PERFORMANCE TASK

IN
PHYSICAL EDUCATION
11-HUMSS-B

Members:
Baldado, Jasmine

Cadayona, Glaiza Krystel

Ravelista, Samuel

Abuda, Reyan

Libron, Janice
 INDIVIDUAL SPORTS:
Swimming

SWIMMING
A. History

The history of swimming stretches back thousands of years, with evidence of humans
swimming found in cave paintings dating back to the Stone Age. Swimming has been a
vital skill for survival, transportation, and recreation throughout history. In ancient times,
Swimming was often linked to military training and was essential for sailors and
fishermen. One of the earliest known references to swimming is in ancient Egyptian art,
depicting people swimming in the Nile River. In ancient Greece, swimming was part of
the education system, with renowned philosophers like Plato advocating for its
importance. The Greeks even held swimming competitions as part of their Olympic
Games. During the Roman Empire, swimming continued to be practiced, and Roman
baths were popular gathering places for socializing and exercise. However, the decline
of the Roman Empire saw a decrease in the popularity of swimming, with the middle
Ages being characterized by a lack of emphasis on aquatic activities. The resurgence of
interest in swimming occurred during the Renaissance, with renewed interest in physical
fitness and recreation. Swimming regained popularity as a leisure activity among the
European aristocracy. In the 18th century, swimming schools began to emerge,
teaching proper techniques and promoting swimming for health and fitness. The modern
competitive swimming we know today began to take shape in the 19th century, with the
establishment of swimming clubs and organizations. The first indoor swimming pool, the
Arlington Baths Club in Scotland, opened in 1870, further popularizing the sport.
Swimming became an official sport in the first modern Olympic Games held in Athens in
1896, with events like freestyle, breaststroke, and backstroke. The introduction of the
butterfly stroke came later, evolving from the breaststroke. In the 20th century,
swimming continued to evolve as a competitive sport, with innovations in training
techniques, equipment, and the understanding of biomechanics. Swimmers like Johnny
Weissmuller and Duke Kahanamoku became household names, setting numerous
records and popularizing the sport worldwide. Today, swimming remains a popular
recreational activity and a highly competitive sport, with athletes constantly pushing the
boundaries of human performance. It's not only a crucial life skill but also a source of
enjoyment, fitness, and camaraderie for millions of people around the globe.
SWIMMING
B. Court Dimensions and Venue

Court dimensions and venue for swimming competitions typically take place in
swimming pools, which come in various sizes and configurations. The standard
Olympic-size swimming pool is 50 meters long, 25 meters wide, and at least 2 meters
deep. These pools are meticulously designed to meet international standards and
provide an optimal environment for competitive swimming. In addition to Olympic-size
pools, there are also short course pools, which are typically 25 meters long. These
pools are commonly used for competitions, especially in areas where space is limited.
The venue for swimming events can vary depending on the level of competition and the
location. Major international competitions, such as the Olympics and World
Championships, often take place in state-of-the-art indoor facilities equipped with
spectator seating, lighting systems, and timing equipment. These venues are designed
to accommodate large crowds and provide an immersive experience for both athletes
and spectators. In contrast, smaller local and regional competitions may be held in
community pools, university facilities, or even outdoor pools during the warmer months.
These venues may not have the same level of infrastructure as larger facilities but still
provide a suitable environment for competitive swimming.

Overall, swimming venues range from elite indoor facilities to more modest community
pools, but they all share the common goal of providing a safe and fair environment for
athletes to showcase their skills
SWIMMING
C. Equipment and Gears (include /price of each equipment and gears)

Break down of some common swimming equipment and gear along with approximate
prices in pesos:

Swimsuit: A high-quality swimsuit suitable for competitive swimming can cost

anywhere from 1,000 to 5,000 pesos or more, depending on the brand and design.

Swim Cap: A silicone swim cap typically costs around 150 to 500 pesos, while a latex
cap is cheaper, ranging from 50 to 200 pesos.

Goggles: Swimming goggles range in price depending on the brand and features. A
decent pair can cost anywhere from 200 to 1,000 pesos.

Swim Fins: Swim fins, used for training and improving technique, can range from 500
to 2,000 pesos per pair, depending on the size and quality.

