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Wanxiang Che · Qilong Han
Hongzhi Wang · Weipeng Jing
Shaoliang Peng · Junyu Lin
Guanglu Sun · Xianhua Song
Hongtao Song · Zeguang Lu (Eds.)
Communications in Computer and Information Science 623
Social Computing
Second International Conference
of Young Computer Scientists,
Engineers and Educators, ICYCSEE 2016
Harbin, China, August 20–22, 2016, Proceedings, Part I
123
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Social Computing
Second International Conference
of Young Computer Scientists,
Engineers and Educators, ICYCSEE 2016
Harbin, China, August 20–22, 2016
Proceedings, Part I
123
Editors
Wanxiang Che Junyu Lin
Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin Engineering University
Harbin Harbin
China China
Qilong Han Guanglu Sun
Harbin Engineering University Harbin University of Science
Harbin and Technology
China Harbin
China
Hongzhi Wang
Harbin Institute of Technology Xianhua Song
Harbin Harbin University of Science
China and Technology
Harbin
Weipeng Jing China
Northeast Forestry University
Harbin Hongtao Song
China Harbin Engineering University
Harbin
Shaoliang Peng China
National University of Defense Technology
Changsha Zeguang Lu
China Harbin Sea of Clouds and Computer
Technology
Harbin
China
ISSN 1865-0929 ISSN 1865-0937 (electronic)

Communications in Computer and Information Science
ISBN 978-981-10-2052-0 ISBN 978-981-10-2053-7 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-981-10-2053-7
Library of Congress Control Number: 2016945792
© Springer Science+Business Media Singapore 2016

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Preface
As the general and program co-chairs of the Second International Conference of Young
Computer Scientists, Engineers and Educators 2016 (ICYCSEE 2016), it is our great
pleasure to welcome you to the proceedings of the conference, which was held in
Harbin, China, during August 20–22, 2016, hosted by Harbin Engineering University.
The goal of this conference is to provide a forum for young computer scientists,
engineers, and educators.
The call for papers of this year’s conference attracted 338 paper submissions. After
the hard work of the Program Committee, 91 papers were accepted to appear in the
conference proceedings, with an acceptance rate of 27 %. The main theme of this
conference was “Social Computing.” The accepted papers cover a wide range of areas
related to social computing such as: science and foundations for social computing,
computation infrastructure for social computing, big data management analysis for
social computing, evaluation methodologies for social computing and social media,
intelligent computation for social computing, natural language processing techniques
and culture analysis in social computing and social media, mobile social computing and
social media, privacy and security in social computing and social media, public opinion
analysis for social media, social modeling, social network analysis, user-generated
content (wikis, blogs), and visualizing social interaction.
We would like to thank all the Program Committee members – 178 members from
84 institutes – for their hard work in completing the review tasks. Their collective
efforts made it possible to attain quality reviews for all the submissions within a few
weeks. Their diverse expertise in each individual research area helped us to create an
exciting program for the conference. Their comments and advice helped the authors to
improve the quality of their papers and gain deeper insights.
Our thanks also go to the authors and participants for their tremendous support in
making the conference a success. Moreover, we thank Dr. Lanlan Chang and Jian Li
from Springer, whose professional assistance was invaluable in the production of the
proceedings.
Besides the technical program, this year ICYCSEE offered different experiences to
the participants. We hope you enjoy the conference proceedings.
June 2016 Qilong Han

Wanxiang Che
Hongzhi Wang
Shoaling Peng
Junyu Lin
Organization
The Second International Conference of Young Computer Scientists, Engineers and

Educators (ICYCSEE) 2016 (http://2016.icycsee.org) took place in Harbin, China,
during August 2016 20–22, hosted by Harbin Engineering University.
ICYCSEE 2016 Steering Committee

Jianzhong, Li Harbin Institute of Technology, China
Ting, Liu Harbin Institute of Technology, China
Zhongbin, Su Northeast Agricultural University, China
Guisheng, Yin Harbin Engineering University, China
General Chairs
Qilong, Han Harbin Engineering University, China
Wanxiang, Che Harbin Institute of Technology, China
Program Chairs
Hongzhi, Wang Harbin Institute of Technology, China
Shaoliang, Peng National University of Defense Technology, China
Junyu, Lin Harbin Engineering University, China
Organization Chairs
Hongtao, Song Harbin Engineering University, China
Zeguang, Lu Sea of Clouds and Computer Technology Services Ltd.,
China
Publication Chairs
Guanglu, Sun Harbin University of Science and Technology, China
Zhaowen, Qiu Northeast Forestry University, China
Publication Co-chairs
Weipeng, Jing Northeast Forestry University, China
Xianhua, Song Harbin University of Science and Technology, China
Education Chairs
Yingtao, Zhang Harbin Institute of Technology, China
Zhongyang, Han Heilongjiang Institute of Technology, China
VIII Organization
Industrial Chair
Jiquan, Ma Heilongjiang University, China
Demo Chairs
Changjian, Zhou Northeast Agricultural University, China
Qi, Han Harbin Institute of Technology, China
Panel Chairs
Haiwei, Pan Harbin Engineering University, China
Hui, Gao Harbin Huade University, China
Registration/Financial Chairs
Yong, Wang Harbin Engineering University, China
Fa, Yue Sea of Clouds and Computer Technology Services Ltd.,
China
Post/Expo Chair
Tingting, Chen SuperMap Software Co., Ltd
ICYCSEE Steering Committee

Hai, Jin Huazhong University of Science and Technology,
China
Haoliang, Qi Heilongjiang Institute of Technology, China
Jiajun, Bu Zhejiang University, China
Jian, Chen PARATERA
Liehuang, Zhu Beijing Institute of Technology, China
Min, Zhu Sichuan University, China
Tao, Wang Peking University, China
Tian, Feng Institute of Software Chinese Academy of Sciences,
China
Wanqing, He Qihoo360 Cloud Company
Xiaohui, Wei Jilin University, China
Xiaoru, Yuan Peking University, China
Organization IX
Xuebin, Chen North China University of Science and Technology,

China
Yanjuan, Sang Beijing Gooagoo Technology Service Co., Ltd., China
Yiliang, Han Engineering University of CAPF
Yingao, Li Neuedu
Yinhe, Han Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy
of Sciences, China
Yu, Yao Northeastern University, China
Yunquan, Zhang Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy
of Sciences, China
Zeguang, Lu Harbin Sea of Clouds and Computer Technology
Services Ltd., China
Zheng, Shan The PLA Information Engineering University
Program Committee
Tian, Bai Jilin University, China
Zhifeng, Bao University of Tasmania, Australia
Jiajun, Bu Zhejiang University, China
Zhipeng, Cai Georgia State University, USA
Xuebin, Chen Hebei United University, China
Wenliang, Chen Soochow University, China
Siyao, Cheng Harbin Institute of Technology, China
Dansong, Cheng Harbin Institute of Technology, China
Yuan, Cheng Harbin University of Science and Technology, China
Yan, Chu Harbin Engineering University, China
Lei, Cui Microsoft Research
Beiliang, Cui Nanjing Tech University, China
Bin, Cui Peking University, China
Jianrui, Ding Harbin Institute of Technology, China
Minghui, Dong Institute for Infocomm Research, Singapore
Xunli, Fan Northwest University, China
Chunxiang, Fan University of Ulm, Germany
Guangsheng, Feng Harbin Engineering University, China
Yansong, Feng University of Edinburgh, UK
Guohong, Fu Heilongjiang University, China
Hui, Gao Harbin Huade University, China
Shang, Gao Jilin University, China
Jing, Gao University at Buffalo, USA
Dianxuan, Gong North China University of Science and Technology,
China
Yi, Guan Harbin Institute of Technology, China
Quanlong, Guan Jinan University, China
Yuhang, Guo Beijing Institute of Technology, China
X Organization
Ma, Han Georgia State University, USA

Zhongyuan, Han Harbin Institute of Technology, China
Qi, Han Harbin Institute of Technology, China
Xianpei, Han Institute of Software, Chinese Academy of Sciences,
China
Zhongjun, He Baidu Inc.
Zhenying, He Fudan University, China
Yu, Hong Soochow University, China
Zhengang, Jiang Changchun University of Science and Technology,
China
Cheqing, Jin East China Normal University, China
Peng, Jin Peking University, China
Leilei, Kong Heilongjiang Institute of Technology, China
Dapeng, Lang Harbin Engineering University, China
Dan, Le Harbin Institute of Technology, China
Mei, Li China University of Geosciences (Beijing), China
Shuaicheng, Li City University of Hong Kong, SAR China
Jie, Li Harbin Institute of Technology, China
Zhixun, Li Harbin Institute of Technology, China
Junbao, Li Harbin Institute of Technology, China
Ao, Li Harbin University of Science and Technology, China
Peng, Li Institute of Information Engineering, CAS, China
Maoxi, Li Jiangxi Normal University, China
Chenliang, Li Wuhan University, China
Xianmin, Liu Harbin Institute of Technology, China
Shaohui, Liu Harbin Institute of Technology, China
Ming, Liu Harbin Institute of Technology, China
Xiaoguang, Liu Nankai University, China
Hailong, Liu Northwestern Polytechnical University, China
Chenguang, Liu Samsung
Zhiyuan, Liu Tsinghua University, China
Zeguang, Lu Harbin Sea of Clouds and Computer Technology
Services Ltd., China
Nan, Lu Shenzhen University, China
Jizhou, Luo Harbin Institute of Technology, China
Zhiyong, Luo Harbin University of Science and Technology, China
Chengguo, Lv Heilongjiang University, China
Yanjun, Ma Baidu Inc.
Shuai, Ma Beihang University, China
Jiquan, Ma Heilongjiang University, China
Dapeng, Man Harbin Engineering University, China
Tiezheng, Nie Northeastern University, China
Haiwei, Pan Harbin Engineering University, China
Organization XI
Liqiang, Pan Harbin Institute of Technology, China

