Department of Computer Engineering

(NBA Accredited)
Academic Year 2022-23

Roll Number: 53 Batch No: A3

Name: Shefali Vinay Jain Moodle Id: 21102023

Subject: CCL Assignment No: 02

COMPUTING TECHNOLOGIES

INTRODUCTION:

Computing is any goal-oriented activity requiring, benefiting from, or creating

computing machinery. It includes the study and experimentation
of algorithmic processes, and development of both hardware and software. Computing
has scientific, engineering, mathematical, technological, and social aspects.

The term cloud refers to a network or the internet. It is a technology that uses remote
servers on the internet to store, manage, and access data online rather than local drives.
The data can be anything such as files, images, documents, audio, video, and more.

There are the following operations that we can do using cloud computing:

1. Developing new applications and services

2. Storage, back up, and recovery of data
3. Hosting blogs and websites
4. Delivery of software on demand
5. Analysis of data
6. Streaming videos and audios
CHARACTERISTICS OF CLOUD COMPUTING:

1. Agility

The cloud works in a distributed computing environment. It shares resources among

users and works very fast.

2. High availability and reliability

The availability of servers is high and more reliable because the chances of infrastructure
failure are minimum.

3. High Scalability

Cloud offers "on-demand" provisioning of resources on a large scale, without having

engineers for peak loads.

4. Multi-Sharing

With the help of cloud computing, multiple users and applications can work more
efficiently with cost reductions by sharing common infrastructure.

5. Device and Location Independence

Cloud computing enables the users to access systems using a web browser regardless of
their location or what device they use e.g. PC, mobile phone, etc. As infrastructure is off-
site (typically provided by a third-party. and accessed via the Internet, users can connect
from anywhere.

6. Maintenance

Maintenance of cloud computing applications is easier, since they do not need to be

installed on each user's computer and can be accessed from different places. So, it reduces
the cost also.

7. Low Cost

By using cloud computing, the cost will be reduced because to take the services of cloud
computing, IT company need not to set its own infrastructure and pay-as-per usage of
resources.

8. Services in the pay-per-use mode

Application Programming Interfaces (APIs. are provided to the users so that they can
access services on the cloud by using these APIs and pay the charges as per the usage of
services.
DESCRIPTION:

1. Parallel Computing:

Description: Parallel computing involves simultaneously executing multiple tasks to

solve a problem faster by leveraging multiple processing units.

Application Area: Scientific simulations (e.g., weather forecasting, computational

fluid dynamics), data analysis (e.g., big data processing, machine learning training),
rendering (e.g., CGI in movies, video game graphics).

2. Distributed Computing:

Description: Distributed computing coordinates tasks across multiple

interconnected computers or nodes to solve a common problem or execute a task.

Application Area: Web services (e.g., social media platforms, e-commerce websites),
distributed databases (e.g., blockchain, NoSQL databases), content delivery networks
(e.g., streaming services, cloud storage).

3. Cluster Computing:

Description: Cluster computing interconnects multiple computers or servers to

work together as a single system, typically sharing resources like memory and
storage.

Application Area: High-performance computing (HPC) clusters for scientific

research (e.g., molecular modeling, astrophysics simulations), data analytics clusters
for processing large datasets (e.g., Hadoop clusters, Spark clusters).

4. Grid Computing:

Description: Grid computing connects geographically distributed resources to form

a virtual supercomputer, enabling resource sharing and collaboration across
organizations.

Application Area: Grid-enabled applications in scientific research (e.g., particle

physics experiments, drug discovery), data-intensive computations (e.g., genome
sequencing, climate modeling).
5. Quantum Computing:

Description: Quantum computing leverages principles of quantum mechanics to

perform computation using qubits, potentially enabling exponential speedups for
certain problems.

Application Area: Cryptography (e.g., breaking cryptographic algorithms, secure

communication protocols), optimization (e.g., portfolio optimization, logistics
planning), material science (e.g., discovering new materials, drug design).

6. Edge Computing:

Description: Edge computing brings computational resources closer to the data

source or endpoint devices, reducing latency and bandwidth usage.

Application Area: Internet of Things (IoT) (e.g., smart home devices, industrial
sensors), autonomous vehicles (e.g., real-time navigation, object detection),
augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR) applications.

7. Federated Learning:

Description: Federated learning enables model training to occur locally on edge

devices or client servers, preserving data privacy while allowing for collaborative
model updates.

Application Area: Healthcare (e.g., training medical AI models on patient data

without sharing sensitive information), finance (e.g., fraud detection models trained
on distributed banking data), mobile applications (e.g., personalized
recommendations without uploading user data).

8. Serverless Computing:

Description: Serverless computing abstracts away infrastructure management,

allowing developers to focus on writing code for individual functions or tasks.

Application Area: Web applications (e.g., serverless APIs, serverless websites), event-
driven processing (e.g., real-time data processing pipelines, IoT backend systems),
microservices architectures.
COMPARISON:

Technology Pros Cons

Parallel Computing High Performance Complex Programming

Distributed Computing Scalability Network Latency

Complexity and cost of

Cluster Computing High Performance
setup

Grid Computing Resource Sharing Management Complexity

Potential for exponential Immaturity, limited

Quantum Computing
speedup practical use cases

Limited Computing
Edge Computing Reduced Latency
Resources

Federated Learning Date Privacy Preservation Communication Overhead

Cold start latency, vendor

Serverless Computing Scalability, Cost Efficiency
lock in

CONCLUSION:
In the dynamic landscape of computing technologies, each paradigm offers distinct
advantages and challenges tailored to diverse application needs. Cloud computing's
agility and scalability underpin a vast array of services, while parallel and distributed
computing excel in handling large-scale tasks efficiently. Cluster and grid computing
foster collaboration and resource sharing across distributed environments, while
quantum computing holds promise for exponential speedups in specific domains. Edge
computing minimizes latency for real-time applications, and federated learning ensures
data privacy in collaborative model training. Meanwhile, serverless computing
streamlines infrastructure management for scalable, cost-efficient solutions.
Understanding these paradigms' characteristics enables organizations to strategically
deploy them, driving innovation and meeting computational demands effectively.
REFERENCES:
1. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/computer-science/computing-technology

2. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computing#:~:text=Computing%20is%20any%20go
al%2Doriented,%2C%20technological%2C%20and%20social%20aspects

3. https://www.javatpoint.com/cloud-computing-technologies