Kickboard: A kickboard, essential for kicking drills and swim training, can cost around
300 to 800 pesos.

Pull Buoy: A pull buoy, used for upper body training and improving stroke technique,
typically costs between 200 to 600 pesos.

Hand Paddles: Hand paddles, used to increase resistance and strength during
swimming workouts, range from 300 to 1,000 pesos per pair.

Snorkel: A swim snorkel, helpful for focusing on technique without having to turn your
head to breathe, can cost around 500 to 1,500 pesos.

Swim Bag: A durable swim bag to carry all your gear can range from 500 to 2,000
pesos, depending on the size and brand.
Towel: A good quality swim towel may cost anywhere from 200 to 800 pesos. These
prices are approximate and can vary based on factors like brand, quality, and location of
purchase. It's also worth noting that some equipment, like swimsuits and goggles, may
need to be replaced more frequently due to wear and tear.
SWIMMING
D. Rules of the Game (summary of the most basic rules and the international
body governing the sports)

Swimming is governed by the International Swimming Federation (FINA), which

establishes and enforces the rules for competitive swimming worldwide. At its core, the
sport involves individuals or teams propelling themselves through water using their
limbs. Here are some of the basic rules:

Strokes: There are four main strokes in competitive swimming: freestyle, backstroke,
breaststroke, and butterfly. Each stroke has specific rules regarding technique, such as
arm movements, kicks, and breathing.

Starts: Races begin with either a dive or a start from the pool's edge, depending on the
event and distance. Swimmers must adhere to specific starting positions and
procedures to ensure fair competition.

Turns: During races, swimmers must execute proper turns when reaching the pool's
end. Each stroke has its own turn rules, including touching the wall with both hands
simultaneously before initiating the turn.

Finishes: Races conclude when swimmers touch the wall at the finish line. The timing
of the touch determines the race's outcome, with electronic timing systems providing
accurate measurements down to hundredths of a second.

Equipment: Swimmers are typically required to wear swimsuits, goggles, and caps
during competitions. The use of performance-enhancing equipment, such as specialized
swimsuits or aids that aid propulsion, is regulated to maintain fairness.

Disqualifications: Swimmers can be disqualified for various infractions, such as false

starts, improper strokes, or interfering with other competitors. Officials monitor races
closely to enforce these rules and ensure fair play..
Officials: Competitions are overseen by trained officials who enforce the rules, monitor
swimmers' performances, and adjudicate any disputes or rule violations that arise
during races.

These rules, among others, ensure fair and competitive swimming events at all levels of
competition, from local meets to international championships sanctioned by FINA.
SWIMMING
E. Officials

The officials in swimming typically include referees, starters, stroke judges, turn judges,
and finish judges. Referees oversee the overall conduct of the meet, while starters are
responsible for initiating races. Stroke judges ensure that swimmers are using correct
strokes, while turn judges monitor the legality of turns. Finish judges determine the
order of finish at the end of each race.
Dual Sports:
Billiard
Billiard
A. History

As the game moved indoors, tables were developed specifically for billiards, with a
playing surface covered in cloth and surrounded by cushions to facilitate ball movement.
The game's equipment evolved too, with wooden cues replacing the original mallets
used to strike the balls.

The term "billiard" itself stems from the French word "billart," meaning "stick,"
referencing the cues used to strike the balls. This linguistic connection highlights the
game's French roots, although variations of billiards emerged across different European
countries, each with its own rules and style of play.

It wasn't until the 19th century that standardized rules for billiards began to emerge,
thanks in part to the efforts of influential figures such as Maurice Vignaux and Joseph
Strickland. These rules helped to formalize the game and make it more accessible to a
wider audience.

By the turn of the 20th century, billiards had become a global phenomenon, with various
forms such as pool, snooker, and carom billiards gaining popularity in different parts of
the world. Each variant brought its own unique set of rules and challenges, further
diversifying the game and cementing its status as a beloved pastime.