Wei, Pan Northwestern Polytechnical University, China
Zhijuan, Peng Nantong University, China
Jian, Peng Sichuan University, China
Yuwei, Peng Wuhan University, China
Shaojie, Qiao Southwest Jiaotong University, China
Zhijing, Qin University of California, Irvine, USA
Xipeng, Qiu Fudan University, China
Ying, Shan Harbin Guangsha University, China
Juan, Shan Pace University, USA
Bin, Shao Microsoft Research Asia
Shengfei, Shi Harbin Institute of Technology, China
Xianhua, Song Harbin University of Science and Technology, China
Yangqiu, Song West Virginia University, USA
Jie, Su Harbin University of Science and Technology, China
Jinsong, Su Xiamen University, China
Hailong, Sun Beihang University, China
Xiaoling, Sun Dalian University of Technology, China
Weiwei, Sun Fudan University, China
Jianguo, Sun Harbin Engineering University, China
Chengjie, Sun Harbin Institute of Technology, China
Dongpu, Sun Harbin University of Science and Technology, China
Xu, Sun Peking University, China
Buzhou, Tang Harbin Institute of Technology of Shenzhen
Graduate School, China
Jintao, Tang National University of Defense Technology, China
Zhanyong, Tang Northwest University, China
Jianhua, Tao Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
Yongxin, Tong Beihang University, China
Xifeng, Tong Northeast Petroleum University
Zhiying, Tu Harbin Institute of Technology, China
Zumin, Wang Dalian University, China
Hongya, Wang Donghua University, China
Haofen, Wang East China University of Science and Technology,
China
Xingmei, Wang Harbin Engineering University, China
Jinbao, Wang Harbin Institute of Technology, China
Tiantian, Wang Harbin Institute of Technology, China
Kechao, Wang Harbin Institute of Technology, China
Wei, Wang Institute of Software, Chinese Academy of Sciences,
China
Botao, Wang Northeastern University, China
XII Organization
Chaokun, Wang Tsinghua University, China

Yanjie, Wei Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology,
Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
Wei, Wei Xi’an University of Technology, China
Xiuxiu, Wen Harbin Engineering University, China
Xiaojun, Wen Shenzhen Polytechnic, China
Xiangqian, Wu Harbin Institute of Technology, China
Sai, Wu Zhejiang University, China
Rui, Xia Nanjing University of Science and Technology, China
Min, Xian Utah State University, USA
Tong, Xiao Northeastern University, China
Hui, Xie Harbin Institute of Technology, China
Yu, Xin Harbin Engineering University, China
Junchang, Xin Northeastern University, China
Zheng, Xu Harbin Institute of Technology, China
Jianliang, Xu Hong Kong Baptist University, SAR China
Ying, Xu Hunan University, China
Yongzeng, Xue Harbin Institute of Technology, China
Ziye, Yan Beijing Institute of Technology, China
Shaohong, Yan North China University of Science and Technology,
China
Hailu, Yang Harbin University of Science and Technology, China
Xiaochun, Yang Northeastern University, China
Yajun, Yang Tianjin University, China
Xiaoyan, Yin Northwest University, China
Shouyi, Yin Tsinghua University, China
Xz, Yu Harbin Institute of Technology, China
Haining, Yu Harbin Institute of Technology, China
Zhengtao, Yu Kunming University of Science and Technology, China
Xiaohui, Yu Shandong University, China
Ye, Yuan Northeastern University, China
Yingjun, Zhang Beijing Jiaotong University, China
Rong, Zhang East China Normal University, China
Liguo, Zhang Harbin Engineering University, China
Zhiqiang, Zhang Harbin Engineering University, China
Yingtao, Zhang Harbin Institute of Technology, China
Delong, Zhang Harbin Institute of Technology, China
Yu, Zhang Harbin Institute of Technology, China
Ru, Zhang Harbin University of Commerce, China
Meishan, Zhang Heilongjiang University, China
Jiajun, Zhang Institute of Automation Chinese Academy of Sciences,
China
Rui, Zhang Jilin University, China
Jian, Zhang Northeast Forestry University
Xiao, Zhang Renmin University of China, China
Hu, Zhang Shanxi University, China
Organization XIII
Yue, Zhang Singapore University of Technology and Design

Wenjie, Zhang The University of New South Wales, Australia
Rui, Zhang University of Melbourne, Australia
Boyu, Zhang Utah State University, USA
Xin, Zhao Renmin University of China, China
Hai, Zhao Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China
Xiaohui, Zhao University of Canberra, Australia
Zhe, Zhe Georgia State University, USA
Dequan, Zheng Harbin Institute of Technology, China
Hang, Zhou Beijing Jiaotong University, China
Fengfeng, Zhou Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
Kinggo, Zhou Lanzhou University, China
Changjian, Zhou Northeast Agricultural University, China
Junfeng, Zhou Yanshan University, China
Liehuang, Zhu Beijing Institute of Technology, China
Suxia, Zhu Harbin University of Science and Technology, China
Yuanyuan, Zhu Wuhan University, China
Weijun, Zhu Zhengzhou University, China
Shichen, Zou Harbin Engineering University, China
Yanzhen, Zou Peking University, China
Wangmeng, Zuo Harbin Institute of Technology, China
Contents – Part I
Research Track
A Context-Aware Model Using Distributed Representations for Chinese

Zero Pronoun Resolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Bingbing Wu and Tiejun Zhao
A Hierarchical Learning Framework for Steganalysis of JPEG Images . . . . . . 12

Baojun Qi
A Multi-agent Organization Approach for Developing Social-Technical

Software of Autonomous Robots. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Sen Yang, Xinjun Mao, Yin Chen, and Shuo Yang
A Novel Approach for the Identification of Morphological Features

from Low Quality Images . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Weiqiang Xia, Zhijun Hu, Huijuan Zhai, Jian Kang, Jingqun Song,
and Guanglu Sun
A Novel Filtering Method for Infrared Image . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

Jian Kang, Chunxiao Zhou, Weiqiang Xia, Chaopeng Shen,
and Guanglu Sun
A Novel Quantum Noise Image Preparation Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

Xianhua Song
A Personalized Recommendation Algorithm with User Trust

in Social Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Yuxin Dong, Chunhui Zhao, Weijie Cheng, Liang Li, and Lin Liu
A Preprocessing Method for Gait Recognition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

Hong Shao, Yiyun Wang, Yang Wang, and Weihao Hu
A Real-Time Fraud Detection Algorithm Based on Usage Amount Forecast . . . 87

Kun Niu, Zhipeng Gao, Kaile Xiao, Nanjie Deng, and Haizhen Jiao
A Self-determined Evaluation Method for Science Popularization Based

on IOWA Operator and Particle Swarm Optimization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
Tianlei Zang, Yan Wang, Zhengyou He, and Qingquan Qian
A Strategy for Small Files Processing in HDFS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109

Zhenshan Bao, Shikun Xu, Wenbo Zhang, Juncheng Chen, and Jianli Liu
XVI Contents – Part I
A SVM-Based Feature Extraction for Face Recognition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120

Peng Cui and Tian-tian Yan
A Transductive Support Vector Machine Algorithm Based

on Ant Colony Optimization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
Xu Yu, Chun-nian Ren, Yan-ping Zhou, and Yong Wang
ABR: An Optimized Buffer Replacement Algorithm for Flash

Storage Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
Xian Tang, Na Li, and Qiang Ma
An Approach for Automatically Generating R2RML-Based Direct Mapping

from Relational Databases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
Mohamed A.G. Hazber, Ruixuan Li, Guandong Xu,
and Khaled M. Alalayah
An Improved Asymmetric Bagging Relevance Feedback Strategy

for Medical Image Retrieval . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
Sheng-sheng Wang and Yan-ning Shao
An Incremental Graph Pattern Matching Based Dynamic Cold-Start

Recommendation Method. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
Yanan Zhang, Guisheng Yin, and Qiushi Zhao
An Optimized Load Balancing Algorithm of Dynamic Feedback Based

on Stimulated Annealing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
Zhang Huyin and Wang Kan
App Store Analysis: Using Regression Model for App

Downloads Prediction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
Shanshan Wang, Wenjun Wu, and Xuan Zhou
Application Progress of Signal Clustering Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221

Chujie Deng, Jing Qi, Mei Li, and Xuanchicheng Luo
Automated Artery-Vein Classification in Fundus Color Images . . . . . . . . . . . 228

Yi Yang, Wei Bu, Kuanquan Wang, Yalin Zheng, and Xiangqian Wu
Character Variable Numeralization Based on Dimension Expanding

and its Application on Text Classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
Li-xun Xu, Xu Yu, Yong Wang, and Yun-xia Feng
Clarity Corresponding to Contrast in Visual Cryptography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249

Xuehu Yan, Yuliang Lu, Hui Huang, Lintao Liu, and Song Wan
CoGrec: A Community-Oriented Group Recommendation Framework . . . . . . 258

Yu Liu, Bai Wang, Bin Wu, Xuelin Zeng, Jing Shi, and Yunlei Zhang
Contents – Part I XVII
CTS: Combine Temporal Influence and Spatial Influence for Time-Aware

POI Recommendation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272
Hanbing Zhang, Yan Yang, and Zhaogong Zhang
Improvement for LEACH Algorithm in Wireless Sensor Network . . . . . . . . . 287

Shiying Xia, Minsheng Tan, Zhiguo Zhao, and Ting Xiang
Decentralizing Volunteer Computing Coordination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299

Wei Li and Eugenie Franzinelli
Design and Implementation of Chinese Historical Text Mining System

Based on Culturomics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314
Lin Tang and Chonghui Guo
Detection of Copy-Scale-Move Forgery in Digital Images Using SFOP

and MROGH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326
Mahmoud Emam, Qi Han, and Hongli Zhang
Determining Web Data Currency Based on Markov Logic Network . . . . . . . 335

Yan Zhang and Rui Zhang
Efficient File Accessing Techniques on Hadoop Distributed File Systems. . . . 350

Wei Qu, Siyao Cheng, and Hongzhi Wang
Expanding Corpora for Chinese Polarity Classification via Opinion

Paraphrase Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362
Da Pan, Jiaying Song, and Guohong Fu
Feature Extraction for Effective Content-Based Cloth Image Retrieval

in E-Commerce. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374
Lingli Li and JinBao Li
Fundus Lesion Detection Based on Visual Attention Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384

Baisheng Dai, Wei Bu, Kuanquan Wang, and Xiangqian Wu
Identifying Transportation Modes from Raw GPS Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395

Qiuhui Zhu, Min Zhu, Mingzhao Li, Min Fu, Zhibiao Huang,
Qihong Gan, and Zhenghao Zhou
Image Segmentation: A Novel Cluster Ensemble Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410

Lei Wang, Guoyin Zhang, Chen Liu, and Wei Gao
Influence Maximization for Cascade Model with Diffusion Decay

in Social Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418
Zhijian Zhang, Hong Wu, Kun Yue, Jin Li, and Weiyi Liu
Link Mining in Online Social Networks with Directed Negative

Relationships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 428
Baofang Hu and Hong Wang
XVIII Contents – Part I
Lossless and High Robust Watermarking of Electronic Chart

for Copyright Protection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441
Jianguo Sun, Junyu Lin, Liguo Zhang, Shouzheng Liu, Qian Zhao,
Chao Liu, and Kou Liang
MapReduce for Big Data Analysis: Benefits, Limitations and Extensions . . . . 453
Yang Song, Hongzhi Wang, Jianzhong Li, and Hong Gao
Measurement of Nodes Importance for Complex Networks

