Translated from French to English - www.onlinedoctranslator.

com
2/12/2024

Ibn Tofail University Progress of the sessions

National School of Applied Sciences – Kenitra • 2 hour sessions
– Classes: 1 time per week
– TD (Exercises): 1 time per week
Integrated Preparatory Cycle for Engineering Training • Before coming to class, you must
– Have seen and downloaded the course figures on the site:
Google Classroom, code:naiwk2y
Electromagnetism and – Have notes from previous courses.
– Ask as many questions as you want.

Electrokinetics of currents • Before coming to TD, you must

– You must bring course notes to the tutorial session.
– Have read the part of the course useful for dealing with the exercises

alternatives – The exercises must be prepared in writing.Write at least 2

exercises that the tutorial teacher will check at the start of each
session.
– A grade will be given to each student on participation, attendance
and discipline. This note will be made during the final
Hassan Mharzi deliberation.
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Course Map

• Chapter 1 :The magnetic field

• Chapter 2 :Fundamental laws of
magnetostatics – Ampère's theorem
• Chapter 3:Magnetic actions and energy
• Chapter 4:Electromagnetic induction
• Chapter 5:AC circuits
The elect this of a
cham ns of

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Chapter 1:The magnetic field

1.1 Introduction
1.2 Magnets, sources of magnetic fields
1.3. Expression of the magnetic field
1.3.1. Nature of magnetic effects
1.3.2. Field created by a moving charge
1.3.3. Field created by a set of moving charges

1.3.4. Field created by an electric circuit (Biot and Savart law)

1.3.5 Symmetry properties of the magnetic field

1.4 Calculation of the field in some simple cases Hans Christian Oersted: 1777-1851
1.4.1. Straight wire Danish physicist and chemist
1.4.2. Circular spiral (on axis)
1.4.3. Solenoid (on axis) In 1820, Oersted showed that a current deflects the needle of a
compass: electricity and magnetism are linked.
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1.1. Introduction 1.1. Introduction: brief history

1.1.1. Magnetism: what is it? Magnets have been known since Antiquity, under the name of
• Magnetism: “set of phenomena presented by magnetic magnetite, a stone found near the city ofMagnesia (Türkiye). It is
materials",Larousse Dictionary from this stone that the current name of magnetic field comes.
• History:
The Chinese were the first to use the properties of magnets, more
– Since antiquity in the ancient city of AsiaMagnesia (Türkiye):
than 1000 years ago, to make compasses. They consisted of a
stones attract iron.
magnetite needle placed on straw floating on water contained in a
– Year 1000: invention of the southern watchfish in China:
graduated container.
magnetic iron fish, floating on calm water.
– 1820:Oerstedconnects thefluentto the magnetic field In the 18th century,Franklindiscovered the electrical nature of
lightning (1752). However, there were already at that time
numerous testimonies from sailors drawing attention to strange
facts:
• Thunderstorms disrupt compasses
• Lightning striking a ship magnetizes all metal objects.

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1.1. Introduction: brief history 1.1. Introduction

1.1.2. Oersted experiment
Franklindeduced “the possibility of a community of nature
between electric and magnetic phenomena”. Coulomb (1785)
shows the decay in 1/r2of the two forces.

But it was not until the end of the 19th century that a complete
theory appeared, the theory of electromagnetism.
It all started with the experience ofOerstedin 1820. He placed a
conducting wire above a compass and passed a current through it.
In the presence of a current the compass needle is effectively
deflected, unambiguously proving a link between the electric current Video1_exp_oersted
and the magnetic field. Furthermore, he observed:
THEmagnetismis a manifestation ofcharges
• If we reverse the direction of the current, the deviation changes direction. electric moving.
• The force that deflects the needle is non-radial.
http://www.ampere.cnrs.fr/parcourspedagogique/zoom/oersted/video/oersted.php
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1.1. Introduction 1.1. Introduction: brief history

