8168.60 9.15 8191.40 8.75
Other pulses 12264.50 4.59 11884.20 4.25 11647.00 4.10 11198.77 6.47
Total pulses 22008.40 6.07 22391.30 5.98 23281.70 6.30 23097.98 7.44
Total food 122779.6 17.34 121599.3 17.15 121334.0 17.98 122071.03 20.70
grains
Oilseeds Groundnuts (Arachis hypogaea) 6238.10 11.27 6736.00 11.87 5478.10 9.91 4684.58 14.00
Sesame (Sesamum indicum) 1671.00 4.18 1723.20 3.72 1941.80 3.03 1778.48 4.56
Rapeseed (Brassica napus) and 5073.00 10.02 7276.50 11.17 5587.90 11.83 5791.45 10.89
mustard (Brassica nigra)
Linseed (Linum usitatissimum) 535.80 3.90 436.80 3.95 341.60 4.49 283.54 5.39
Castor seed (Ricinus communis) 716.70 9.11 864.20 11.46 735.40 13.73 1105.43 15.68
Total oilseeds 22636.40 9.13 27862.80 10.04 25958.80 9.59 25726.38 10.37
Other crops Cotton (Gossypium spp.) 9132.00 1.86 8677.10 3.62 10132.20 4.03 13083.00 4.61
Jute (Corchorus spp.) 873.10 21.82 759.80 23.62 811.20 24.92 749.12 26.27
Mesta (Hibiscus cannabinus) 174.10 62.84 137.90 11.36 94.30 11.21 59.17 15.67
Tea (Camellia sinensis) 509.81 16.75 555.61 17.08 579.00 17.10 563.98 21.42
(2013–2014) (2013–2014)
Coffee (Coffea spp.) 347.00 9.40 380.00 8.00 400.00 8.20 423.00 7.73
Rubber (Ficus elastica) 401.00 15.74 447.00 17.96 468.00 17.75 518.00 14.94
(2013–2014) (2013–2014)
Banana (Musa paradisiaca) 488.80 26.92 423.60 28.58 770.00 34.36 845.13 37.04
(MT/ha) (2013–2014)
Sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) 4411.60 673.70 4201.70 690.22 4175.40 700.20 5143.64 698.59
Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) 348.50 15.65 372.80 14.81 441.00 15.60 431 15.40
(2013–2014) (2012–2013)
Potatoes (Solanum tuberosum) 1207.90 19.81 1401.40 17.06 1835.00 19.90 2068.95 201.06
(MT/ha) (2013–2014)
Black pepper (Piper nigrum) 219.38 2.84 260.22 3.57 199.00 2.60 123.62 4.11
(2013–2014)
Chillies (Capsicum spp.) 880.00 12.15 654.00 15.51 810.00 15.68 743.64 19.26
(2013–2014)
Ginger (Zingiber officinale) 91.30 35.28 110.60 35.37 142.00 35.83 137.51 49.39
(2013–2014)
Coconut (Cocos nucifera) 1932.30 67.09 1946.80 76.08 1895.20 57.10 1975.82 69.66
(2013–2014)
Agriculture, Forestry and Environmental Sustainability: A Way Forward
Turmeric (Curcuma spp.) 167.10 33.68 172.00 49.52 188.00 43.82 189.14 51.14
(2013–2014)
Sources: Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare; Tea Board, Ministry of Commerce & Industry; Coffee Board,
Ministry of Commerce & Industry, Rubber Board, Ministry of Commerce & Industry
11
12
Table 3 Forest area of the worlds by continents (FAO 2010, 2015; Forestry Statistics 2017)
Total land area (million Forest areas (million hectares) in different years Forest (%) to total geographical area
Nations hectares) 1990 2000 2005 2010 2015 2015
Asia 3118.0 576.00 570.00 571.60 592.50 593.00 19.02
Africa 2987.00 749.00 709.00 635.40 674.40 624.00 20.89
Europe 2214.00 989.00 998.00 1001.30 1005.00 1015.00 45.84
North and 2134.00 708.00 705.00 705.80 705.40 751.00 35.19
Central
America
South 1747.00 946.00 904.00 831.50 864.30 842.00 48.20
America
Oceania 850.0 199.00 198.00 206.20 191.40 174.00 20.47
World 13050.00 4167.00 4084.00 3951.80 4033.00 3999.00 30.64
resource assessment (2015) mentioned that within a 25 years span, the forest cover
has reduced up to 129 million hectares (FAO 2015).
Within a span of 10 years (2000–2010), tropical deforestation is taking place up
to seven million hectare/year in comparison to agricultural land area, which has
increased up to six million hectare/year. Commercial agriculture practice accounted
for 40% of tropical and sub-tropical deforestation, 33% loss is accounted by subsis-
tence agriculture, 10% due to infrastructure development, 10% for urbanization and
7% for mining (FAO 2016). Further loss of forest due to natural expansion and
planted forest establishment ranged between 2.2 and 3.1 million hectare/year.
The United Nations Strategic Plan for Forests (2017–2030) vision of checking
deforestation would promote prevention of degradation of environment (UN 2017).
The 2030 agenda of UN convention also works towards this same aim to combat
desertification with joint collaboration of forest department and public administra-
tion. From forestry perspective, 2030 agenda includes various issues such as forest
management, ecological restoration, checking of biodiversity loss, etc. The theme
was given prior importance by UN general assembly by declaring 21st March as the
International Day of Forest. The main theme behind this approach is to simply
increase the forests cover globally. Simultaneously it would work for well-being of
forest dwellers. In this context the UNCCD, UNFCCC and CBD should work hand
in hand to build up a network system for protecting forests worldwide.
Worldwide Indian forests contribute significantly towards GHGs emission reduc-
tion by cutting down 12% of emission reduction across the country. It also provides
habitat of threatened biota. Recently as per Bonn Convention, a biggest challenge
has come into our forefront for targeting ecological restoration of forests up to 13
million hectare area till 2020. It also addresses such approaches through green India
mission. Green India mission is aiming towards further 2.5–3.0 billion tonnes more
additional C sequestration from Indian perspective.
Forests are major issue in terms of resource, ecological sustainability, biodiver-
sity and changing climate. Major challenges in forestry include activity related to
deforestation as well as over harvesting of forest resource. Natural calamities pose
significant threat for surveillance and ecological integrity of the ecosystem. Forest
has a big role to play in C sequestration as well as mitigating climate (Jhariya 2017;
Yadav et al. 2017a). Therefore, sustainability in forestry requires an integrated
approach that addresses all-round development of the forest sector without damag-
ing the environment.
SFM is a step towards achieving sustainability in the forestry sector. SFM
involves a systematic management procedure for optimum utilization of forest
resource on one hand and checking deforestation rate on the other. Considering
sustainability the socioeconomic upliftment of forests dwellers was also given due
consideration through livelihood generation in terms of non-wood forest products
(Chandel et al. 2017). Depending upon the site condition, SFM has reached consid-
erable amount of support throughout the world (McDonald and Lane 2004). Even at
Europe, SFM is considered as a technique for the society as well as a way forward
towards sustainable development (Angelstam et al. 2004). SFM is an integrated
approach that keeps in mind about maintaining the productivity level, conservation
of biodiversity, increase in regeneration potential for now and future generation in

