Internal Combustion Engines

 ENGINE ?

 ENGINE Vs MACHINE ?
 An engine or motor is a machine designed to convert
energy into useful mechanical motion.

 A machine is a tool containing one or more parts that uses

energy to perform an intended action.
 Heat Engine
✓ A heat engine changes heat energy into mechanical work.
✓ This concept is used in all engines, steam, gasoline, diesel, or petrol.
All heat engines operate using the
following 3 characteristics:
1. The absorption of heat energy from a
high temperature source.
2. The transfer of some of the heat energy
into mechanical work.
3. The release of heat energy into a cold
sink or reservoir.
QH = W + Q L
✓ QH is Thermal energy flowing from the
higher temperature.
✓ W is the mechanical work done.
✓ QL is Thermal energy flowing out at a
lower temperature.
 Classification of Heat Engine

Heat Engine

External Combustion Internal Combustion

Engine (EC Engine) Engine (IC Engine)
 External Combustion Engine (EC Engine)

An external combustion engine (EC Engine) is a heat engine where a

working fluid is heated by an external source. A steam engine is an
example of external combustion.
Generation of Electric Power with Steam
 Internal Combustion Engine (IC Engine)

The internal combustion engine (IC Engine) is a heat engine in which

the combustion of a fuel (normally a fossil fuel Eg; Petrol, Diesel, LPG
etc) occurs with in a combustion chamber (Engine cylinder).
 Classification of IC Engines

The internal combustion engines (IC Engines) are classified

depending upon

➢ Nature of Thermodynamic Cycle

➢ Type of Fuel
➢ Number of Strokes
➢ Type of Ignition
➢ Number of Cylinders
➢ Position of the Cylinder
➢ Type of Cooling
 Classification of IC Engines

The internal combustion engines (IC Engines) are classified

depending upon

➢ Nature of Thermodynamic Cycle

i. Otto Cycle Engine
ii. Diesel Cycle Engine
iii. Dual Combustion Cycle Engine
 Classification of IC Engines

The internal combustion engines (IC Engines) are classified

depending upon

➢ Type of Fuel
i. Petrol Engine
ii. Diesel Engine
iii. Gas Engine ( CNG or LPG or biogas or Hydrogen etc)
➢ Number of Strokes
i. 2 – Stroke Engines
ii. 4 – Stroke Engines
 Classification of IC Engines

The internal combustion engines (IC Engines) are classified

depending upon

➢ Type of Ignition
i. Spark Ignition (SI Engine)
ii. Compression Ignition (CI Engine)
➢ Number of Cylinders
i. Single Cylinder
ii. Multi-cylinder
 Classification of IC Engines

The internal combustion engines (IC Engines) are classified

depending upon
➢ Position of the Cylinder
i. Horizontal Engine
ii. Vertical Engine
iii. Radial Engine
iv. V – Engine
v. Opposite Cylinder Engine
➢ Type of Cooling
i. Air-Cooled Engine
ii. Water Cooled Engine
Porsche 3512 V12-engine
Aircraft radial engine
Parts of IC Engines
Connecting Rod
Crank Shaft
Cam Shaft
To Define :

 Stroke

 Stroke Volume or Displacement volume

 Clearance Volume

 Compression Ratio
4 – Stroke Engine Model
4 – Stroke Engine Components
4 – Stroke Petrol Engine Working
4 – Stroke Petrol Engine Working
SPARK PLUG
Autoignition (or) Self ignition Temperature:

 It is the lowest temperature in which it spontaneously

ignites in a normal atmosphere without an external
source of ignition, such as a spark or flame.

 Examples:
 Diesel:210 oC
 Gasoline(Petrol) : 240 -280 oC
4 – Stroke Diesel Engine Working
4 – Stroke Diesel Engine Working
DIESEL FUEL INJECTOR
Glow Plug

Glow plug used for Cold start

Ideal Otto Cycle

Ideal Diesel Cycle

Actual Cycle
2 – Stroke Petrol Engine
2 – Stroke Petrol Engine
 Four-Stroke Two-Stroke Comparison

Four Stroke Engines

❑ Advantages
➢ Better control over the combustion process is possible due to
more control possibilities with valve and ignition timing.
➢ Better fuel efficiency for the same compression ratio
➢ Better control of exhaust emissions.
➢ Better mixing of the fuel with the air due to the separate
intake and compression cycle.
❑ Disadvantages
➢ Less power density than the two-stroke engine since there is
only one power stroke every two engine revolutions.
➢ More complex and expensive to manufacture.
 Four-Stroke Two-Stroke Comparison

Two-stroke Engines
❑ Advantages
➢ 2-stroke engines have one power stroke every revolution
hence they have a significantly better power density than the
4-stroke engine for the same power output.
➢ 2-stroke engines do not use external valve mechanisms, thus
they have fewer moving parts and a much simpler, less
expensive construction.
➢ Overall the two-stroke machine is a powerful, low cost, very
simple, very light weight machine which is able to run at high
speeds.
➢ Lubrication by mixing the oil with the fuel avoids the use of
an oil sump and allows the engine to work in any orientation
making it suitable for portable power tools.
 Four-Stroke Two-Stroke Comparison