1.1.2. Oersted experiment
The electric current creates a
magnetic forcein its environment
- The needle tends to position itself
Perpendicularlyover the wire
I - If we change the direction of
the current: The compass points
in the other direction
I
- The magnetic field created
depends on theintensityand
sensecurrent
Ibn Tofail ENSAK University – Preparatory cycle – Electromagnetism – Hassan Mharzi
The quantitative study of the interactions between magnets and
currents was carried out by physicistsBiot and Savart (1820). They
measured the duration of the oscillations of a magnetized needle as
a function of its distance from a straight current. They found that the
force acting on a pole is directed perpendicular to the direction
connecting this pole to the conductor and that it varies inversely with
the distance. From these experiments, Laplace deduced what is
today called the law of Biot and Savart. A question that immediately
arose was:
If a current deflects a magnet, then can a magnet deflect a current?
This was actually proven byDavyin 1821 in an experiment where he
showed that an electric arc was deflected in the air gap of a large
magnet.
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1.1. Introduction: brief history 1.1. Introduction

1.1.3. Many applications

The development of electromagnetic theory involved a

large number of renowned physicists: Oersted, Ampère,
Arago, Faraday, Foucault, Henry, Lenz, Maxwell, Weber, The cathode ray tube
The magnet
Helmholtz, Hertz, Lorentzand many others. Although it
began in 1820 with Oersted, it was not put into equations Compass
byMaxwell only in 1873 and only found a satisfactory
explanation in 1905, within the framework of the theory of
relativity ofEinstein. The credit card
The hard drive

The train

MRI Magnetic sutension

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1.1. Introduction 1.1. Introduction

1.1.4. Magnetism and nature 1.1.4. Magnetism and nature The
The Earth is ahuge magnet:earth's magnetic field Earth is ahuge magnet

Dm: Declination
A huge compass
Magnetic
whose needle can
oscillate without
depreciation in a
vertical plane on the surface
of the earth.

http://www.web.mit.edu/8.02t/www/802TEAL3D/visualizations/m
agnetostatics/EarthandDipNeedle/EarthFar.htm
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1.1. Introduction 1.1. Introduction

The picture can't be displayed.

1.1.4. Magnetism and nature 1.1.4. Magnetism and nature

• The Earth is ahuge magnet
- Origin:
the central heart.
• Demonstration :
movement of surrounding matter – Polar lights: southern (south)
and boreal (north)
– Collision of charged particles
and ionosphere

movements
liquid iron
driver
in the core

Aurora Borealis in Alaska Aurora of Saturn

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1.1. Introduction 1.2 Magnets, sources of magnetic fields

1.1.4. Magnetism and nature 1.2.1. Introduction

The ionosphere and its

We saw how a charged plastic rod produced a vector fieldE -THE
northern Lights
electric field–in any case
in the space around it.
-
Similarly, a magnet produces a vector fieldB
- THEmagnetic field–at any point in the space around it.

There are two types of magnetic field sources:

Action of the solar wind on
the lines of the field • magnetic matter:the magnets,
earthly • THEelectrical circuitstraveled bycurrents

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1.2 Magnets, sources of magnetic fields 1.2 Magnets, sources of magnetic fields
1.2.2. Magnet 1.2.2. Magnet Characteristics
Characteristics
• Magnetic field-Strength A magnet East NOT S
• Observation : characterized by A
north pole and a south
– A magnet and iron filings
pole. North Pole South Pole

– We observe an orientation Broken Magnet Experiment

– Lines from one end to the
other Break a magnet NOTSNOT S Two magnets

• What about the extremities? Break again NOT SNOTSNOTS Three magnets

– The lines are closer

The North and South poles of a magnet are
– The magnetization is maximum
inseparable. No monopoly.
- Those are thePolesof the magnet
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1.2 Magnets, sources of magnetic fields 1.2 Magnets, sources of magnetic fields
1.2.3. Action of a magnet on another magnet 1.2.4. Magnetic fields created by a magnet
Two poles of different nature attract each other Action at a distance: each magnet establishes a magnetic
field in the space around it

NOT S Attraction NOT S

S NOTAttraction S NOT

Two poles of the same nature repel each other

NOT S Repulsion S NOT

Field direction: from the south pole to the north pole of the needle

S NOT Repulsion NOT S Field lines enter through the south pole and exit through the
north pole.
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1.2 Magnets, sources of magnetic fields 1.2 Magnets, sources of magnetic fields
1.2.6. Characteristics of field lines
1.2.5. Field lines of the magnetic field created by a magnet
THEfield linesallow you to visualize the magnetic field