Today, billiards continues to thrive, with millions of enthusiasts worldwide enjoying the
game in various forms. Whether played casually in a local bar or competitively in
organized tournaments, billiards remains a timeless pursuit that brings people together
across cultures and generations
Billiard
B. Court Dimensions and Venue

Billiards, often referred to as cue sports, encompasses a variety of games played on a

table with balls and cues. While the specific dimensions of a billiards table can vary
depending on the game being played, there are general standards that most tables
adhere to.

The most common type of billiards table is the pool table, which comes in various sizes
but typically ranges from 7 to 9 feet in length and 3.5 to 5 feet in width. These
dimensions provide enough space for players to maneuver around the table comfortably
while still presenting a challenge in shot-making and positioning.

The playing surface of a billiards table is covered in cloth, traditionally made of wool or a
wool-nylon blend, to provide a smooth and consistent playing surface. The cloth is
stretched tautly over the table and secured to the edges, ensuring minimal friction and
optimal ball roll during gameplay.

The pockets on a billiards table are strategically positioned around the perimeter,
typically six in total for pool tables. These pockets serve as the targets for players to
pocket balls during the game, with each pocket having its own set of dimensions and
angles that affect gameplay.

In addition to the table itself, the billiards venue may include various amenities and
features to enhance the playing experience for participants and spectators alike. This
can include seating areas for spectators to watch the action, lighting systems to
illuminate the table and provide optimal visibility, and climate control systems to
maintain a comfortable playing environment.

Some billiards venues may also offer additional services such as equipment rental,
coaching services, and refreshments for players and spectators. Larger venues may
host tournaments and competitions, attracting players from around the world to compete
for prizes and prestige.
The design and layout of billiards venues can vary widely depending on factors such as
location, budget, and intended use. Some venues are dedicated billiards halls, featuring
multiple tables and catering exclusively to billiards enthusiasts. Others may be part of
larger entertainment complexes or sports facilities, offering billiards as just one of many
recreational activities available to visitors.

Regardless of size or style, billiards venues play a crucial role in fostering the growth
and enjoyment of the sport, providing a welcoming and inclusive environment for
players of all skill levels to gather, socialize, and hone their skills on the table
Billiard
C. Equipment and Gears (include cost/price of each equipment and gears)

Billiards equipment and gear, along with their respective costs in pesos:

Billiards Table (Mesa de Billar): The centerpiece of any billiards game, a quality
billiards table can range from ₱25,000 to ₱200,000 or more, depending on the size,
material, and brand. Entry-level tables suitable for home use may start at around
₱25,000, while professional-grade tables can cost upwards of ₱100,000 or more.

Cues (Tacós): The cue stick is essential for striking the cue ball and pocketing other
balls. Prices for cues vary widely, with basic cues starting at around ₱1,000 to ₱5,000
for recreational play. Custom-made or high-performance cues can range from ₱5,000 to
₱50,000 or more, depending on materials and craftsmanship.

Cue Chalk (Tiza): A single cube of cue chalk typically costs around ₱50 to ₱100,
depending on the brand and quality. Higher-quality chalks may be priced slightly higher,
but they offer better grip and reduced miscues.

Ball Set (Juego de Bolas): A standard billiards ball set, consisting of 15 object balls
and a cue ball, can range from ₱1,000 to ₱5,000 or more, depending on the quality and
brand. Basic sets suitable for recreational play are available at lower price points, while
professional-grade sets may be priced higher.

Rack (Triángulo): Plastic or wooden racks used to arrange the balls at the beginning of
each game typically cost around ₱200 to ₱500, depending on the material and quality.

Bridge Stick (Puente): Bridge sticks, used for shots where the player's reach is limited,
can range from ₱500 to ₱2,000 or more, depending on the style and material. Basic
bridge heads may be priced lower, while specialty bridge sticks may cost more.

Gloves (Guantes): Billiards gloves, worn on the bridge hand to reduce friction, are
available for around ₱200 to ₱500 per pair, depending on the material and brand.
Cue Case (Estuche para Tacos): Cue cases for transporting and protecting cue sticks
can range from ₱500 to ₱5,000 or more, depending on the style, material, and capacity.