terms of social, economic and environmental standpoint (Forest Europe 2011).
Siry et al. (2005) mentioned that under tropical condition, SFM is initiated by the
International Tropical Timber Organization. Globally under the banner of the
twenty-first-century agenda as well as United Nation Conference on Environment
and Development SFM, statement of principles for forests were adopted by nearly
180 government agencies (Barrutia et al. 2007; Varma et al. 2017).
In the pathway of forest sustainability, model forests are a stepping stone initi-
ated in Canada aiming towards addressing SFM and sustainable development
(IMFN 2008). The concept is based upon six major principles (IMFN 2008) aiming
towards sustainability (Fig. 1). The major flexibility of this approach includes initial
facilitation between stakeholders for smooth execution of the project and later on
the various stakeholders that would play the key role to move the project forward
(Axelsson and Angelstam 2006). However the major challenge for model forests
includes meeting up the disparity between the various stakeholders and their opin-
ions involved in the project. The applicability of model forests has promoted the
concept in the 24 countries across the world and gradual development of interna-
tional model forests network consisting of 60 members. Latin America leads from
the front in implementing the model forests (Sinclair and Lobe 2005).
Includes voluntary participation

of community stakeholders
towards forest conservation
Model forest-
Transparent and Broader
collaborative landscape with
approach values
Model Forest-An
Harmony between vision Approach towards SFM Stakeholder commitment
and challenges for forest conservation
Capacity building, networking and

knowledge dissemination
Fig. 1 Approaches of model forests. (IMFN 2008)

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Wherefore to stroy vs hee did all hee might.[971]
7.
His cursed sonne ensued his cruell path,