Structural-Holes-Oriented . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 458
Hui Xu, Jianpei Zhang, Jing Yang, and Lijun Lun
Method of Consistency Judgment for App Software’s User Comments . . . . . 470

Meng Ran, Ying Jiang, Qixin Xiang, Jiaman Ding, and Haitao Wang
Multi-GPU Based Recurrent Neural Network Language Model Training . . . . 484

Xiaoci Zhang, Naijie Gu, and Hong Ye
Negation Scope Detection with Recurrent Neural Networks Models

in Review Texts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 494
Lydia Lazib, Yanyan Zhao, Bing Qin, and Ting Liu
Numerical Stability of the Runge-Kutta Methods for Equations

u0 ðtÞ ¼ auðtÞ þ buð½KN tÞ in Science Computation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 509
Yingchun Song and Xianhua Song
Optimization Analysis of Hadoop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 520

Jinglun Li, Shengfei Shi, and Hongzhi Wang
Outsourcing the Unsigncryption of Compact Attribute-Based Signcryption

for General Circuits. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 533
Fei Chen, Yiliang Han, Di Jiang, Xiaoce Li, and Xiaoyuan Yang
Projecting Distortion Calibration and Evaluation of Coding Fringes

in Structured Light System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 546
Haibin Wu, Qing Xu, Xi Wu, Guanglu Sun, Xiaoyang Yu,
and Xiaoming Sun
Recognizing Visual Attention Allocation Patterns Using Gaze Behaviors . . . . 556

Cheng Wu, Feng Xie, and Changsheng Yan
Research of Constructing 3D Digital River Based on ArcEngine

and SketchUp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 568
Xueyan Tang, Yuansheng Lou, Feng Ye, and Xiaorong Yan
Research of the DBN Algorithm Based on Multi-innovation Theory

and Application of Social Computing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 577
Pinle Qin, Meng Li, Qiguang Miao, and Chuanpeng Li
Contents – Part I XIX
Research on Feature Fusion Technology of Fruit and Vegetable Image

Recognition Based on SVM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 591
Yanqing Wang, Yipu Wang, Chaoxia Shi, and Hui Shi
Selecting Seeds for Competitive Influence Spread Maximization

in Social Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 600
Hong Wu, Weiyi Liu, Kun Yue, Jin Li, and Weipeng Huang
Sentence-Level Paraphrasing for Machine Translation System Combination . . . 612

Junguo Zhu, Muyun Yang, Sheng Li, and Tiejun Zhao
Social Computing in Open Source Community: A Study of Software Reuse. . . 621

Mengwen Chen, Tao Wang, Cheng Yang, Qiang Fan, Gang Yin,
and Huaimin Wang
Specific Data Mining Model of Massive Health Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 632

Cuixia Li, Shuyan Zhang, and Dingbiao Wang
Specular Detection and Removal for a Grayscale Image Based

on the Markov Random Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 641
Fang Yin, Tiantian Chen, Rui Wu, Ziru Fu, and Xiaoyang Yu
Teaching Reformation and Practice of “.NET Program Design” Course

Oriented CDIO Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 650
RuiGai Li and AChuan Wang
The Framework Design of Intelligent Checkers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 657

Biao Wang, Lijuan Jia, He Quan, and Changsong Zheng
The Software Behavior Trend Prediction Based on HMM-ACO . . . . . . . . . . 668

Ziying Zhang, Dong Xu, and Xin Liu
Towards Realizing Sign Language-to-Speech Conversion by Combining

Deep Learning and Statistical Parametric Speech Synthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . 678
Xiaochun An, Hongwu Yang, and Zhenye Gan
Understand the Customer Preference of Different Market Segments

from Online Word of Mouth: Evidence from the China Auto Industry . . . . . . 691
Xudong Liu, Lina Zhou, and Jinquan Gong
Using Gaussian Mixture Model to Fix Errors in SFS Approach Based

on Propagation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 703
Wenmin Huang, Jiquan Ma, and Enbin Zhang
Author Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 713

Contents – Part II
Education Track
Computer English Acquisition Environment Construction Based

on Question Answering Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Fei Lang, Peipei Li, Jian Kang, and Guanglu Sun
Computer English Teaching Based on WeChat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

Fei Lang, Kexin Zhang, Peipei Li, and Guanglu Sun
Exploration of C Language Practical Teaching Method Based

on Project Learning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Huipeng Chen, Yingtao Zhang, and Songbo Liu
Exploration of Integrated Course Project Mode of the Internet of Things

Engineering Based on the Relevance Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Qiaohua Feng, Wenjie Zhao, Xiaoyu Yu, and Yunbo Shi
Exploration on the Application of Microlecture

in Presentation-Assimilation-Discussion Class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Zhifang Wang, Jinjin Dong, Bing Zhao, and Jiaqi Zhen
Research and Practice on College Students’ Innovation

and Entrepreneurship Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Hui Gao, Zhaowen Qiu, Zhengyu Liu, Lei Huang, and Ying San
Research of “Social Network Database System” Based

on Flipped Classroom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Zhi-yong Luo, Peng Wang, and Guang-lu Sun
Research on Interactive Simulation Experiment Platform and Remote

Simulation System Under Web Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Bing Zhao, Zhifang Wang, Jiaqi Zhen, and Erfu Wang
Study of Flipped Classroom Teaching Mode Suitable for China’s

National Conditions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Fang Yin and Rui Wu
Study on the College Politics Education Strategies and Methods

in the Internet Plus Mode. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Jiawei Ren, Lina Shan, and Xiaohui Meng
XXII Contents – Part II
Teaching Reform and Innovation of Communication Principles Curriculum

Based on O2O Mode. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
Aili Wang, Jitao Zhang, Bo Wang, Lanfei Zhao, and Rui Kang
The Research of Excellent Talent Training Model Reform and Practice

Innovation Aimed at Computer Specialty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
AChuan Wang, Chang Hou, and RuiGai Li
Thread Structure Prediction for MOOC Discussion Forum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92

Chengjie Sun, Shang-wen Li, and Lei Lin
Training Mode of Personnel Majoring in Network Engineering Based

on Three Main Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
Hongzhuo Qi, Guanglu Sun, and Zhiyong Luo
Virtual Simulation Experiment Teaching Platform Based on 3R-4A

Computer System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
Xianjun Shi, Yingtao Zhang, Lijie Zhang, and Liming Wang
Industry Track
A Classification Method of Imbalanced Data Base on PSO Algorithm . . . . . . 121

Junru Lu, Chunkai Zhang, and Fengxing Shi
Daily ETC Traffic Flow Time Series Prediction Based on k-NN

and BP Neural Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
Yanjing Chen, Yawei Zhao, and Peng Yan
Integrity Constraint Validation in DL-LiteR Based Ontology

Using Rewriting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
Xianji Cui, Dantong Ouyang, and Jialiang He
Research and Implementation of Single Sign-on in Enterprise Systems

Application Integration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
Zhihong Wang, Yi Guo, Wenwu Tang, Yongbin Xu, Bicheng Feng,
and Qin Hou
Research on SVM Plant Leaf Identification Method Based on CSA. . . . . . . . 171

Xuhui Zhang, Yang Liu, Haijun Lin, and Yukun Liu
Research on Technology of Twin Image Recognition Based

on the Multi-feature Fusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
Yanqing Wang, Yipu Wang, Chaoxia Shi, and Hui Shi
Sliding Window Network Coding for Free Viewpoint Multimedia

Streaming in MANETs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
Chao Gui, Chengli Huang, Baolin Sun, and Xiaoyan Zhu
Contents – Part II XXIII
Demo Track
HierarSearch: Enhancing Performance of Search Engines by Mining

Semantic Relationships Among Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
Qian Liu, Hongzhi Wang, and Shaoying Song
Research on the Localization of High-Quality Teaching Resources . . . . . . . . 206

Deng Hong, Haoliang Qi, Leilei Kong, Changwei Wu, and An Bo
Storage and Parallel Loading System Based on Mode Network

for Multimode Medical Image Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
Xiao Zhai, Haiwei Pan, Xiaoqin Xie, Zhiqiang Zhang, and Qilong Han
The BBC News Hunter: A Novel Crawler for BBC News . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
Mingxin Wang, Ning Wang, Boran Wang, Can Tian, Yanchun Liang,
Guozhong Zhao, and Xiaosong Han
Time-Based Microblog Search System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226

Zhongyuan Han, Wenhao Qiao, Shuo Cui, and Leilei Kong
Traffic Collection and Analysis System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229

Jinlai Liu, Haitao Wen, Xiangyu Hou, Guanglu Sun, and Suxia Zhu
Author Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235

Research Track
A Context-Aware Model Using Distributed
Representations for Chinese Zero
Pronoun Resolution
Bingbing Wu(&) and Tiejun Zhao
School of Computer Science and Technology,

Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
{wbb,tjzhao}@mtlab.hit.edu.cn
Abstract. Previous approaches to Chinese zero pronoun resolution mainly use

syntactic information and probabilistic methods, but the context information is
ignored. To make full use of the context and semantic information, we build a
context-aware model. We propose a key words extraction strategy and design a
classification model by using distributed representations as context feature. To
our best knowledge, this is the first work using distributed representations in
Chinese zero pronoun resolution. Experimental results show that our approach
achieves a better performance than previous supervised methods.
Keywords: Chinese zero pronoun Context-awareness Distributed

representations SVM
1 Introduction
Coreference resolution has been an important technique in Natural Language Pro-

cessing (NLP) for decades, such as discourse analysis, information extraction and
question answering tasks. Coreference resolution has also been used in social com-
puting field. The goal of coreference resolution is to decide whether some noun phrases
refer to one real entity. Zero pronoun (ZP) is a special case which is different from overt
pronouns. A zero pronoun is a gap which is a null form used to refer to a real-world
entity that supplies information about the gap in a sentence [1]. Because lack of
grammatical attributes essential for overt pronoun resolution such as Number and
Gender, ZP resolution is more difficult and challenging than overt pronoun resolution.
A zero anaphor can be classified into either anaphoric or non-anaphoric, depending
on whether it has an antecedent in the discourse. If a ZP corefers with one or more
certain noun phrases (NPs) in the preceding text, we call this type of zero pronoun as
the anaphoric zero pronoun (AZP). Compared with English and some other languages,
zero pronoun is more likely to occur in Chinese. Here is an example of anaphoric zero
pronoun from OntoNotes 5.0 corpus [2]:
[中国机电产品进出口贸易]NP1 继续增加, *pro* 占总进出口的比重继续
上升。
[China electronic products import and export trade]NP1 continues increasing,
*pro* represents total import and export’s ratio continues increasing.
© Springer Science+Business Media Singapore 2016