Definition:

• linestangentsat each of its pointsto

vector B B
• oriented in the direction ofB

• if the field is uniformthe lines are B

parallel
• when the field increases the lines tighten

• two field lines cannot

intersect
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1.2 Magnets, sources of magnetic fields 1.2 Magnets, sources of magnetic fields
1.2.7. Example of interaction between magnets: Magnetic 1.2.7. Example of interaction between magnets: Magnetic
levitation trains by electromagnets levitation trains by electromagnets

In the 1960s, train studies began,

calledMaglev (MAGnetic LEVitation train)

They * float thanks to the presence of a magnetic field

THEChinesewere the first to inaugurate, in January 2003, a
* are propelled by the force of magnetic fields commercial high-speed train called MaglevOrTransrapid. This
* are ultra-fast (speeds-550 km/h) train, made by a German company, connects downtown Shanghai
* using a minimal amount of energy to the airport. He completes this journey of approximately 30
* are more ecological
kilometers in just seven minutes.
But * their construction cost is very high

• This means of transport, still under development, is a very fast

machine which neglects any friction force.

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1.2 Magnets, sources of magnetic fields 1.2 Magnets, sources of magnetic fields
1.2.7. Example of interaction between magnets: Magnetic 1.2.7. Example of interaction between magnets: Magnetic
levitation trains by electromagnets levitation trains by electromagnets
Principle of operation:two similar magnetic poles repel each other while
two opposite magnetic poles attract each other. On the base of the train, TrainsMaglev (MAGnetic LEVitation train)
electromagnets are installed to allow it to float above the metal rails at a
distance of approximately 1 cm. So,the train can float, even if it is not
moving. To move forward, electromagnets are placed so that we find on
the side of the train a succession of alternating magnetic poles (NSNS,
etc.). The electromagnets on the rails are placed in the same way.The
North poles of the train are then attracted by the South poles and repelled
by the North poles of the rails. If we reverse the direction of the current
which passes through the electromagnets of the rails,we also reverse the
polarizationof all electromagnets. The electromagnets on board the train
are then attracted to electromagnets on the rails a little further away, and
the train moves.We can therefore propel the train by running an
alternating current through the electromagnets of the rails. The principle of Maglev propulsion

http://www2.fsg.ulaval.ca/opus/scphys4/complements/maglev.shtml
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1.2 Magnets, sources of magnetic fields 1.3 Expression of the magnetic field
The picture can't be displayed.

Superconducting magnetic levitation trains

MaglevJapanese

the MLX 01 model:

with five wagons,
beats all
records… 552 km/h

principleuses the repulsive force existing between the vehicle's

superconducting magnets and conductive strips or coils located in the
guide rail. These magnets are made of an alloy of niobium and titanium. Nikola Tesla (1856 - 1943),is an
Each of them is maintained at a constant temperature of -269°C! This
allows the two magnets to maintain their superconducting state and American inventor and engineer
therefore not opposeno resistance to the passage of electric current. of Serbian origin (Croatia),
having mainly worked in the
http://newgentransp.e-monsite.com/pages/transports-ferroviaires/train-a-levitation-magnetique.html
field of electricity.
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1.3 Expression of the magnetic field 1.3 Expression of the magnetic field
1.3.1. Nature of magnetic effects 1.3.1. Nature of magnetic effects

So far we have only discussed charged particlesmotionless.