And kept my giltlesse cosin strayt in duraunce:
For whome my father hard entreated hath:
But liuing hopelesse of his line’s assuraunce,
Hee thought it best by pollitike procuraunce,
To priue[972] the king, and so restore his frend:
Which brought him selfe to an infamous end.[973]
8.
For whan king Henry,[974] of that name the fifte,

Had tane my father in his[975] conspiracy,[976]
Hee, from sir Edmund all the blame to shifte,
Was fayne to say the[977] French kinge’s ally[978]
Had hyred him this trayterous act to trye,
For which condemned shortly hee was slaine,
In helping right this was my father’s gaine.[979]
9.
Thus whan the linage of the Mortimers

Was made away by his[980] vsurping line,
Some hang’d, some slaine, some pined prisoners,
Because the crowne by right of lawe was mine,
They gan as fast against mee to repine,
In feare alwayes, least I should stur them to[981] strife,
For guylty hearts haue neuer quiet life.[982]
10.
Yet at the last, in Henrye’s dayes the sixt,

I was restored to my father’s landes,
Made duke of Yorke: where through my minde I fixt
To get the crowne and kingdome in my handes,
For ayde wherein I knit assured handes
With Neuil’s stocke, whose daughter was my make,
Who for no woe would euer mee forsake.[983]
11.
O Lord, what hap had I through mariage,

Fower goodly boyes in youth my wife shee bore
Right valiaunt[984] men and prudent for their age,
Such brethren[985] shee had and nephues [still] in store
As none had erst, nor any shall haue more:[986]
The earle of Salisbury, and his sonne of Warwicke,
Were matchlesse men[987] from Barbary to Barwicke.
12.
Through helpe of whome and fortune’s louely looke,

I vndertooke to claime my lawfull right,
And to abash such as against mee tooke,[988]
I raysed power at all poyntes prest to fight:
Of whome the chiefe, that chiefly bare mee spight,
Was Somerset the duke, whome to annoy
I alway sought, through spite, spite to destroy.[989]
13.
And maugre him, so choyse, lo, was my chaunce,

Yea though the quene, that all rulde, tooke his part,[990]
I twise bare rule[991] in Normandy and Fraunce,
And last lieuetenaunt in Ireland, where my hart
Found remedy for euery kinde of smart:
For through[992] the loue my doinges there did breede,
I had their helpe at all times in my neede.
14.
This spitefull duke, his seely king[993] and queene,

With armed hoastes I thrise met in the fielde,
The first vnfought through treaty made betweene:
The second ioynde, wherein the king did yeelde,
The duke was slaine, the queene enforst to shyelde
Her selfe by flight: the third the queene did fight,
Where I was slaine being ouer matcht by might.[994]
15.
Before this last were other battayles three,

The first the earle of Salisbury led[995] alone,
And[996] fought on Bloreheath, and got[997] victory:
In the next was I and my kinsfolke[998] euery one:
But seeing our souldiers stale vnto our foen,
Wee warely brake our company on a night,
Dissolued our hoast, and tooke our selues to flight.[999]
16.
This boy and I, in Ireland did vs saue,

Mine eldest sonne, with Warwicke and his father,
To Calais got, whence, by the reade I gaue,
They came agayne to London, and did gather
An other hoast whereof I spake not[1000] rather:
And met our foes, slewe many a lord and knight,
And tooke the king, and draue the queene to flight.
17.
This done I came[1001] to England all in haste,

To make a[1002] claime vnto the realme and crowne:
And in the house while parliament did last,
I in the kinge’s seat boldly[1003] sate mee downe,
And claymed it, whereat[1004] the lordes did frowne,
But what for that? I did so well proceede,
That all at last confest it mine indeede.[1005]
18.
But sith the king had raigned now so long,[1006]

They would hee should continue till hee dyed,
And to the end, that than none did mee wrong,[1007]
Protector and heyre apparant they mee[1008] cryed:
But sith the queene and others this denyed,
I sped mee towardes the north, where then shee lay,
In minde by force to cause her to obay.[1009]
19.
Whereof shee warnd preparde a mighty powre,

And ere that mine were altogether ready,
Came swift to Sandale[1010] and besieged my bowre:
Where like a beast I was so rash and heady,
That out I would, there could be no remedy,
With scant fiue thousand souldiers, to assayle
Fowre times so many, encampt to most auayle.[1011]
20.
And so was slaine at first: and while my childe

