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雅思写作中，介词的特定用法，比如说有的介词只用在句首，有的后面只能跟
名词结构等等。个人觉得学习词汇真不只是记住单词那么简单，懂得怎么用很
重要!

This lesson looks at a way to improve your essay writing skills by using a
greater range of connecting language to express contrasts. As you read, you
will see that using this language will extend the range of grammatical
structures you use. This matters because the examiner does not only look at
the range of vocabulary you use, s/he also looks at the range of grammatical
structures.
Variations of “Although”
What you will find below are some variations of the word “although” – a word
that everyone should be familiar with. As you read the words, make sure you
look at the examples and notes too. It is not just a question of learning a list of
words, you also need to note the grammar too.
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Group 1 – in spite of /despite/notwithstanding

Notes
“in spite of” and “despite” have the same meaning and grammar
“notwithstanding” is used in the same way as “despite” and “in spite of” – it is
really quite formal though
be careful not to use “despite of” – that is incorrect; also note that “in spite of”
is 3 separate words
note “despite” and “in spite of” can be used with nouns and -ing forms as well
as verb forms: doing this makes use more interesting grammar
if you use a verb form with these words, you need the “the fact that”
Group 2 – while/even though/nevertheless
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notes
all these words are used with verb forms – typically they are used at the
beginning of the sentence
“even though” has the same grammar as “although”: it is just a little bit
stronger
a variation of “even though” is “even if”
“nevertheless” and “nonetheless” are pretty much the same: note the spelling
of them as one word
“while”can be used to express contrast as well as time
Group 3 – much as/no matter/as

Notes
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“much as” is a very strong form of “although” – another variation of it is

“however much”
“no matter” is normally followed by “how” and an adjective (“no matter how
harmful”)
if you want to use “as” for contrast, you need to an adjective before it
(“harmful as it is”)
A health warning – the risk/reward ratioYou do need to be a little careful here
though. While there is a reward in varying your connecting language, there is
also a risk. The problem is many of these have their own particular grammar
and the danger is that you will make more errors in using them. I strongly
suggest you:
do not simply learn a list of words 不要只是记住一个单词表!
look at my notes on how they are used 看一看这篇文章中这些单词的用法!
try the use them before your IELTS test 考试之前一定要先自己用过、写过!