Basic soft cases are available at lower price points, while hard cases with additional
features may be priced higher. Investing in quality equipment can enhance the billiards
experience and improve performance, making it worthwhile to consider factors such as
durability, comfort, and functionality when selecting gear.
Billiard
D. Rules of the Game (summary of the most basic rules and the international
body governing the sports)

Billiards, a cue sport enjoyed worldwide, encompasses various game variations, with
pool being one of the most popular. In pool, players employ strategic cue ball control
and precise shot-making to outmaneuver their opponents and pocket balls. Here's a
more detailed summary of the basic rules, focusing on pool, along with information
about the international governing body: Objective and Setup: Pool is typically played on
a rectangular table with six pockets. The game's primary objective is for players to
pocket all of their assigned balls (either solids or stripes) and then successfully pocket
the 8-ball to claim victory. At the beginning of the game, the balls are arranged in a
triangular rack, with the 8-ball placed in the center, and players take turns breaking the
rack to start the game. Opening Break: The opening break is a crucial aspect of the
game. Players strike the cue ball from behind the head string, aiming to scatter the balls
across the table. A successful break is one where balls are spread out, providing
players with opportunities for subsequent shots. Turns and Shots: Once the balls are
scattered, players take turns at the table, attempting to pocket their designated balls
(either solids or stripes). Each player continues shooting as long as they legally pocket
a ball on each shot. Players can choose to pocket any ball on the table during their turn,
regardless of its designation, as long as they first legally pocket one of their designated
balls. Fouls and Penalties: Fouls occur when a player fails to legally strike their
designated ball, pockets the cue ball, or scratches (causes the cue ball to leave the
playing surface). Fouls result in the opponent receiving ball-in-hand, allowing them to
place the cue ball anywhere on the table before their next shot. Common fouls also
include hitting the wrong ball first or failing to make contact with any ball. 8-Ball
Conclusion: The game concludes when one player successfully pockets all of their
designated balls (solids or stripes) and then legally pockets the 8-ball. However,
pocketing the 8-ball prematurely or committing a foul while attempting to pocket the 8-
ball results in a loss. As for the international governing body, the World Pool-Billiard
Association (WPA) oversees the sport of billiards globally. Established to promote and
develop cue sports, the WPA sets standardized rules and regulations for various
billiards games, including pool, snooker, and carom billiards. Through its efforts, the
WPA aims to maintain consistency and fairness in competitions worldwide while
fostering the growth and popularity of the sport.
Billiard
E. officials
In the world of competitive billiards, officials play a crucial role in ensuring the smooth
running of matches and tournaments. These officials, often referred to as referees or
umpires, are tasked with upholding the rules and regulations of the game, maintaining
fairness, and resolving disputes that may arise during play.

Their duties include monitoring players' conduct, ensuring that all shots comply with the
rules of the specific billiards variant being played, and making judgment calls on fouls
and other infractions. They must possess a deep understanding of the rules of billiards
and have excellent observational skills to detect any violations.

Additionally, officials often undergo rigorous training and certification processes to

ensure consistency and proficiency in their decision-making. They need to remain
impartial and objective, even in high-pressure situations, to uphold the integrity of the
game.

During tournaments, officials may also be responsible for managing the timing of
matches, coordinating with players and other tournament staff, and overseeing the
setup and maintenance of equipment.

Overall, officials of billiards serve as guardians of the sport, ensuring that matches are
conducted fairly and in accordance with established rules, thereby preserving the
integrity and spirit of competitive billiards.
Team Sport:
Basketball
Basketball
A. History

James Naismith, a Canadian physical education instructor, faced the challenge of

creating a game that could be played indoors during the winter months in New England.
Drawing inspiration from various sports like soccer, rugby, and lacrosse, Naismith
sought to design a game that emphasized teamwork, skill, and strategy while
minimizing physical contact and potential injuries.

Naismith's initial rules were simple and focused on promoting movement and
coordination. Players were not allowed to run with the ball; instead, they could only
pass, shoot, or dribble it. The first game took place in a YMCA gymnasium, with a
soccer ball and peach baskets serving as goals. Interestingly, the bottom of the baskets
had to be manually retrieved each time a point was scored, as there was no hole to
allow the ball to pass through.