Scarse twelue yeare old, sought secretly to parte,
That cruell Clifford, lord, nay lorell wylde,
While the infant[1012] wept, and prayed him rue his smart,
Knowing what hee was, with dagger cloue his heart:[1013]
This done, he came to th’camp where I lay dead,
Despoylde my corps and cut away my head.
21.
And when he had put a paper crowne thereon,
As a gawring stocke he sent it to the queene:[1014]
And shee for spite commaunded it anon
To be had to Yorke: where that it mought[1015] bee
seene,
They placed it where other traytors beene:
This mischiefe fortune did mee after death:
Such was my life, and such my losse of breath.[1016]
22.
Wherefore see, Baldwine, that thou set it forth,

To th’end the fraude of fortune may bee knowen,
That eke all princes well[1017] may way the worth
Of thinges, for which the seedes[1018] of warre be sowen:
No state so sure but soone is ouerthrowen:[1019]
No worldly good can counterpeyze the prise
Of halfe the paynes that may thereof arise.
23.
Far[1020] better it were to lose a piece of right,

Than lymmes and life in sousing[1021] for the same:
It is not force of friendship, nor of might,
But God that causeth thinges to fro or frame,[1022]
Not wit but lucke[1023] doth wield the winner’s game:
Wherefore if wee our follyes would refrayne,
Time would redresse all wronges, wee voyde of payne.
24.
Wherefore warne princes not to wade[1024] in war

For any cause, except the realme’s defence:[1025]
Theyr troublous titles are vnworthy far
The bloud, the life, the spoyle of innocence:
Of friendes, of foes,[1026] behold my foule[1027] expence,
And neuer the neare: best therefore tary time,
So right shall raigne, and quyet calme ech crime.[1028]
[With that[1029] maister Ferrers shooke mee by the sleue, saying:
“Why how now man, do you forget your selfe? belike you minde our
matters very much.” “So I doe indeede,” sayd I,[1030] “for I dreame of
them.” And whan I had rehersed my dreame, wee had long talke
concerning the nature of dreames, which to stint, and to bring vs to
our matter agayne, thus sayd one of them: “I am glad it was your
chaunce to dreame of duke Richard, for it had bene pity to haue
ouerpassed him. And as concerning this lord Clyfford which so
cruely killed his sonne, I purpose to gieue you notes: who (as hee
well deserued) came shortly after to a sodayne death, and yet too
good for so cruell a tyrant. [For on Palmesonday next following,
being the xxix day[1031] of March, in the yeare of Christ a thousand
four hundreth threescore and one, this lord Clyfford with Henry Percy
the thirde earle of Northumberland, the earle of Westmerland, the
lord Dacres, the lord Welles, and other were slayn at Towton in
Yorkeshyre.][1032] Wherefore as you thought you saw and hearde
the headles duke speake through his necke, so now[1033] suppose
you see this lord Clyfford, all armed saue his head, with his brest
plate all gore bloud running from his throate wherein an headlesse
arrow sticketh through which wound hee sayth thus.”[1034]]
How the Lorde Clyfford for his
straunge and abhominable cruelty
came to as straunge and sodayne a
death,[1035] Anno 1461.[1036]
1.
Open confession axeth open pennaunce,

And wisdome would a man his shame to hyde:[1037]
Yet sith forgieuenes commeth through repentaunce,
I thinke it best that men theyr crimes ascride,
For nought so secret but at length is spyed:
For couer fire, and it will neuer lynne
Till it breake forth, in like case shame and sinne.[1038]
2.
As for my selfe my faultes be out so playne,

And published [so] abroade[1039] in euery place,
That though I would I cannot hide a grayne.[1040]
All care is bootelesse in a curelesse case,
To learne by other’s griefe,[1041] some haue the grace:
And therefore, Baldwine, write my[1042] wretched fall,
The briefe whereof I briefly vtter shall.
3.
I am the same that[1043] slue duke Richard’s childe,

The louely babe that begged[1044] life with teares,
Whereby mine honour[1045] fouly I defilde:
Poore sely lambes the lion neuer teares,
The feeble mouse may ly among the beares,
But wrath of man, his rancour to requite,
Forgets all reason, ruth, and vertue[1046] quite.
4.
I meane by rancour the parentall[1047] wreke

Surnamde a vertue, as the vicious[1048] say,
But litle knowe the wicked[1049] what they speake,
In boldening vs[1050] our enmyes kin to slay:
To punish sinne is good, it is no nay:
They wreke not sinne, but merit wreke for sinne,
That wreke the father’s fault vpon[1051] his kinne.
5.
Because my father lord Iohn Clyfford, dyed,