W. Che et al. (Eds.): ICYCSEE 2016, Part I, CCIS 623, pp. 3–11, 2016.
DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-2053-7_1
4 B. Wu and T. Zhao
The anaphoric zero pronoun *pro* is coreferring to noun phrase NP1. Chinese zero
pronouns have been studied in syntactic level and features are extracted from syntactic
trees [1]. In addition, tree kernel method [3] is proposed as well. These methods may
not work well when the syntactic tree is simple such as conversation text. And using
syntactic features tends to generate inconsistent samples because two sub-trees with
same structure may have opposite labels. Furthermore, the lexical and semantic
information are ignored. To overcome these shortcomings, we use distributed repre-
sentations to build a context-aware model. Distributed representations are called word
embeddings. Each dimension of the embedding represents a latent feature of the word.
Distributed representations are used in many NLP tasks and are proved to be good at
capturing syntactic and semantic regularities in language [4].
Our motivation is to search for the relation of distributed representations between
AZP’s antecedent and context below the AZP position. We propose a strategy to
extract key words from the context and candidate antecedents. By using key words’
distributed representations, we train a classifier to identify whether a candidate is the
real antecedent of a certain AZP. The experiment results show our model outperforms
previous supervised methods.
The rest of this paper is organized as follows. In the Sect. 2, we introduce previous
works. In Sect. 3 we describe how to use distributed representations to build our
context-aware model. In Sect. 4, we introduce the baseline methods and report the
experiment results. Finally, we conclude our work and forecast future work.
2 Related Work
Chinese Zero Pronoun. Previous methods about resolution of zero pronoun are
rule-based. Converse employ Hobb’s algorithm [6] and select antecedent by syntactic
structure in the Chinese Tree Bank documents. Maximum entropy models are also used
to find the antecedents for overt, third-person pronouns [5]. Yeh and Chen [7] employ
Centering Theory (Grosz et al. [8]) and constraint rules to identify the antecedents of
zero anaphors by using shallow parsing.
Zhao and Ng [1] propose a feature-based method which is the first supervised
machine learning approach. They extract a set of syntactic and positional features in
zero pronoun identification and resolution tasks. The two tasks are regarded as binary
classification problems respectively. Kong and Zhao [3] propose a tree-kernel method
to resolve Chinese zero pronoun with appropriate syntactic parse tree structures. They
build a unified framework dealing with zero pronoun identification, anaphoricity
determination and antecedent selection by using tree-kernel method. Chen and Ng [9]
extend Zhao and Ng [1] feature set and exploit the coreference links between zero
pronouns. Chen and Ng [10] propose an unsupervised approach by using ranking
model and Integer Linear Programming. They assume that zero pronouns and overt
pronouns have similar distributions and train an unsupervised model to resolve Chinese
zero pronoun. Rao et al. [11] builds a novel model that tracks the flow of focus in a
discourse. Chen and Ng [12] propose an unsupervised probabilistic model for zero
pronoun resolution.
A Context-Aware Model Using Distributed Representations 5
Distributed Representations. A word representation is regarded as a vector which each

dimension’s value corresponds to a feature. A variety of researchers (Miller et al. [13];
Huang and Yates [14]) use clustering to induce unsupervised word representations. With
the development of neural network, neural language models (Bengio et al. [15]; Mnih and
Hinton [16]; Collobert and Weston [17]) is proposed and is used to induce dense
real-valued low-dimensional distributed representations. Mikolov et al. [18] find vector-
space word representations are good at capturing syntactic and semantic regularities in
language. For example, with the induced vector representations, “King - Man + Woman”
results in a vector very close to “Queen”. Distributed representations have been used in a
variety of NLP tasks and have demonstrated good performance. Tools like Word2vec
[19] and Glove [20] are designed to generate distributed representations.
3 Context-Aware Model via Distributed Representations
In this section, we show how to build a context-aware model to resolve Chinese zero
pronoun. We define the task of antecedent selection as a binary classification problem.
We employ a strategy to generate antecedent candidates and create positive or negative
samples. A heuristic method of extracting key words from context is proposed and an
instance form is designed in order to transform key words to representation features.
Finally, we build a binary classifier to identify candidate antecedents.
3.1 Overview of Our Approach

ZP resolution is composed of AZP identification and AZP resolution. In this paper we
concentrate on AZP resolution task. In other words, we focus on determining whether
an AZP and a candidate antecedent are coreferent.
We employ Zhao and Ng [1] strategy to generate candidate antecedents and add a
restriction. If there is an AZP z in a sentence, we choose noun phrases (NPs) that either
is maximal NPs or modifier NPs preceding z as candidate antecedents. Figure 1 shows
an example that NP1, NP2 and NP3 are all NP candidates of AZP’s antecedent. NP1 is a
maximal noun phrase and NP2, NP3 are modifier noun phrase.
In order to use context information after an AZP’s position, we design an instance
form that contains key words from the context and candidate antecedents. It is obvious
that in a sentence, parts of words following an AZP have semantic regularities with
AZP’s antecedent. We propose a set of rules to select key words that may have relation
with antecedent. When key words are extracted, we combine key words and the real
antecedent as positive instance as well as combine key words and other candidates as
negative instances. Words in all instances are transformed to distributed representations
and we train a classification model using these distributed representations.
3.2 Rules of Key Words Extraction

The principle of extracting key words is that what we extract should have relation with
the antecedent as much as possible. However, it is difficult to make some rules that can
6 B. Wu and T. Zhao
Fig. 1. The parse tree that corresponds to the AZP example in Sect. 3.2
fit all sentence patterns. According to our data analysis, we find that the verbs and
nouns close to AZP tend to have semantic links with the antecedent more than other
words. We define m as the maximal number of key words extracted from context after
AZP’s position in a sentence. The extraction rules are as follows:
(1) Extract verbs and nouns from AZP’s following context sequentially.
(2) If the total number of key words not exceeds m, fill symbol ‘*’ until the total
number equals m.
(3) If the total number of key words exceeds m, delete words back to front until the
total number equals m, nouns have higher priority to be deleted than verbs,
modifier nouns have higher priority to be deleted than terminal nouns.
Additionally, because of the word numbers of candidate antecedents are different
we define the maximal number of candidate’s words as c. We extract c words from
every candidate. If the total number of candidate is over c, keep the last c words; else
fill symbol ‘*’ in front of the candidate until the word number is c.
In OntoNotes 5.0 corpus, AZP has annotation with its antecedent. So we can get tag
t of every sample easily. In a supervised task, we define the form of every sample as [t,
a1,…, ac, w1,…, wm]. In this form, t is the tag of sample, ai present the key word in
AZP’s candidate antecedent, wi is the key word from AZP’s following context. For
example, in Fig. 1, let m = 6, c = 3, we get the forms:
From example above, the two words 进出口 (import and export) and 贸易 (trade)
from antecedent have closely relation with the word 进出口 (import and export) from
context in semantic level. On the contrary, the words 中国 (China) and 产品 (products)
have little relation with key words in AZP’s following context like words 占 (repre-
sents) and 上升 (increasing).
3.3 Context-Aware Classification Model

There are CBOW model and Skip-gram model [23] in word2vec. CBOW model
predict the current word based on the context while Skip-gram model predict the
context based on the current word. We use word2vec to train a Skip-gram model and
get the distributed representations dictionary. The skip-gram model tries to maximize
classification of a word based on another word in the same sentence. In the Skip-gram
model, every word w corresponds to two parameter vectors uw and vw. uw is the input
vector of w and vw is the output vector of w. Given wi, the prediction probability of wj is
as follows:
expðuTwj vwj Þ
Pðwi jwj Þ ¼ PW ð1Þ
w¼1 expðuwj vwj Þ
T
W is the size of vocabulary. The structure of Skip-gram model is shown in Fig. 2. In

action, when the training data is not large, Skip-gram model gives better distributed
representations than CBOW model.
Fig. 2. Skip model structure
We define the dimension of every word embedding as d. All the words in the
samples are replaced by its distributed representations and every sample is transformed
as a feature vector with (c + m) * d dimensions. The symbol ‘*’ in samples should be
replaced by zero vector (with d dimensions). We use SVM model to train a binary
classifier. This classifier is used to identify whether a candidate is the AZP’s
antecedent.
8 B. Wu and T. Zhao
4 Experiment
4.1 Dataset
We employ Chinese portion of the OntoNotes 5.0 corpus which was used in the official
CoNLL-2012 [21] task. Because only the training set and development set contain ZP
coreferential annotation in CoNLL-2012 shared dataset, we employ training set for
model training and development set for model evaluation. In OntoNotes 5.0 corpus, a
ZP is tagged as *pro* and all ZPs that have explicit coreferential annotation are
regarded as anaphoric ZPs. The Chinese portion of OntoNotes 5.0 contains six types of
source: Broadcast News (BN), Newswire (NW), Broadcast Conversation (BC),
Magazine (MZ), Telephone Conversation (TC), Web Blog (WB).
4.2 Experimental Setup
Baseline Systems. We introduce three baseline systems which are all supervised
machine learning models. (1) Zhao and Ng [1]. They propose a method of generating
candidate antecedents and design 26 features for the zero pronoun and candidate. Soon
et al.’s method [22] is used to create positive and negative instances. The description of
these features is listed in Table 1 [10]. (2) Kong and Zhao [3]. They use tree-kernel
method to resolve Chinese zero pronoun. They use Z&N’s method to generate can-
didate antecedents and use Soon’s method to create instances. (3) Chen and Ng [9].
They extend Z&N’s method and add features about the contextual information between
candidate antecedents and ZPs. They also create coreference links to resolve far-away
antecedents for ZPs.
Table 1. Features for AZP resolution in the Zhao and Ng baseline system. z is a zero pronoun.
a is a candidate antecedent of z. V is the VP node following z in the parse tree.
Features between The sentence distance between a and z; the segment distance between
a and z (4) a and z, where segments are separated by punctuations; whether
a is the closest NP to z; whether a and z are siblings in the
associated parse tree
Features on a (12) Whether a has an ancestor NP, and if so, whether this NP is a
descendent of a’s lowest ancestor IP; whether a has an ancestor
VP, and if so, whether this VP is a descendent of a’s lowest
ancestor IP; whether a has an ancestor CP; the grammatical role of
a; the clause type in which a appears; whether a is an adverbial NP,
a temporal NP, a pronoun or a named entity; whether a is in the
headline text
Features on z (10) Whether V has an ancestor NP, and if so, whether this NP node is a
descendent of V’s lowest ancestor IP; whether V has an ancestor
VP, and if so, whether this VP is a descendent of V’s lowest
ancestor IP; whether V has an ancestor CP; the grammatical role of
z; the type of the clause in which V appears; whether z is the first or
last ZP of the sentence; whether z is in the headline of the text
The baseline systems above have the same strategy of generating candidate ante-
cedents and instances, but use different ways to classify whether a candidate antecedent
have coreference with an AZP. The three methods all use SVM model to train the binary
classifier while Z&N and C&N using SVMlight tool and K&Z using SVMlight−TK. Our
linear model uses the same data and same strategies of generating candidate antecedents
and instances with the baseline methods. Therefore, we use Chen and Ng [10] experi-
mental results of baselines as the comparative data in Table 2.
Table 2. Resolution results on the test set.