When both loads are inmovement, the trajectory ofq2cannot be
What happens when we consider particles inmovement?
explained by the Coulomb force alone, there is an appearance of
an additional force:magnetic force.
Let there be two particlesq1Andq2located at a time t at the points M
1AndM2. - - -
F1 2-q2.v2-B1
Inlack of movement, the particleq1created to the pointM2
an electrostatic field: - -
B-:is1 the magnetic field created byq . 1
E1(M2)
v2:is the speed of the loadq2.
and the particleq2undergoes a force whose expression is given by
the law ofCoulomb: - We will come back later (chapter 3) on the expression and
- properties of the magnetic force.
F1 2-q2E1(M2)
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1.3 Expression of the magnetic field 1.3 Expression of the magnetic field
1.3.2. Magnetic field created by a moving charge 1.3.2. Magnetic field created by a moving charge
(Video2_champ_charge_mvt)
In the same way as the electrostatic field, the magnetic field
created at one pointMby a particle -
dumpqlocated at one pointPand animated by a speed v
East:
-
P
v -
B(M) -
-
-0qv - PM
q M - 4- PM 3
PM B(M)
The postmanµ0is herevacuum permeability:it describes the
capacity of the vacuum to “let through” the magnetic field. Its
value in the international system of units is:
http://phys23p.sl.psu.edu/phys_anim/EM/indexer_EM.html -0- 4-.10-7IF
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1.3 Expression of the magnetic field 1.3 Expression of the magnetic field
1.3.2. Magnetic field created by a moving charge 1.3.2. Magnetic field created by a moving charge

Remarks : • Property :
• This value is linked to the definition of Ampere (see later in
theChapter 3). As with the electrostatic field, theprinciple of superposition
• Electric and magnetic phenomena are linked: applies to the magnetic field.
-.-0.2 0vs -1
• Some orders of magnitude:
Representation of the magnetic field vector
• A current magnetB-10mT
directionMagnetic needle • An ordinary electromagnetB-1 Tesla
S
• A superconducting coilB-20 Tesla
senseNeedle oriented South - North B
• A resistive coilB-of 30has1000 Tesla
International System unit - Tesla (T) • Earth's magnetic field:B-20-T

We also use the Gauss (G) with 1 Gauss = 10-4You're here

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1.3 Expression of the magnetic field 1.3 Expression of the magnetic field
1.3.2. Magnetic field created by a moving charge 1.3.2. Magnetic field created by a moving charge

• Rectilinear movement: • Circular movement:

Field created by a charge (+) Field created by a charge (-) A moving load Two moving charges
http://www.web.mit.edu/8.02t/www/802TEAL3D/visualizations/ma http://www.web.mit.edu/8.02t/www/802TEAL3D/visualizations/ma
gnetostatics/MovingChargePosMag/MovingChargePosMag.htm gnetostatics/MovingChargePosMag/MovingChargePosMag.htm
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1.3 Expression of the magnetic field 1.3 Expression of the magnetic field
1.3.2. Magnetic field created by a moving charge 1.3.3. Magnetic field created by a set of moving charges

• Circular movement:
Using theprinciple of superposition, the magnetic field
created at a pointMby particles-chargingqilocated at
pointsPiand speedviEast :

- -
- NOT
q.v.
i.i-PiM
B(M) -
4-i-1
0 - 3
PiM
Four moving charges Eight moving charges
http://www.web.mit.edu/8.02t/www/802TEAL3D/visualizations/ma
gnetostatics/MovingChargePosMag/MovingChargePosMag.htm
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1.3 Expression of the magnetic field 1.3 Expression of the magnetic field
1.3.3. Magnetic field created by a set of moving charges 1.3.3. Magnetic field created by a set of moving charges

We thus recognize the general expression of the current density

In the case of a continuous volume distribution, we consider a
volume elementdV,located around a point Pcontaining a ch- vector (seeElectricity Course):
elemental silverdqdriven at an average speedv.The resulting - - dq - - -
magnetic field is written: j --.v - .v j(P).dV - dq.v(P)
dV
The expression for the magnetic field created by any
-
- - 0---dq.v(P) - PM current distribution is therefore:
B(M) - -
4- (V) PM
3
- -0
4----V j(P) -PM
( -
BM) PM 3 dV

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1.3 Expression of the magnetic field 1.3 Expression of the magnetic field
The picture can't be displayed.