Two-stroke Engines
❑ Disadvantages
➢ The two-stroke engine may have a greater power output, its
actual efficiency is less than the equivalent four stroke engine.
➢ Inefficient air- fuel mixing and inefficient scavenging leading to
incomplete combustion, inefficient use of the fuel and unwanted
exhaust emissions.
➢ Crank case pumping requires engine lubrication via oil mixed
with the fuel. Can result in less efficient lubrication as well as
unwanted burning of the lubrication oil during the combustion
process creating further pollution.
➢ (Note: The Diesel 2-stroke engine which breathes air and uses
conventional lubrication does not suffer from either of the above
two disadvantages.)
➢ 2-stroke Diesel engines normally need superchargers to achieve
reasonable efficiency levels which adds considerably to the cost
& complexity & precludes them from low cost applications.
 Comparisons between Petrol and Diesel Engines

Petrol Engines
❑ Advantages
❑ Disadvantages

Diesel Engines
❑ Advantages
❑ Disadvantages
Sl.No Principle SI (Petrol) Engine CI (Diesel) Engine

1 Theoretical Cycle of It works on Otto Cycle It works on Diesel Cycle

operation which is called as which is called as Constant
Constant Volume Cycle pressure Cycle
2 Fuel Used Petrol Diesel
3 Admission of Fuel During the suction stroke The diesel oil is pressurised
itself the petrol is first by the fuel pump and then
admitted into the injected into the engine
carburettor, where it gets cylinder by the fuel injector at
mixed with the air and the end of compression
then mixture enters the stroke.
cylinder
4 Charge drawn into the Air and petrol mixture is Only air is drawn
suction stroke drawn
5 Compression Ratio 7:1 to 12:1 16:1 to 20:1
6 Ignition of Fuel The compressed air and The ignition of the diesel is
petrol is ignited by the accomplished by the
spark plug. This type of compressed air. This type of
ignition is called Spark ignition is called
Ignition Compression ignition or
Auto-ignition.
7 Engine Speed High speed (3000 rpm) Low engine speed
(500-1500 rpm)
8 Power output capacity Because of the low Because of the high
compression ratio the compression ratio the power
power developed is less developed is more
9 Thermal efficiency Lower due to lower Higher due to lower
compression ratio compression ratio
10 Noise and Vibration Less because of less High because of high
operating pressures
operating pressures
11 Weight of the engine Less because of less High because of high
Compression ratios Compression ratios
12 Initial cost for same Less More
power output
13 Operating Fuel Cost High Less
14 Maintenance Cost Less Slightly higher
15 Starting of the engine Can be easily started even Difficult to start in cold
in cold weather conditions weather conditions
16 Exhaust gas pollution More Less
17 Uses Scooter, Motor Cycle, cars Trucks, tractors, Buses,
etc Bulldozers etc .
Sl. Principle Four stroke Engine Two Stroke Engine
No
1 Number of strokes per Four Two
cycle
2 Number of cycles per Is equal to half the speed Is equal to the speed of the
min of the engine. engine.
3 Power Power is developed in Power is developed in every
every alternate revolution revolution of the crankshaft
of the crankshaft
4 Flywheel The torque will not be The torque will be more
uniform because the uniform because the power
power is produced in is produced in every
every alternate revolution, hence lighter
revolution, hence heavy flywheel is required
flywheel is required
5 Admission of the charge Directly admitted into the Charge is first admitted into
engine cylinder. crank case and then
transferred into the engine
cylinder.
6 Exhaust gases The exhaust gases are The exhaust gases will be
driven out through expelled out of the cylinder
exhaust valve. by Scavenging.
7 Valves Inlet and Exhaust are The piston itself opens and
opened and closed by closes the inlet, transfer and
mechanical valves exhaust ports.
8 Crankcase Although the crank case Since the charge is admitted
of a four stroke engine is into the crankcase it is
closed, it will not be hermetically sealed.
hermetically sealed.
9 Engine Cooling The cooling can be made The rate of cooling must be
more effective since the very high since the
combustion takes place in combustion takes place in
alternative revolution of every revolution of the
the crankshaft. crankshaft.
10 Direction of rotation of Rotates only in one Rotate in either directions.
the crankshaft direction.
11 Lubricating oil Less More
consumption
12 Fuel Consumption Since there is no mixing There will be mixing of fresh
of fresh charge with the charge with the exhaust
exhaust gases, the fuel gases, hence there is loss of
consumption is less. fresh charge, hence the fuel
consumption is less.
13 Mechanical Efficiency Low because of increased High because there are only
number of strokes and two strokes per cycle and
more number of absence of mechanical parts
mechanical parts. such as cam, camshafts,
valves, valve gears.
14 Noise Less More
15 Uses They are used in slow They are used for high speed
speed high power and low power applications
applications like Cars, such as mopeds, scooters,
trucks, tractors, jeeps, motor cycles etc..
buses etc…
CARBURETOR

A carburettor is a device that blends air and fuel for an internal

combustion engine.
References:

1.Elements of Mechanical Engineering- K . R. Gopalakrishna

2. Internal Combustion Engines – V. Ganesan