Slayne at S. Albane’s, in his prince’s ayde,
Agaynst the duke my heart for malice fryed,
So that I could from wreck no way bee stayed,
But to auenge my father’s death, assayde
All meanes I might the duke of Yorke t’annoy,[1052]
And all his kin and friendes to kill and stroy.[1053]
6.
This made mee with my bloudy[1054] dagger wound

His guiltlesse sonne, that neuer agaynst mee storde:
His father’s body lying dead on ground
To pearce with speare, eke with my cruell sworde,
To part his necke, and with his head to bourd
Enuested with a royall paper[1055] crowne,
From place to place to beare it vp and downe.[1056]
7.
But cruelty[1057] can neuer scape the scourge
Of shame, of horror, or of sodayne death:[1058]
Repentaunce selfe, that other sinnes may pourge,
Doth fly from this, so sore the soule it slayeth:
Despayre dissolues the tyraunt’s bitter[1059] breath:
For sodayn vengeaunce sodaynly alightes
On cruell deedes,[1060] to quite theyr cruell spights.
[1061]
8.
This finde I true, for as I lay in stale,

To fight with[1062] duke Richard’s eldest son,
I was destroyde not far[1063] from Dintingdale,
For as I would my gorget haue vndon
To euent[1064] the heat that had mee nigh vndone,
An headles arrow strake mee through the throte,
Where through my soule forsooke his fylthy cote.[1065]
9.
Was this a chaunce? no sure, God’s iust awarde,

Wherein due[1066] iustice playnly doth appeare:
An headlesse arrow payde mee my rewarde:[1067]
For heading Richard lying on his[1068] bere,
And as I would his childe in no wise heare,
So sodayne death bereft my tongue the power
To aske for pardon at my dying[1069] hower.
10.
Wherefore, good Baldwine, warne the[1070] bloudy sort,

To leaue theyr wrath, theyr[1071] rigour to refrayne:
Tell cruell judges horror is the port
Through which they sayle to shame[1072] and sodayn
payne:[1073]
Hell haleth[1074] tyrauntes downe to death amayne:
Was neuer yet, nor shal be cruell deede,
Left vnrewarded with as[1075] cruell meede.
[Whan this tragedy was ended: “O Lord,” sayd[1076] another,
“how horrible a thing is diuision in a realme, to how many mischiefes
is it the mother, what vice is not therby kindled, what vertue left
vnquenched? for what was the cause of the duke of Yorke’s death,
and of the cruelty of this Clyfford, saue[1077] the variaunce betwene
king Henry and the house of Yorke? which at length, besides millions
of the commons, brought to destruction all the[1078] nobility. For
Edward the duke’s eldest son immediately after his[1079] father was
slayn, through help of the Neuills, gaue the king a battayle, whereat,
besides this Clyfford, and xxxvi thousand other souldiers, were slain
theyr captaynes, the earles[1080] of Northumberland and
Westmerland, with the lordes Dacres and Welles: the[1081] winning
of which fielde brought Edward to the crowne, and the losse draue
king Henry and his wife into Scotland. But as few raignes begin
without bloud, so king Edward to keepe order,[1082] caused Thomas
Courtney earle of Deuonshyre, and Iohn Veer earle of Oxeforde, and
Aubrey Veer eldest sonne to the sayd earle, with diuers[1083] other
his enemies,[1084] to bee attaynted and put to death. And shortly
after he[1085] did execution vpon the duke of Somerset, and the
lordes Hungerford and Rosse, whom he toke prisoners at Exham
fielde. For thither they came with[1086] king Henry out of Scotland,
with an army of Scottes, and fought a battayle, which was lost, and
the most[1087] part of them slayn.[1088] And because these are all
noble men, I will leaue them to Baldwine’s discretion. But seyng the
earle of Worcester was the chiefe instrument whom king Edward
vsed as well in these men’s matters as in like bloudy affayres,
because he should not be forgotten, yee shall here what I haue
noted concerning his tragedy.”[1089]]
The infamovs end of the Lord Tiptoft
Earle of Worcester, for cruelly
executing his Prince’s butcherly
commaundementes, An. 1470.[1090]
1.
The glorious man is not so loth to lurke,

As the infamous glad to lye vnknowen:
Which makes mee, Baldwine, disalow thy worke,
Where prince’s faultes so openly be blowen:
I speake not this alonly for mine owne,
Which were my prince’s (if that they were any)
But for my peeres, in nombre very many.
2.
Or might report vprightly vse her tong,