1.3.4. Field created by an electric circuit: Law of 1.3.4. Field created by an electric circuit: Law of
Biot and Savart Biot and Savart
Or a threadlike conductor

Or an infinitely small elementdlcarried by a currentI

I
EitherPthe midpoint ofdl -
M B
-
Therelaw of Biot and Savart,named in honor of French physicists
Jean-Baptiste BiotAndFelix Savart,dating from 1820,
r
We want to determine the magnetic
P
give themagnetic field created by a distribution
ofcurrents continuous. It constitutes one of the field created at the pointMr. I d-
fundamental laws ofmagnetostatic , in the same way as thelaw -
by Coulomb for'electrostatic . PM - r
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1.3 Expression of the magnetic field 1.3 Expression of the magnetic field
1.3.4. Field created by an electric circuit: Law of 1.3.4. Field created by an electric circuit: Law of
Biot and Savart Biot and Savart
We consider an element of length of the wired- The velocity vector (or neck densityr ant) has the same orientationyour
In this case, the elementary volume is written:dV = dS.dl. tion over the entire section of the wire (jparallel tod-
OrdSis a surface element of the wire section. and todS.
- --
-0 j-r
B(M) - dV
4----
So, we write:
- - r3
d- - v.dt V
dS v With:r - PM - r
-
- -
- -0---j - r
B(M) - dS.d-
Wire section d- 4- V r3
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1.3 Expression of the magnetic field 1.3 Expression of the magnetic field
1.3.4. Field created by an electric circuit: Law of 1.3.4. Field created by an electric circuit: Law of

---j.dS-d- - r -
Biot and Savart Biot and Savart -
--
-
BM()-
-0 ---j - r dSd-
- -0
-
(Section)
B(M) -
4- r3 4- r3
- -
(thread)

V
jdSd- - r -
- -0--- -0 I d- - r
4- V r3
-
4- - r3
-
-
(thread)

-
-0 j.dS d - - -r - -I0 d- - r
-
- --
4--(wire) (Section) r3
B(M) -
4- -
(thread )
r3

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1.3 Expression of the magnetic field 1.3 Expression of the magnetic field
1.3.4. Field created by an electric circuit: Law of 1.3.4. Field created by an electric circuit: Law of
Biot and Savart Biot and Savart

Law of Biot and Savart:The magnetic field created at a pointM FielddBis defined by a vector product. Extreme attention must
of space by a circuit traversed by a permanent currentIEast: therefore be paid to the orientation of the circuits.

-
- -I0 d- - r
- -I0 d- -r
dB(M) -
B(M) -
4- -
(thread)
r3 4- r3
Here are some rules for determining the direction of the field:
-
Or d- - dOP r - PM - r • Right hand rule
• Corkscrew rule
• Ampère’s rule
Pis any point along the circuit,

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1.3 Expression of the magnetic field 1.3 Expression of the magnetic field
1.3.4. Field created by an electric circuit: Law of 1.3.4. Field created by an electric circuit: Law of
Biot and Savart Biot and Savart
Rule of the Bonhomme d'Ampère Right hand rule(Video3_regle_main_droite_fil)

An observer is placed along the conductor so that thefluent When thefingers curlthe thread in thedirection of field magnetic,
electricity circulates from itsfeet towards his head. He looks at a thethumbindicates the direction of the current.
pointMfrom space. At this point thefield magnetic is oriented
towards itsLEFT.

I I

http://phys23p.sl.psu.edu/phys_anim/EM/indexer_EM.html
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1.3 Expression of the magnetic field 1.3 Expression of the magnetic field
1.3.4. Field created by an electric circuit: Law of 1.3.4. Field created by an electric circuit: Law of
Biot and Savart Biot and Savart
Corkscrew rule (of Maxwell)
Vector product reminders
To progress in thedirection of field, a corkscrew mustturn in
the direction of the current. -
-0I d- - r
dB -
4- r3

dB, dlAndrform adirect triad

Idl
r

– For this we can use the three

fingers of theright hand

http://www.edumedia-sciences.com/fr/a199-regle-du-tire-bouchon
dB
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1.3 Expression of the magnetic field 1.3 Expression of the magnetic field
1.3.5. Magnetic field symmetry properties 1.3.5. Magnetic field symmetry properties
• Symmetry properties allow you tosimplifycalculating the
• A vector (for exampleE)is transformed into
magnetic field.
symmetrical sound,
• Thus, if we know the symmetry properties of the current density, • A pseudo-vector (for exampleB)is transformed into the
we can know those of the field opposite of symmetrical.
magnetic.
- c'-a'-b'
vs
-
has- has'
b b'
--- vs'
c-a-b
Transformation relative to a plane of symmetry Transformation relative to a plane of symmetry
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1.3 Expression of the magnetic field 1.3 Expression of the magnetic field
1.3.5. Magnetic field symmetry properties Symmetry plane 1.3.5. Magnetic field symmetry properties
Antisymmetry plane Rules of symmetry and invariance

• The vectorBEastorthogonalto any plan ofsymmetryof the

system.
• The vectorBbelongsto any planantisymmetryof the system.