As basketball gained popularity, modifications were made to the rules to improve the
flow and excitement of the game. For example, in 1906, the dribbling rule was refined to
allow players to dribble continuously, paving the way for fast breaks and dynamic
offensive plays

.The sport's growth was further propelled by the establishment of college basketball
programs and leagues. In 1939, the first NCAA Men's Basketball Tournament, known as
"March Madness," was held, forever changing the landscape of college basketball and
captivating fans across the United States.

Meanwhile, women's basketball was also on the rise, with the first women's college
basketball game held in 1892 and the formation of the Women's National Basketball
Association (WNBA) in 1996, providing a professional platform for female players to
showcase their talents Internationally, basketball continued to expand its reach, with the
sport making its Olympic debut in 1936. The Olympic Games provided a global stage for
basketball and helped popularize the sport in countries around the world. Today,
basketball is played in over 200 countries and territories, with millions of fans tuning in
to watch elite competitions like the FIBA Basketball World Cup and the Olympic Games.
The evolution of basketball has also been marked by technological advancements and
innovations. From the introduction of the shot clock in 1954 to the implementation of
instant replay and advanced analytics in the modern game, basketball has continually
embraced change while staying true to its core principles of athleticism, skill, and
teamwork.

In summary, basketball's rich history is a testament to the enduring appeal of the sport
and its ability to unite people of diverse backgrounds and cultures through the universal
language of hoops. From humble beginnings in a YMCA gymnasium to the global
phenomenon it is today, basketball's journey is a testament to the vision and ingenuity
of its creators and the passion of its players and fans worldwide.
Basketball
B. Court Dimensions and Venue

Basketball courts have specific dimensions regulated by various governing bodies,

including the International Basketball Federation (FIBA) and the National Basketball
Association (NBA). The standard dimensions of a basketball court typically include a
length of 94 feet (28.65 meters) and a width of 50 feet (15.24 meters) for professional
and international games. However, in the NBA, the width can vary slightly, with some
courts measuring 52 feet (15.85 meters) in width.

The court is divided into two main sections: the playing area and the out-of-bounds
area. The playing area includes the court itself, the hoop at each end, and the free-
throw line, which is located 15 feet (4.57 meters) away from the backboard. The three-
point line, which signifies the boundary for shooting three-pointers, is set at a distance
of 22 feet (6.7 meters) from the hoop in the NBA, while in international play, it is set at
6.75 meters (22.15 feet) from the hoop.

The venue for basketball games can vary widely, from small high school gyms to large
arenas hosting professional or international competitions. In addition to the court itself,
the venue typically includes seating for spectators, team benches, scoreboards, and
other amenities. The design and layout of the venue can impact the viewing experience
for fans and the playing conditions for athletes. Professional basketball arenas often
feature advanced lighting, sound systems, and video displays to enhance the
atmosphere during games. Additionally, venues may have designated areas for media,
officials, and VIP guests, as well as facilities for concessions and merchandise sales.
Overall, the venue plays a crucial role in shaping the overall experience of a basketball
game, providing a space where players can showcase their skills and fans can come
together to support their teams
Basketball
C. Equipment and Gears (include cost/price of each equipment and gears)

Basketball, like many other sports, requires various equipment and gear to play
effectively and safely. Here's a breakdown of some essential items along with their
typical costs:

Basketball: Essential for the game, a decent basketball can range from ₱750 to ₱1,500
for an outdoor ball suitable for rough surfaces. Indoor basketballs of higher quality may
cost between ₱2,000 to ₱3,500 or more.

Basketball Shoes: Quality basketball shoes are crucial for support and performance.
Prices range from ₱2,500 to ₱7,000 for popular brands and signature models. However,
budget-friendly options can be found for around ₱1,500 to ₱2,500.

Jersey and Shorts: Basic basketball jerseys and shorts sets can be purchased for
₱800 to ₱2,000. Branded or customized jerseys may cost upwards of ₱2,500 to ₱4,000.

Protective Gear: Knee pads and elbow pads for protection can cost around ₱500 to
₱1,500 per pair, depending on the brand and quality.

Water Bottle: Staying hydrated is important, and a durable water bottle suitable for
sports can range from ₱200 to ₱600.