It would lesse greue vs to augment the matter,
But suer I am thou shalt be forst among,
To frayne the truth the liuing for to flatter,
And otherwhiles in poyntes vnknowen to smatter:
For time neuer was, nor neuer[1091] I thinke shalbe
That truth vnshent should speake in all thinges free.
3.
This doth appeare (I dare say) by my story,

Which diuers writers diuersly declare:
But story writers ought for neyther glory,
Feare, nor fauour, truth of thinges to spare?
But still it fares as alway it did fare,
Affections, feare, or doubts that dayly brue,
Doe cause that stories neuer can be true.[1092]
4.
Unfruitfull Fabian followed the face

Of tyme and dedes, but let the causes slip:
Which Hall hath added, but with double grace,[1093]
For feare I thinke lest trouble might him trip:
“For this or that,” sayeth he, “he felt the whip:”
Thus[1094] story wryters leaue the causes out,
Or so rehearse them as they were in dout.[1095]
5.
But seing causes are the chiefest thinges

That should be noted of the story wryters,
That men may learne what endes all causes bringes,
They be vnworthy the[1096] name of chroniclers
That leaue them cleane out of theyr registers,
Or doubtfully report them: for the fruite
Of reading storyes standeth in the suite.
6.
And therefore, Baldwine, eyther speake vpright[1097]

Of our affayres, or touch them not at all:
As for my selfe I way all thinges so light,
That nought I passe how men report my fall:
The truth whereof yet playnly shew I shall,
That thou mayst write and others thereby rede,
What thinges I did whereof they should take heede.
7.
Thou hast heard of[1098] Tiptoft’s earles of Worcester,

I am that lord that liu’d in Edwarde’s days
The fourth, and was his friend and counsaylour,
And butcher to, as common rumor sayes:
But people’s voyce is neyther shame nor prayse,
For whom they would aliue deuoure to day,
To morow dead they will[1099] worship what they may.
8.
But though the people’s verdit go by chaunce,

Yet was there cause to call mee as they did:
For I, enforst by meane of gouernaunce,
Did execute what euer[1100] my king did bid,
From blame herein my selfe I cannot rid:
But fye vpon the wretched state, that must
Defame it selfe, to serue the prince’s lust.
9.
The cheifest crime wherewith men doe me charge,

Is death of th’[1101] earle of Desmund’s noble sonnes,
Of which the kinge’s charge doth me clere discharge,
By strayt commaundement and iniunctions:
Th’effect whereof so rigorously runnes,
That eyther I must procure to see them dead,
Or for contempt as a traytour loose my head.[1102]
10.
What would mine enemies[1103] doe in such a case,

Obay the king or proper death procure?
They may well say theyr fancy for a face,
But life is sweete, and loue hard to recure:
They would haue done as I did, I am sure,
For seldom will a welthy man at ease
For other’s cause his prince in ought displease.
11.
How much lesse I, which was lieuetenaunt than

In th’[1104] Irish isle, preferred by the king:
But who for loue or dread of any man,
Consents t’[1105] accomplish any wicked thing,
Although chiefe fault thereof from other spring,
Shall not escape God’s vengeance for his deede,
Who scuseth none that dare doe ill for drede.
12.
This in my king and mee may well appeare,

Which for our faultes did not escape the scourge:
For whan wee thought our state most sure and clere,
The wynd of Warwicke blew vp such a sourge,
As from the realme and crowne the king did pourge,
And mee both from mine office,[1106] friendes, and
wife,
From good report, from honest death and life.
13.
For the earle of Warwicke, through a cancarde

grudge[1107]
Which to king Edward causelesse hee did beare,
Out of his realme by force did make him trudge,
And set king Henry agayne vpon his chaire:
And then all such as Edwarde’s louers were,
As traytours tane were greuously opprest,
But chiefly I, because I lou’d him best.
14.
And, for[1108] my goods and liuinges were not small,

The gapers for them bare[1109] the world in hand
For ten yeares space, that I was cause of all
The executions done[1110] within the land:
For this did such as did not vnderstand
Mine enmies drift, thinke all reportes were true:
And so did[1111] hate mee worse then any Jewe.
15.
For seldom shall a ruler lose his life,

Before false rumors openly be spred:
Wherby this prouerbe is as true as rife,
That ruler’s rumors hunt about a head,
Frowne fortune once, all good report is fled:
For present shew doth make the mayny blind,
And such as see dare not disclose their minde.
16.
Through this was I king Edward’s butcher named,