Our Approach Baselines
Chen and Ng Zhao and Ng Kong and Zhou
P R F P R F P R F P R F
All 47.3 51.0 49.0 47.7 47.7 47.7 41.5 41.5 41.5 44.9 44.9 44.9
BC 55.9 66.0 60.5 52.7 52.7 52.7 44.7 44.7 44.7 43.5 43.5 43.5
BN 39.2 47.7 43.0 47.2 47.2 47.2 43.1 43.1 43.1 51.0 51.0 51.0
MZ 36.3 25.2 29.7 34.6 34.6 34.6 28.4 28.4 28.4 32.7 32.7 32.7
NW 33.8 43.1 37.9 38.1 38.1 38.1 40.5 40.5 40.5 34.5 34.5 34.5
TC 70.0 77.7 73.7 51.2 51.2 51.2 42.8 42.8 42.8 48.4 48.4 48.4
WB 45.3 41.6 43.3 46.1 46.1 46.1 40.1 40.1 40.1 45.4 45.4 45.4
Context-Aware Classification Model. We implement the aforementioned idea about

building a linear model by using distributed representations. After tuning, we set the
parameters c = 3, m = 7 and the dimension of distributed representations is 200 and
then get the best performance.
4.3 Results and Analysis

In Table 2, we can see that our method has a better performance in the whole data than
baseline systems and exceeds C&N’s method 2.3 % in F-score value. Particularly in
the sources BC (Broadcast Conversation) and TC (Telephone Conversation), our
method has a significant improvement than other baseline methods. Through data
analysis, we find that in sources BC and TC, AZP’s antecedents are more likely
pronouns such as 他 (he) and 我们 (we). Our model can identify the relation between
AZP and key words from context better when finding these distributed representations.
Some sentences in dataset can be very short such as conversation data. The baseline
methods that using syntactic tree information may no longer work in this case because
the syntactic trees contain very little information. Furthermore, features from syntactic
tree just describe AZP and its antecedent’s structural characteristics, structural features
may cause ambiguity when two instances of AZP and candidate antecedent have the
same structure but different tags. On the contrary, using distributed representations can
easily avoid this because two instances with same structure having different distributed
representations features.
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would have served to strengthen and rest him. But how to come by
so much now? How?
The character of the places frequented by the coolies, bhisties
(water-carriers), hadjis and even beggars like Ibn, while without any
of the so-called luxuries of these others, and to the frequenters of
which the frequenters of these were less than the dust under their
feet, were still, to these latter, excellent enough. Yea, despised as
they were, they contained charpoys on which each could sit with his
little water-chatty beside him, and in the centre of the circle one such
as even the lowly Ibn, a beggar, singing his loudest or reciting some
tale—for such as they. It was in such places as these, before his
voice had wholly deserted him, that Ibn had told his tales. Here,
then, for the price of a few anna, they could munch the leavings of
the khat market, drink kishr and discuss the state of the world and
their respective fortunes. Compared to Ibn in his present state, they
were indeed as lords, even princes.
But, by Allah, although having been a carrier and a vendor himself
in his day, and although born above them, yet having now no voice
nor any tales worth the telling, he was not even now looked upon as
one who could stand up and tell of the wonders of the Jinn and
demons and the great kings and queens who had reigned of old.
Indeed, so low had he fallen that he could not even interest this
despised caste. His only gift now was listening, or to make a pathetic
picture, or recite the ills that were his.
Nevertheless necessity, a stern master, compelled him to think
better of his quondam tale-telling art. Only, being, as he knew, wholly
unsuited to recite any tale now, he also knew that the best he could
do would be to make the effort, a pretense, in the hope that those
present, realizing his age and unfitness, would spare him the
spectacle he would make of himself and give him a few anna
wherewith to ease himself then and there. Accordingly, the hour
having come when the proffered services of a singer or story-teller
would be welcomed in any mabraz, he made his way to this region of
many of them and where beggars were so common. Only, glancing
through the door of the first one, he discovered that there were far
too few patrons for his mood. They would be in nowise gay, hence
neither kind nor generous as yet, and the keeper would be cold. In a
second, a little farther on, a tom-tom was beginning, but the guests
were only seven in number and but newly settled in their pleasure. In
a third, when the diaphanous sky without was beginning to pale to a
deep steel and the evening star was hanging like a solitaire from the
pure breast of the western firmament, he pushed aside the veiling
cords of beads of one and entered, for here was a large company
resting upon their pillows and charpoys, their chatties and hubbuks
beside them, but no singer or beater of a tom-tom or teller of tales as
yet before them.
“O friends,” he began with some diffidence and imaginings, for well
he knew how harsh were the moods and cynical the judgments of
some of these lowest of life’s offerings, “be generous and hearken to
the tale of one whose life has been long and full of many unfortunate
adventures, one who although he is known to you—”
“What!” called Hussein, the peddler of firewood, reclining at his
ease in his corner, a spray of all but wilted khat in his hand. “Is it not
even Ibn Abdullah? And has he turned tale-teller once more? By
Allah, a great teller of tales—one of rare voice! The camels and
jackals will be singing in Hodeidah next!”
“An my eyes deceive me not,” cried Waidi, the water-carrier, at his
ease also, a cup of kishr in his hands, “this is not Ibn Abdullah, but
Sindbad, fresh from a voyage!”
“Or Ali Baba himself,” cried Yussuf, the carrier, hoarsely. “Thou
hast a bag of jewels somewhere about thee? Now indeed we shall
hear things!”
“And in what a voice!” added Haifa the tobacco-tramp, noting the
husky, wheezy tones with which Ibn opened his plea. “This is to be a
treat, truly. And now we may rest and have wonders upon wonders.
Ibn of Mecca and Jiddah, and even of marvelous Hodeidah itself, will
now tell us much. A cup of kishr, ho! This must be listened to!”
But now Bab-al Oman, the keeper, a stout and cumbrous soul,
coming forth from his storeroom, gazed upon Ibn with mingled
astonishment and no little disfavor, for it was not customary to permit
any of his customers of the past to beg in here, and as for a singer or
story-teller he had never thought of Ibn in that light these many
years. He was too old, without the slightest power to do aught but
begin in a wheezy voice.
“Hearken,” he called, coming over and laying a hand on him, the
while the audience gazed and grinned, “hast thou either anna or
rupee wherewith to fulfill thy account in case thou hast either khat or
kishr?” The rags and the mummy-like pallor of the old man offended
him.
“Do but let him speak,” insisted Hussein the peddler gaily, “or
sing,” for he was already feeling the effects of his ease and the
restorative power of the plant. “This will be wonderful. By the voices
of eleven hundred elephants!”
“Yea, a story,” called Waidi, “or perhaps that of the good Cadi of
Taiz and the sacred waters of Jezer!”
“Or of the Cadi of Mecca and the tobacco that was too pure!”
Ibn heard full well and knew the spectacle he was making of
himself. The references were all too plain. Only age and want and a
depressing feebleness, which had been growing for days, caused
him to forget, or prevented, rather, his generating a natural rage and
replying in kind. These wretched enemies of his, dogs lower than
himself, had never forgiven him that he had been born out of their
caste, or, having been so, that he had permitted himself to sink to
labor and beg with them. But now his age and weakness were too
great. He was too weary to contend.
“O most generous Oman, best of keepers of a mabraz—and thou,
O comfortable and honorable guests,” he insisted wheezily, “I have
here but one pice, the reward of all my seekings this day. It is true
that I am a beggar and that my coverings are rags, yet do but
consider that I am old and feeble. This day and the day before and
the day before that—”
“Come, come!” said Oman restlessly and feeling that the custom
and trade of his mabraz were being injured, “out! Thou canst not sing
and thou canst not tell a tale, as thou well knowest. Why come here
when thou hast but a single pice wherewith to pay thy way? Beg
more, but not here! Bring but so much as half a rupee, and thou shalt
have service in plenty!”
“But the pice I have here—may not I—O good sons of the Prophet,
a spray of khat, a cup of kishr—suffer me not thus be cast forth! ‘—
and the poor and the son of the road!’ Alms—alms—in the name of
Allah!”
“Out, out!” insisted Oman gently but firmly. “So much as ten anna,
and thou mayst rest here; not otherwise.”
He turned him forth into the night.
And now, weak and fumbling, Ibn stood there for a time,
wondering where else to turn. He was so weak that at last even the
zest for search or to satisfy himself was departing. For a moment, a
part of his old rage and courage returning, he threw away the pice
that had been given him, then turned back, but not along the street
of the bazaars. He was too distrait and disconsolate. Rather, by a
path which he well knew, he circled now to the south of the town,
passing via the Bet-el-Fakin gate to the desert beyond the walls,
where, ever since his days as a pack servant with the Bedouins, he
had thought to come in such an hour. Overhead were the stars in
that glorious æther, lit with a light which never shines on other soils
or seas. The evening star had disappeared, but the moon was now
in the west, a thin feather, yet transfiguring and transforming as by
magic the homely and bare features of the sands. Out here was
something of that beauty which as a herdsman among the Bedouins
he had known, the scent of camels and of goats’ milk, the memory of
low black woolen tents, dotting the lion-tawny sands and gazelle-
brown gravels with a warm and human note, and the camp-fire that,
like a glowworm, had denoted the village centre. Now, as in a dream,
the wild weird songs of the boys and girls of the desert came back,
the bleating of their sheep and goats in the gloaming. And the
measured chant of the spearsmen, gravely stalking behind their
charges, the camels, their song mingling with the bellowing of their
humpy herds.
“It is finished,” he said, once he was free of the city and far into the
desert itself. “I have no more either the skill nor the strength
wherewith to endure or make my way. And without khat one cannot
endure. What will be will be, and I am too old. Let them find me so. I
shall not move. It is better than the other.”
Then upon the dry, warm sands he laid himself, his head toward
Mecca, while overhead the reremouse circled and cried, its tiny
shriek acknowledging its zest for life; and the rave of a jackal,
resounding through the illuminated shade beyond, bespoke its desire
to live also. Most musical of all music, the palm trees now answered
the whispers of the night breeze with the softest tones of falling
water.
“It is done,” sighed Ibn Abdullah, as he lay and wearily rested.
“Worthless I came, O Allah, and worthless I return. It is well.”
VII
TYPHOON
I NTO a singularly restricted and indifferent environment Ida Zobel