Example: two infinite wires parallel to the axisOZcarried by a current

i.

zOy =plane of symmetry zOy =antisymmetry plane plan ofsymmetry planantisymmetry

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1.3 Expression of the magnetic field 1.4 Calculation of the field in some simple cases
1.3.5. Magnetic field symmetry properties 1.4.1 Field of an infinitely long rectilinear wire:
Video4_champ_elem_fil
Rules of symmetry and invariance

• If the system is invariant undertranslationalong an axisOz, then the

intensityBof the magnetic fielddoes not dependofz

• If the system is invariant underrotationof angle θ, then the

intensityBof the magnetic fielddoes not dependof θ

Magnetic field created by an element of length

of a straight wire
http://phys23p.sl.psu.edu/phys_anim/EM/indexer_EM.html
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1.4 Calculation of the field in some simple cases 1.4 Calculation of the field in some simple cases
1.4.1 Field of an infinitely long rectilinear wire: 1.4.1 Field of an infinitely long rectilinear wire:

Magnetic field created at a point

Mlocated at a distancehasof an
infinite thread.
z The module of the field created at
pointMlocated at a distancehasof z

d-P
an infinite thread.
y
d- P y
- -
r x
r
- -I0
x
B-B-
has dB 2-has
I has dB
M I
M

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1.4 Calculation of the field in some simple cases 1.4 Calculation of the field in some simple cases
1.4.1 Field of an infinitely long rectilinear wire 1.4.2 Field of a circular turn:
Example: Electric bus Video5_champ_elem_spire
straight line of
100A directed towards the
east at 10 m above the
ground. Calculate field
magnetic at ground level?

(4--10-7Tm/ A)(100 A)
B- -2.0-10-6T
2-(10m) Magnetic field created by an element of length
- of a turn
Right hand rule: B directed north under the line http://phys23p.sl.psu.edu/phys_anim/EM/indexer_EM.html
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1.4 Calculation of the field in some simple cases 1.4 Calculation of the field in some simple cases
1.4.2 Field of a circular turn: 1.4.2 Field of a circular turn:

• The turn densifies the field lines in its Right hand rule(Video6_regle_main_droite_spire):
center-more intense field
• Direction given by the right hand rule

Other hand rule dr http://phys23p.sl.psu.edu/phys_anim/EM/indexer_EM.html

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1.4 Calculation of the field in some simple cases 1.4 Calculation of the field in some simple cases
1.4.2 Field of a circular turn: Field lines: 1.4.4 Field of Solenoids:

• Solenoid: conductive wire wound in the form of a helix

http://phys23p.sl.psu.edu/phys_anim/EM/indexer_EM.html

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1.4 Calculation of the field in some simple cases 1.4 Calculation of the field in some simple cases
1.4.4 Field of Solenoids: Field lines: 1.4.4 Field of Solenoids: Field lines:

http://phys23p.sl.psu.edu/phys_anim/EM/indexer_EM.html
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1.4 Calculation of the field in some simple cases 1.5 Conclusion

1.4.4 Field of Solenoids: What to remember from chapter 1

• The magnetic field is avector quantitynotedB and expressed in

Tesla (T).
• A circuit traveled by afluentelectric isa source of magnetic field.
• Long and narrow solenoid (L >
10R)
• The magnetic field created is calculated by:
-intense and uniform internal
– The law ofBiot & Savart(sense, direction, intensity)
field.
– Chapter 2:The theorem ofAmpere(intensity only)
• Applications: electric bells, • We use thesymmetry rulesto simplify the calculation.
loudspeakers, electronic
circuits, etc.
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Chapter 1:Magnetic field

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