And bare the shame of all his cruell deedes:
I cleare me not, I worthely was blamed,
Though force was such I must obay him needes:
With hiest rulers seldome well it speedes,
For they be euer nerest to the nyp,
And fault who shall, for all feele they the whip.
17.
For whan I was by parliament attaynted,

King Edward’s euils all were counted mine:
No truth auayled, so lies were faste and painted,
Which made the people at my life, repine,
Crying, “Crucifige, kill that butcher’s lyne:”
That when I should haue gone to Blockham feast,
I could not passe, so sore they one me preast.
18.
And had not bene the officers so strong,

I thinke they would haue eaten[1112] me aliue,
Howbeit, hardly haled from the throng,
I was in the flete fast shrouded by the shriue:
Thus one daye’s life theyr malice did mee gieue,
Which whan they knew, for spite the next day after
They kept them calme, so suffered I the slaughter.
19.
Now tell mee, Baldwine, what fault dost thou finde

In mee, that iustly should such death deserue?
None sure except desire of honour blinde,
Which made mee seeke in offices to serue:
What minde so good that honours make not swerue?
So mayst thou see it only was my state
That caus’d my death, and brought mee so in hate.
20.
Warne therfore all men wisely to beware,

What offices they enterprise to beare:
The hiest alway most maligned are,
Of people’s grudge, and prince’s hate in feare.
For prince’s faults his faultors all men teare:
Which to auoyde, let none such office take,
Saue he that can for right his prince forsake.
[This earle’s[1113] tragedy was not so soone finished, but one of
the company had prouided for another of a notable person, lord
Tiptoft’s chiefe enemy: concerning whom hee sayd: “Lord God what
trust is there in worldly chaunces? what stay in any prosperity? for
see the earle of Warwicke which caused the earle of Worcester to be
apprehended, attainted, and put to deth, triumphing with his old
imprisoned and new vnprisoned prince, king Henry, was by and by
after, and his brother with him, slayn at Barnet field by king Edward,
whom hee had before time damaged diuers wayes. As first by his
friendes at Banbury fielde, where to reuenge the death of his cosin
Henry[1114] Neuill, syr Iohn Coniers, and Iohn Clappam, his
seruauntes, slue fiue thousand Welshmen, and beheaded theyr
captaynes, the earle of Pembroke and syr Richard Harbert his
brother, after they were yeelded prisoners: of whom syr Richard
Harbert was the tallest gentilman both of his person and handes that
euer I read or heard of. At which time also, Robin of Ridsdale,[1115] a
rebell of the earle of Warwicke’s raysing, tooke the earle Riuers, king
Edwarde’s wiue’s father, and his sonne Iohn, at his manour of
Grafton, and carried them to Northampton, and there without cause
or proces beheaded them. Which spites to requite, king Edward
caused the lord Stafford of Sowthwike, one of Warwicke’s chiefe
frendes, to be taken at Brent march, and headed at Bridgewater.
This caused the earle shortly to raise his power, to encounter the
king which came against him with an army, beside Warwicke at
Wolney, where hee wan the field, tooke the king prisoner, and kept
him a while in Yorkeshire in Middleham castle: whence (as some
say) hee released him againe, but other thinke hee corrupted hys
keepers and so escaped. Then through the lords the matter was
taken vppe betweene them, and they brought to talke togeather, but
because they could not agree, the earle araised a new army,
whereof he made captayn the lord Welles’ sonne, which broile king
Edward minding to appease by pollicy, fouly distained his honour,
committing periury: for hee sent for the lord Welles and his brother
sir Thomas Dymocke, vnder safe conduite promising them vpon his
fayth to keepe them harmelesse. But after, because the lord Welles’
sonne would not dissolue his army, beheaded them both and went
with his power into Lincolnshire and there fought with sir Robert
Welles, and slewe ten thousand of his souldiers (yet ran they away
so fast, that casting of their clothes for the more speede, caused it to
bee called Lose coate fielde) and tooke sir Robert and other, and put
them to death in the same place. This misfortune forced the earle of
Warwicke to saile into Fraunce where hee was entertained of the
king a while, and at last with such poore helpe as hee procured there
of duke Rainer and other, hee came into England againe, and
encreased such a power in king Henrie’s name, that as the lord
Typtofte sayd in his tragedy, king Edward vnable to abide him, was
faine to flie ouer the washes in Lincolnshire to get a ship to saile out
of his kingdome to his brother in lawe the duke of Burgoine. So was
king Henry restored againe to his[1116] kingdome. All these despites
and troubles the earle wrought against king Edward. But Henry was
so infortunate that ere halfe a yeare was expired, king Edward came
backe againe, and enprisoned him and gaue the earle a fielde,
wherein hee slewe both him and his brother. I haue recounted thus
much before hand for the better opening of the story, which, if it
should haue beene spoken in his tragedy, would rather haue made a
volume then a pamphlete. For I entend onely to say in the tragedy,
what I haue noted in the earle of Warwicke’s person, wishing that
these other noble men, whome I haue by the way touched, should
not bee forgotten. And therefore imagine that you see this earle lying
with his brother in Paule’s church[1117] in his coate armoure, with
such a face and countinaunce as he beareth in portraiture ouer the
dore in Paule’s, at the going down to Iesus chappell from the south
end of the quier stayres, and saying as followeth.”]