was born. Her mother, a severe, prim German woman, died when
she was only three, leaving her to the care of her father and his
sister, both extremely reserved and orderly persons. Later, after Ida
had reached the age of ten, William Zobel took unto himself a
second wife, who resembled Zobel and his first wife in their respect
for labor and order.
Both were at odds with the brash gayety and looseness of the
American world in which they found themselves. Being narrow,
sober, workaday Germans, they were annoyed by the groups of
restless, seeking, eager, and as Zobel saw it, rather scandalous
young men and women who paraded the neighborhood streets of an
evening without a single thought apparently other than pleasure. And
these young scamps and their girl friends who sped about in
automobiles. The loose, indifferent parents. The loose, free ways of
all these children. What was to become of such a nation? Were not
the daily newspapers, which he would scarcely tolerate in his home
longer, full of these wretched doings? The pictures of almost naked
women that filled them all! Jazz! Petting parties! High school boys
with flasks on their hips! Girls with skirts to their knees, rolled-down
stockings, rolled-down neck-bands, bare arms, bobbed hair, no
decent concealing underwear!
“What—a daughter of his grow up like that! Be permitted to join in
this prancing route to perdition! Never!” And in consequence, the
strictest of rules with regard to Ida’s upbringing. Her hair was to grow
its natural length, of course. Her lips and cheeks were never to know
the blush of false, suggestive paint. Plain dresses. Plain underwear
and stockings and shoes and hats. No crazy, idiotic finery, but
substantial, respectable clothing. Work at home and, when not
otherwise employed with her studies at school, in the small paint and
color store which her father owned in the immediate vicinity of their
home. And last, but not least, a schooling of such proper and definite
character as would serve to keep her mind from the innumerable
current follies which were apparently pulling at the foundations of
decent society.
For this purpose Zobel chose a private and somewhat religious
school conducted by an aged German spinster of the name of
Elizabeth Hohstauffer, who had succeeded after years and years of
teaching in impressing her merits as a mentor on perhaps as many
as a hundred German families of the area. No contact with the
careless and shameless public school here. And once the child had
been inducted into that, there followed a series of daily inquiries and
directions intended to guide her in the path she was to follow.
“Hurry! You have only ten minutes now in which to get to school.
There is no time to lose!”... “How comes it that you are five minutes
late to-night? What were you doing?”... “Your teacher made you
stay? You had to stop and look for a blank book?”... “Why didn’t you
come home first and let me look for it with you afterwards?” (It was
her stepmother talking.) “You know your father doesn’t want you to
stay after school.”... “And just what were you doing on Warren
Avenue between twelve and one to-day? Your father said you were
with some girl.”... “Vilma Balet? And who is Vilma Balet? Where does
she live? And how long has it been that you have been going with
her? Why is it that you have not mentioned her before? You know
what your father’s rule is. And now I shall have to tell him. He will be
angry. You must obey his rules. You are by no means old enough to
decide for yourself. You have heard him say that.”
Notwithstanding all this, Ida, though none too daring or aggressive
mentally, was being imaginatively drawn to the very gayeties and
pleasures that require courage and daring. She lived in a mental
world made up of the bright lights of Warren Avenue, of which she
caught an occasional glimpse. The numerous cars speeding by! The
movies and her favorite photographs of actors and actresses, some
of the mannerisms of whom the girls imitated at school. The voices,
the laughter of the boys and girls as they walked to and fro along the
commonplace thoroughfare with its street-cars and endless stores
side by side! And what triumphs or prospective joys they planned
and palavered over as they strolled along in their easy manner—
arms linked and bodies swaying—up the street and around the
corner and back into the main street again, gazing at their graceful
ankles and bodies in the mirrors and windows as they passed, or
casting shy glances at the boys.
But as for Ida—despite her budding sensitivity—at ten, eleven,
twelve, thirteen, fourteen—there was no escape from the severe
regimen she was compelled to follow. Breakfast at seven-thirty sharp
because the store had to be opened by her father at eight; luncheon
at twelve-thirty, on the dot to satisfy her father; dinner invariably at
six-thirty, because there were many things commercial and social
which fell upon the shoulders of William Zobel at night. And between
whiles, from four to six on weekdays and later from seven to ten at
night, as well as all day Saturdays, store duty in her father’s store.
No parties, no welcome home atmosphere for the friends of her
choice. Those she really liked were always picked to pieces by her
stepmother, and of course this somewhat influenced the opinion of
her father. It was common gossip of the neighborhood that her
parents were very strict and that they permitted her scarcely any
liberties. A trip to a movie, the choice of which was properly
supervised by her parents; an occasional ride in an automobile with
her parents, since by the time she had attained her fifteenth year he
had purchased one of the cheaper cars.
But all the time the rout of youthful life before her eyes. And in so
far as her home life and the emotional significance of her parents
were concerned, a sort of depressing grayness. For William Zobel,
with his gray-blue eyes gleaming behind gilt-rimmed glasses, was
scarcely the person to whom a girl of Ida’s temperament would be
drawn. Nor was her stepmother, with her long, narrow face, brown
eyes and black hair. Indeed, Zobel was a father who by the very
solemnity of his demeanor, as well as the soberness and
practicability of his thoughts and rules, was constantly evoking a
sense of dictatorship which was by no means conducive to
sympathetic approach. To be sure, there were greetings,
acknowledgments, respectful and careful explanations as to this, that
and the other. Occasionally they would go to a friend’s house or a
public restaurant, but there existed no understanding on the part of
either Zobel or his wife—he never having wanted a daughter of his
own and she not being particularly drawn to the child of another—of
the growing problems of adolescence that might be confronting her,
and hence none of that possible harmony and enlightenment which
might have endeared each to the other.
Instead, repression, and even fear at times, which in the course of
years took on an aspect of careful courtesy supplemented by
accurate obedience. But within herself a growing sense of her own
increasing charm, which, in her father’s eyes, if not in her
stepmother’s, seemed to be identified always with danger—either
present or prospective. Her very light and silky hair—light, grayish-
blue eyes—a rounded and intriguing figure which even the other girls
at Miss Hohstauffer’s school noticed and commented on. And in
addition a small straight nose and a full and yet small and almost
pouting mouth and rounded chin. Had she not a mirror and were
there not boys from her seventh year on who looked at her and
sought to attract her attention? Her father could see this as well as
his second wife. But she dared not loiter here and there as others
did, for those vigorous, bantering, seeking, intriguing contacts. She
must hurry home—to store or house duty or more study in such
fields as Zobel and his wife thought best for her. If it was to run
errands she was always timed to the minute.
And yet, in spite of all these precautions, the swift telegraphy of
eyes and blood. The haunting, seeking moods of youth, which
speaks a language of its own. In the drugstore at the corner of
Warren and Tracy, but a half-block from her home, there was at one
time in her twelfth year Lawrence Sullivan, a soda clerk. He seemed
to her the most beautiful thing she had ever seen. The dark, smooth
hair lying glossed and parted above a perfect white forehead; slim,
graceful hands—or so she thought—a care and smartness in the
matter of dress which even the clothing of the scores of public school
boys passing this way seemed scarcely to match. And such a way
where girls were concerned—so smiling and at his ease. And always
a word for them as they stopped in on their way home from school.
“Why, hello, Della! How’s Miss McGinnis to-day? I bet I know what
you’re going to have. I think pretty blonde girls must like chocolate
sundaes—they contrast with their complexions.” And then smiling
serenely while Miss McGinnis panted and smiled: “A lot you know
about what blonde girls like.”
And Ida Zobel, present on occasion by permission for a soda or a
sundae, looking on and listening most eagerly. Such a handsome
youth. All of sixteen. He would as yet pay no attention to so young a
girl as she, of course, but when she was older! Would she be as
pretty as this Miss McGinnis? Could she be as assured? How
wonderful to be attractive to such a youth! And what would he say to
her, if he said anything at all? And what would she say in return?
Many times she imitated these girls mentally and held imaginary
conversations with herself. Yes, despite this passive admiration, Mr.
Sullivan went the way of all soda-clerks, changing eventually to
another job in another neighborhood.
But in the course of time there were others who took her eye and
for a time held her mind—around whose differing charms she
erected fancies which had nothing to do with reality. One of these
was Merton Webster, the brisk, showy, vain and none too ambitious
son of a local state senator, who lived in the same block she did and
attended Watkins High School, which she was not permitted to
attend. So handsome was he—so debonair. “Hello, kid! Gee, you
look cute, all right. One of these days I’ll take you to a dance if you
want to go.” Yet, because of her years and the strict family
espionage, blushes, her head down, but a smile none the less.
And she was troubled by thoughts of him until Walter Stour, whose
father conducted a realty and insurance business only a little way
west of her father’s store, took her attention—a year later. Walter
was a tall, fair complexioned youth, with gay eyes and a big,
laughing mouth, who, occasionally with Merton Webster, Lawrence
Cross, a grocer’s son, Sven Volberg, the dry-cleaner’s son, and
some others, hung about the favorite moving-picture theatre or the
drugstore on the main corner and flirted with the girls as they passed
by. As restricted as she was still, because of her trips to and fro
between home and school and her service as a clerk in her father’s
store, she was not unfamiliar with these several figures or their
names. They came into the store occasionally and even commented
on her looks: “Oh, getting to be a pretty girl, isn’t she?” Whereupon
she would flush with excitement and nervously busy herself about
filling a customer’s order.
It was through Etelka Shomel, the daughter of a German neighbor
who was also a friend of William Zobel, that she learned much of
these boys and girls. Her father thought Etelka a safe character for
Ida to chum with, chiefly on account of her unattractiveness. But
through her, as well as their joint pilgrimages here and there, she
came to hear much gossip about the doings of these same. Walter
Stour, whom she now greatly admired, was going with a girl by the
name of Edna Strong, who was the daughter of a milk-dealer.
Stour’s father was not as stingy as some fathers. He had a good car
and occasionally let his son use it. Stour often took Edna and some
of her friends to boathouse resorts on the Little Shark River. A girl
friend of Etelka’s told her what a wonderful mimic and dancer he
was. She had been on a party with him. And, of course, Ida lent a
willing and eager ear to all this. Oh, the gayety of such a life! Its
wonders! Beauties!
And then one night, as Ida was coming around the corner to go to
her father’s store at about seven-thirty and Stour was on his favorite
corner with several other boys, he called: “I know who’s a sweet kid,
but her daddy won’t let her look at a guy. Will he?” This last aimed
directly at her as she passed, while she, knowing full well who was
meant and how true it was, hurried on all the faster. If her father had
heard that! Oh, my! But it thrilled her as she walked. “Sweet kid.”
“Sweet kid”—kept ringing in her ears.
And then at last, in her sixteenth year, Edward Hauptwanger
moved into a large house in Grey Street. His father, Jacob
Hauptwanger, was a well-to-do coal-dealer who had recently
purchased a yard on the Absecon. It was about this time that Ida
became keenly aware that her normal girlhood, with its so necessary
social contacts, was being set at naught and that she was being
completely frustrated by the stern and repressive attitude of her
father and stepmother. The wonder and pain, for instance, of spring
and summer evenings just then, when she would stand gazing at the
moon above her own commonplace home—shining down into the
narrow, commonplace garden at the back, where still were tulips,
hyacinths, honeysuckle and roses. And the stars shining above
Warren Avenue, where were the cars, the crowds, the moving-
picture theatres and restaurants which held such charm for her.
There was a kind of madness, an ache, in it all. Oh, for pleasure—
pleasure! To go, run, dance, play, kiss with some one—almost any
one, really, if he were only young and handsome. Was she going to
know no one—no one? And, worse, the young men of the
neighborhood calling to her as she passed: “Oh, look who’s here!
Shame her daddy won’t let her out.” “Why don’t you bob your hair,
Ida? You’d be cute.” Even though she was out of school now, she
was clerking as before and dressing as before. No short skirts,
bobbed hair, rolled-down stockings, rouge.
But with the arrival of this Edward Hauptwanger, there came a
change. For here was a youth of definite and drastic impulses—a
beau, a fighter, a fellow of infinite guile where girls of all sorts were
concerned—and, too, a youth of taste in the matter of dress and
manner—one who stood out as a kind of hero to the type of youthful
male companions with whom he chose to associate. Did he not live
in a really large, separate house on Grey Street? And were not his
father’s coal-pockets and trucks conspicuously labelled outstanding
features of the district? And, in addition, Hauptwanger, owing to the
foolish and doting favor of his mother (by no means shared by his
father), always supplied with pocket money sufficient to meet all
required expenditures of such a world as this. The shows to which
he could take his “flames”; the restaurants, downtown as well as
here. And the boat club on the Little Shark which at once became a
rendezvous of his. He had a canoe of his own, so it was said. He
was an expert swimmer and diver. He was allowed the use of his
father’s car and would often gather up his friends on a Saturday or
Sunday and go to the boat club.
More interesting still, after nearly a year’s residence here, in which
he had had time to establish himself socially after this fashion, he
had his first sight of Ida Zobel passing one evening from her home to
the store. Her youthful if repressed beauty was at its zenith. And
some remarks concerning her and her restricted life by youths who
had neither the skill nor the daring to invade it at once set him
thinking. She was beautiful, you bet! Hauptwanger, because of a
certain adventurous fighting strain in his blood, was at once intrigued
by the difficulties which thus so definitely set this girl apart. “These
old-fashioned, dictatorial Germans! And not a fellow in the
neighborhood to step up and do anything about it! Well, whaddya
know?”
And forthwith an intensive study of the situation as well as of the
sensitive, alluring Ida Zobel. And with the result that he was soon
finding himself irresistibly attracted to her. That pretty face! That
graceful, rounded figure! Those large, blue-gray, shy and evasive
eyes! Yet with yearning in them, too.
And in consequence various brazen parades past the very paint