Training Equipment: Agility cones, resistance bands, and dribble goggles for training
can be acquired for ₱500 to ₱1,500 each, depending on the type and quality.

Backyard Hoop: Portable basketball hoops for home practice range from ₱5,000 to
₱15,000. In-ground systems can cost ₱15,000 to ₱50,000 or more, depending on the
quality and features.

Gym Membership: Access to indoor courts and training facilities via a gym
membership can range from ₱1,500 to ₱5,000 per month, depending on the location
and amenities.
Remember, investing in high-quality equipment can enhance performance and
durability, but there are also budget-friendly options available for those starting out in
the sport.
Basketball
D. Rules of the Game (summary of the most basic rules and the international
body governing the sports)

Basketball is governed internationally by the International Basketball Federation (FIBA).

Here's a summary of some basic rules of the game:

Scoring: Points are scored by shooting the ball through the opponent's hoop. A field
goal from inside the three-point line counts as two points, while a shot from beyond the
three-point line earns three points. Free throws, awarded for certain fouls, are worth one
point each.

Dribbling: Players must dribble the ball while moving to maintain possession. If a
player stops dribbling, they must either pass the ball to a teammate or shoot it.

Traveling: Players are not allowed to take more than two steps without dribbling. This
violation is called traveling and results in a turnover, giving possession to the opposing
team.

Fouls: Fouls are called for illegal physical contact, such as pushing, holding, or
charging into an opponent. Players may also commit fouls by violating the rules of the
game, such as goaltending or basket interference. Fouls result in free throws or
possession for the opposing team, depending on the situation.

Substitutions: Teams can make substitutions during stoppages in play to replace

players on the court. Substituted players must enter and exit the game at the
designated substitution area.

Time: A standard basketball game consists of four quarters, each lasting 10 or 12

minutes, depending on the level of play. There are also provisions for overtime periods
in case of a tie at the end of regulation time. Out of Bounds: If the ball goes out of
bounds, possession is awarded to the opposing team. Players must also avoid stepping
out of bounds while in possession of the ball.
Backcourt Violation: Once a team has advanced the ball past the half-court line into
their offensive half, they cannot pass or dribble the ball back into the backcourt. Doing
so results in a turnover.

Shot Clock: In most levels of play, there is a shot clock that limits the amount of time a
team has to attempt a shot. Failure to shoot before the shot clock expires results in a
turnover.

These are just a few of the fundamental rules of basketball. The sport is governed by a
comprehensive set of rules established by FIBA, which are periodically updated to
ensure fair play and safety for all participants
Basketball
E. officials

Basketball games are overseen by several officials who ensure fair play and enforce the
rules. Here are the key officials involved:

Referees: Referees are the primary officials responsible for enforcing the rules of the
game. They make judgment calls on fouls, violations, and other infractions, as well as
ensuring fair play and sportsmanship. In most games, there are typically two or three
referees on the court, positioned strategically to cover the action and make accurate
calls.

Scorekeeper: The scorekeeper keeps track of the score, fouls, timeouts, and other
statistical information throughout the game. They work closely with the referees to
ensure the accuracy of the game's records and provide updates to players, coaches,
and spectators as needed.

Timekeeper: The timekeeper operates the game clock, shot clock (if applicable), and
signals the start and end of quarters, timeouts, and other game stoppages. They play a
crucial role in maintaining the pace and flow of the game, ensuring that each period is
played for the designated duration.

Table Officials: In addition to the scorekeeper and timekeeper, there may be other
table officials, such as a shot clock operator or possession arrow operator, depending
on the level of play and the specific rules of the competition. These officials assist in
managing various aspects of the game and provide support to the on-court officials.

Instant Replay Officials: At higher levels of play, instant replay officials or video review
systems may be employed to assist the on-court referees in making accurate calls on
close or disputed plays. These officials review video footage of the game to provide
additional information and ensure that the correct ruling is made. Together, these
officials work collaboratively to maintain the integrity of the game, uphold the rules, and
provide a fair and enjoyable experience for players and spectators alike. Their presence
ensures that basketball games are conducted in a manner that promotes
sportsmanship, competition, and respect for the sport.