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Sustainable Agriculture Forest and

Environmental Management Manoj

Microorganisms in Sustainable Agriculture Food and the

Sustainable Agriculture Reviews 29 Sustainable Soil

Sustainable Agriculture-Advances in Technological

Composite Structures: Design, Mechanics, Analysis,

Innovations in Computational Intelligence and Computer

Environmental Management of Air, Water, Agriculture,

Sustainable Agriculture Reviews 45 Legume Agriculture

Sustainable Agriculture and Food Security Konstadinos

Ram Swaroop Meena Dhiraj Kumar Yadav

Additional material to this book can be downloaded from http://extras.springer.com.

ISBN 978-981-13-6829-5 ISBN 978-981-13-6830-1 (eBook)

© Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2019

to be implemented immediately. The present book aims to address these issues

along with implementation of greener and cleaner technologies, need to be identi-

Ambikapur, Chhattisgarh, India Manoj Kumar Jhariya

Agriculture, Forestry and Environmental Sustainability:

Ecosystem Services of Trees Outside Forest�������������������������������������������������� 327

Manoj Kumar Jhariya is an assistant professor in the

Arnab Banerjee is an assistant professor, Department

Ram Swaroop Meena was born in a farmer family in

(DST), GOI, and involved in many academic and

Dhiraj Kumar Yadav is an assistant professor and

A. O. Akanwa Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University, (COOU), Uli

Dhiraj Kumar ICAR-Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi, Uttar

Abhishek Raj Department of Forestry, College of Agriculture, Indira Gandhi

Manoj Kumar Jhariya, Arnab Banerjee,

M. K. Jhariya (*) · D. K. Yadav

© Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2019 1

ment of forests resources and eco-friendly agricultural practices would help to

Sustainable development is a major issue which incorporates various approaches

(2010). Climate change would significantly impact the biodiversity in upcoming

2 Agriculture, Food and Environmental Security

3 Challenges for Agriculture Sustainability

Agriculture happens to be the backbone of underdeveloped nation for their economic

Table 1 Land-use pattern in India

of biodiversity, increase in regeneration potential for now and future generation in

Includes voluntary participation

Capacity building, networking and

Fig. 1 Approaches of model forests. (IMFN 2008)

His cursed sonne ensued his cruell path,

For whan king Henry,[974] of that name the fifte,

Thus whan the linage of the Mortimers

Yet at the last, in Henrye’s dayes the sixt,

O Lord, what hap had I through mariage,

Through helpe of whome and fortune’s louely looke,

And maugre him, so choyse, lo, was my chaunce,

This spitefull duke, his seely king[993] and queene,

Before this last were other battayles three,

This boy and I, in Ireland did vs saue,

This done I came[1001] to England all in haste,

But sith the king had raigned now so long,[1006]

Whereof shee warnd preparde a mighty powre,

And so was slaine at first: and while my childe

Wherefore see, Baldwine, that thou set it forth,

Far[1020] better it were to lose a piece of right,

Wherefore warne princes not to wade[1024] in war

Open confession axeth open pennaunce,

As for my selfe my faultes be out so playne,

I am the same that[1043] slue duke Richard’s childe,

I meane by rancour the parentall[1047] wreke

Because my father lord Iohn Clyfford, dyed,

Ambikapur, Chhattisgarh, India Manoj Kumar Jhariya

Ecosystem Services of Trees Outside Forest�� 327

2 Agriculture, Food and Environmental Security

3 Challenges for Agriculture Sustainability