store of Zobel, with the fair Ida within. And this despite the fact that
Zobel himself was there—morning, noon and night—bent over his
cash register or his books or doing up something for a customer. And
Ida, by reason of her repressed desires and sudden strong
consciousness of his interest in her as thus expressed, more and
more attracted to him. And he, because of this or his own interest,
coming to note the hours when she was most likely to be alone.
These were, as a rule, Wednesdays and Fridays, when because of a
singing society as well as a German social and commercial club her
father was absent from eight-thirty on. And although occasionally
assisted by her stepmother she was there alone on these nights.
And so a campaign which was to break the spell which held the
sleeping beauty. At first, however, only a smile in the direction of Ida
whenever he passed or she passed him, together with boasts to his
friends to the effect that he would “win that kid yet, wait and see.”
And then, one evening, in the absence of Zobel, a visit to the store.
She was behind the counter and between the business of waiting on
customers was dreaming as usual of the life outside. For during the
past few weeks she had become most sharply conscious of the
smiling interest of Hauptwanger. His straight, lithe body—his quick,
aggressive manner—his assertive, seeking eyes! Oh, my! Like the
others who had gone before him and who had attracted her
emotional interest, he was exactly of that fastidious, self-assured and
self-admiring type toward which one so shy as herself would yearn.
No hesitancy on his part. Even for this occasion he had scarcely
troubled to think of a story. What difference? Any old story would do.
He wanted to see some paints. They might be going to repaint the
house soon—and in the meantime he could engage her in
conversation, and if the “old man” came back, well, he would talk
paints to him.
And so, on this particularly warm and enticing night in May, he
walked briskly in, a new gray suit, light tan fedora hat and tan shoes
and tie completing an ensemble which won the admiration of the
neighborhood. “Oh, hello. Pretty tough to have to work inside on a
night like this, ain’t it?” (A most irresistible smile going with this.) “I
want to see some paints—the colors of ’em, I mean. The old man is
thinking of repainting the house.”
And at once Ida, excited and flushing to the roots of her hair,
turning to look for a color card—as much to conceal her flushing face
as anything else. And yet intrigued as much as she was affrighted.
The daring of him! Suppose her father should return—or her
stepmother enter? Still, wasn’t he as much of a customer as any one
else—although she well knew by his manner that it was not paint
that had brought him. For over the way, as she herself could and did
see, were three of his admiring companions ranged in a row to watch
him, the while he leaned genially and familiarly against the counter
and continued: “Gee, I’ve seen you often enough, going back and
forth between your school and this store and your home. I’ve been
around here nearly a year now, but I’ve never seen you around much
with the rest of the girls. Too bad! Otherwise we mighta met. I’ve met
all the rest of ’em so far,” and at the same time by troubling to touch
his tie he managed to bring into action one hand on which was an
opal ring, his wrist smartly framed in a striped pink cuff. “I heard your
father wouldn’t even let you go to Warren High. Pretty strict, eh?”
And he beamed into the blue-gray eyes of the budding girl before
him, noted the rounded pink cheeks, the full mouth, the silky hair, the
while she trembled and thrilled.
“Yes, he is pretty strict.”
“Still, you can’t just go nowhere all the time, can you?” And by now
the color card, taken into his own hand, was lying flat on the counter.
“You gotta have a little fun once in a while, eh? If I’da thought you’da
stood for it, I’da introduced myself before this. My father has the big
coal-dock down here on the river. He knows your father, I’m sure. I
gotta car, or at least my dad has, and that’s as good as mine. Do you
think your father’d letcha take a run out in the country some
Saturday or Sunday—down to Little Shark River, say, or Peck’s
Beach? Lots of the fellows and girls from around here go down
there.”
By now it was obvious that Hauptwanger was achieving a
conquest of sorts and his companions over the way were
abandoning their advantageous position, no longer hopefully
interested by the possibility of defeat. But the nervous Ida, intrigued
though terrified, was thinking how wonderful it was to at last interest
so handsome a youth as this. Even though her father might not
approve, still might not all that be overcome by such a gallant as
this? But her hair was not bobbed, her skirts not short, her lips not
rouged. Could it really be that he was attracted by her physical
charms? His dark brown and yet hard and eager eyes—his
handsome hands. The smart way in which he dressed. She was
becoming conscious of her severely plain blue dress with white
trimmings, her unmodish slippers and stockings. At the same time
she found herself most definitely replying: “Oh, now, I couldn’t ever
do anything like that, you know. You see, my father doesn’t know
you. He wouldn’t let me go with any one he doesn’t know or to whom
I haven’t been properly introduced. You know how it is.”
“Well, couldn’t I introduce myself then? My father knows your
father, I’m sure. I could just tell him that I want to call on you, couldn’t
I? I’m not afraid of him, and there’s sure no harm in that, is there?”
“Well, that might be all right, only he’s very strict—and he might
not want me to go, anyhow.”
“Oh, pshaw! But you would like to go, wouldn’t you? Or to a picture
show? He couldn’t kick against that, could he?”
He looked her in the eye, smiling, and in doing so drew the lids of
his own eyes together in a sensuous, intriguing way which he had
found effective with others. And in the budding Ida were born
impulses of which she had no consciousness and over which she
had no control. She merely looked at him weakly. The wonder of
him! The beauty of love! Her desire toward him! And so finding heart
to say: “No, maybe not. I don’t know. You see I’ve never had a beau
yet.”
She looked at him in such a way as to convince him of his
conquest. “Easy! A cinch!” was his thought. “Nothing to it at all.” He
would see Zobel and get his permission or meet her clandestinely.
Gee, a father like that had no right to keep his daughter from having
any fun at all. These narrow, hard-boiled German parents—they
ought to be shown—awakened—made to come to life.
And so, within two days brazenly presenting himself to Zobel in his
store in order to test whether he could not induce him to accept him
as presumably at least a candidate for his daughter’s favor.
Supposing the affair did not prove as appealing as he thought, he
could drop the contact, couldn’t he? Hadn’t he dropped others?
Zobel knew of his father, of course. And while listening to
Hauptwanger’s brisk and confident explanation he was quite
consciously evaluating the smart suit, new tan shoes and gathering,
all in all, a favorable impression.
“You say you spoke to her already?”
“I asked her if I might call on her, yes, sir.”
“Uh-uh! When was this?”
“Just two days ago. In the evening here.”
“Uh-uh!”
At the same time a certain nervous, critical attitude toward
everything, which had produced many fine lines about the eyes and
above the nose of Mr. Zobel, again taking hold of him: “Well, well—
this is something I will have to talk over with my daughter. I must see
about this. I am very careful of my daughter and who she goes with,
you know.” Nevertheless, he was thinking of the many coal trucks
delivering coal in the neighborhood, the German name of this youth
and his probable German and hence conservative upbringing. “I will
let you know about it later. You come in some other time.”
And so later a conference with his daughter, resulting finally in the
conclusion that it might be advisable for her to have at least one
male contact. For she was sixteen years old and up to the present
time he had been pretty strict with her. Perhaps she was over the
worst period. At any rate, most other girls of her age were permitted
to go out some. At least one beau of the right kind might be
essential, and somehow he liked this youth who had approached him
in this frank, fearless manner.
And so, for the time being, a call permitted once or twice a week,
with Hauptwanger from the first dreaming most daring and
aggressive dreams. And after a time, having conducted himself most
circumspectly, it followed that an evening at one of the neighborhood
picture houses was suggested and achieved. And once this was
accomplished it became a regularity for him to spend either
Wednesday or Friday evening with Ida, it depending on her work in
the store. Later, his courage and skill never deserting him, a
suggestion to Mr. Zobel that he permit Ida to go out with him on a
Saturday afternoon to visit Peck’s Beach nine miles below the city,
on the Little Shark. It was very nice there, and a popular Saturday
and Sunday resort for most of the residents of this area. After a time,
having by degrees gained the complete confidence of Zobel, he was
granted permission to take Ida to one or another of the theatres
downtown, or to a restaurant, or to the house of a boy friend who
had a sister and who lived in the next block.
Despite his stern, infiltrating supervision, Zobel could not prevent
the progressive familiarities based on youth, desire, romance. For
with Edward Hauptwanger, to contact was to intrigue and eventually
demand and compel. And so by degrees hand pressures, stolen or
enforced kisses. Yet, none the less, Ida, still fully dominated by the
mood and conviction of her father, persisting in a nervous
evasiveness which was all too trying to her lover.
“Ah, you don’t know my father. No, I couldn’t do that. No, I can’t
stay out so late. Oh, no—I wouldn’t dare go there—I wouldn’t dare
to. I don’t know what he would do to me.”
This, or such as this, to all of his overtures which hinted at later
hours, a trip to that mysterious and fascinating boat club on the Little
Shark twenty-five miles out, where, as he so glibly explained, were to
be enjoyed dancing, swimming, boating, music, feasting. But as Ida
who had never done any of these things soon discovered for herself,
this would require an unheard-of period of time—from noon until
midnight—or later Saturday, whereas her father had fixed the hour of
eleven-thirty for her return to the parental roof.
“Ah, don’t you want to have any fun at all? Gee! He don’t want you
to do a thing and you let him get away with it. Look at all the other
girls and fellows around here. There’s not one that’s as scary as you
are. Besides, what harm is there? Supposing we don’t get back on
time? Couldn’t we say the car broke down? He couldn’t say anything
to that. Besides, no one punches a time clock any more.” But Ida
nervous and still resisting, and Hauptwanger, because of this very
resistance, determined to win her to his mood and to outwit her
father at the same time.
And then the lure of summer nights—Corybantic—dithyrambic—
with kisses, kisses, kisses—under the shadow of the trees in King
Lake Park, or in one of the little boats of its lake which nosed the
roots of those same trees on the shore. And with the sensitive and
sensual, and yet restricted and inexperienced Ida, growing more and
more lost in the spell which youth, summer, love, had generated. The
beauty of the face of this, her grand cavalier! His clothes, his brisk,
athletic energy and daring! And with him perpetually twittering of this
and that, here and there, that if she only truly loved him and had the
nerve, what wouldn’t they do? All the pleasures of the world before
them, really. And then at last, on this same lake—with her lying in his
arms—himself attempting familiarities which scarcely seemed
possible in her dreams before this, and which caused her to jump up
and demand to be put ashore, the while he merely laughed.
“Oh, what had he done that was so terrible? Say, did she really
care for him? Didn’t she? Then, why so uppish? Why cry? Oh, gee,
this was a scream, this was. Oh, all right, if that was the way she
was going to feel about it.” And once ashore, walking briskly off in
the gayest and most self-sufficient manner while she, alone and
tortured by her sudden ejection from paradise, slipped home and into
her room, there to bury her face in her pillow and to whisper to it and
herself of the danger—almost the horror—that had befallen her. Yet
in her eyes and mind the while the perfect Hauptwanger. And in her
heart his face, hands, hair. His daring. His kisses. And so brooding
even here and now as to the wisdom of her course—her anger—and
in a dreary and hopeless mood even, dragging herself to her father’s
store the next day, merely to wait and dream that he was not as evil
as he had seemed—that he could not have seriously contemplated
the familiarities that he had attempted; that he had been merely
obsessed, bewitched, as she herself had been.
Oh, love, love! Edward! Edward! Edward! Oh, he would not, could
not remain away. She must see him—give him a chance to explain.
She must make him understand that it was not want of love but fear
of life—her father, everything, everybody—that kept her so sensitive,
aloof, remote.
And Hauptwanger himself, for all of his bravado and craft, now
nervous lest he had been too hasty. For, after all, what a beauty! The
lure! He couldn’t let her go this way. It was a little too delicious and
wonderful to have her so infatuated—and with a little more attention,
who knew? And so conspicuously placing himself where she must
pass on her way home in the evening, at the corner of Warren and
High—yet with no sign on his part of seeing her. And Ida, with
yearning and white-faced misery, seeing him as she passed.
Monday night! Tuesday night! And worse, to see him pass the store
early Wednesday evening without so much as turning his head. And
then the next day a note handed the negro errand boy of her father’s
store to be given to him later, about seven, at the corner where he
would most surely be.
And then later, with the same Edward taking it most casually and
grandly and reading it. So she had been compelled to write him, had
she? Oh, these dames! Yet with a definite thrill from the contents for
all of that, for it read: “Oh, Edward, darling, you can’t be so cruel to
me. How can you? I love you so. You didn’t mean what you said. Tell
me you didn’t. I didn’t. Oh, please come to the house at eight. I want
to see you.”
And Edward Hauptwanger, quite triumphant now, saying to the
messenger before four cronies who knew of his present pursuit of
Ida: “Oh, that’s all right. Just tell her I’ll be over after a while.” And
then as eight o’clock neared, ambling off in the direction of the Zobel
home. And as he left one of his companions remarking: “Say,
whaddya know? He’s got that Zobel girl on the run now. She’s writing
him notes now. Didn’t ya see the coon bring it up? Don’t it beat hell?”
And the others as enviously, amazedly and contemptuously
inquiring: “Whaddya know?”
And so, under June trees in King Lake Park, once more another
conference. “Oh, darling, how could you treat me so, how could you?
Oh, my dear, dear darling.” And he replying—“Oh, sure, sure, it was
all right, only what do you think I’m made of? Say, have a heart, I’m
human, ain’t I? I’ve got some feelings same as anybody else. Ain’t I
crazy about you and ain’t you crazy about me? Well, then—besides
—well, say....” A long pharisaical and deluding argument as one
might guess, with all the miseries and difficulties of restrained and
evaded desire most artfully suggested—yet with no harm meant, of
course. Oh, no.
But again, on her part, the old foolish, terrorized love plea. And the
firm assurance on his part that if anything went wrong—why, of
course. But why worry about that now? Gee, she was the only girl he
knew who worried about anything like that. And finally a rendezvous
at Little Shark River, with his father’s car as the conveyance. And
later others and others. And she—because of her weak, fearsome
yielding in the first instance—and then her terrorized contemplation
of possible consequences in the second—clinging to him in all too
eager and hence cloying fashion. She was his now—all his. Oh, he
would never, never desert her, now, would he?

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Social Computing Second International

Conference of Young Computer

Social Computing Second International Conference of

Data Science 5th International Conference of Pioneering

Advanced Computer Architecture 11th Conference ACA 2016

Data Science 4th International Conference of Pioneering

HCI International 2016 Posters Extended Abstracts 18th

Universal Access in Human Computer Interaction Methods

Human Computer Interaction Theory Design Development

Big Data Computing and Communications Second

Communications in Computer and Information Science 623

Hongzhi Wang Weipeng Jing

Shaoliang Peng Junyu Lin

Guanglu Sun Xianhua Song

Hongtao Song Zeguang Lu (Eds.)

ISSN 1865-0929 ISSN 1865-0937 (electronic)

Library of Congress Control Number: 2016945792

© Springer Science+Business Media Singapore 2016

Printed on acid-free paper

This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature

June 2016 Qilong Han

The Second International Conference of Young Computer Scientists, Engineers and

ICYCSEE 2016 Steering Committee

ICYCSEE Steering Committee

Xuebin, Chen North China University of Science and Technology,

Ma, Han Georgia State University, USA

Liqiang, Pan Harbin Institute of Technology, China

Chaokun, Wang Tsinghua University, China

Yue, Zhang Singapore University of Technology and Design

A Context-Aware Model Using Distributed Representations for Chinese

A Hierarchical Learning Framework for Steganalysis of JPEG Images . . . . . . 12

A Multi-agent Organization Approach for Developing Social-Technical

A Novel Approach for the Identification of Morphological Features

A Novel Filtering Method for Infrared Image . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

A Novel Quantum Noise Image Preparation Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

A Personalized Recommendation Algorithm with User Trust

A Preprocessing Method for Gait Recognition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

A Real-Time Fraud Detection Algorithm Based on Usage Amount Forecast . . . 87

A Self-determined Evaluation Method for Science Popularization Based

A Strategy for Small Files Processing in HDFS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109

A SVM-Based Feature Extraction for Face Recognition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120

A Transductive Support Vector Machine Algorithm Based

ABR: An Optimized Buffer Replacement Algorithm for Flash

An Approach for Automatically Generating R2RML-Based Direct Mapping

An Improved Asymmetric Bagging Relevance Feedback Strategy

An Incremental Graph Pattern Matching Based Dynamic Cold-Start

An Optimized Load Balancing Algorithm of Dynamic Feedback Based

App Store Analysis: Using Regression Model for App

Application Progress of Signal Clustering Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221

Automated Artery-Vein Classification in Fundus Color Images . . . . . . . . . . . 228

Character Variable Numeralization Based on Dimension Expanding

Clarity Corresponding to Contrast in Visual Cryptography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249

CoGrec: A Community-Oriented Group Recommendation Framework . . . . . . 258

CTS: Combine Temporal Influence and Spatial Influence for Time-Aware

Improvement for LEACH Algorithm in Wireless Sensor Network . . . . . . . . . 287

Decentralizing Volunteer Computing Coordination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299

Design and Implementation of Chinese Historical Text Mining System

Detection of Copy-Scale-Move Forgery in Digital Images Using SFOP

Determining Web Data Currency Based on Markov Logic Network . . . . . . . 335

Efficient File Accessing Techniques on Hadoop Distributed File Systems. . . . 350

Expanding Corpora for Chinese Polarity Classification via Opinion

Feature Extraction for Effective Content-Based Cloth Image Retrieval

Fundus Lesion Detection Based on Visual Attention Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384

Identifying Transportation Modes from Raw GPS Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395